148686

HISTORY OF THE AMERICANIZATION DEPARTMENT
IN THE LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOLS
Set
Cll%
A T h e s is
P r e se n te d t o
th e F a o u lty o f th e S c h o o l o f E d u ca tio n
U n iv e r s it y o f S ou th ern C a lif o r n ia
In P a r t i a l F u lf illm e n t
o f th e R equirem ents f o r th e D egree
M aster o f s c i e n c e in E d u ca tio n
hy
L o u ise C o o p erid er
June 1934
UMI Number: EP57353
All rights reserved

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This thesis, w ritten under the direction of the

Chairman of the candidates Guidance C o m
m ittee a n d approved by all m em bers of the
C om m ittee, has been presented to and accepted
by the F acu lty of the School of E ducation in
partial fulfillment of the requirem ents for the
degree of M a ste r of Science in E d u c a tio n .
..............
Dean
Guidance C om m ittee
T. L. S ch o ltz
Chairman
M. M. Thompson
A. S. Raubenheimer
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The w r it e r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s h er s in c e r e g r a t it u d e
t o F lo r a D. S m ith , Los A n g e le s D ir e c t o r o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
and to M iss S m ith s s e c r e t a r y , M iss M i lle r , who so m a t e r ia l
l y a s s i s t e d in th e p r e p a r a tio n o f t h i s t h e s i s ; t o Dr* T. L.
S c h o lt z , chairm an o f th e co m m ittee, f o r in s p i r a t i o n and many
h e l p f u l s u g g e s t io n s ; and to a f e l l o w w orker, G retchen
Spearman, f o r a id in r e s e a r c h work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PAGE
X. ' XNTROONOTION . . . . ........................... ....................... . .
P roblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P urpose
. ........................ . . . . . . . . . . .
P ro ced u re .
.......................
S o u r ces o f D ata . . ................... . . . . . . . .

II.
BEGINNINGS OF AMERICANIZATION
1.
* . .............................
EARLY IMMIGRATION . . . . . . . . . . . .
S o c ia l u n r e s t in Europe . . . . . . . .
Need f o r a s s i m i l a t i o n . . . . . . . . .
P o l i t i c a l v ie w s o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
2.
10
F ir s t R e s tr ic tio n a c t . . . . . . . . .
11
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n d e f in e d . . . . . . . .
12
LATER IMMIGRATION . . . . * .............................
13
World War f in d in g s
. . . . . . . . . .
13
Common tongu e a n e c e s s i t y
14
Census r e p o r t s . .
....................... .
17
Quota A ct q u o t e d ..................................... . . .
18
O r ie n ta l im m ig ra tio n s i t u a t i o n
20
20
C r it ic is m o f th e Quota L a w ........................
21
Immigrant l i f e a t E l l i s I s la n d
. . . .
22
The e c l i p s e o f E l l i s I s la n d . . . . . .
31
. . .
3 p er centum a c t and I t s c r i t i c i s m
iv
CHAPTER
III*
page
THE DHTISIGN OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING . . . . . . .

1.
E.
PUBLIC SCHOOL CLASSES FOR ADULTS
* . . .
35
*
34
F e d e r a l a id f u r n is h e d . . . . . . . . . .
34
Other a id t o h e fu rn ish ed : . . . . . . .
34
. .
i n s t i t u t e s f o r te a c h in g i n s t r u c t o r s o f
. th e f o r e ig n - h o r n . .
. . . .
35
C r e d it toward S t a t e T e a c h e r sf C e r t i f i c a t e
35
F e d e r a l a p p r o v a l o f c i t i z e n s h i p s c h o o ls
3$
C o -o p e r a tio n w ith th e D iv is i o n o f C i t ^ iz e n s h ip T r a in in g , Bureau o f N a tu r a l

iz a tio n . . . . . . . . . .
................... .
36
Uniform r u le o f n a t u r a li z a t io n
37
. . . . .
HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES
38
How to make th e d e c la r a t io n o f i n t e n t i o n
39
" F ir s t P apers"
39
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
C ost o f th e d e c la r a t io n o f i n t e n t io n
. *
40
A d e c la r a t io n o f I n t e n t io n f i l e d w ith in
t h i r t y days b e fo r e an e l e c t i o n day . *
40
A d e c la r a t io n o f I n t e n t io n d o e s n o t g iv e
American c i t i z e n s h i p ....................................
40
P e t i t i o n f o r N a t u r a liz a t io n . . . . . . .
41
When p e t i t i o n f o r n a t u r a li z a t io n may be
... f i l e d
41
Who may f i l e p e t i t i o n f o r n a t u r a li z a t io n
4Z
The c e r t i f i c a t e o f a r r i v a l
42
. . . . . . .
What th e a p p lic a n t w i l l b e e x p e c te d t o
know . . . .
42
Those who cannot become c i t i z e n s
43
. . . .
CHAPTER
III,
IV .
PAGE
(C ontinued)
C it iz e n s h ip in Los A n g e le s . . . . . . . . . .
44
AMERICANIZATION IN CALIFORNIA . . . . . . . . . . .
47
1.
LEGISLATION
.......................
C o -o p e r a tio n
E d u c a tio n a l p o l i c y
2.
48
............................
. . . . . . . . . . . .
48
Commission o f Im m igration and H ousing . . .
51
T r ib u te t o Mary S . G ibson . . . . . . . . .
52
GROTHTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION 55

Im p e r ia l V a lle y
.......................
Community h ou se m a in ta in ed
53
.
.......................
56
Orange County accom p lish m en ts
56
V entura County overcom es d i f f i c u l t i e s . . .
59
P o r tu g u e se dairym en are in r e g u la r a tte n d

a n ce a t n ig h t s c h o o l . . . . . . . . . .
60
I t a l i a n y o u th s a t M onterey go to s c h o o l
62
L ogging and m ining camp problem u n so lv ed
64:
A d u lt e d u c a tio n in C a lif o r n ia . . . . . . .
V.
LOS ANGELES CITT SCHOOLS DAY NURSERIES

1.
2.
48
UNDER THE BOARD OF EDUCATION
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
HISTORY
66
68
69
70
Source o f m ilk su p p ly
TO
S erv e a s an e f f e c t u a l means o f A m erican iza

tio n
TO
B alan ced menus
71
Home T ea ch er i n v e s t i g a t e s ea ch c a se . . . .
72
vi
CHAPTER
7*
PAGE
(C on tinu ed )
P a t r io t is m i s ta u g h t . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
M usic i s em p hasized
75
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Hot d is h e s f o r Bay N u r s e r ie s
71.
....................... .
78
80
"HOME TEACHERS WORK

The Home T ea ch er Act o f 191.5
I*
COMMENTS ON THE ACT
83
.................................
83
Q u a lif ic a t io n s o f t h e Home T each er . . . . .
84
M rs. Amanda Matthews Chase v o lu n t e e r s
85
. . .
Some p r a c t i c a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e a d v ic e to
new Home T ea ch ers g iv in g h a th c o n s t r u c t iv e
and d e s t r u c t iv e m a t e r ia l . . .
88
L o c a tio n o f n ig h t s c h o o l
88
P r i n c i p l e s o f te c h n iq u e
S e n te n c e method
0*
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
90
. . . . . . .
90
BEGINNERS LESSON "I GO TO A SALE ..........................

In te r m e d ia te le sso n --C o lu m b u s Bay
. . . . .
Advanced l e sso n L es Mis e n a b l e s

3.
711.
97
*
99
HELPS ANB SUGGESTIONS FOR THE NEW HOME TEACHER
99
I n d u s tr ia l c la s s e s
4.
91
. . .
. . . . .
A TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOL . . . . . .
101
. .. *
LOS ANGELES . . . . . .
U
H IS T O R Y ............................................................................ * *
0.
WHAT LOS ANGELES OFFERS IN CLASS WORK . . .
104
109
1^0
115
S ta te m e n ts from women in th e day c l a s s e s . .
118
DIPLOMA METHOD OF NATURALIZATION............................-
1&5
CHAPTER
V II.
PAGE
(C on tin u ed )
S c h o o ls f o r th e whole fa m ily . . . . . . . .
126
A t y p i c a l g r a d u a tio n day . . . . . . . . . .
126
1 . REMINISCENCES............................................................................... 128
T r ib u te t o R a ch el S u tto n . . . . . . . . . .
Sum m ary........................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................
138
LIST OF TATVT.TgR
TABLE
I*
II*
III,
IF .
V*
V I.
V II.
V III.
IX .
X.
X I.
X II.
X III.
XIV.
XV.
XVI*
PAGE
A Few S i g n i f i c a n t C om parisons . . . . . . . . .
N a t u r a liz a t io n P e t i t i o n s . .
. ........................ * .
M usic f o r N ursery C h ild ren . . . . . . . .

Hat D is h e s f o r Day" N u r s e r ie s
. .
49
75
. . . . . . . . . .
Los A n g e les C it y S c h o o l D i s t r i c t Day N u r s e r ie s

Day N ursery S p o t Map . . .
4&
7&
.
. . . . . . . . .
B e g in n e rs L esso n . . . . . . ...........................................
S c h o o l f o r A d u lts
. . . . . . . . . . .
77
SI
91
105
Day S c h o o ls H aving A m e r ic a n iz a tio n C la s s e s
. .
107
S t a t i s t i c s f o r E v en in g S c h o o ls
. . .
113
. . . . . .
R a tio . , ..............................................................................
119
E x p en ses and E x p e n d itu r e s o f th e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n

S chool
*
120
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n S c h o o l
121
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
E n r o llm e n t, Average D a lly A tten d a n c e, and Teach

in g S t a f f , , , .
.......................
122
S a l a r i e s o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n P r in c i p a l s In V a rio u s
c i t i e s , . . * . ;
*- *
* * *
123
E v en in g A m e r ic a n iz a tio n S c h o o ls and T ea ch ers
140
C H A P T E R
I N T R O D U C T I O N
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
T h is i s a l i t e r a r y age o f contem porary l i f e .
The r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h i s f a c t prompted t h i s w ork.
The
d e s ir e to co m p ile f a c t s and th e i n t e r e s t in th e A m erica n iza

t i o n departm ent a s i t i s to d a y was th e urge th a t gave t h e
i n t e r e s t in se a r c h in g out th e b e g in n in g s .
There i s e v id e n c e
t h a t th e i n t e r e s t o f a l l c i t i e s w ith a la r g e n o n -E n g lish
sp ea k in g p o p u la t io n ,
i s fo c u s e d upon th e L os A n g e les A m erican
i z a t i o n D epartm ent.
T h is d ep artm ent i s a p a r t o f th e L os
A n g e le s p u b lic s c h o o l ^ y ste m , and i t e n j o y s p a r t i c u l a r l y th e

c o - o p e r a t io n o f th e i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s .
The e a r l y le a d e r s and w ork ers in t h i s f i e l d seem t o
have lo o k e d w e l l i n t o th e f u t u r e , f o r we a re s t i l l f u l f i l l i n g
many o f t h e i r o r i g i n a l p l a n s .
h a s b een n e c e s s a r y .
No r e c e n t s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n
The p r o g r e s s in A m e r ic a n iz a tio n h a s b een
th e e v o l u t io n o r u nfoldm ent o f th e c r e a t i v e id e a s o f th e pio?-~

n e e r s o f C a lif o r n ia and th e e x p e r im e n ta l s t a t i o n o f Los
A n g e le s .
Few p e o p le a c t i v e l y demand ed u ca t i o n ; r a th e r e d u c a tio n
must be b rou gh t to u s , w heth er E n g lis h i s our n a t i v e , o r ou r
a d d it io n a l medium o f e x p r e s s io n .
The p r e s e n t-d a y hope f o r
th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a b e t t e r in t e r n a t i o n a l u n d e r sta n d in g and

a more sy m p a th etic r e l a t i o n s h i p among th e n a t io n s o f th e w orld
3
c a l l s f o r a thorough e d u c a tio n a l program* a s a p a r t o r our
p u b lic e d u c a tio n a l sy ste m , d e s ig n e d to a s s i s t the c a u se o f
w orld p e a c e ; a f i r s t - h a n d and s c i e n t i f i c know ledge in t h i s
f i e l d i s th e o n ly hope o f a s s i m i l a t i o n o f our n o n -E n g lish
sp e a k in g p o p u la t io n .
By an in t e n s i v e stu d y o f t h e i r educa
t i o n a l problem s and by s u p p ly in g an e d u c a t io n a l program ,

w hich w i l l be t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e i r d e s i r e s and w is h e s ,
we may g a in t h e promi s e o f tr u e American c i t i z e n s h i p f o r
ou r im m igran ts and o n ly th u s ca n we th o r o u g h ly a p p r e c ia te
t h e s e p e o p le s , in whom we u s u a l ly have l i t t l e more th a n a
p a s s in g i n t e r e s t .
The f o llo w in g p a g e s attem p t an aocou n t o f th e s t a g e s
by w hich Im m igration work t o o k form in t h e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
Departm ent o f th e Los A n g e le s C ity S c h o o ls .
P u rp o se.
I t i s th e p u rp ose o f t h i s work to f o l l o w th e
ch a n g es w hich h ave ta k en p la c e in th e Im m igration work d u rin g

th e p e r io d o f th e c i t y s d ev elo p m en t, and th e c r e a t io n o f th e
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n d ep artm en t, w ith th e hope th a t th e r e la t e d
d evelopm ent w i l l g iv e a t r u e p e r s p e c t iv e o f i t s e d u c a tio n a l
and s o c i a l e v o l u t io n .
P ro c e d u r e ,
c a r e f u l l y a n a ly z e d .
Both sourceând seco n d a ry j n a t e r i a l s were

P e r s o n a l o b s e r v a tio n in f i e l d work was
engaged in f o r r e a f f ir m a t io n o f th e f a c t s g a th e r e d from
p r in te d m a t e r ia ls .
I n te r v ie w s w ere o b ta in e d w ith r e t i r e d
p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p le who w ere c o n n ected w ith im m ig ra tio n in
th e e a r l y days*
T h is d a ta th en s u p p lie d th e background f o r
a g e n e r a l o u t li n e w hich f o llo w e d , w ith s l i g h t m o d if ic a t io n s ,

t h e p r o g r e s s and d evelopm en t o f t h i s work*
The method u sed i s t h a t o f a n a l y s i s and n a r r a tio n *
The h e a r in g o f a s u c c e s s io n o f im portan t im m ig ra tio n la w s on
th e developm ent o f the Im m igration work i s r e l a t e d , a lo n g
w ith an accou n t o f a few o f the o u ts ta n d in g p e r s o n a l i t i e s
in th e h i s t o r y o f t h i s movement.
The problem o cc u r re d t o th e a u th o r in d e p e n d e n tly o f
any s u g g e s t io n , and th e r e ap p ea rs to have been no s im ila r
h i s t o r i c a l summary o f A m e r ie a n lz a tio n .w o r k a tte m p te d .
Sources o f Pat a .
The s o u r c e s o f d a ta u sed in t h i s
work a r e :
1.,
I n te r v ie w s and c o r r e sp o n d e n c e .
E.
O b ser v a tio n s o f t h e work.
3.
L it e r a t u r e on n o n -E n g lish sp ea k in g problem s from

v a r io u s c o u n t r ie s and s t a t e s .
4*
E d u c a tia n a l m a g a zin es and g e n e r a l p u b lic a t io n s

w ith e d u c a t io n a l im p lic a t io n s .
5.
O f f i c i a l p a m p h lets.
B ie n n ia l r e p o r t s o f th e s t a t e s u p e r in te n d e n t o f
p u b lic i n s t r u c t i o n .
?.
R esearch s t u d i e s r e la t e d t o th e problem .
8.
E d u c a tio n a l s u r v e y s .
5
9*
Annual r e p o r ts o f th e Los A n g e le s Board o f

E d u c a tio n ,
10*
D ia r i e s o f r e t i r e d p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p le ,
11.
R esea rch s t u d i e s r e la t e d to th e p roblem .
IE ,
P e r s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e a s an A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
t e a c h e r and know ledge g a in e d through t r a v e l
and o b s e r v a tio n o u t s id e th e U n ited S t a t e s .
C H i B T I E
I I
B S G I H H I I S S
OF
Al l I R I 0 A N H
A T IQ N
CHAPTER I I
BEGINNINGS OF AMERICANIZATION
1.
EARLY IMMIGRATION.
From th e tim e o f th e f i r s t E n g lis h s e t t le m e n t a t
Jamestown t o th e making o f th e D e c la r a t io n o f In d ep en d en ce
a span o f 109 y e a r s , th e r e w as a c o n tin u o u s im m ig ra tio n t o /
th e c o l o n i e s , r e p r e s e n t in g a v a r i e t y o f n a t i o n a l i t i e s .
T h ese,
ou r f o r e f a t h e r s , w ere a l l im m igran ts j h u t th e y w ere from th e

T e u to n ic and C e l t i c c o u n t r ie s , and a s ou r governm ent became
more f ir m ly e s t a b l i s h e d th e m ajor p o r t io n o f o u r im m ig ra tio n
co n tin u e d t o b e d r a m from n o r th e r n Germany,.. th e , N e th e r la n d s ,
F ran ce and th e S ca n d in a v ia n c o u n t r ie s , and from E ngland,
I r e la n d , S c o tla n d and W a le s,
T hese T e u to n ic and C e l t i c r e l a
t i v e s a s s i m il a t e d e a s ily ^ and b e fo r e t h e c l o s e o f th e e i g h t e e n th c e n tu r y , th e c o l o n i e s had e v o lv e d a f a i r l y hom ogeneous,

s o c i a l and p o l i t i c a l s tr u c tu r e *
The p e r io d s in c e th e D e c la r a tio n i s a lm o st tw en ty
y e a r s s h o r te r th an t h a t p e r io d o f developm ent which p reced ed
I t*
I t i s w e l l to remember, t h e r e f o r e , th a t th e a s s i m i l a t i o n
o f the p r e r e v o lu t io n a r y im m igrants was n o t a r a p id p r o c e ss*

