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Sinusoidal SteadyState
Power Calculations
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
Instantaneous power
Average power & reactive power
The rms value and power calculations
Complex power
Power calculations
Maximum power transfer
Overview
1.
2.
3.
4.
Key points
Section 10.1
Instantaneous Power
Definition
p(t ) v (t ) i (t ).
v (t ) Vm cos(t ),
v (t ) Vm cos(t v ),
i (t ) I m cos(t ),
i (t ) I m cos(t i ),
;
v
i
cos cos
By cos cos
,
2
2
p(t ) Vm I m cos(t ) cos(t )
Vm I m
Vm I m
cos
cos(2t ).
2
2
Constant, Pavg Oscillating at frequency 2
6
Section 10.2
Average and Reactive
Power
1.
2.
3.
Definitions
Vm I m
Vm I m
cos
cos(2t )
p (t )
2
2
Vm I m
cos cos 2t cos sin 2t sin
2
P 1 cos 2t Q sin 2t ,
where
In-phase
quadrature
Vm I m
Vm I m
cos , Q
sin .
P
2
2
10
11
12
cos 2t
p (t )
2
2
2
p (t ) 0
cos(2t 90 ) 0
sin 2t .
2
2
14
p (t ) 0
cos(2t 90 ) 0
sin 2t .
2
2
pf cos , rf sin ,
quantitatively describe the impact of on power
delivery.
1.
2.
16
Section 10.3
The rms Value and Power
Calculations
17
Yrms
t0 T
t0
y (t )dt
Vrms
Vm2
t0 T
t0
t0 T
t0
V cos (t )dt
2
m
Vm2 T Vm
1 cos(2t 2 )
dt
T 2
2
2
Vm I m
P
cos Vrms I rms cos ,
2
Vm I m
Q
sin Vrms I rms sin .
2
20
1.
2.
3.
21
Section 10.4
Complex Power
22
Definition
S P jQ
|S|: apparent power
(VA)
Q: reactive power
(volt-amp-reactive,
VAR)
P: average power
(watts, W)
23
Example 10.4
Section 10.5
Power Calculations
1.
2.
25
Vm I m
Vm I m
S P jQ
cos j
sin
2
2
Vm I m
Vm I m
1 *
cos j sin
VI ,
2
2
2
where V Vm v , I I mi , v i .
Beides, S Vrms I*rms ,
where Vrms
Vm
Im
v , I rms
i .
2
2
26
Vrms I rms Z , Z R jX ,
S I rms Z I
I
2
rms
PI
2
rms
*
rms
I rms Z
jX P jQ,
R, Q I
2
rms
Z = R+jX
= |Z|e j
X.
2500
Vs
5 36.87 A (rms).
IL
Z LN Z L 40 j 30
S LN I L Z LN 52 1 j 4 25 j100 VA.
2
S L S LN S s
( f = 60 Hz)
(fixed VL)
30
2502
VL2
XC
6.25 ,
QC 10 kVAR
1
1
1
424.4 F.
XC
,C
C
X C
2 (60)( 6.25)
31
PLN I s RLN ,
where the line current phasor (rms) is:
I s S L VL , S L VLI*s .
PLN
SL
VL
2
2
RLN
SL
(0.05 )
2
( 250 V)
Section 10.6
Maximum Power Transfer
1.
2.
33
Conclusion
34
Proof (1)
VTh
VTh
I
,
Z Th Z L RTh RL j X Th X L
where ZTh RTh jX Th , Z L RL jX L .
P ( RL , X L ) I RL
VTh RL
RTh RL X Th X L
2
35
Proof (2)
X L R R 2 X X 2
Th
L
Th
L
2
RL
0, X L X Th (1)
V 2 R 2 R 2
Th
L
Th
0, RL RTh ( 2)
4
RTh RL
X L X Th
*
Z L ZTh
.
36
(not rms)
160
I Nt
A, VTh I Nt Z Th 19.2 53.13 V.
4 j3
38
VTh
ZTh
Max power
occurs if
ZL = (ZTh)*
VTh
19.2 53.13
I
1.67 53.13 A,
Z Th Z L
2(5.76)
I rms I
2 1.18 A,
2
Pmax I rms
RL (1.18) 2 (5.76) 8 W.
39
ZTh
ZL
40
RL
V 2 R 2 R 2 X X 2
L
Th
L
Th Th
0,
4
RTh RL
X L X Th
RL R X Th X L RTh .
2
Th
42
3k 4k 2k
2
3.6 k RTh .
43
Key points
Practical Perspective
Hair Dryer
45
Physics
No oxidation when
heated red hot (longer
life time).
46
Circuit
47
48
49
50