Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Outcomes
2.
Introduction to the Cardiovascular
System
3.
The Circulatory System
4.
Components of the Circulatory System
5.
Introduction to Blood
6.
Blood for Transport
7.
Blood and Energy Mobilization
8.
Responses to Hemorrhage
9.
Blood Transfusion and Blood Matching
10. Temperature Control by Means of the
Blood
11. Cardiovascular System - Lesson
Summary
use.
Oxygen
Oxygen is obtained by the blood through the process of external
respiration in the lungs.
Oxygen is then transported to the individual body cells, where it is
used in metabolic oxidation.
This provides energy for production of ATP (adenosine
triphosphate), which is necessary for carrying on the life processes
of the body.
Waste Substances
Some substances are collected from the body cells for elimination.
These include carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes, and other
potentially harmful substances that are carried to organs like the
lungs, liver, or kidneys for elimination from the body.
Hormones
Hormones are the products of endocrine glands.
Hormones and other control substances are distributed throughout
the body by circulatory systems.
The tissues or organs affected by these substances are usually
called target organs.
In turn, substances released by the target organs often affect the
original endocrine gland. This results in a feedback system.
6
Extra Information
Continuous renewal and removal of fluids - Secretory processes
continuously renew the various fluid systems of the human body.
At the same time, the volume of fluid in each system is kept at a
constant level through the removal of excess fluids.
Should the removal processes be interrupted, the volume of fluid
will increase. The resulting increase in pressure can have serious
consequences. Depending on the system involved, the
consequences might include
deafness, hydrocephalus, or pulmonary edema.
5. Introduction to Blood
whole blood minus the cells and minus fibrinogen and other clotting
factors. ??????????????
A clear pale straw colored fluid called serum remains after blood has
been treated to remove the formed elements and the protein
fibrinogen.
Oxygen
Oxygen is in the air filling the alveolus of the lung.
The oxygen passes through the walls of the alveolus and capillary to
become dissolved in the
plasma of the blood.Most of the dissolved oxygen is rapidly picked
up by the hemoglobin of the RBCs. Thus, the RBC is the main
transporting element for oxygen in the blood.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is produced during metabolic oxidation within the
individual cell. It passes through the cell membrane and the wall of
the capillary to become dissolved in the plasma of the blood.
Through action of an enzyme in the RBCs, most of the carbon
13
Transport of Nutrients
Other substances, such as the end products of digestion, are also
carried by the blood. They are either dissolved or suspended in the
plasma.
8. Responses to Hemorrhage
A blood vessel may be damaged by transection (cutting across) or
rupture.At such points, a volume of whole blood can flow out of the
blood vessels. This escape of
blood from the blood vessels is called hemorrhage.
HEMO = blood
RRHAGE = excessive flow ("bursting forth")
When this happens the bloods clotting system
Step 4 Hematoma
15
Blood Matching
There are a number of substances (antigens) on the surfaces of
RBCs that vary among individuals. The blood of other individuals
may contain or develop antibodies to these antigens. Before blood
transfusions, the blood of the recipient and the donor must be
matched to avoid potentially fatal reactions. Important systems of
such antigens include the ABO system and the Rh system.
16
10.
Erythema
At the site of an infection or injury, the most common reaction
observed is redness (erythema). This indicates that extra
blood and heat are available for healing.
18
11.
Summary
Large multicellular organisms such as humans require
circulatory systems for the distribution and collection of
substances.
Substances carried by circulatory systems include oxygen,
nutrients, waste products and hormones.
Circulatory systems in the human body include the
cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system and the
cerebrospinal fluid system.
The components of any circulatory system include the vehicle,
conduits and motive forces.
The cardiovascular system comprises the blood, the blood
vessels (arteries and veins) and the heart.
The cardiovascular system provides transport and protection
for the body.
Generally, arteries carry blood from the heart to the body
tissues, while veins carry blood from the body tissues to the
heart.
Blood circulation is also a two cycle system. It involves both
the pulmonary cycle and the systemic cycle.
Blood is the vehicle of the cardiovascular system
Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells
and platelets.
The red blood cells carry oxygen.
The white blood cells play a role in protecting the body from
infection.
The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste
products and hormones.
19
20