In th a t tim e and s i n c e , im m ig ra tio n m a in ta in ed and i n a d egree
y e t m a in ta in s i t s own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o c i a l earmarks*
1 "The S c h o o l and The Im m igrant*n P rep ared by

d ir e e tia n ~ o Y th e P r e s id e n t o f t h e B o a rd -o f E d u c a tio n , 1915*
P u b lic a t io n No* 1 1 , pp* Y -8.
8
The Im m igration s i nee 18X9 i s so en orm ou sly in e x c e s s
o f the im m ig ra tio n p r e c e d in g t h a t y e a r and s o e x t r a o r d in a r ily
v a r ie d in c h a r a c te r t h a t i t i s n o t u n n a tu r a l t h a t th e a ssim
i l a t i n g p r o c e s s i s y e t f a r from co m p letio n *
Y et in th e h i s
t o r y o f no co u n try h a s th e ad ju stm en t o f v a r io u s r a c e s and

n a t i o n a l i t i e s b een so r a p id a s in ou r own U n ite d S ta te s *
It
i s an im p r e s s iv e th o u g h t t h a t th e p r o c e s s h a s been a p e a c e
f u l o n e, n ot a tte n d e d by any a ttem p t a t co m p u lsio n , m ilit a r y
or c i v i l * 2
S o c i a l u n r est, in Europe*
On th e European s id e o f th e
A t l a n t ic Ocean, h ow ever, war was th e c h i e f ca u se o f th e s o c i a l

u n r e s t , p o v e r ty , la c k o f r e l i g i o u s freed o m , d e g r a d a tio n , sup
p r e s s e d f e e l i n g s and la c k o f s e l f - e x p r e s s i o n , w hich stim u
l a t e d e m ig r a tio n to th e U n ite d S t a t e s *
The N a p o leo n ic wars l e f t Europe w a llo w in g w ea k ly in
an econom ic muddle o f a m ost p e r n ic io u s so r t*
The q u a r te r -
c e n tu r y f o llo w in g th e b a t t l e o f W aterloo saw n e a r ly two m il

l i o n p e o p le e m ig r a tin g t o th e U n ited S t a t e s from G reat
B r it a in and I r e la n d a lo n e*
In 1818 o v er one hundred y e a r s
a g o --a n E n g lis h w r i t e r named R obert H oi d it c h g a v e th e f o llo w

in g p ic t u r e o f th e econom ic w ars w h ich f o llo w e d W aterloo*
The cry o f d i s t r e s s was soon heard from a l l q u a r te r s ,
2 I s a a c A* H ourwich, Immigrant and Labor (G* P*

Putnam s S o n s, New-York and London; li lhe K n ick erb ock er P r e s s ,
1912.) .
..
/ t
9
and th e b ank ru ptcy o f our m erch an ts and tradesm en o c
cu rred to an e x t e n t h i t h e r t o unknown* T hese f a i l u r e s
in v o lv e d th e f a t e o f th o u sa n d s c o n n ected w ith tr a d e and
commerce; th e o p u le n t became in s o lv e n t ; many o f th e
m id d le c l a s s e s d escen d ed t o p o v e r ty ; th e I n d ig e n t f i l l e d
t h e work h o u se s; th e l o c a l t a x e s p r e s s e d w ith i n t o l e r
a b le w eig h t upon th o s e who w ere a b le to pay; and th e
s i t u a t i o n o f many who c o n tr ib u te d was s c a r c e ly s u p e r io r
t o th e w retch ed in m a tes o f th e work h o u s e . A f r i g h t f u l
n a t io n a l d eb t s t i l l p r e s s e s , and th e u n it e d demands o f
l o c a l and n a t io n a l t a x e s h a v e in f lu e n c e d , and s t i l l do
in f l u e n c e , th o u sa n d s o f our countrym en t o abandon t h e i r
n a t iv e sh ore and to commence a s i t w ere, a new e x i s t e n c e
on th o se o f th e A t la n t ic *
Mr* H o ld it c h 's w ord s, e x c e p t f o r b e in g to o m ild , ap p ly
to d a y t o e v e r y co u n tr y o f E u rop e.
They a p p ly p a r t i c u l a r l y to
R u s s ia , P o la n d , and t h e la n d s t h a t u sed t o b e A u stria rH u n gary,

n ew ly form ed in t o in d ep en d en t n a t io n s s in c e t h e World War*
Need f o r A s s im ila t io n *
D uring th e t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s
b e f o r e th e war, th e b u lk o f im m igran ts who su rged so f r e e l y

in t o th e U n ited S t a t e s came from t h r e e c o u n t r ie s A u s tr ia Hungary, I t a l y , and R u s s ia .
They were ru n n in g n e c k and
n e c k i n numbers when th e war b rok e; and on an a v e r a g e about

a q u a r te r o f a m i l l i o n im m igrants w ere e n t e r in g America
from each o f th e t h r e e c o u n t r i e s .
A u stria -H u n g a ry , how ever,
showed u n m ista k a b le s i g n s o f n o s in g o u t th e o t h e r two*
An o s t r i c h c o u ld a s s i m i l a t e a cro q u et b a l l w ith ab ou t th e
same e a s e th a t A m erica a s s im ila t e d h e r newcomers from
C e n tr a l and S o u th e a ste r n E u rop e.
3 Ib id *
Most o f them seemed t o
10
have b een I n o c u la te d a g a in s t a s s i m i l a t i o n b e fo r e le a v in g ,
t h e i r home.
In th e p e r io d from 1819 t o 1 8 8 3 , n i n e t y - f i v e p e r c e n t
o f th e t o t a l im m ig ra tio n w as from c o u n t r ie s w est o f th e
R u ssia n boundary and n o rth o f th e M ed iterran ean and th e B alkan
P e n in su la *
Prom 1883 t o 1 9 1 7 , e ig h t y -o n e p e r c e n t o f the
im m igra tio n was from th e M ed iterra n ea n and Balkan c o u n t r ie s .

P o l i t i c a l view s#
The p r e s e n t d is c u s s io n w ould in d ic a t e
t h a t th e im m igrants t h a t came b e fo r e th e y e a r 1883 had a lw a y s

b een a c c e p te d a s b e n e f i c i a l and d e s ir a b le a d d it io n s t o o u r
n a t iv e p o p u la tio n #
I t i s q u it e w it h in th e memory o f many*
h ow ever, th a t a t t h a t tim e i t was a custom ary t h in g t o e x p a t

i a t e on th e d an gers o f im m igration#
i t w ou ld , t h e r e f o r e , b e
a g r e a t e r r o r t o assume th a t th e p r e j u d ic e now e x i s t i n g
a g a in s t t h i s l a t t e r wave o f im m ig ra tio n i s ,
t h in g .
in i t s e l f , a new
The o n e -tim e r a p id grow th o f th e o ld Am erican o r
Know-Nothing p a r ty (1 8 3 5 -1 8 6 0 ), i s a rem inder o f t h i s p r e ju d

ic e .
Many o f th e a l l e g a t i o n s made a g a in s t th e l a t t e r immi
g ra n t ty p e w i l l be found d u p lic a te d in th e f i l e s o f o ld new s

p a p e r s and r e p o r t s p r e c e d in g 1 8 8 0 .
t h in g to be s a id f o r th e p r e j u d ic e .
There i s o f co u r se some
I t may be a n a t io n a l
m a n if e s t a t io n o f th e i n s t i n c t t o sa v e n a t io n a l l i f e .
There
were f a s t a p p ea rin g to o many h e te r o g e n io u s t y p e s n o t ca p a b le

o f a d a p ta tio n to ou r sta n d a rd o f l i v i n g ; our w e lfa r e a s a
n a tio n was t h r e a te n e d .
Then a r e a s o n a b le p o l i c y o f e x c lu s io n
II
and r e s t r i c t i o n g r a d u a lly became a n e c e s s a r y means o f s e l f p r e s e r v a t io n , w hich n eed ed no a p o lo g y t o th e w orld*

In 1920 th e p la tfo r m o f th e R ep u b lica n p a r ty v o ic e d
th e o p in io n o f m ost p o l i t i c a l e c o n o m is ts and e d u c a to r s when
i t d e c la r e d t h a t , "The sta n d a rd o f l i v i n g and t h e sta n d a rd
o f c i t i z e n s h i p o f a n a t io n a re i t s m ost p r e c io u s p o s s e s s i o n s ,
and th e p r e s e r v a t io n and e l e v a t i o n o f th o s e sta n d a r d s i s th e
f i r s t d u ty o f our Governm ent."
F ir s t r e s t r ic t io n a c t.
H ie f i r s t r e s t r i c t i o n a c t was
p a s s e d by C o n g ress, F ebruary 2 6 , 1 8 8 5 , p r o h ib it in g im p o r tst i o n o f la b o r e r s u nd er c o n tr a c t*
From t h i s d a te on th e r e o c
cu rred from one t o f i v e l e g i s l a t i v e en a ctm en ts p e r y e a r , o f

w hich th e one o f maôr im p ortan ce was p ro b a b ly "The Quota
A ct" o f May 1 1 , 1 9 2 2 , and th e l a t e s t th e Im m igration Rule
11II
I HU Imilli
'I
'
o f January 1 , 1 9 3 0 , w hich in c lu d e d a h ead t a x o f from fo u r

t o e i g h t d o l l a r s p er a l i e n .
March 2 , 1 9 2 9 .
The r e g i s t r a t i o n a c t was p a sse d
A r e c o r d o f r e g i s t r y was a u th o r iz e d .
T h is
a c t a p p lie d t o any a l i e n t h a t e n te r e d th e U n ite d S t a t e s p r io r

t o June 3 , 1921 and had r e s id e d i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s c o n t in
u o u s ly s in c e such e n t r y .
For th e p u r p o se s o f th e im m ig ration
la w s and th e n a t u r a l i z a t i o n la w s an a l i e n in r e s p e c t o f whom
a r e c o r d o f r e g i s t r y h a s b een made a s a u th o r iz e d s h a l l be
deemed t o have b een la w f u ll y a d m itted to th e U n ited S t a t e s
f o r perm anent r e s id e n c e a s o f th e d a te o f h i s e n t r y .
12
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n d e f in e d .
The f e e l i n g im p lie d b eh in d
t h e s e in c r e a s in g r e s t r i c t i o n s i s t h a t we must g e t cau gh t up
in a s s i m i l a t i n g th e f o r e ig n p e o p le s t h a t a r e h ere*
We w ant
them t o b e Am ericans a l s o , so we a r e t r y in g t o A m erica n ize

them through e d u c a tio n ..
T h is r a i s e s th e q u e s tio n o f th e e x
a c t meaning o f th e co n cep t q f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n .
Here are a
few d e f i n i t i o n s .
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n i s th e encouragem ent o f d e c e n t l i v i n g
and m aking p o s s i b l e th e a tta in m e n t o f d e c e n t sta n d a r d s .*
Bogardus w r o te , *A m e r ic a n iz a tio n i s th e e d u c a t io n a l
p r o c e s s o f u n if y in g -b o t h n a t i v e born and f o r e i g n born
A m ericans in p e r f e c t su p p o rt o f th e p r i n c i p l e s o f l i b
e r t y , u n io n , dem ocracy, and b r o th e r h o o d ..*5
Thompson w r i t e s , 1A m e r ic a n iz a tio n i s th e d em o cra tiz a
t i o n o f men who f e e l - a l i k e b u t do n o t u n d erstan d one
a n o th e r . *6
To p la y in th e su n sh in e i s a c h i l d f s r i g h t and t h e
c h ild m ust n o t b e ch ea ted o u t o f i t . -When th e c h ild i s
c h e a te d th e community i s robbed o f t h a t b e s id e w hich
a l l i t s w e a lth i s but t i n s e l and t r a s h . For men n o t
money, make a co u n try g r e a t , and J o y le s s c h ild r e n do
n o t make go o d m en.?
The above are d e f i n i t i o n s a s s e e n by some o f ou r f o r e
m ost s o c io lo g y a u t h o r i t i e s o f th e d ay.
They g iv e us a s t a t e
ment o f aur problem a s we lo o k a t our Bos A n g e le s h ig h s c h o o l
4 F lo r a B. S m ith , D ir e c t o r o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n D ep art

ment o f th e C ity S c h o o l s . .
5 Emory B ogard u s, P h .D ., E s s e n t i a l s o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n .
Frank W Thompson. S c h o o lin g o f th e Im migrant Q$ew
York: H arpers B r o s ., 1 9 2 0 .] .
? Jacob Hi i s .
d i s t r i c t A m e r ic a n iz a tio n f i e l d *
Dr* Bogardus th row s o u t th e
c h a lle n g e o f u n if y in g th e n a t iv e horn and th e f o r e i g n born

A m ericans t h a t th e y may be p e r f e c t su p p o rt o f th e p r i n c i p l e s
o f b rotherh ood*
Dr* Thompson s t a t e s t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f
fe r e n c e in f e e l i n g s o f th e E n g lis h and th e n o n -E n g lish sp eak

in g p e o p le s .
*
LATER IMMIGRATION.
World War fin d in g s *
The p a s t y e a r s have w itn e s s e d a
rem arkable grow th o f i n t e r e s t in th e problem o f A m erica n iza

t io n *
As a r e s u l t o f t h e i n t e r e s t a ro u sed by t h e World War,
th e f i n d i n g s o f th e D iv is i o n o f P sy c h o lo g y o f th e U n ite d
S t a t e s Army have become f a m il ia r t o th e m a jo r ity o f e d u c a to r s
b u t n o t t o th e p u b lic a t l a r g e .
The r e p o r t o f th e D iv is i o n ,
I n d is c u s s i n g i l l i t e r a c y , s t a t e d t h a t o f th e men t e s t e d ,
5 .3 ^ were u n a b le to re a d and u n d erstan d n ew sp apers and
w r it e l e t t e r s home and were g iv e n th e B eta ex a m in a tio n
f o r i l l i t e r a t e s . An a d d it io n a l 5 .? ^ w ere a l s o g iv e n
t h e same e x a m in a tio n a f t e r f a i l i n g th e Alpha ex a m in a tio n .
The g e n e r a l p u b lic , su d d en ly r e a l i z i n g t h a t a p roblem o f
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n e x i s t e d , a t t r ib u t e d i t to th e war, in s t e a d o f
r e a l i z i n g th a t th e problem had e x i s t e d b u t had l a i n n e g le c t e d
f o r y e a r s*
The pedagogy o f a d u lt im m ig ra tio n e d u c a tio n h as
undergone a trem endous m etam orphosis*
For y e a r s th e work l a y
in th e hands o f th e n o n - p r o f e s s io n a l, whose p r i n c i p a l i n t e r e s t
>
& P sy c h o lo g y Exam ining in th e U n ite d S t a t e s Army, W m r

o i r s o f th e N a tio n a l Academy o f S c ie n c e . Vol^ 3CF* (W ashington,
D* 6 . : Government P r in t in g O f f i c e s , 1 9 2 1 .)
14
w as th e n i g h t l y pay*
The p r e v a le n t id e a seemed to be t h a t any
in d iv id u a l who p o s s e s s e d a f a i r know ledge o f E n g lis h and th e

v e r n a c u la r o f th e s t u d e n t s c o u ld s u c c e s s f u l l y te a c h a d u lt im
m ig r a tio n c l a s s e s *
At b e s t , " th e s t o c k in tr a d e " p o s s e s s e d
by th e e a r ly te a c h e r was a know ledge t h a t t h e r e was a problem

to be s o lv e d and a b e l i e f th a t i t would n o t be d i f f i c u l t o f
s o lu t io n *
Common to n g u e a n e c e s s it y *
G ranted th e n eed o f a common
to n g u e , th en comes th e v a s t problem o f te a c h in g th e a l i e n th e
la n g u a g e o f th e c o u n tr y which h e h a s ch o sen f o r h i s home*
It
i s a t a s k o f stup en d ous m agnitude such a s h a s n ev er been a t

tem pted b e fo r e in th e h i s t o r y o f th e w o rld .
To no n a t io n was
e v e r g iv e n th e t a s k o f te a c h in g such a m y ria d -to n g u ed th ro n g

th e p o l y g l o t p o p u la t io n o f th e world*
Knowledge o f th e common to n g u e o f h i s a s s o c i a t e s p r a t e c t s th e im m igrant from e x p lo it a t io n *
A b i l i t y t o speak
E n g lis h p u t s him in a p o s i t i o n t o g e t a sq u a re d ea l*
In d u s
t r i a l a c c id e n t s can b e p r e v e n te d by th e le a r n in g o f the
E & glish la n g u a g e*
U nable t o re a d th e w a rn in g , o n ly im p e r fe c t
l y u n d er sta n d in g t h e o r a l d i r e c t i o n s f o r ru n n in g dangerous
m ach in ery , b e w ild e r e d by th e s a f e t y d e v ic e s , th e n o n -E n g lish
sp ea k in g w orker i s a much g r e a t e r a c c id e n t r i s k th a n t h e
n a t iv e worker*
I t i s assum ed t h a t th e a b i l i t y to sp eak Eng
l i s h r e d u c e s a c c id e n t s one h a l f .
A hundred P o lis h c h ild r e n , In t h e i r f o u r th y e a r , sp eak
th e P o lis h la n g u a g e a s f l u e n t l y and a c c u r a t e ly a s a hundred

