Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. INTRODUCTION
267
y = 0 +
i xi +
i =1
i =1
ii xi2
ij xi x j +
(2)
i =1
b = XT X
XTY
(4)
where X is the transpose of the matrix X and (XTX)-1 is the
inverse of the matrix XTX.
The mathematical models were evaluated for each response
by means of multiple linear regression analysis. As said
previous, modeling was started with a quadratic model
including linear, squared and interaction terms. The significant
terms in the model were found by analysis of variance
(ANOVA) for each response. Significance was judged by
determining the probability level that the F-statistic calculated
from the data is less than 5%. The model adequacies were
checked by R2, adjusted-R2, predicted-R2 and prediction error
sum of squares (PRESS). A good model will have a large
predicted R2, and a low PRESS. After model fitting was
performed, residual analysis was conducted to validate the
assumptions used in the ANOVA. This analysis included
calculating case statistics to identify outliers and examining
diagnostic plots such as normal probability plots and residual
plots.
Maximization and minimization of the polynomials thus
fitted was usually performed by desirability function method,
and mapping of the fitted responses was achieved using
computer software such as Design Expert.
T
268
269
making process.
Myers and Carter [25] proposed an algorithm for obtaining
the optimal solutions of the dual-response surface method
(DRSM). Their method assumed that the DRSM includes a
primary response, y p and a constraint response, y s . Both
y p = 0 +
ys = 0 +
i =1
k
i =1
k
i =1
k
i =1
i =1
i =1
i xi + ii xi2 + ij xi x j + p
i xi + ii xi2 + ij xi x j + s
and
(4)
s represent the unknown coefficients,
observed values yi is
y = Xb = X( XT X) 1 XT y = Hy
T
e = y Xb = y Hy = (I H)y
(7)
The prediction error sum of squares (PRESS) proposed in
[26, 27], provides a useful residual scaling
ei
PRESS =
1 hii
i =1
n
(8)
From [27], it is easy to see that the PRESS residual is just
the ordinary residual weighted according to the diagonal
elements of the hat matrix hii . Generally, a large difference
D = (d1 d 2 ... d k )
(6)
(5)
where D is the total desirability and di is the i desirability, i
= 1, 2, . . . , k. If all of the quality characteristics reach their
ideal values, the desirability di is 1 for all i. Consequently, the
total desirability is also 1. If any one of the responses does not
reach its ideal value, the desirability di is below 1 for that
response and the total desirability is below 1. If any one of the
responses cannot meet the quality requirements, the
desirability di is 0 for that response. Total desirability will then
be 0. The desirability function is a scale-invariant index which
enables quality characteristics to be compared to various units.
Therefore, the desirability function is an effective means of
th
VIII. CONCLUSION
The RSM is one of the design of experiments (DOE)
methods used to approximate an unknown function for which
only a few values are computed. The RSM stems from science
disciplines in which physical experiments are performed to
study the unknown relation between a set of variables and the
system output, or response, for which only a few experiment
270
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
Box, G.E.P., Hunter, W.G., and Hunter, J.S., 1978, Statistics for
Experimenters, John Wiley & Sons, NY.
Montgomery, D. C., Design and Analysis of Experiments, 2000, Wiley,
New York. 5th Edition.
D.C. Montgomery and G.C. Runger, Applied Statistics and Probability
for Engineers, 1994, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York.
J.A. Cornell, A.I. Khuri, Response surfaces: Designs and Analysis,
1987, Marcel Dekker, New York.
C.Y. Tai, T.S. Chen, M.C. Wu, An enhanced Taguchi method for
optimizing SMT processes, Journal of Electronics Manufacturing, vol. 2,
1992, pp. 91100.
J.J. Pignatiello, Strategy for robust multi-response quality engineering,
IIE Transactions, vol. 25, no. 3, 1993, pp. 515.
K.L. Layne, Method to determine optimum factor levels for multiple
responses in the designed experimentation, Quality Engineering, vol. 7,
no. 4, 1995, pp. 649656.
D.M. Byrne, S. Taguchi, The Taguchi approach to parameter design,
Quality Progress, vol. 20, 1987, pp. 1926.
N. Logothetis, A. Haigh, Characterizing and optimizing multi-response
processes by the Taguchi method, Quality and Reliability Engineering
International, vol. 4, no. 2, 1988, pp.159169.
R.E. Ilhan, G. Sathyanarayanan, R.H. Storer, T.W. Liao, Off-line multi
response optimization of electrochemical surface grinding by a multiobjective programming method, International Journal Machine Tools
and Manufacture, vol. 32, no. 3, 1992, pp. 435451.
L. Zadeh, Optimality and non-scalar-value performance criteria, IEEE
Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 8, no. 59, 1963, pp. 5960.
T. Murata, H. Ishibuchi, H. Tanaka, Multi-objective genetic algorithm
and its applications to flowshop scheduling, Computers and Industrial
Engineering, vol. 30, no. 4, 1996, pp. 957968.
Myers, R.H.; Carter, W.H., Jr. Response Surface Techniques for Dual
Response Systems. Technometrics, vol. 15, no. 2, 1973, pp. 301317.
Lee-Ing Tong, Chung-Ho Wang, Chih-Chien Chen, Chun-Tzu Chen,
Decision Aiding Dynamic multiple responses by ideal solution analysis,
European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 156, 2004, pp. 433444.
Onur Koksoy, Tankut Yalcinoz, Mean square error criteria to multiresponse process optimization by a new genetic algorithm, Applied
Mathematics and Computation, 175, 2006, pp. 16571674.
Lee-Ing Tong, Chung-Ho Wang, Jer-Yiing Houng and Jiao-Yan Chen,
Optimizing Dynamic Multiresponse Problems Using the DualResponse-Surface Method, Quality Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1, 2001-02,
pp. 115125.
Hung-Chang Liao, Yan-Kwang Chen, A Data Envelopment Analysis
Method for Optimizing Multi-Response Problem In The Taguchi
Method, Computers and Industrial Engineering Special Issue on
Selected papers form the 29th.International Conference on Computers
and Industrial Engineering, vol. 46, no. 4, 2004, pp. 591-916
Liao, H.C., Using PCR-TOPSIS to optimize Taguchis multi-response
problem, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing
Technology, vol. 22, 2003, pp. 649-55.
271