American
of
c h ild r e n , o f th e same a g e , speak: E n g lis h *
The you th
ev ery n a tio n p o s s e s s eq u a l c a p a c it y t o a c q u ir e t h e i r m other
ton gu e*
The power o f sp ee ch i s n o t in h e r it e d *
must a t t a i n i t by t r a in in g and p r a c t ic e *
Each p erso n
The f o llo w in g q u ota
t i o n w i l l i l l u s t r a t e th e k in d o f t h in g th e t e a c h e r o f immi
g r a n ts had to come to understand*
Bid you e v e r s e e a c h ild le a r n in g i t s m other ton gu e
from a hook? Did y o u u se a hook when you le a r n e d t o
sp eak th e la n g u a g e o f the home? Long b e f o r e you read a
word on th e p r in te d p a g e , o r w rote a word on p a p e r, you
f l u e n t l y and a c c u r a t e ly spoke* B e fo r e you knew th a t
th e r e was such a th in g a s A* B* 0 . , o r t h a t th e r e w ere
any such t h in g s in l i f e a s s y l l a b l e s , grammar and d ic
t io n a r y , you e n jo y e d th e power o f sp e e c h and communicated
by means o f la n g u a g e w ith th o s e who lo v e d you te n d e r ly *
The v a s t m a jo r ity o f men c a r r y on t h e i r d a i l y co n ver
s a t io n w ith o u t c o n s u lt in g W ebster o r W orC hester, o r r e a d
in g a t r e a t i s e on th e synonyms o f th e E n g lis h lan guage*
They u se sp e e c h a s th e y u s e cu rren cy * They a sk no q u es
t i o n s about i t s i n t r i n s i c n a tu r e .
What g e n iu s p r e s i d e s o v e r th e r i g h t u s e o f th e w ords
and gram m atical fo rm s, so th a t th e m a jo r ity o f men g e t
a lo n g w e l l w ith o u t grammar and d ic t io n a r y ? The d oor i s
th e e a r ; th e g e n iu s i s common u sage* The e a r s a r e th e
r e c e p t iv e o rg a n s o f la n g u a g e* The la n g u a g e o f the home
p a sse d in t o th e s o u l th rou gh t h e s e d o o rs and awoke i t to
l o v e , duty and h o n o r. They r e g is t e r e d th e sounds a c
c u r a t e ly and p r e s id e d o v er a ttem p t o f th e o rg a n s o f
sp e e c h t o rep ro d u ce them*
And what i s la n g u a g e? I s i t a n y th in g more th a n a com
b in a t io n o f c e r t a in sounds .w h ich men have a g reed t o make
th e c h a n n e l whereby id e a s and f e e l i n g s may com m unicate
from one t o t h e o t h e r . M e c h a n ic a lly c o n s id e r e d , i t i s
a tm o sp h eric v i b r a t i o n c o n v ey in g to us c e r t a in id e a s
through th e organ s o f h e a r in g th e e a r s . Have y o u l i s
te n e d t o two men sp e a k in g i n an unknown ton gu e? There
may b e f e e l i n g o r p a s s io n in th e v o i c e s , b ut you d is c e r n
i t o n ly by th e i n t e n s i t y o f th e sounds you hear*
16
The secon d r u le to h e remembered i s th a t aur p o in t o f
c o n t a c t i s th e d a i l y e x p e r ie n c e o f th e f o r e i g n e r .
N ature works in an o r d e r ly manner and th e m echanism
o f th e b r a in i s a s s u b j e c t to law when one i s a c q u ir in g
th e know ledge o f la n g u a g e a s i t i s in a w r y o t h e r d e
partm ent o f i t s a c t i v i t y . A l l men a r e l o g i c i a n s a lth o u g h
th e y may know n o th in g o f l o g i c .
Summary
1.
T ru st th e e a r , t h e r e c e p t iv e organ o f la n g u a g e .
2,
F in d yo u r p o in t o f c o n t a c t in th e d a i l y e x p e r ie n c e
o f th e f o r e i g n e r ,
3*
Remember t h a t th e m inds o f a l l men o p e r a te in a c

cord an ce w ith th e same n a tu r a l la w s .^
The n o n -E n g lish sp ea k in g p e r so n in America i s i s o l a t e d
from a l l in t e r c o u r s e w ith h i s E n g lis h sp ea k in g n e ig h b o r s ,

from a l l c o n ta c t w ith govern m en tal o r e d u c a t io n a l id e a s o f th e
co u n tr y in which he l i v e s .
he form s no component p a r t .
A m erica.
He i s l i v i n g in a co u n tr y o f w hich
He i s in A m erica, b u t n o t o f
The fla m e s o f n a t io n a l p a t r io t is m awake in him no
an sw erin g sp a rk b eca u se he i s in s u la t e d from t h e i r c o n t a c t by

th e n o n -c o n d u c tin g medium o f la c k o f a common to n g u e .
Some
t h in g o f th e gro w in g r e a l i s a t i o n o f th e im portance o f t h i s
work may b e s e e n from th e f a c t t h a t o n ly two p er c e n t o f our
m i l l i o n s o f a d u lt im m igran ts were r e g i s t e r e d , in 191G, i n
th e e v e n in g s c h o o l s .
The t e x t s t h a t w ere u sed w ere w h o lly
in a d e q u a te , c o n s i s t i n g in th e main o f o ld p rim er s and r e a d e r s

c a s t o f f by th e day s c h o o ls .
9 P e t e r D. R o b e r ts , E n g lis h f o r Coming A m ericans
With th e p a s t
twenty
show s ig n s o f im provem ent.

to le r a te d .
y e a r s , th e s c h o o ls have begun to
The u n tr a in e d t e a c h e r i s no lo n g e r
There a r e now d o zen s o f p u b lic a t io n s o f e v e n in g
s c h o o l t e x t s w r it t e n e s p e c i a l l y Tor e v e n in g s c h o o ls , and th e
" D ir e c to r o f E ven in g S c h o o ls" h a s commenced h i s o r h er work
i n s c o r e s o f our la r g e r c i t i e s .
P r o f e s s io n a l le a d e r s h ip i s
e n c o u r a g in g .
C ensus r e p o r t s .
The n a t io n a l c e n s u s o f 1910 shows in
round numbers a t o t a l o f t h i r t e e n m i l l i o n f o r e ig n - b o r n w h ite

p e r s o n s in th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
F ig u r e s , ta k en from th e F ed er
a l Commission on Im m igration show t h a t th e im m igran ts p ack

e i g h t y - f i v e p er c e n t o f o u r m eat, mine s e v e n t y p e r c e n t o f
our b itu m in o u s c o a l , do s e v e n t y - e ig h t p e r c e n t o f th e work in
ou r c o t t o n m i l l s , make n i n e t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f our c lo t h in g
and e i g h t y p e r c e n t o f our l e a t h e r .
Y et 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o f t h e s e
w orkers who form so g r e a t a p r o p o r tio n o f our i n d u s t r i a l

s t r e n g t h ca n n o t sp ea k our la n g u a g e and have no c o n c e p tio n o f
our govern m en tal i d e a l s .
The c e n su s r e p o r t s f o r 1920 show a t o t a l f o r e ig n - b o r n
p o p u la tio n o f 1 5 ,9 2 0 ,6 9 2 , o f w hich 6 ,4 9 5 ,0 8 8 have b een n a t
u r a liz e d ^
There w ere 1 5 ,7 1 2 ,7 5 4 f o r e ig n - b o r n w h ite p eo p le in
th e c o u n tr y o f whom 6 ,4 7 9 ,1 5 9 o r f o r t y - s e v e n and two t e n t h s

p er c e n t , have se c u r e d c i t i z e n s h i p p a p e r s .
D e t a ile d a n a l y s i s
o f th e r e p o r t shows t h a t th e im m igran ts from th e T eu to n ic and

C e l t i c c o u n t r ie s show a g r e a te r ten d e n c y to become c i t i z e n s
18
th e n "the im m igrant s from e a s t e r n and south.m Europe*
In th e s t a t e o f M a s sa c h u s e tts a lo n e t h e r e a re one
m i l l i o n , two hundred thousand f o r e ig n - h o r n , o n e - h a lf o f whom
are n o n -E n g lish sp e a k in g and from nonE n g lis h sp e a k in g la n d s*
The f o r e ig n - b o m form o n e - t h ir d o f th e t o t a l p o p u la tio n o f
M a ssa ch u setts*
T h eir c h ild r e n form a secon d th ir d *
Thus f a r
from th e o r i g i n a l i d e a l o f a P u r ita n commonwealth o f e x c lu

s i v e l y E n g lis h s to c k h a s th e Bay S t a t e tr a v e le d *
The n a tio n
a l r e a c t io n to t h i s s i t u a t i o n was e x p r e ss e d by th e Quota A ct
o f 1 9 2 1 -8 2 *
Quota Act*
The Quota A ct S e c t io n 2 .
(Al* That t h e number o f a l i e n s o f any n a t i o n a l i t y

who may h e a d m itte d under t h e im m ig ra tio n la w s to th e
U n ited S t a t e s in any f i s c a l y e a r s h a l l b e lim it e d t o
t h r e e p er centum o f the number o f f o r e ig n born p e r s o n s
o f such n a t i o n a l i t y r e s id e n t i n th e U n ited S t a t e s a s
d eterm in ed by th e U n ited S t a t e s c e n s u s o f 1 9 1 0 .
C l}Government o f f i c i a l s , f a m i l i e s , e tc * e x c lu d e d from .
t h i s quota*iQ
T h is a t t i t u d e tow ard im m ig ra tio n came ab ou t a s a r e s u l t
o f th e immense numbers o f im m igran ts who w ere e n t e r in g Am erica
each y e a r d u rin g th e d ecad e b e fo r e th e World War, and th e d i f
f i c u l t y w hich America was f in d in g in d i g e s t i n g them*
But th e
p re-w a r th r o n g s w hich su rged i n t o A m erica do n o t loom so

la r g e when compared w ith th e s e r r ie d ran k s and th e teem in g
m u lt it u d e s w h ich to d a y a r e a n x io u s ly a w a it in g th e o p p o r tu n ity
U n ite d S t a t e s Im m igration Laws (W ashington: U n ite d

S t a t e s P r in t in g O f f i c e , 1935*}
19
t o b rea k a l l su r g in g r e c o r d s betw een Europe and .America,
e v e n though t h e i r q u ota number may n ot be re a ch ed f o r s e v e r
a l y ea r s*
In th e b ig im m ig ra tio n y e a r o f 1 9 0 ? , A u stria -H u n g a ry
a lo n e s e n t t o America th e s t a g g e r in g t o t a l o f 3 3 8 ,4 5 2 em i
g ra n ts*
T h is was th e g r e a t e s t number o f p e o p le t h a t e v e r
moved from one co u n tr y t o a n o th er co u n tr y in one y e a r f s tim e

in t h e h i s t o r y o f th e w orld*
In d r a f t in g a la w to m eet t h i s s it u a t io n * th e immi
g ra n t p o p u la tio n o f 1910 w as s e l e c t e d a s a b a s i s on which to
d eterm in e th e number o f new a d m is sio n s, and the la w aim ed to
adm it newcomers from any g iv e n co u n tr y i n p r o p o r tio n to th e
number from t h a t c o u n tr y who had. a lr e a d y found lodgm ent i n
th e U n ited S ta te s *
A s c h e d u le worked o u t on t h i s g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e w as
ad op ted in 1921 and a r e v is e d s c h e d u le i n 1924*
By t h e l a s t
s t a t u t e , w hich i s now in e f f e c t , German im m igran ts t o the

number o f ab ou t 2 6 ,0 0 0 are a llo w e d a n n u a lly , Great B r it a in
and North Ir e la n d t o g e t h e r may sen d ab ou t 6 6 ,0 0 0 ; th e I r i s h
F ree S t a t e a b o u t 1 8 ,0 0 a .11
3,0 0 0 * and so o n .
R u s s ia "European and A s ia t ic "
The p o l i c y i s t o p erm it f r e e im m igration
o f any c i t i n e n s n o t d is e a s e d o r o f unsound mind o f any o f

th e o th e r American c o u n t r ie s r e g a r d le s s o f c o l o r , w h ite ,
b la ck ,, o r m ixed*
With Canada th e r e i s l i t t l e
d iffic u lty ,
1 1 A lb e r t B u s h n e ll H a r t , C u r r e n t H i s t o r y Magaz i n e ,
3 2 17 4 8 -5 1 , J u ly , 1 9 3 0 .
20
s in c e th e r e i s a rath eir l i v e l y movement a c r o s s th e b o rd er in
b o th d i r e c t i o n s ,
1 f th e L a tin A m ericans and p a r t i c u l a r l y th e
In d ia n M exicans i n s i s t on t h e i r p r i v i l e g e o f en try * so o n er o r
l a t e r a new r a c e w a ll w i l l b e e r e c t e d w hich w i l l s h u t them
o u t from e n t r y , and th u s from d is tu r b a n c e o f th e e q u ilib r iu m .
There a re about 7Q, Q00 M exicans c r o s s in g th e b o r d e r a n n u a lly ,
w ith the o n ly r e s t r i c t i o n b e in g f o r r e a so n o f h e a lt h o r crim e
and a governm ent t a x o f te n d o l l a r s .
O r ie n t a l im m ig ra tio n s i t u a t i o n .
Under th e p r e s e n t la w s ,
China and Japan a r e a llo w e d an annual q u ota o f o n ly 1QG,
Ac
c o r d in g to th e 1920 c e n s u s , th e C h in ese numbered 6Q,QQ0 and

th e Jap an ese 1 1 0 ,0 0 0 ,
S in c e C h in ese im m ig ra tio n h as b een
p r a c t i c a l l y p r o h ib ite d s in c e 1882 and J a p a n ese s in c e 1 9 0 2 ,

m ost o f th e p e o p le w ere presum ably b o rn w it h in th e b o u n d a ries
o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s , h e n c e , under th e s t a t u t e s , th e y a r e c i t
iz e n s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s ,
At p r e s e n t th e number o f immi
g r a n t s , C h in ese and J a p a n e se , w ith in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s b u t

born o u t is d e , i s o n ly about 2 0 ,0 0 0 ,
Si p s t centum a c t and i t s c r i t i c i s m .
The "Quota* A c t, 1 9 2 1 -1 9 2 2 .
S e c t io n 2 .
(a ) That th e number o f a l i e n s o f any na
t i o n a l i t y who m ay.be a d m itted under th e im m igration la w s
to th e U n ited S t a t e s in any f i s c a l y e a r s h a l l be l im it e d
t o 3 p e r centum o f th e number o f fo r e ig n - b o r n p e r s o n s o f
su ch n a t i o n a l i t y r e s id e n t in th e U n ite d S t a t e s a s d e t e r
m ined by th e U n ited S t a t e s c e n s u s ,
(b} For th e p u r p o se s o f t h i s A ct n a t i o n a l i t y s h a l l b e
d eterm in ed by co u n try o f b i r t h , t r e a t i n g a s s e p a r a te
c o u n t r ie s th e c o l o n i e s o r d e p e n d e n c ie s o f w h ich s e p a r a te
en u m eration was made in th e U n ite d S t a t e s c e n s u s o f
1 9 1 0 .1 2
C r it ic ism o f th e Quota Law#^
Under th e p r o v is io n s
o f t h i s r e s o l u t i o n th e same e x c e p t io n s w hich w ere h e r e t o f o r e

made in th e t h r e e p e r centum q uota law in f a v o r o f th e p e o p le
o f th e S t a t e s c o n tig u o u s to th e Canadian b o rd er a r e a g a in
g r a n te d .
A noth er e x c e p tio n in f a v o r o f th e S t a t e s o f T exas,
U tah, A r iz o n a , C olorad o, New M exico, and o t h e r b o rd er S t a t e s

i s c o n tin u e d , so a s to p erm it th e employment t h e r e in o f an
u n lim ite d number o f M exicans#
The c ig a r m a n u fa c tu r e r s o f
F lo r id a a r e a ls o g r a n te d an e x c e p t io n , so th a t th e y can im p o r t from Cuba and o t h e r a d ja c e n t is l a n d s su ch h e lp a s i s

d e s ir e d by them#
The p e o p le o f th e U n ited S t a t e s who are n o t
f o r t u n a t e enough to r e s id e in th e S t a t e s j u s t m en tion ed a r e
u n ab le to o b ta in th e a d v a n ta g es o f a la r g e r su p p ly o f h o u se
h o ld h e lp w hich such im m ig ra tio n w ould a f f o r d , but no ex c ep
t i o n in t h e i r b e h a lf h a s b een made.
^ E x tr a c t from An Act t o L im it th e Im m igration o f

A lie n s in t o th e U n ite d S ta t e s * * ap proved May 1 9 , 1 9 2 1 , and
amended May 1 1 , 1 9 2 2 , C hapter I S ? , 42 U. S . S t a t u t e s a t Large
540 (6 7 th C o n g ress, 2nd s e s s i o n . I
"R eport o f th e M in o r ity o f th e House Committee on
Im m igration ,and N a t u r a liz a t io n on House J o in t R e s o lu tio n 2 5 8 ,
Recommending th e C o n tin u a tio n o f th e Quota S y ste m .* U n ite d
S t a t e s , 5 7 th C o n g ress, 2nd s e s s i o n , House R eport No# 7 10,
p p . 9 - 1 1 , The m in o r ity r e p o r t w as s ig n e d by Rep. I s s a c S i e g e l ,
o f New Y ork . and Adolph J S a b a th , o f I l l i n o i s .
22
Immigrant l i f e
a t E l l i s I s la n d .
No p r e v io u s im migra
t i o n law e n a c te d b y C ongress h a s cau sed more h a r d sh ip s and

s u f f e r in g s than th e s o - c a l l e d q uota law .,
P r a c tic a lly a l l o f
th e new spapers a t v a r io u s tim es have r e p o r te d c a s e s o f th e

r e tu r n o f members o f f a m i l i e s who w ere r e fu s e d a d m issio n b e
cau se th e quota f o r a p a r t i c u l a r month had b een e x h a u s te d .
The p r o v is io n s o f t h i s law a r e inhumane and u n ju s t b e c a u se
im m igrants a re e x c lu d e d o r a c c e p te d s o l e l y on th e b a s i s o f
p e r c e n ta g e .
The m e n ta l, m oral and p h y s ic a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f
im m igran ts are made a seco n d a ry c o n s id e r a t io n .

A la r g e number o f u n fo r tu n a te Arm enians had t h e i r p a s s
p o r t s v is e d many months b e f o r e the quota la w was e n a c te d .
N o tw ith sta n d in g th e f a c t th a t th e y s u f f e r e d m ost d u r in g th e
w ar, on a r r i v a l h ere th e y found th e m s e lv e s b arred by th e
p r e s e n t q u ota la w .
T h is la w had le d many u n fo r tu n a te im m igran ts t o d i s
p o se o f a l l t h e i r h o u seh o ld e f f e c t s , o n ly to f in d on a r r iv in g
h ere t h a t th e y w ere n ot p e r m itte d t o la n d s o l e l y b e c a u se th e
sh ip which brought them came a c r o s s l a t e r than a f a s t e r v e s s e l
w hich had l e f t l a t e r .
The s p e c t a c le o f f Sandy Hook o f s h ip s
a r r iv in g tow ard th e end o f th e month w a it in g u n t i l a f t e r m id

n ig h t f o r th e b e g in n in g o f a new month t o e n t e r th e p o r t h as
n ot been an in fr e q u e n t o n e .
I t i s our f ir m b e l i e f t h a t th e f a i l u r e t o c r e a t e a s u f
f i c i e n t s t a f f o f in s p e c t o r s to se r v e a lo n g th e Canadian and
th e M exican b o rd ers h as r e s u l t e d In e x t e n s iv e sm uggling*

W ith a p p r o x im a tely tw e n ty -th r e e exam in ers to l o o k - a f t e r
1 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 p e o p le who a r e p a s s in g t o and f r o from th e U n ited
S t a t e s in to Canada, and v i c e v e r s a c o n d it io n s a g a in s t w hich
th e a u t h o r i t i e s h ave r e p e a te d ly p r o t e s t e d m ust c o n tin u e .
Im m igrants, n ot t r a v e l i n g in th e c a b in , who e n t e r th e
U n ited S t a t e s a t the p o r t o f Hew York, a r e f i r s t b rou ght to
E l l i s I s la n d in o r d e r t o undergo an ex a m in a tio n t o d eterm in e
t h e i r f i t n e s s f o r a d m is s io n .
The a v e r a g e im m igrant rem ains a t E l l i s I s la n d two o r
th r e e h o u r s, d u rin g w hich tim e he u n d erg o es an ex a m in a tio n by
t h e P u b lic H e a lth S e r v i c e , in o r d e r t o d eterm in e h i s m en tal
and p h y s ic a l c o n d it io n , and by th e Im m igration S e r v ic e in
o r d e r to fin d o u t w h eth er he i s o th e r w is e a d m is s ib le *
Im m igrants a re b rou gh t from t h e v a r io u s ste a m sh ip s
through out New York Harbor to E l l i s I s la n d by means o f b a r g e s .
As soon a s th e y la n d a t E l l i s I s la n d th e y u nd ergo th e m e d ic a l
in s p e c t io n and e x a m in a tio n w hich a r e co n d u cted by th e o f f i c e r s
o f th e P u b lic H e a lth S e r v ic e *
Upon e n t e r in g th e e x a m in a tio n p la n t o f th e P u b lic
H ea lth S e r v ic e , th e im m igran ts a r e g u id ed by an a tte n d a n t In to
th e d i f f e r e n t in s p e c t io n l i n e s *
These l i n e s , se p a r a te d by
ir o n r a i l i n g s , a re f o u r in number a t t h e i r p ro x im a l end and

two in number a t t h e i r d is t a l, end*
Four m e d ic a l o f f i c e r s who ca r ry on th e g e n e r a l in s p e c
t i o n a r e s t a t i o n e d each in one o f th e fo u r p ro x im a l l i n e s ,
and two m e d ic a l o f f i c e r s sta n d a t th e extrem e ends o f th e

two d i s t a l l i n e s o r j u s t where t h e s e l i n e s merge i n t o two
common e x i t s .
At t h i s m erging p o in t s ta n d s an a tte n d a n t whose duty
i t i s t o s e p a r a te the chalk-m arked a l i e n s from th o s e who a r e
n o t c h a lk marked.
A c c o r d in g ly , im m igrants who have p a sse d
th e m e d ic a l in s p e c t io n a r e g u id e d i n t o th e e x i t w hich le a d s
t o th e upper h a l l o f th e Im m igration S e r v ic e , w h ile th e
c h a lf-m a rk ed o n e s p a s s through th e e x i t w hich le a d s t o th e
ex a m in a tio n departm ent o f th e P u b lic H ea lth S e r v ic e .
Every im m igrant in u n d erg o in g th e m e d ic a l in s p e c t io n
p a s s e s two m e d ic a l o f f i c e r s .
As above s t a t e d , th e o f f i c e r
who o c c u p ie s th e p ro x im a l p o s i t i o n c a r r i e s on th e g e n e r a l in
s p e c t io n .
I t i s th e f u n c t io n o f t h i s o f f i c e r to lo o k f o r a l l de
f e c t s , b o th m e n ta l and p h y s i c a l, i n t h e p a s s in g im m igrant.
As th e im m igrant a p p r o a ch es, th e o f f i c e r g i v e s him a q u ic k
g la n c e .
E x p e r ie n c e e n a b le s him in th a t one g la n c e t o ta k e in
s i x d e t a i l s , nam ely, th e s c a lp , f a c e , n eck , h an d s, g a i t , and

g e n e r a l c o n d it io n both m en ta l and p h y s i c a l .
Should any o f
t h e s e d e t a i l s n o t come in t o v ie w , th e a l i e n i s h a lt e d and th e
o f f i c e r s a t i s f i e s h im s e lf t h a t no s u s p ic io u s s ig n o r symptom
e x is ts .
A f a c e show ing h a r e l ip , p a r t i a l o r c o m p le te , i s a l
ways sto p p ed in o rd er t o s e e i f a c l e f t p a l a t e , a c e r t i f i a b l e
c o n d it io n , i s p r e s e n t
I t o f t e n happens t h a t th e a l i e n rs hand can n o t b e
85
d i s t i n c t l y seen.; i t may be covered by h i s h a t , i t may be
h id d en b en ea th h i s c o a t , or i t may b e d e e p ly embedded in
b la n k e t s , sh a w ls o r o t h e r lu g g a g e .
Of a l l th e p h y s i c a l de
t a i l s in th e m e d ic a l in s p e c t io n o f im m igrants i t i s p erh a p s
m ost im portan t t o watch th e h a n d s.
In many c a s e s where th e
hands can n o t b e p l a i n l y se e n a t a g la n c e f u r t h e r s e a r c h in g
h a s r e v e a le d a deform ed fo rea rm , m u t ila t e d o r p a r a ly z e d hand,
l o s s o f f i n g e r s , o r fa v u s n a ils *
L ik e w is e , i f th e a l i e n a p p roach es th e o f f i c e r w ith h a t
on he must be h a lt e d , h a t rem oved, and s c a lp o b ser v ed in o r d e r
to e x c lu d e th e p r e s e n c e o f f a v u s , ringworm , o r o th e r sk in
d i s e a s e s o f t h i s r e g io n o f th e body.
s u s p ic io u s sig n *
Pompadours a re a lw a y s a
B eneath such lo n g grow th s o f h a ir a re f r e
q u e n tly se e n a r e a s o f f a v u s .
The s l i g h t e s t b i t o f la m en ess
w i l l show i t s e l f in an u n ev en n ess o f g a i t or a bobbing upand-down m otion*
A f t e r c o n s t a n t ly o b s e r v in g the p a s s in g o f
th o u sa n d s o f im m igran ts th e e x p e r ie n c e d eye o f an exam iner

w i l l q u ic k ly d e t e c t th e s l i g h t e s t i r r e g u l a r i t y in g a i t .
Where
th e a l i e n c a r r i e s lu g g a g e on h i s s h o u ld e r o r b a ck , i t may be
n e c e s s a r y t o make him d rop h i s p a r c e ls and t o w a lk f i v e o r t e n
f e e t in o rd er to e x c lu d e s u s p ic io u s g a i t o r s p in a l c u r v a tu r e .
Im m igrants a t tim e s c a r r y l a r g e p a r c e ls in b o th arms and o v e r
t h e i r s h o u ld e r s in o rd er th a t t h e g a i t r e s u l t i n g from a s h o r t
ened e x tr e m ity o r a n k y lo a ed j o i n t may excap e n o t i c e .
In l i k e
manner th ey m aneuver in a tte m p tin g to c o n c e a l th e g a i t s o f
36
L i t t l e * s d i s e a s e , sp a stic* p a r a l y s i s , and o th e r n erv o u s d i s

o rd ers.
A ll c h ild r e n o v e r two y e a r s o f age a r e ta k en from
t h e i r m others* arms and a r e made to w a lk .
As a m a tte r o f
r o u t in e , h a t s and cap s o f a l l c h ild r e n a r e rem oved, t h e i r

s c a lp s a r e in s p e c t e d , and i n many c a s e s p a lp a t e d .
I f ca r e
i s n ot e x e r c is e d In t h i s d e t a i l , ringworm and o th e r s c a lp
c o n d it io n s a re a p t t o e s c a p e th e a t t e n t i o n o f th e ex a m in er.
Should th e im m igrant ap pear s t u p id and i n a t t e n t i v e t o
such an e x t e n t th a t m en tal d e f e c t i s s u s p e c t e d , an X I s made
w ith c h a lk on h i s c o a t a t th e a n t e r io r a s p e c t o f h i s r ig h t
sh o u ld er*
Should d e f i n i t e s ig n s o f m en ta l d is e a s e be ob
s e r v e d , a c i r c l e X i s used in s t e a d o f th e p la in X*
In l i k e
manner a c h a lk mark i s p la c e d on th e a n t e r io r a s p e c t o f th e
r i g h t s h o u ld e r in a l l c a s e s where p h y s ic a l d e fo r m ity or d i s
ea se i s su sp ected .
R oughly sp e a k in g , from 15 to 30 p er c e n t o f the immi
g r a n ts a re c h a lk marked by th e m e d ic a l o f f i c e r s , and i t i s
t h e s e ch a lk e d in d iv id u a ls who< must undergo a se co n d and more
thorough ex a m in a tio n i n th e e x a m in a tio n rooms o f th e P u b lic
H ea lth S e r v i c e .
Those a l i e n s marked X and c i r c l e X a re
p la c e d in the two p h y s i c a l rooms, one f o r men and t h e o th e r

f o r women.
The im m igran ts who a r e c h a lk marked w ith an X o r a
c i r c l e X a t th e l i n e in s p e c t io n a r e ta k en im m ed ia tely t o th e
m e n ta l room.
At th e te r m in a tio n o f th e l i n e in s p e c t io n , th e
27
l i n e o f f i c e r s go to th e d i f f e r e n t e x a m in a tio n room s.
Two or
t h r e e o f them u s u a lly p ro ceed to th e m en ta l room and th e r e

con d u ct th e seco n d a ry m en ta l i n s p e c t io n , o r , a s i t i s some
tim e s s t y l e d , th e " w eed in g-ou t* p r o c e s s .
Suppose th r e e la r g e and two s m a ll im m igrant s h ip s
a r r iv e a t th e p o r t o f New York on Septem ber 1 and 2*
Sup
p o se a ls o th a t th e y b r in g 2:, 500 s t e e r a g e p a s s e n g e r s and t h a t

f o r t y o f them a re p r e s e n te d w ith *h ald ca rd s* and a r e d e
t a in e d in th e d e t e n t io n rooms f o r f u r t h e r m e n ta l e x a m in a tio n .
We s h a l l now s e e what becom es o f t h e s e f o r t y d e ta in e d p e r s o n s .
The l i n e in s p e c t io n d o e s n o t ta k e p la c e on Septem ber
3 rd , h en ce th e day i s s p e n t l a r g e l y in th e m en tal ex a m in a tio n
o f th e d e ta in e d e a s e s .
E a r ly on t h i s day th e te n d e ta in e d
I t a l i a n s a r e s e n t t o room A t o be exam ined by D o cto r A.

Greeks go to room B to b e exam ined by D octor B.
Ten
Ten I r i s h
a re exam ined in room 0 by D octor C, w h ile th e te n m is c e lla n

eo u s c a s e s a re exam ined in room B b y D o cto r D.
The f i r s t e x a m in a tio n on Septem ber 3rd i s co m p a ra tiv e
l y b r i e f , th e main p u rp ose b e in g to weed o u t th e n orm als who
have r e c o v e r e d from a p h y s i o l o g i c a l u p se t a r i s i n g from v a r
io u s c a u s e s in c id e n t t o la n d in g .
The f i r s t ex a m in a tio n o f
an a l i e n i s p erform ed in th e p r e s e n c e o f a l l th e a l i e n s o f
th e same g ro u p .
In many i n s t a n c e s ea ch a l i e n i s p u t through
th e same t e s t s and q u e s t io n s .
T h is i s done in o r d e r t h a t
th e n orm als who o b se r v e and le a r n from what th e o t h e r s a re

d o in g , may b e more r e a d i l y s e p a r a te d from t h e s tu p id or
28
subnorm al c a s e s *
Gn t h e a fte r n o o n o f Septem ber 5* we f i n d
t h a t ou t o f th e f o r t y Im m igrants t h a t have b een exam in ed , 24

have g iv e n e v id e n c e o f n o r m a lity and have b een l i b e r a t e d ,
w h ile 16 a re s t i l l h e ld f o r f u r t h e r ex a m in a tio n *
On th e morn
in g o f Septem ber 4 t h e r e are no im m igran ts t o lan d *
Conse
q u e n t ly th e ex a m in a tio n o f th e d e ta in e d c a s e s i s resum ed.

T h is m orning t h e rem a in in g f i v e I t a l i a n s a re exam ined in room
B by D o cto r B, th e f i v e G reeks in room C by D o c to r C, th e
t h r e e I r i s h In room D by D o c to r B, w h ile D o cto r A ex a m in es
t h e t h r e e m is c e lla n e o u s o a s e s (West In d ia n n e g r o , E nglishm an,
S c a n d in a v ia n ! In room A*
In o th e r w ords, a s h i f t h a s ta k en
p la c e and ea c h d e ta in e d im m igrant now m eets a d i f f e r e n t e x

am iner who p u t s him th ro u g h a more s e a r c h in g ex a m in a tio n than
he en co u n tered on Septem ber 5*
The seco n d e x a m in a tio n o f each im m igrant consum es any
where from tw en ty t o s i x t y m in u tes*
q u ir y in t o th e home l i f e ,
I t may com p rise an i n
cu stom s, s c h o o lin g , o c c u p a tio n ,
v o y a g e , and in t e n t io n s o f th e s u b j e c t .
When n e c e s s a r y , q u es
t i o n s are put In o r d e r t o b r in g t o l i g h t th e whys and w here~

f o r e s r e g a r d in g th e im m ig r a n ts a t t i t u d e , e m o tio n a l s t a t e ,
h a b i t s , i n t e r e s t s , and h e a lth *
In a d d it io n t o th e p s y c h o lo g
i c a l t e s t s and q u e s tio n s a n e u r o lo g ic a l ex a m in a tio n and t e s t

o f v i s i o n re o c c a s i o n a l l y made*
An endeavor i s made a t t h i s
ex a m in a tio n to a l z e up t h e im m igrant from a l l a n g l e s .
At th e
seco n d e x a m in a tio n i t w i l l b e found th a t th e more i n t e l l i g e n t

im m igran ts have im proved In t h e i r e x e c u t io n o f th e v a r io u s
9
t e s t s and can s t i l l b e c la s s e d among th e norm als*
They a r e
c o n s e q u e n tly l i b e r a t e d , and o n ly th o se who s t i l l show symptoms

o f m en tal d e f i c i e n c y o r m e n ta l a b n o r m a lity a r e d eta in e d *
Bur-
tn g th e secon d e x a m in a tio n one o f th e d e ta in e d a l i e n s i s found

to b e m arkedly i n a t t e n t i v e and e x h i b i t s a f a c i a l m annerism .
C o n seq u en tly he i s c o n sid e r e d an in s a n e s u s p e c t and i s s e n t t o
th e h o s p i t a l f o r o b s e r v a t io n .
T h er efo re a t noon on Septem ber
4 t h , when th e l i n e in s p e c t io n a g a in b e g in s , o n ly s i x o f th e
o r i g i n a l f o r t y im m igrants rem ain f o r f u r t h e r e x a m in a tio n .
They are d is t r ib u t e d a s f o l l o w s :
I t a l i a n s t h r e e , Greek o n e ,
I r i s h tw o.
On Septem ber 5 th a t 11 A* M*, d u rin g a tem porary r e c e s s
in th e l i n e i n s p e c t io n , a t h ir d e x a m in a tio n o f th e s i x d e ta in e d
im m igrants t a k e s p la c e .
T h is tim e th e t h r e e I t a l i a n s a re e x
amined in room 0 by B o c to r C, th e Greek in room B by B o c to r B,

w h ile th e two I r i s h a r e exam ined by D o c to r A*
T h is i s th e
t h ir d r e g u la r e x a m in a tio n , a t w hich tim e th e m ost o b v io u s

c a s e s o f m en ta l d e f ic ie n c y a r e c e r t i f i e d *
T h is ex a m in a tio n
i s thorough and in a l l r e s p e c t s r e s e m b le s th e seco n d exam ina

tio n *
D uring th e t h ir d ex a m in a tio n one o f th e I t a l i a n s , a l
though s t u p id , showed a d e f i n i t e improvement in re sp o n d in g

to q u e s t io n s and in p erfo rm in g th e t e s t s .
W hile a b o r d e r - lin e
c a s e , t h e r e w as a doubt in th e mind o f B o c to r 0 a s to how th e

im migrant sh o u ld be c l a s s i f i e d .
by D octor G.
He was c o n s e q u e n tly l i b e r a t e d
At 4 P . M*, Septem ber 5 t h , we f i n d t h a t a G reek,
30
an I t a l i a n , and an Irish m an have b e e n c e r t i f i e d a s b e in g
fe e b le -m in d e d , w h ile an Irish m a n and an I t a l i a n a re a t i l l
h e ld f o r f u r t h e r m e n ta l e x a m in a tio n .
On Septem ber 6 , t h e l i n e in s p e c t io n in o p e r a t io n a l l '
day and th e m en ta l c a s e s a r e a g a in exam ined w hich r e s u lt s , in
c e r t i f y i n g th e I t a l i a n a s "F eeb le-m ind ed " and in d e t a in in g
th e Irish m an f o r f u r t h e r e x a m in a tio n .
On Septem ber 8 , t h i s
Irish m a n i s a g a in c a r e f u l l y exam ined and c e r t i f i e d a s "Fee

b le - m in d e d .
Thus i t i s s e e n t h a t f i v e im m igran ts o u t o f
th e o r i g i n a l f o r t y a re c e r t i f i e d a s " F e e b le -m in d e d .
The im m igrant i s c e r t i f i e d " fee b le-m in d ed " b eca u se h i s
common k n ow led ge, r e t e n t i v e n e s s or memory, r e a s o n in g pow er,
le a r n in g c a p a c it y , and g e n e r a l r e a c t io n a r e s e v e r a l l y and
d i s t i n c t l y b elow n orm al.
There i s i n d i v i d u a l i t y in ea ch o f f i c e r ' s method o f
c o n d u c tin g a m en ta l e x a m in a tio n .
There i s a l s o a g r e a t d e a l
in common a b o u t th e v a r io u s ex a m in a tio n m eth o d s.
Some t e s t s
and (q u estio n s a re u sed by a l l , w h ile in d iv id u a l p r e fe r e n c e

o b t a in s In reg a rd to o t h e r t e s t s .
The above a cco u n t p i c t u r e s th e f i r s t A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
work t h a t our f o r e ig n p e o p le e x p e r ie n c e d when th e y were w e l
comed to A m erica.
E very c a r e and c o n s id e r a t io n i s shown th e
new a r r i v a l by th e o f f i c i a l s .
h ave b een p r e s e n te d .
Both s i d e s o f th e q uota law
I t i s tr u e t h a t u n f a ir n e s s h a s e x i s t e d .
B u t, in a l l f a i r n e s s t o A m erica, i t m ust b e remembered t h a t
31
r e s t r i c t i o n w as a n e c e s s i t y .
We had r e a ch ed th e s a t u r a t io n
p o in t.
The E c lip s e o f E l l i s I s l a n d .
I n th e t e n y e a r s p r e
c e d in g th e War* an a v e r a g e o f n e a r ly 9 0 0 ,0 0 0 a l i e n s a r r iv e d
a t th e p o r t o f Hew Y ork.
In 1 9 2 8 , th e number was l e s s than
3 0 0 ,0 0 0 ; where o n ce c o n g e s tio n tr o u b le d th e o f f i c i a l s , th e y
a re now u n ea sy o v e r t h e e x p e n se o f o p e r a t in g an i n s t i t u t i o n
t h a t i s much to o la r g e f o r p r e s e n t and p ro b a b ly f o r f u t u r e
n eed s*
The t i d e o f im m ig ra tio n now b e a t s upon th e la n d
h o r d e r s - - n o t upon t h e s e a c o a s t s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
Such,
a t l e a s t , i s th e c o n c lu s io n w hich th e l a t e s t 1 9 3 2 -1 9 3 3 an
n u a l r e p o r t o f th e C om m issioner G eneral o f Im m igration p o in t s
t o from s e v e r a l a n g le s !
He e v e n co m p la in s t h a t th e a r r i v a l
o f a l i e n s by a ir p la n e h a s assumed th e im p ortan ce o f a new

a d m in is t r a t iv e problem *
I t i s c e r t a i n l y i n t e r e s t i n g t o f in d
t h a t T ex a s, M ichigan and C a lif o r n ia come im m e d ia te ly a f t e r

Hew York, a s s t a t e s where newcomers in te n d t o s e t t l e in
l a r g e s t num bers.
Of c o u r s e , n e i t h e r t h o s e who c r o s s from
Canada or from M exico n e c e s s a r i l y s t a y i n th e b o rd er s t a t e s *

but th e y do r e p r e s e n t a problem b e c a u se o f th e n a tu r e o f
t h e ir a r r iv a l.
Thus o f 1 8 ,8 3 9 a l i e n s r e j e c t e d upon a r r i v a l , o v er s i x s e v e n th s w ere e x c lu d e d a t la n d -b o r d e r " p o r ts* (a s th e s e r v i c e
q u a in t ly c a l l s them) ; and t h e im m ig ra tio n b o rd er p a t r o l ,
though l a s t y e a r i t t r a v e l e d o v e r 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 m i l e s , m o s tly by
m otor, and apprehended 18,00(1 sm uggled a l i e n s , i s d e c la r e d

t o be t o t a l l y in a d eq u a te*
In f a c t , on some p a r t s o f ou r la n d
b o rd er i t seem s a lm o st a s e a s y t o s t r a y in a d v e r t e n t ly from one

country" t o th e o t h e r a s i t i s In some p a r t s o f E urope.
E l l i s I s la n d was t h e g r e a t o u tp o s t o f th e new and v i g
o r o u s r e p u b lic .
E l l i s I s la n d s to o d guard o v e r th e w id e - flu n g
p o r t a l ; and reso u n d ed f o r y e a r s to th e tramp o f an e n d le s s

in v a d in g army*
I t s m i l l i o n o r more im m igran ts a y e a r ta x ed
i t s r e s o u r c e s to th e utm ost*
C om m issioner G en era l H u l l ' s p r e
d e c e s s o r s were b r in g in g th e g r ie v a n c e s o f E l l i s I s la n d t o
th e a t t e n t io n o f C o n g r e s s .^
Our g r e a t e s t p rob lem s and d i f
f i c u l t i e s now a r i s e from an in a d e q u a te f i e l d f o r c e o f i n
s p e c t o r s and c l e r k s f o r th e la n d p o r t s .
14
E c lip s e o f E l l i s I s l a n d . The S u rv ey . (January
1 5 , 1 9 2 9 1 , .6 1 r4 8 0 , O cto b er. - March, 1 9 2 8 -1 9 2 9 . .
CHAPTER
I I I
THE
D I V I S I O N
GI fl. 2 I N 5 H I P
OF
T R A I N I N G
CHAPTER I I I
THE BBTCSIGN OF CITIZENSHIP! TRAINING?

1.
PUBLIC SCHOOL CLASSES FOR ADULTS,

ClI P u b lic s c h o o l i n s t r u c t i o n i n p u b lic s c h o o l b u ild s
lugs,
i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s , homes and e ls e w h e r e , e i t h e r i n
grou p s o r a s I n d iv id u a ls , o f a d u l t s , w h eth er n a t iv e o r f o r
e ig n b orn , in urban or r u r a l co m m u n ities, w i l l b e f o s t e r e d
in ev e ry p r a c t ic a b le way by t h e s e e d u c a t io n a l f o r c e s *
The
l o c a l D ir e c t o r s o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n and o t h e r l o c a l p u b lic

s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s w i l l be u rged to c o -o p e r a te t o th e f u l l e s t
e x t e n t in c a r r y in g o u t th e d e t a i l s o f t h i s a g reem en t.
F e d e r a l a id f u r n is h e d ,
( 2 } I t I s a g reed t h a t th e
t e x t s now o r h e r e a f t e r is s u e d by th e D iv is i o n o f C it iz e n s h ip
T r a in in g , U n ited S t a t e s Departm ent o f L abor, s h a l l he f u r
n is h e d f r e e to a l l c a n d id a te s f o r c i t i z e n s h i p and t h e i r w iv e s
who r e c e i v e , under p u b lic s c h o o l s u p e r v is io n , i n s t r u c t i o n in
th e E n g lis h Language and c i t i z e n s h i p d u t i e s and r e s p o n s i b i l
i t i e s , and th a t t h e s e t e x t s and such o t h e r t e x t s and te a c h
in g m a t e r ia ls a s th e S t a t e D ir e c t o r o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n and
l o c a l s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s may a p p ro v e, s h a l l b e u s e d .
O th er a id to be f u r n is h e d .
(3} The D iv is i o n o f C i t i
z e n s h ip t r a in in g w i l l f u r n is h t o p u b lic s c h o o ls r e c o r d c a r d s ,
b e a r in g th e names and a d d r e s s e s o f c a n d id a te s f o r c i t i z e n s h i p
and t h e i r w iv e s , and w i l l send t o such p r o s p e c t iv e c i t i z e n s
35
c o r d ia l l e t t e r s o f I n v i t a t i o n to a tte n d th e p u b lic s c h o o ls .
I t w i l l a l s o su p p ly f r e e on r e q u e s t , su ch o t h e r m a t e r ia l a s
may be a v a i l a b l e , in c lu d in g n a t u r a l i s a t i o n b la n k form s w ith
in s tr u c tio n s fo r th e ir u se.
An exam in er from th e F e d e r a l Bureau o f n a t u r a li z a t io n
w i l l b e s e n t a t th e c l o s e o f each c l a s s o f an advanced g r a d e ,
o r g a n iz e d by t h i s D iv is i o n , o r in c o - o p e r a t io n w ith t h i s
D iv is i o n , f o r th e purpose o f co n d u c tin g th e f i n a l ex a m in a tio n
r e q u ir e d by th e F e d e r a l Bureau o f N a t u r a liz a t io n f o r a d m issio n
to c itiz e n s h ip .
I t i s d i s t i n c t l y u n d ersto o d in t h i s co n n ec
t io n t h a t t h e C h ie f E xam inerrs o f f i c e i s t o have ample n o t ic e

a s t o th e tim e and p la c e o f t h e s e t e s t s .
I n s t i t u t e s f o r t e a c h in g I n s t r u c t o r s o f th e f o r e ig n -b o r n ;
14} The S t a t e Departm ent o f E vening S c h o o ls w i l l f o r th e p r e s
e n t con d uct i n s t i t u t e s f o r t r a in in g t e a c h e r s in th e i n s t r u c
t i o n o f t h e f o r e ig n - b o r n , in c lu d in g in such i n s t i t u t e s a stu d y
o f th e u se o f th e m a t e r ia ls fu r n is h e d by th e D iv is i o n o f C it
iz e n s h ip T r a in in g to p u b lic s c h o o l c l a s s e s , f o r p u p ils and
th e ir in s tr u c to r s .
C r e d it tow ard S t a t e T e a c h e r s* C e r t i f i c a t e .
(5 ) C r e d it
tow ard s t a t e te a c h e r s * c e r t i f i c a t e s f o r t e a c h in g o f a d u lt s
w i l l b e g ra n ted t o th o s e s u c c e s s f u l l y c o m p le tin g r e q u ir e d
c o u r s e s q u a li f y in g th e t e a c h e r s f o r an A m e r ic a n iz a tio n cr ed en
tia l.
sa
F ed eral approval o f c it iz e n s h ip s c h o o ls .
The Fed
e r a l C e r t i f i c a t e o f R e c o g n itio n and a p p ro v a l o f th e work o f

t h e p u b lic s c h o o ls in i n s t r u c t i n g c a n d id a te s f o r c i t i z e n s h i p
in c o - o p e r a t io n w ith th e D iv is io n o f C it iz e n s h ip d r a in in g ,
w i l l b e awarded f o r d is p la y i n each c la ssr o o m w h erein th e
F e d e r a l C it iz e n s h ip T extbook i s b e in g u se d .
The p u b lic s c h o o ls
and th e F e d e r a l Government w i l l J o i n t l y p r e s e n t t h e C e r t i f i
c a t e s o f P r o f ic ie n c y t o each h o ld e r o f f i r s t c i t i z e n s h i p pa
p e r s , in a tte n d a n c e upon th e p u b lic s c h o o l s , who made s a t i s
f a c t o r y p r o g r e s s , and th e C e r t i f i c a t e o f G radu ation to each
a p p lic a n t f o r seco n d c i t i z e n s h i p p a p ers who h a s s a t i s f i e d th e
r e q u ir e m e n ts o f th e p u b lic s c h o o ls and th e D iv is io n o f C it iz e n
s h ip T ra in in g *
W ives o f c a n d id a te s f o r c i t i z e n s h i p w i l l b e
e n t i t l e d to t h e s e c e r t i f i c a t e s upon th e same term s a s t h e ir

h u sb an d s.
T hese c e r t i f i c a t e s w i l l b e a r th e s ig n a t u r e s o f th e
p rop er F e d e r a l and s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s and w i l l be under s e a l .

E very in c e n t i v e w i l l b e g iv e n f o r th e p ro p er p u b lic r e c o g n i
t i o n o f th o se upon whom t h e s e c e r t i f i c a t e s a r e c o n fe r r e d , and
to t h o s e r e c e iv in g n a t u r a li z a t io n c e r t if ic a t e s .- * *
C o -o p e r a tio n w ith th e D iv is io n o f C it iz e n s h ip T r a in in g ,
Bureau o f N a t u r a liz a t io n .
(? ) I t i s t h e ' d e s i r e and w i l l be
th e c o n s ta n t e f f o r t o f th e e d u c a t io n a l f o r c e s o f the S ta t e in
-** O r g a n iz a tio n and M ain ten an ce, P am phlet on c l a s s e s

f o r f o r e ig n b o m a d u l t s , S t a t e B oard"of E d u c a tio n , Am erican
i z a t i o n B u l l e t i n No* 1 , S e r i e s 19SG -1921.
37
h e lp in g t o o r g a n iz e c i t i z e n s h i p c l a s s e s under p u b lic s c h o o l
s u p e r v is io n , to c o -o p e r a te w ith th e r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f th e
Bureau,* ,
U niform r u le o f n a t u r a liz a t io n *
The C o n s t it u t io n o f
th e U n ite d S t a t e s in A r t i c l e I , S e c t io n 8 , p r o v id e s t h a t
"The C on gress s h a l l have power t o e s t a b l i s h a u n iform r u le
o f n a t u r a l i z a t i o n . ft
The C o n g r ess, by an a c t o f June 2 9 , 1 9 0 $ , e s t a b l i s h e d
a u n iform r u le o f n a t u r a liz a t io n *
T h is a c t h a s b een amended
s e v e r a l tim e s s i n e e .
The C o n g ress, in 1913
. . .
* c r e a te d an e x e c u t iv e departm ent in th e Government
to b e c a l l e d th e Departm ent o f Labor w ith a S e c r e t a r y o f
L abor, who s h a l l b e th e head t h e r e o f , to be a p p o in te d by
th e P r e s id e n t , by and w ith th e a d v ic e and c o n se n t o f th e
S e n a te *
The Bureau o f Im m igration and N a t u r a liz a t io n was t r a n s
f e r r e d from th e Departm ent o f Commerce and Labor to th e De
partm ent o f L abor, by th e same A ct o f C on gress in 1 9 1 3 .s
The Bureau o f Im m igration and N a t u r a liz a t io n was d i v i d
ed in t o two b u r ea u s, to b e known a s th e Bureau o f Im m igration
and th e Bureau o f N a t u r a liz a t io n con d u cted by a C om m issioner
o f N a t u r a liz a t io n and a D eputy C om m issioner o f N a t u r a liz a t io n ,
w h ich , "under the d i r e c t i o n and c o n t r o l o f th e S e c r e t a r y o f
L abor, s h a l l have ch arge o f a l l m a tte r s c o n c e r n in g th e
2 G eorge M. L a s e l l , A s s is t a n t S u p e r in te n d e n t o f S c h o o ls ,
B r id g e p o r t, C onn., 1920* P am p h let, D epartm ent o f A m erican
iz a tio n .
In fo r m a tio n r e g a r d in g n a t u r a l i z a t i o n .
38
n a t u r a li z a t io n o f a l i e n s .
Some o f th e c o u r t s w hich th e C on gress h a s s p e c i f i e d
a s h a v in g j u r i s d i c t i o n t o n a t u r a li z e a l i e n s a s c i t i z e n s o f
th e U n ited S t a t e s a r e :
U n ite d S t a t e s c i r c u i t and d i s t r i c t c o u r ts now e x i s t i n g ,
o r w hich may h e r e a f t e r be c r e a t e d , h a v in g a s e a l , a c l e r k ,
and j u r i s d i c t i o n in a c t io n s a t law o r e q u it y , o r law and
e q u it y , in w hich th e amount in c o n tr o v e r s y i s u n lim it e d .
She n a t u r a li z a t io n j u r i s d i c t i o n o f c o u r t s e x te n d s o n ly
t o a l i e n s r e s id e n t w it h in th e r e s p e c t iv e j u d i c i a l d i s t r i c t s
o f such c o u r t s .
S.
HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN* OF THE UNITED STATES.

F i r s t , th e a l i e n must d e c la r e th a t i t i s h i s i n t e n t io n
t o become a c i t i z e n o f th e U n ited S t a t e s .
T h is i s done b e f o r e
th e c le r k o f any c o u r t w hich h a s power to n a t u r a li z e a l i e n s

and which i s lo c a t e d in th e d i s t r i c t where th e a p p lic a n t r e
s id e s .
T h is s t e p i s o f t e n known a s ta k in g ou t f i r s t p a p e r s .
The a p p lic a n t must b e a t l e a s t e ig h t e e n y e a r s o l d .
Such a
d e c la r a t io n o f in t e n t i o n may be made a t any tim e a f t e r th e

a p p lic a n t h a s ta k e n up perm anent r e s id e n c e in th e U n ited S t a t e s .
S econ d , a f t e r l i v i n g a t l e a s t f i v e y e a r s in th e U n ite d
S t a t e s , le a r n in g to speak E n g lis h and f a m i l i a r i z i n g h im s e lf
w ith A m erican governm ent and h is t o r y * th e a p p lic a n t must f i l e
w ith th e c l e r k o f th e c o u r t a p e t i t i o n a sk in g t h a t he be ad
m itte d a c i t i z e n o f t h e U n ited S t a t e s .
T h is can n ot b e done
l e s s th a n two y e a r s n or more th an sev en y e a r s a f t e r he h as

made h i s d e c la r a t io n o f i n t e n t i o n .
39
s t e p in th e p r o c e s s o f n a t u r a l i z a t i o n i s th e
f i n a l h e a r in g *
The a p p lic a n t w ith h i s two w it n e s s e s i s sum
moned to appear in open c o u r t where he i s
exam ined, t a k e s th e
o a th o f a l l e g i a n c e and i s g r a n te d a c e r t i f i c a t e o f c i t i z e n
s h ip .
I t cannot ta k e p la c e t i l l , a t l e a s t n in e t y days a f t e r
th e f i l i n g o f th e p e t i t i o n .
T hese t h r e e s t e p s in th e p r o c e s s o f becom ing a c i t i z e n
o f th e U n ited S t a t e s w i l l be d e s c r ib e d in g r e a t e r d e t a i l in
th e f o llo w in g p a ra g ra p h s.
How t o make, th e d e c la r a t io n o f i n t e n t i o n .
When th e
a l i e n w ish e s t o d e c la r e h i s i n t e n t i o n t o become an American

c i t i z e n he sh o u ld f i r s t o f a l l o b ta in a b la n k form c a l l e d
" F a c ts f o r D e c la r a t io n o f I n te n t io n "
(Form 2 2 1 3 ).
He can g e t
i t from th e c le r k o f any c o u r t h a v in g power t o n a t u r a l i z e

a lie n s *
He can f r e q u e n t ly g e t i t from some w e lf a r e o r g a n iz a
t i o n or from h i s t e a c h e r , i f he i s a t te n d in g an E n g lis h c la s s *
There i s no ch arge f o r t h i s f o m .
form sh o u ld b e f i l l e d
a l i e n cannot do
A l l t h e b la n k sp a c e s on t h e
in a s a c c u r a t e ly a s p o s s i b l e .
I f th e
i t h im s e lf h i s t e a c h e r o r some w e lf a r e o rgan
i z a t i o n w i l l h e lp him f r e e o f c h a r g e .
"F i r s t P ap ers" f o r a l i e n s a r r iv in g b e fo r e June 3 , 1 9 2 1 .
I f th e a l i e n a r r iv e d in th e U n ite d S t a t e s b e fo r e June 3 , 1 9 2 1 ,
th e c l e r k o f th e n a t u r a li z a t io n c o u r t w i l l a t once f i l e
d e c la r a t io n o f in t e n t i o n f o r him*
40
F i r s t P a p e r s f o r a l i e n s a rr iv in g ; a f t e r June 3 , 1 9 2 1 ,
I f th e a l i e n a r r iv e d a f t e r June 3 , 1 9 2 1 , e x c e p t in a v e r y few
d i s t r i c t s th e c l e r k o f t h e co u rt w i l l r e f u s e t o f i l e
a d e c la r
a t io n o f i n t e n t io n u n t i l t h e r e c o r d s a t th e p o r t o f e n tr y have
been exam ined, and i t h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d th a t th e a l i e n was
l e g a l l y a d m itted t o t h e U n ite d S t a t e s f o r perm anent r e s id e n c e .
I f th e A lie n e n te r e d w ith o u t in s p e c t io n o r i f he was a d m itted
o n ly f o r a v i s i t or f o r tem porary s t a y , he cannot o b ta in
f i r s t p a p e r s .
F urth erm ore, u n le s s th e a l i e n h a s b een in th e
U n ited S t a t e s f o r a c e r t a in le n g t h o f tim e , he i s l i k e l y to
be d ep orted *
C ost o f th e d e c la r a t io n o f i n t e n t i o n .
The c le r ic o f th e
co u r t c o l l e c t s one d o l l a r f o r making and f i l i n g th e d e c la r a

t i o n o f i n t e n t io n and g iv in g th e a p p lic a n t a copy o f h i s
f i r s t p a p e r s .
A d e c la r a t io n o f i n t e n t i o n f i l e d w ith in 30 days b e fo r e
an e l e c t i o n d ay.
For some y e a r s a d e c la r a t io n o f in t e n t io n
is s u e d on an e l e c t i o n day o r d u r in g th e t h i r t y d ays p r e c e d in g
any e l e c t i o n w it h in t h e J u r i s d i c t i o n o f th e c o u r t , was h e ld
in v a lid *
T h is p r o v is io n h a s b een r e p e a le d by C ongress* May
5 , 1 9 2 6 , and a d e c la r a t io n h it h e r t o is s u e d in v i o l a t i o n o f
i f , h a s been d e c la r e d v a l i d .
A d e c la r a t io n o f in t e n t i o n d o es n o t g iv e American
c itiz e n s h ip *
A man who h a s o n ly h i s f i r s t p a p e r s , som etim es
41
c a l l e d a d e c la r a n t , i s n ot an American c i t i z e n .
He c a n n o t,
in c a s e he w is h e s t o go abroad, o b ta in an American p a s s p o r t;
he m ust t r a v e l on a p a ss p o r t is s u e d by th e governm ent o f
which he w as a c i t i z e n o r s u b j e c t a t th e tim e he f i l e d h i s
d e c la r a t io n o f in t e n t io n *
A d e c la r a n t may n o t v o t e in any
s t a t e in th e Union e x c e p t A rk a n sa s.
P e t it io n fo r n a tu r a liz a tia n .
F ix in g a p e t i t i o n f o r
n a t u r a l i z a t i o n i s th e seco n d s t e p in t h e p r o c e s s o f becom ing

an American c i t i z e n .
The f o llo w in g p ro ced u re a p p lie s to
a l i e n s g e n e r a lly , b o th men and women.
There a re s p e c i a l p r o
v i s i o n s f o r m arried women whose husb an ds a re A m erican c i t i z e n s

and f o r members o f th e U n ited S t a t e s M i lit a r y and N aval F o r c e s .
When p e t i t i o n f o r n a t u r a l i z a t i o n may be f i l e d .
a l i e n can f i l e
No
h i s p e t i t i o n f o r n a t u r a li z a t io n u n t i l he an
- m eet th e f o llo w in g r e q u ir em en ts:

Cal
He m ust h ave r e s id e d c o n t in u o u s ly w it h in th e U n ite d

S t a t e s fo r a t l e a s t f i v e y e a r s im m e d ia te ly p r e
c e d in g th e d a te on w hich h i s p e t i t i o n i s f i l e d .
OI
He must have l i v e d th e l a s t y e a r o f t h i s f i v e y e a r
p e r io d i n t h e S t a t e where he f i l e s h i s p e t i t i o n .
(a )
He must have f i l e d a d e c la r a t io n o f i n t e n t i o n
" f i r s t p a p era - - a t l e a s t two y e a r s b e fo r e he
f i l e s h is p e t it io n f o r n a tu r a liz a tio n .
(d}
He must f i l e h i s p e t i t i o n f o r n a t u r a l i z a t i o n w it h in
se v e n y e a r s a f t e r he to o k o u t " f i r s t p a p e r s ."
42
Who may f i l e p e t i t i o n f o r n a t u r a l! z a t i o n .
No one oan
f i l e p e t i t i o n f o r n a t u r a l i s a t i o n u n t i l he i s a t l e a s t tw e n ty one y e a r s o f a g e .
The c e r t i f i c a t e o f a r r i v a l .
A f t e r th e n a t u r a li z a t io n
exam in er h a s r e c e iv e d Form 2 2 1 4 , h e a s k s th e im m ig ra tio n

a u t h o r it ie s f o r a s o - c a lle d " c e r t if ic a t e o f a r r iv a l" fo r
e v e r y a p p lic a n t who came to th e U n ite d S t a t e s a f t e r June 2 9 ,
1900.
For a p p li c a n t s who came b e f o r e t h a t d a te no c e r t i f i
c a t e o f a r r iv a l i s re q u ir e d *
The c e r t i f i c a t e o f a r r i v a l i s
needed t o p ro v e t h a t th e a p p lic a n t was exam ined by th e immi

g r a t io n a u t h o r i t i e s when he a r r iv e d in t h i s c o u n tr y and t h a t
he was l e g a l l y a d m itte d to th e U n ite d S t a t e s f o r perm anent
r e s id e n c e .
U s u a lly s e v e r a l months may p a s s by b e f o r e su ch a
c e r t if ic a t e o f a r r iv a l i s secu red .
I t i s s e n t by th e immi
g r a t io n a u t h o r i t i e s t o th e n a t u r a li z a t io n ex a m in er .
He th e n
n o t i f i e s th e a p p lic a n t by m a il t o come w ith h i s two w it n e s s e s

f o r a p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g .
He n o t i f i e s him o f th e tim e and
p la c e o f th e h e a r in g .
What th e a p p lic a n t w i l l b e e x p e c te d t o know.
A.
He must be a b le t o sp ea k E n g lis h .
cannot sp ea k E n g lis h can n ot become c i t i z e n s .

e x c e p t io n s to t h i s :
P er so n s who
There a r e two
P e r s o n s who a r e p h y s i c a l l y u n a b le t o
sp eak w i l l b e exem pted from t h i s req u irem en t i f th e y a re

o th e r w is e q u a l i f i e d t o become c i t i z e n s .
A ls o a l i e n s who
have made h om estead e n t r i e s upon t h e p u b lic la n d s o f th e
U n ite d S t a t e s may become c i t i z e n s w ith o u t b e in g a b le to

sp eak E n g lis h .
B.
He m ust be a b le t o s ig n h i s a p p li c a t io n f o r n a tu r
a l i z a t i o n in h i s own h a n d w r itin g ( i f p h y s i c a l l y a b l e . )
C.
He must have some know ledge about th e form o f
governm ent o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s and a l s o o f th e s t a t e and

c i t y or town in w hich he l i v e s .
He must a l s o have some know l
ed ge o f th e h i s t o r y o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s .
I t i s a d v is a b le f o r the a p p lic a n t to f in d o u t what i s
u s u a l ly r e q u ir e d by th e co u rt where he p e t i t i o n s f o r n a t u r a l-
Those isfco can n ot become c i t i z e n s .

and H indus ca n n o t become c i t i z e n s .
C h in e se , J a p a n e se ,
Women o f w h ite or n egro
n a t i v i t y can n ot become c i t i z e n s i f th e y a r e m a rried t o

C h in ese, J a p a n ese or H in d u s.
They may become c i t i z e n s how
e v e r , when th e y a r e no lo n g e r m arried t o a member o f one o f

th e se r a c e s .3
Those who b e l i e v e i n polygam y ca n n o t become c i t i z e n s .
Those who are a n a r c h is t s can n ot become c i t i z e n s .
Those who w i l l n o t ren ou n ce a f o r e i g n f l a g o r r u le r
cannot become c i t i z e n s . 4
Those who w i l l n o t ren ou n ce a h e r e d it a r y t i t l e o f rank
3 C* Myers Bardin. How to Become Am erican C it iz e n

(Judy P u b lis h in g Company.)
B . L . H en n essey , D ir e c t o r o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n ,
B e r k e le y , . G a lif o m i a . T w e n ty -fiv e L e s so n s in C it iz e n s h ip
44
o r n o b i l i t y can n ot become c i t i z e n s . 5
Those who are n ot o f good m oral c h a r a c te r can n o t b e
come c i t i z e n s .
Any a l i e n who I s an h a b it u a l c r im in a l can n ot become
a c itiz e n .
N a t u r a liz a t io n i s v e r y c a r e f u l l y sa feg u a rd ed *
The
number o f unw orthy n a t u r a liz e d c i t i z e n s in th e U n ite d S t a t e s

i s v e r y s m a ll c o n s id e r in g th e many th o u sa n d s who s e c u r e t h e i r
f i n a l p a p ers each y e a r .
Many o f our c o u n tr y * s m ost p u b lic
s p i r i t e d and. v a lu a b le c i t i z e n s have b een o f f o r e ig n b i r t h .

Among th o se prom inent in r e c e n t y e a r s may b e m en tion ed :
Jacob Hi i s , Andrew C a r n e g ie , J . J . H i l l , Edward Bok, and S .
S . M cClure.
C it iz e n s h ip in L os A n g e le s ,
C la s s e s i n n a t u r a li z a t io n
a r e con d u cted under a p la n d e v e lo p e d th rou gh th e c o - o p e r a t io n

o f the Los A n g e le s C ity S c h o o ls and th e F e d e r a l Government,
American h i s t o r y and i n s t i t u t i o n s , th e governm ent o f th e
S t a t e , co u n ty , and c i t y , th e C o n s t it u t io n o f th e U n ited
S t a t e s , American i d e a l s and p r a c t i c e s , and c u r r e n t p o l i t i c a l
and econom ic p rob lem s a r e s t u d ie d in in fo r m a l l e c t u r e and
d is c u s s io n gro u p s,.
On c o m p le tio n o f th e c o u r s e , th e stu d e n t
r e c e i v e s a diplom a w hich i s a c c e p te d by th e governm ent n a tu

r a l i z a t i o n c o u r ts a s e v id e n c e o f e d u c a t io n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n
5 J o sep h W eintrob , How to g e t re a d y f o r C i t i z e n s h i p .

(New Yorkt The Bruce P u b lis h in g Company.)
45
fo r c i t i z e n s h i p s
The C it iz e n s h ip S c h o o l i s lo c a t e d a t 110 S ou th Avenue
S3.
I t i s under th e a b le p r in c ip a ls h ip o f Mr. C h a rles
Corwin K e ls o .
At th e p r e s e n t tim e,, 1 9 3 4 , th e r e a r e fo u r
t e a c h e r s em ployed in t h i s s c h o o l.
& L os A n g e le s C ity S c h o o ls , N a tu r a l E d u ca tio n A sso

c i a t i o n . 1 9 3 1 . C om piled by th e Los A n g e le s C it y S c h o o l
D is tr ic t.
46
TABLE I
A FEW SIGNIFICANT COMPARISONS*
(a )
The F o r e ig n -b o r n p o p u la tio n in th e t e n S t a t e s
h a v in g th e l a r g e s t number o f Im m igran ts,
1 . New York . . .2 ,7 5 0 ,0 0 0
6 . M ich igan . . . .7 1 3 ,0 0 0
a . P e n n s y lv a n ia . 1 , 3 7 0 , QQG
7 Ohio . , . .6 7 0 ,0 0 0
3* I l l i n o i s . . .1 ,1 9 4 ,0 0 0
8 . C a lif o r n ia . . .6 6 5 ,0 0 0
4 . M a s s a c h u s e tts .1 ,0 6 3 ,0 0 0
9 . M in n eso ta
5* New J e r s e y . .
NOTE.
7 3 0 ,0 0 0
. .4 8 2 ,0 0 0
IQ . W isc o n sin . . 4 5 6 ,0 0 0
C a lif o r n ia s ta n d s 8 th i n th e number o f f o r e ig n
bom .
( b l F o r e ig n -b o r n p o p u la tio n u n a b le to sp eak E n g lis h

in th e t e n S t a t e s h a v in g th e l a r g e s t number.
1 . New York . . . . 890,000^
6# Ohio . i 8 1 ,2 2 0
2 . T exas
. 1 7 3 ,0 0 0
7 . New J e r s e y . . * 7 3 ,4 0 0
3 . P e n n s y lv a n ia . . 1 6 2 ,0 0 0
8 . C a lif o r n ia . , 6 9 ,6 0 0
4 . I l l i n o i s . . . . 1 2 2 ,0 0 0
9 . M ich igan . . . . 6 8 ,1 0 0
. . . .
5 . M a s s a c h u s e tts
9 6 ,4 0 0
1 0 , W isco n sin
. . . 4 4 ,5 0 0
NOTE. C a lif o r n ia s t a n d s 8 th in th e number o f f o r e i g n b orn u n a b le t o sp ea k E n g lis h ,

* Immigrant E d u ca tio n In 19S11 9 23 (B o sto n , M assachu
s e t t s : D iv is i o n o f U n iv e r s it y E x te n s io n , November, 1 9 2 2 ) .
VIMHOII1TO
HI
HOni2INT0lHlII
A I
H i a i Y H O
CHAPTER BT
AMERICANIZATION IN CALIFORNIA
1*
LEGISLATION
C o -o p e r a tio n .
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n Has b een a c o n sp ic u o u s
s u c c e s s in C a lif o r n ia , b e c a u se o f i n t e l l i g e n t and c o r d i a l c o
op eration *'
The c o u r t s , th e S t a t e D epartm ent o f E d u c a tio n ,
th e I n d u s t r ia l le a d e r s and th e v a r io u s r a c i a l gro u p s h ave

u n it e d in th e work w it h no j e a lo u s y and w ith n o t a th o u g h t
o f s e lf-g lo r y .
In co n se q u en ce , n a t u r a l i z a t i o n h a s become so
e a s y th a t th e newcom ers in our m id st have n o t shrunk from I t .

In 1913 th e p e o p le o f C a lif o r n ia e n a c te d a p ie c e o f
l e g i s l a t i o n t h a t was d e s t in e d to c r e a t e th e Commission o f
Im m igration and H ousing.*E d u c a tio n a l p o l i c y .
The e d u c a t io n a l p o l i c y o f th e
Commission o f Im m igration and H ousing was s im p le , d i r e c t and

unacadem ic i t r e c o g n iz e d t h e fa m ily n o t o n ly a s th e s o c i a l
b u t a s th e e d u c a t io n a l u n i t .
And t h i s u n it was ch o sen p r e
c i s e l y b e c a u se o f th e g u l f t h a t o r d i n a r i l y a p p ea rs In h o u se
h o ld s where th e r e i s a d if f e r e n c e In la n g u a g e and s ta n d a r d s ,
and in an e f f o r t t o overcome the c o n se q u e n t r e v e r s a l o f
a u t h o r it y b etw een p a r e n t and c h i l d w hich shows I t s e l f so un
h a p p ily I n r e c o r d s o f th e J u v e n ile C ou rt.
1 Com m ission o f Im m igration and H ousing o f C a lif o r n ia .

The A ct With a Working P la n . 1913* The Home T ea ch er.
49
TABLE I I *
E T IT ip N S
A Ô N v P E T IT IO N S !
P etitions; fo^riaturalizaT tton, .witlM name.l

and- residence given, have,' been- filfedw'vzitn.j
the U nited S tates -District Court. as>follow:l
E leanore M aud G age, 1325 In g rah a m
street.
.
R obert
C orstorphine
Crockett; 2406
Cochran avenue.
V i ' Leslie George
Hoefler, 5726%. Aldamai
^street.
".. '.John McGregor, 540 S outh Hope street

Bernard A m estory,
319
Commercial)
* street.Antonio
S anabia
(Antoriio
SanabiaAdams,) 3622 E ast T h ird stre e t.
I . K arl W aldem ar K arlson (Charles Wal dem a r-C a rls o n ,)-5411 Blackwelder.
<
> Ana M aria G uerena (G uereria,) (sister)

M ary F elicitas, 2628 W est F iftee n th street.
- M argaret Niven)' 409 M cDonnel avenue.
Jam es Niven, -409 M cDonnel avenue.
[ M a rta Loss, 1231 S o u th W ilton stre e t..
Jacob Lubin, 4044 W est T W enty-ninth
1street
. . ..
Alois E inhell (Louis E inhell,) 1012 Palm
avenue.
- 'V
Vitus Lederle, 1147 W est F ifty -fo u rth ?
I Street.
...
'
Austin N icholas O 'H a ra, Long Beach, h

A nahid A refkian (A nna A refkian,) 713
E chandia street.
( A lbert LeRoy Irw in. P asad en a.
' G ottlob Albert K eller (Albert K eller,)
446 S outh B onnie B rea street.
Jam es ^Denzil Hodgins, Glendale.
| R osa. B inder, 846 S outh Curzon avenue,
t 'Joseph A drian D uval, 201 E a st F o rty seventh Place.
K a rin ' Annie Ingerborg Jo h a n so n (C arin
( Annie Ing-eborg Johnson,) 1014 South. B er. endo.
| - Karl-; .August Jo h a n so n (C arl August
I Johnson,) 1014 S outh B erendo.
P aul C am pregher, 2055% E a st .Seventh
!(street.' .
I Jossef Poszpis, Pasadena".

'M a rie M agdalena Sehlberg, 1037 F lorida
; street.
. Jacob; A lbert Michel (Jam es Albert M icheli).;S ari-M arino.
R obert A lexander K ing G a rd in e r (Robert/
A lexander G ardiner,) 1255 W est S ixty-fifth
street* .
.j
&
'^ ^ s t it io n s ,vfor n aturalization;} w ithf'jnSfiti

an d ..residence .giyenTttoave.: been*'lU ed/with!
the .United S tates D istrict C o u rt, as follo'ws:/
Florence M a i l d'. G ard in er, 1255 'W ei#
S ixty-fifth street.'. / ,/,*
.
/ /
Maria;' C h a rlo tta Heuvel, R oute 1,- Box ;
120, Norwalk. 4, ^ o
Rigm or Marg re th e B ergh T horesen Mbu-V
ness, H erm osa Beach.'
4 Sa
Joseph O rr. 231 S outh W estm orelarfaf
avenue.
-w |
H arry - Aloy
Morgan,,.2037* West*-..
F o rty -first Drive/:
".,+<?. 'A ' ; >#&
H aje Berekovitz (Jennie Bei'kovitz,') ' 1251 Wr
E a sta-Seventy-eighth street.
*
M t'
, Viol a-FAdel e /H a r dy ,G 1 e ri d al e ;
. jfl|
M arioh ^W ashburn D a rtn e ll,'S a n G abrieiH
Jo h n G ordon Hogue;" 2282 Silver : R idgel
avenue.
'
,.;Sm
Antonio -Calderon Tellez (A nthony Calg3
deron,,Tellez,) H aw thorne.
wa
Antoriio Z am pieri, S an ta -Monica;-' -
Jennie Brody, 458,N orth F igueroa s tre e ts
W illiam Ju liu s Schad, Hollywood, Cal.Jfe
Sam Galooboff (Sam HblobOff,) 1120 East]
S ixty-eight street.
Szymon B o rn stein (Sam uel Stone,) Q uia
ver City.
' ' .............................. .......
G iovanni F ea, Norwalk.;
/ J a n ., W illem T heunisson, Claremonf.i
A lbert F ra n c is W right, 427 S outhWHopel
stre e t.
*M H r
Sime S tipicevic (Sam Sheppich?) S a r
.Pedro. "
Glenn B e n h a rt M cG onigalS ûlveM C ityB
Vasili Slivin (W illiam Slavin?)^lQ48.%
Orme avenue.
Rose M ay B urns, 4449% S Willowprooi
avenue.
.
Je an Shaw , 1801 S outh N o rm a ru n e lS y H
nue.
' 'J p i Florence C aroline S outer, In g lewood.
Lioriel W ilfred P alfrey, LongSB each.
Amy Jinks.* 6510- C olgate avenue*.
Hazel L illian Bevan, S outh G a te
E rnest De F erro t, 6507Vz Grange, street
S acha. L ucien Bollas, .2172 A rg y le./ f ;Joseph Bridge, S an ta- M oniclilPBFd.
Luca ...Damiano (Louie* D amlar?o^)1kf839
-East Eighty-seventhlgp.lace. "MyjlMSWHHSW
A lexander W illiam W G ran t 856 We f?
T h irty -se v e n th . s tre e t.' (
K athleen F rances G ra n t. 856 W est
T hirty-seventh street.
1 Joseph Ariton Hoeger (Joseph A ntoni
H ager,) C a ta lin a Island. . , i
Reno.v.V.andenhoudt. , 523- Nolden t eet
# The above i s an a v era g e d a i l y l i s t o r th o se f i l i n g

N a t u r a liz a t io n p e t i t i o n s f o r C it iz e n s h ip in th e U n ited
S ta te s.
I t i s p u b lis h e d in th e Los A n g e le s D a ily T im es, on
th e page w ith o th e r T i t a l R eco rd s.
50
T h is a c t i s a s f o llo w s :
An a c t r e l a t i n g to im m igran ts and im m ig r a tio n , c r e a t
in g a com m ission o f im m ig ra tio n and h o u s in g , p r o v id in g
f o r th e employment by s a id com m ission o f a s e c r e t a r y ,
a g e n ts and o th e r e m p lo y e e s, a u th o r iz in g s a id com m ission
t o f i x t h e i r co m p en sa tio n , p r e s c r ib in g the d u t i e s o f
s a id com m ission , p r o v id in g f o r th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n by s a id
com m ission o f a l l t h in g s a f f e c t i n g im m ig ra n ts, and f o r
t h e c a r e , p r o t e c t io n and w e lf a r e o f im m ig ra n ts, and mak
in g an a p p r o p r ia tio n f o r th e p u rp ose o f c a r r y in g o u t th e
p r o v is io n s h e r e o f .
Approved June 1 2 , 19 1 3
"The p e o p le o f th e S t a t e o f C a lif o r n ia do e n a c t a s
f o llo w s ."
SUCTION I .
W ith in t h i r t y days a f t e r t h i s a c t s h a l l
go in t o e f f e c t , th e Governor o f th e S t a t e o f C a lif o r n ia s h a l l
a p p o in t f i v e s u i t a b l e p e r s o n s t o a c t a s c o m m issio n er s o f im
m ig r a tio n and h o u s in g .
S a id co m m issio n ers s h a l l h o ld o f f i c e
and s e r v e s o l e l y a t th e p le a s u r e o f t h e Governor and n o t

o t h e r w is e .
SECTION I I .
S a id co m m issio n ers s h a l l s e r v e w ith o u t
co m p en sa tio n , but s h a l l be e n t i t l e d t o r e c e i v e from th e S t a t e

t h e i r a c t u a l n e c e s s a r y e x p e n se s w h ile t r a v e l i n g on t h e b u s i
n e s s o f th e com m issio n , e i t h e r w it h in o r w ith o u t t h e S t a t e
o f C a lif o r n ia .
SECTION VI E x t r a c t .
The com m ission s h a l l f u r t h e r c o
o p e r a te w ith th e s u p e r in te n d e n t o f p u b lic i n s t r u c t i o n and

w ith th e s e v e r a l b o a rd s o f e d u c a tio n in th e s t a t e t o a s c e r
t a i n th e n e c e s s i t y f o r and th e e x t e n t t o w hich i n s t r u c t i o n
sh ou ld b e im p arted t o im m igran ts w it h in th e s t a t e and to
d e v is e m ethods f o r th e p ro p er i n s t r u c t i o n o f a d u lt and m inor

a l i e n s in th e E n g lis h la n g u a g e and o t h e r s u b j e c t s ; and in
r e s p e c t t o th e d u t i e s and r i g h t s o f c i t i z e n s h i p and th e fu n
dam ental p r i n c i p l e s o f th e Am erican sy stem o f govern m en t.
True dem ocracy i s
the g o a l o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n *
The
program o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n o f th e Commission o f Im m igration

and H ou sin g o f C a lif o r n ia I s b u i l t on t h i s c o n v ic t io n *
Com m ission o f Im m igration and H o u sin g *
The p e r s o n n e l
o f th e f i r s t Com m ission a s a p p o in te d by th e Governor under

t h e Com m ission o f Im m igration and H ousing o f C a lif o r n ia a re
a s f o llo w s :
Simon J . L u b in, P r e s id e n t
Sacram ento
M ost R ev. E. J . Hanna, D .D .,

T ic e P r e s id e n t
San F r a n c is c o
M rs. Frank A* G ib son
Los A n g e le s
J . H. M cBride, M.B*
P asad en a
P a u l S ch a rren b erg , S e c r e t a r y
San F r a n c is c o
Over h a l f o f th e p o p u la t io n o f C a lif o r n ia in 1913 was

e i t h e r f o r e i g n born o r o f f o r e ig n o r m ired p a r e n t a g e .
The co m m issio n 's e x p e r ie n c e b rou ght o u t t h e f a c t t h a t
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n sh o u ld ta k e w it h in i t s sc o p e th e n a tiv e -b o r n
a s w e l l a s the im m igran t.
born*.
N ot a l l a n t i p a t r i o t s a re f o r e i g n -
Furtherm ore th e a t t i t u d e o f t h e a l i e n tow ard h i s
Commission o f Im m igration and H ousing o f C a lif o r n ia ,

on. e i t > , p . 42.
S2
c o u n tr y , in g r e a t p a r t i s a r e f l e c t i o n o f th e a t t i t u d e o f
o u r own c i t i z e n s tow ard him .
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n sh o u ld under
ta k e t o te a c h th e d u ty o f th e h o s t , n o t l e s s th a n th e d u ty
o f th e g u e s t .
A ls o , i t m ust n ev er h e f o r g o t t e n t h a t t h e s e p e o p le
a r e b e in g t r a n s p la n t e d and xn t r a n s p la n t in g i t i a f a t a l to
d e s t r o y th e r o o t s . " I f , w h ile th e r o o t s a r e f r e s h and v i t a l ,
th e y a r e t o f in d t h e s u b s o i l o f American i d e a l s , o f an i n t e l
l i g e n t c o n c e p tio n o f l i b e r t y , and o f a new l o y a l t y , th e f o r
e ig n e r must h e r e a c h e d i n a la n g u a g e w h ich he u n d e r sta n d s,
and th rou gh m edia w ith w hich he i s f a m i l i a r .
The com m ission o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n h a s a lw a y s o f f e r e d
and c o n t in u e s to o f f e r i t s v ery h e a r ty s e r v i c e t o an y and
a l l c o u n tie s o f th e s t a t e .
In c a r r y in g o u t th e ta sk f o r w hich i t was c r e a t e d ,
th e Commission h a s had th e p u b lic s p i r i t e d a s s i s t a n c e o f
th e G eneral F e d e r a tio n o f Women *s C lu b s.
Forem ost among
t h e women who have d e v o te d t h e i r tim e and e n e r g ie s t o t h i s

work was M rs. Mary S . Grib so n o f Los A n g e le s , who se r v e d a s
E d u c a tio n a l C om m issioner o f th e S t a t e H ou sin g and Immigra
t i o n Commission from 1915 t o 1 9 2 3 .
The f o llo w in g a cco u n t
w i l l g iv e p e r h a p s, m ost q u ic k ly and c l e a r l y , a p i c t u r e o?
th e c o n c r e t e a c t i v i t i e s and a ch iev em en ts o f th e Com m ission.
H ere a r e a d v e n tu r e s w ith M exican c o t t o n grow ers in
th e Im p e r ia l V a lle y and o ran ge p ic k e r s a t La Habra, w ith
Jap a n ese on th e V en tu ra r a n c h e s , and F o r tg u g u e s e dairym en
53
up and down th e San J o a q u in , w ith German h o u se w iv e s a t
L odi and I t a l i a n s a r d in e fish e r m e n a t M onterey, w ith
men end women o f many r a e e s and v o c a t io n s and l o c a l i
t i e s . T h ese a r e some human p i c t u r e s o f e d u c a t io n a l
e x p e r im e n ts from th e Im p e r ia l T a l le y t o . t h e Oregon l i n e . 5
2.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION.

The s t o r y o f th e grow th and developm ent o f im m igrant
e d u c a tio n i n C a lif o r n ia i s a s e r i e s o f a n e c d o te s o f d o in g t h e
im p o s s ib le .
I t i s f u l l o f romance b e c a u se th e v a r io u s p ro
j e c t s have b een c a r r ie d forw ard by men and women who had no

f e a r o f s t a r t i n g o u t on new p a th s and who r e l i e d upon them
s e l v e s and t h e i r own in g e n u it y e v e r y s t e p o f th e w ay.
P u b lic s c h o o l work i s o f t e n hampered by to o much
a s s i s t a n c e from th e top *
The A m e r ic a n iz a tio n t e a c h e r s o f
C a lif o r n ia h ave worked a lm o st w h o lly w ith o u t a s s i s t a n c e .

The h ig h s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l who engaged them h a s u s u a lly g iv e n
n o th in g more th an h i s c o n fid e n c e and in th e b e g in n in g he
som etim es d id n o t g i v e t h a t .
The s t a t e s u p e r in te n d e n t who
s u p e r v is e d t h i s work o f t e n had. th e good fo r t u n e t o b e a l

low ed to c h o o se t h e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n D ir e c t o r f o r a g iv e n
p la c e , b u t h a v in g ch o sen h e r , he g e n e r a lly w ent o f f t o l e t
h er f i g h t h e r own b a t t l e s and t o d is c o v e r th e p a r t i c u l a r
kind o f work b e s t s u it e d f o r th e l o c a l com m unityi
The S t a t e
U n i v e r s i t y . h a s a lw a y s g iv e n rea d y a s s i s t a n c e in p r o v id in g
m a t e r ia l and in h e lp in g th e new t e a c h e r t o d is c o v e r th e b e s t
D one."
3 E t h e l R ich a rd so n , nDoIng th e T hing t h a t C o u ld n 't be

Survey G rap h ic. (June 1 9 8 6 1, p p . 2 9 7 -2 9 9 .
54
te a c h in g m ethods*
But i t must he horne in mind t h a t th e m ost
im p o r ta n t p a r t o f th e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n te a c h e r * s work i s n o t
t e a c h in g E n g lis h .
Alm ost e v e r y community h a s p r e s e n te d some
s e r io u s s o c i a l p rob lem w hich n eed ed a d ju stm en t b e fo r e t h a t

t e a c h in g o r any t e a c h in g c o u ld be e f f e c t i v e *
A fe w i l l u s
t r a t i o n s from th e M exican b ord er w i l l t e l l th e s t o r y .

Im p e r ia l T a l l e y .
F ir s t,
th e r e i s th e I m p e r ia l T a l le y .
H ere a p o p u la tio n from th e so u th e r n s t a t e s engaged in th e

c o t t o n in d u s t r y had b rou gh t w ith them much o f th e p r e j u d ic e
tow ard c o lo r e d p e o p le .
In a new c o u n tr y w here t h e s t r u g g le
f o r e x i s t e n c e was g r e a t , w ith th e i n t e n s i t i e s t h a t th e d e s e r t
d e v e lo p s , t h i s p r e j u d ic e in c lu d e d n o t o n ly th e A m erican Negro
b u t a l l p e o p le o f o t h e r o r i g i n th a n th e n a t iv e born A m ericans.
M ex ica n s, O r ie n t a ls and o t h e r d ark sk in n ed c h ild r e n w ere s e g
r e g a te d i n t o s c h o o ls by th e m se lv e s*
In many co m m u n ities, no
h ig h s c h o o l o p p o r t u n it ie s were p e r m itte d t o any c h i l d who b e

lo n g e d t o a n o th er n a t i o n a l i t y *
"The s c h o o l a c r o s s th e t r a c k s ,*
w hich w as th e fo r e ig n e r * s s c h o o l, o r th e " n ig g e r * s c h o o l, was

u s u a l ly an o ld b u ild in g w ith in a d e q u a te j a n i t o r s e r v i c e and
o n ly a p r e te n c e a t t h e e x tr a -a c a d e m ic a c t i v i t i e s ,
se w in g , c o o k in g and manual t r a in in g *
such a s
C la s s rooms h ere w ere
f r i g h t f u l l y overcrow ded and te a c h in g g r e a t l y h a n d ica p p ed .

A fe w g en er o u s m inded c lu b women were e a g e r t o remedy
t h i s s e r io u s s i t u a t i o n , b u t no one dared a t t a c k th e in tr e n c h e d
community f e e l i n g a g a in s t t h e f o r e ig n - b o r n In th e I m p e r ia l
55
V a lle y ,
I t was n o t a good p la c e t o ta lk : ab out a d u lt e d u c a t io n .
The f o r e ig n c h ild was r e c e iv in g h i s m eager e d u c a tio n u n d er d i f

fic u ltie s ,
I t seem ed m adness t o d i s c u s s sp en d in g money f o r
a d u lt e d u c a tio n f o r t h e s e d e s p is e d p e o p le .
As in e v e r y c a s e in C a lif o r n ia where s u c c e s s h a s been
a c h ie v e d , th e outcom e hung on p e r s o n a li t y *
c a l l e d f o r more th a n a b i l i t y t o tea ch *
The s i t u a t i o n
I t r e q u ir e d hum anness
and g i f t s o f im a g in a tio n and le a d e r s h ip *
( I t was done th ro u g h
a " p erson * and f o r want o f a b e t t e r word 1 s h a l l c a l l h e r t h a t ) .

A ft e r Innum erable e f f o r t s on th e p a r t o f th e c lu b women
and th e s t a t e d i r e c t o r o f im m igrant e d u c a t io n , th e s c h o o l
board o f E l C entro was in du ced t o em ploy su ch a ^ p erson* a s
a d ir e c t o r o f im m igrant e d u c a t io n f o r th e h ig h s c h o o l d i s
t r i c t and to a llo w t h i s d i r e c t o r freedom t o d e v e lo p any p ro
gram t h a t w ould be to the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the com m unity,
A young woman o f u n u su a l charm, w it h a s p le n d id e d u c a t io n a l
b ackground, was d is c o v e r e d f o r th e p l a c e .
She soon made con
t a c t s w ith th e A m erican community and m eanw hile w ent about

h er work i n t h e f o r e ig n community i n a q u ie t and u n o b tr u s iv e
w ay.
I t w as a r e v e l a t i o n t o t h e A m ericans o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r
d i s t r i c t w ith th e so u th e r n background t o s e e a g i r l o f t h i s
t y p e , n ot o n ly w e ll- e d u c a t e d , b u t u n u s u a lly a t t r a c t i v e , spend
in g m ost o f h er tim e in th e homes and in th e te a c h in g o f th e
M e x ica n s,^
A aom m ission o f Im m igration and H ousing o f C a lif o r n ia ,
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n , C a lif o r n ia Program* I s s u e d November, 1 9 1 8 ,
se
Community H ouse.
Many ch a n g es have come ab out in th e
y e a r s in w hich sh e h a s b een w orking*
Now th e Womanrs Club m ain
t a i n s a community h o u se f o r th e u se o f th e m oth ers in th e f o r

e ig n n eig h b o r h o o d .
Here c l a s s e s a re h e ld in se w in g and cook
in g and c h i l d h y g ie n e .
A w e ll-b a b y c l i n i c i s
c a r r ie d on in
th e m orn ing, and, b e s t o f a l l , t h e -American women o f th e com

m un ity come q u it e r e g u l a r ly t o h e lp w ith th e t e a c h in g o f
t h e i r n e ig h b o r s o r t o ta k e ca r e o f the b a b ie s w h ile th e
m oth ers a r e a t te n d in g c l a s s e s *
I t was a h e a r t e n in g t h in g t o
s e e a J a p a n ese boy on t h e h ig h s c h o o l f o o t b a l l team t h i s

y e a r , f o r i t w as o n ly a few y e a r s ago t h a t a J a p a n ese boy
a tte m p tin g to a tte n d th e h ig h s c h o o l was so b a d ly b e a te n by
th e Am erican b o y s t h a t he n e v e r dared r e t u r n .
In a n o th er h ig h s c h o o l in I m p e r ia l V a lle y in
C a llp a t r ia , a s p i r i t e d young M exican woman w ith an American
e d u c a tio n i s now c a r r y in g on th e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n work f o r
h er own p e o p le .
I t i s t o b e hoped t h a t th e b e t t e r under
s ta n d in g o f th e M exican s t h a t may come from t h i s e f f o r t w i l l

g i v e e n lig h te n m e n t t o o u r work th ro u g h o u t th e s t a t e .
Orange C ounty.
In Orange C ounty, com ing a b i t f a r t h e r
n o r t h , you w i l l f in d o th e r p r o j e c t s t h a t " c o u ld n 't be d o n e .*

E veryon e in C a lif o r n ia knows o f th e b r i l l i a n t work o f
D r u z il la Mackey i n th e camp m a in ta in e d by th e C a lif o r n ia
Orange Growers a t l a H abra.
Here a group o f f a m i l i e s ab out
s i x t y in num ber-o c c u p y in g h o u se s s u p p lie d by th e em p lo y er s,
w ere a s o r e sp o t to h o u s in g i n v e s t i g a t o r s and ed u ca to rs*

The c h ild r e n com ing from t h i s n eig h b o rh o o d w ere unwelcome in
th e grammar s c h o o l b eca u se o f t h e i r u n tid y s t a t e *
The own
e r s o f th e h o u s e s were in d e s p a ir b e c a u se th e y c o u ld n o t
k eep t h e i r camp in r e p a ir *
G o a ts, cow s, and h o r s e s w ere
k ep t c l o s e to th e l i v i n g q u a r te r s o f th e p eo p le*
There was
no ad eq u ate sy stem o f garbage o r sew age d is p o s a l* 5

M iss Mackey ch o se t o l i v e i n one o f th e h o u s e s sup
p l i e d by th e f r u i t grow ers*
She o b ta in e d th e a s s i s t a n c e o f
th e M exican women l i v i n g in th e camp in f u r n is h in g h er h o u se

and made t h i s a d e m o n str a tio n in th e k in d o f f u r n it u r e th a t
i s d u r a b le , a t t r a c t i v e and s a n it a r y , w hich can b e b ought on
a sm a ll incom e*
m o d el.
The t e a c h e r * s h o u se became th e n eigh b orh ood
I t had a flo w e r gard en in f r o n t and a v e g e t a b le
garden in back*
Soon a l l th e l i v e s t o c k in camp was moved
t o th e f o o t o f th e h i l l *
dens sprang up.
F low er g a rd en s and v e g e t a b le g a r
The F r u it Growers p r o v id e d a h a ll, f o r a
community m e e tin g p la c e *
W ell-b a b y c l i n i c s , b oys* and g i r l s *
c lu b s , e v e n in g s c h o o ls and o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s were u n d er ta k en .
The tr a n s fo r m a tio n o f t h a t l i t t l e
th ro u g h o u t t h e s t a t e .
community i s a byword
A f t e r tw o y e a r s th e c h ild r e n from th e
group a t t e n d in g th e grammar s c h o o l c o u ld b e p ic k e d ou t b e
c a u se th e y w ere b e t t e r c lo t h e d , b e t t e r f e d and d o in g b e t t e r
5 E t h e l R ich a rd so n , o p . c i t *. p . 4 S .
work th an th e o t h e r c h ild r e n o f th e sc h o o l*
P erh ap s th e m ost c r e a t i v e c o n t r ib u t io n to t h e s o c i a l
program o f im m igrant e d u c a tio n came th ro u g h M iss Mackey^s
d is c o v e r y o f u n u su a l t a l e n t among the M exican p e o p le .
In
t h i s one l i t t l e group o f o ra n g e p ic k e r s sh e fo u n d a r t i s t s
and m u s ic ia n s and a q u ie t w orld o f romance u n su s p e c te d by
th e Am erican c r i t i c .
On th e p r a c t ic a l, s i d e , our w hole work f o r th e f o r e ig n born h a s b een trem en d o u sly ad van ced , b e c a u se th e e m p lo y er s o f
t h e s e M exican men were so co n v in ced o f th e v a lu e o f an edu
c a t io n a l program t h a t when th e l e g i s l a t u r e in 19S3 contem
p la t e d abandoning A m e r ic a n iz a tio n work, th e C a lif o r n ia F r u it
Growers Exchange s e n t a l o b b y i s t t o Sacram ento t o p r e s e n t t o
t h e p ro p er l e g i s l a t i v e c o m m itte e s t h e i r te s tim o n y a s t o i t s
f i n a n c i a l ad van tage to th e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a . 6
S an ta Ana, n ea rb y , was a n o th e r community t h a t f e l t
su re th a t e d u c a tio n f o r M exican a d u lt s was a f u t i l e w a ste
and c o u ld g e t no r e sp o n se from t h e M exican h i m s e l f .
T h is
community Was made th e more c e r t a i n in i t s c o n v ic t io n b e c a u se

h e r e su ch a p la n had b een t r i e d and had f a i l e d .
The t r i a l
had been under th e d i r e c t i o n o f a t e a c h e r who was p a id t h i r t y

d o l l a r s a month f o r h e r s e r v i c e s .
I t was p o in te d o u t t o th e
s c h o o l b oa rd t h a t i t w ou ld n t b e f a i r t o sa y t h a t you c o u ld
I n a c t iv e co r re sp o n d en ce f i l e s , A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
O f f ic e S 3 3 , Chamber o f Commerce B u ild in g , L os A n g e le s .
59
n o t t e a c h E n g lis h l i t e r a t u r e in th e h ig h s c h o o l i f th e t r i a l
o f t h i s s u b j e c t had been made under a te a c h e r who was p a id
t h i r t y d o l l a r s a m onth.
The f a i r n e s s o f t h a t argum ent was
se e n and th e s c h o o l board agreed to g i v e one more t r i a l .

T h is h a s p roved so s u c c e s s f u l t h a t one can a s w e ll im agin e
c l o s i n g th e work o f th e h ig h s c h o o l a s e l i m i n a t i n g th e c l a s s
e s f o r th e f o r e ig n a d u l t s .
C iv ic and s o c i a l a g e n c ie s have o f f e r e d t o b u ild a
s p e c i a l community h o u se f o r th e w ork .
At th e s p r in g f i e s t a
g iv e n u n d er th e d i r e c t i o n o f th e men and women o f th e n ig h t

s c h o o l, th e w h o le A m erican community tu r n s o u t .
C la s s e s in
h y g ie n e and d i e t e t i c s , c o u r s e s in community c i v i c s and o th e r

a c t i v i t i e s a r e in c lu d e d in th e program .
What h a s b een done in th e c i t y o f Los A n g e le s w i l l be
brought ou t in a s u c c e e d in g c h a p t e r .
The w hole s t a t e program
h a s b een in many ways d ep en d en t upon th e f a c t t h a t L os A n g e le s

h as a lw a y s k ep t s o f a r in th e le a d th a t i t c o u ld b e p o in te d
to a s an exam ple and h a s c o n s e q u e n tly g iv e n encouragem ent t o
s m a lle r p l a c e s t o u n d erta k e what seem ed a b o ld s t e p f o r th e
p u b lic s c h o o ls .
S a n ta P a u la , V en tu ra C ounty, d em o n stra ted how a p u b lic
s c h o o l can work w ith a l a r g e ranch c o r p o r a t io n .
c a l l e d f o r a "p erson * to do i t .
A g a in , i t
The S an ta P a u la High S c h o o l
em ployed a d i r e c t o r o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n , th e g e n e r a l manager o f

th e ran ch g a v e h e r h i s co m p lete c o n f id e n c e and sh e began o r
g a n iz in g s c h o o ls f o r th e w ork ers in th e v a r io u s l i t t l e
f o r e ig n
com m u n ities lo c a t e d on th e o u t s k i r t s o f th e ra n ch .
Her Ford
tr a v e r s e d deep g u l l i e s , w it h w a sh o u ts in w in te r and lo n g
s t r e t c h e s o f l o n e l y road a t n i g h t , but b e fo r e th e end o f th e
f i r s t y e a r e ig h t e e n d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s w ere ru n n in g was a J a p a n ese s e t t le m e n t b e n t upon s tu d y o n ly .
Here
Here was a
M exican community b e s t re a ch ed th ro u g h th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f
an o r c h e s t r a .
Here was a group o f m oth ers r e lu c t a n t t o sen d
t h e i r c h ild r e n to th e p u b lic s c h o o l.
A l l t h e s e v a r io u s p rob
lem s w ere m et and co n q u ered .

P o r tu g u e se dairym en a r e in r e g u la r a tte n d a n c e a t n ig h t
s c h o o l*
In th e b e g in n in g o f th e work in C a lif o r n ia , w henever
th e s t a t e d ir e c t o r w ent i n t o a community w here th e P o rtu g u ese

p red om in a ted , sh e w as t o l d ,
I t i s im p o s s ib le to g e t P o r tu g u e s e t o come to n ig h t
s c h o o l, Most o f them a r e en gaged i n th e d a ir y b u s i n e s s .
They h a v e to g e t up a t t h r e e o c lo c k in th e m orning;
th e y h ave t o work a l l day and do t h e i r m ilk in g t i l l
d ark . No one c o u ld a tte n d n ig h t s c h o o l under t h e s e
w orking c o n d it i o n s .
The w o rk in g c o n d it i o n s h a v en t ch an ged , but a l l t h e way up
and down t h e San Joaq u in T a l l e y , from T u la r e t o Hugh so n ,
la r g e c l a s s e s o f P o r tu g u e se dairym en a r e in r e g u la r a t t e n d
ance upon th e e v e n in g s c h o o l.
They d id n t come In th e o ld
d ays when c l a s s e s were acad em ic in c h a r a c te r b e c a u se many

o f t h e s e p e o p le are n e a r ly i l l i t e r a t e
in t h e i r own to n g u e ,
and p a t ie n c e and t a c t must be em ployed t o h e lp them s e e th e

v a lu e o f an e d u c a t io n .
Most o f them k eep money in th e bank.
Many o f them sen d t h e i r m ilk on t r a i n s .
They had c o n s ta n t
61
n eed f o r s ig n in g t h e i r names on p a p e r s
f i x o n ly a c r o s s was h u m ilia tin g *
To h e a b le to a f
And so th e l e s s o n s began
w ith th e bank and se n d in g m ilk and o t h e r t o p i c s r e l a t e d t o th e

im m ediate needs*
The d is c o v e r y w as soon made t h a t t h e h ig h s c h o o l b u ild
in g , w h ich i s u s u a l ly lo c a t e d i n t h e m ost p r o sp e r o u s town o f
a d i s t r i c t , may n o t b e th e b e s t p la c e o f th e o r g a n is a t io n o f
r u r a l c l a s s e s f o r a d u lt s *
I t was th e l i t t l e
e le m e n ta r y s c h o o l
o u t in th e co u n tr y to w h ich t h e i r c h ild r e n w ent* t h a t made an

a p p e a l through i t s in f o r m a lit y and f a m i l i a r i t y *
In some o f
t h e s e c o u n tr y n ig h t s c h o o ls th e a tte n d a n c e i s l a r g e r than in
th e day s c h o o l, and men have b e e n known t o t r a v e l as f a r a s
t h i r t y m ile s t o come t o th e c l a s s e s * 7
In T u la r e th e u n iq u e f e a t u r e o f t h e work h a s b een t o
e n r ic h th e program o f th e d ay h ig h s c h o o l a t t h e same tim e
t h a t th e a d u lt s c h o o ls h ave b een o rg a n iz e d *
Where, a s h e r e , a
l a r g e p e r c e n ta g e o f t h e community i s f o r e ig n - b o r n , t h i s u n i
f i e d a t t a c k h a s p r e s e n te d th e Im portance o f e d u c a tio n a l l
a lo n g th e l i n e *
P o r tu g u e s e o f t e n w ithd raw t h e i r c h ild r e n from
s c h o o l a t th e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e age*
The P o r tu g u e s e who him
s e l f a t t e n d s n ig h t s c h o o l i s more c o n v in ce d o f th e v a lu e o f
e d u c a t io n , and t h e o r g a n iz e r o f t h e e v e n in g s c h o o l h a s se r v e d
a s a g u id e t o a l l th e c h ild r e n in th e h ig h s c h o o l .
He knows
T Commission o f Im m igration and H ousing o f C a lifo r n ia *

1 9 1 9 -1 9 S 5 .p u b l i c a t i o n s * C a lif o r n ia S t a t e P r in t in g O f f i c e .
in t i m a t e ly t h e i r home c o n d itio n s *
He i s rea d y b e f o r e th e y
e n t e r h ig h s c h o o l to f in d f o r them a m ajor i n t e r e s t *
The en
t i r e h ig h s c h o o l cu rr icu lu m h a s b een m o d ifie d and s o c i a l i z e d

and a d a p ted t o t h i s p a r t i c u l a r community th rou gh th e s t u d ie s
made by D avid MacKaye, th e d ir e c t o r o f im m igrant e d u c a tio n
a t T u la r e .
I t a l i a n y o u th s a t M onterey go to s c h o o l .
In M onterey,
on th e c o a s t , was a n o th e r o b s t a c l e that- seem ed in su r m o u n ta b le .

Here w as a group o f f i v e hundred I t a l i a n y o u th s , b etw een th e
a g e s o f tw en ty and t h i r t y , who w ere s a r d in e fis h e r m e n .
went o u t o f e v e n in g s in crew s o f t e n in th e l i t t l e
b o a ts and were gone u n t i l e a r ly in th e m orn in g.
They
fis h in g
Then th e y
brou ght in t h e i r c a t c h , went home t o s le e p and w ere back on

t h e beach a t f o u r o ' c l o c k , m ending t h e i r n e t s and w a it in g to
go o u t f o r th e n e x t n i g h t f s w ork .
I h e r e was t h e r e p la c e f o r
s c h o o l in th e program o f t h e s e young men?

n ecessa ry .
And y e t i t was m ost
Most o f them w ere s t r a i g h t from I t a l y y o u n g ,
v ig o r o u s , f in e *
They had n o th in g in common w ith A m e r ic a n - lif e
and saw no women e x c e p t t h o s e whose s e r v i c e s th e y b o u g h t.

They l i v e d in s o r d id b o a rd in g h o u s e s and i n t h e summer many
o f them w ent t o A la sk a , w here c o n d it io n s are even w orse f o r
them .
How c o u ld one f i n d an o p en in g f o r t h i s group?

A g a in , i t r e q u ir e d th e in g e n u it y and i n f i n i t e p a t ie n c e
o f th e d i r e c t o r o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n f o r more th a n a y e a r , t r y
in g and f a i l i n g , b e fo r e t h i s group was won*
They c o u ld n 't
63
come t o th e s c h o o l, I t was to o f a r away*.
They c o u ld n 't come
a t r e g u la r h o u r s b eca u se some n ig h t s th e y s t a r t e d o u t e a r ly
and o t h e r s v e r y l a t e .
They c o u ld n 't come a l l a t on ce b e c a u se
a te a c h in g s t a f f c o u ld n 't be found la r g e enough*

a l l was th e p rob lem o f a m e e tin g p la c e .
w harf o r n e a r i t ,
F ir s t o f
I t must be on th e
so t h a t th e y c o u ld drop In a f t e r th e y had
put on t h e i r b o o ts and were w a it in g f o r t h e G ap tain s to come

down and c a l l th e crew s*
A f t e r much d e b a tin g a s to where th e
s c h o o l sh o u ld b e h e ld , th e o ld i c e h o u se on th e w harf was
p ersu ad ed to c o n tr a c t i t s e l f s u f f i c i e n t l y t o a llo w a sm a ll
room f o r s c h o o l.
I t was bare and u n in v it in g and c o ld * but
i t was a s p o t , and th e te a c h e r se c u r e d a fe w b r ig h t d e c o r a
t i o n s and some m a g a zin es and a l i t t l e
f u r n it u r e and b eg a n
th e work.
I t soon became p o p u la r f o r th e men to^ drop In in crew s
f o r a s h o r t l e s s o n and go on to t h e i r b o a t s .
O th ers n o t
w is h in g to stu d y dropped in t o rea d and c h a t a b i t , and on

m o o n lig h t n ig h t s when th e r e was no f i s h i n g ,
f o r a p a r ty *
everybody came
A few p e o p le from th e town a l s o came and I t i s
hoped t h a t th e i c e h ou se s c h o o l w i l l d e v e lo p a c o r d i a l i t y
w hich w i l l make t h e s e b o y s a p a r t o f th e l i f e o f M on terey.
I t h a s lo n g b een th o u g h t t h a t you c a n ' t run c l a s s e s
f o r f o r e ig n a d u lt s in a town where th e r e i s a t h r e e s h i f t
in d u s t r y .
You g e t you r c l a s s e s ru n n in g w ith a group o f
men com ing se v e n to n in e e v e r y e v e n in g and a t th e end o f

two w eeks th e s h i f t s change and th e y b e g in w orking from
64
e ig h t in t h e e v e n in g u n t il, f o u r in th e m orning and a new
group i s f r e e f o r e v e n in g work,
C r o c k e tt, where t h e C a l i f o r -
n ia -H a w a iia n S ugar Company i s l o c a t e d , was a town l i k e t h i s .

The company w as e a g e r t o work w ith th e s c h o o l and th e s c h o o l
found a p e r so n who would run a th r e e s h i f t s c h o o l t o p a r a l l e l
th e in d u s t r y .
Innum erable o t h e r p l a c e s w h ich a r e n o t m en tion ed h e r e
would h ave t o be in c lu d e d in any c a t a lo g u e a t Who s Who in
Im migrant E d u ca tio n in C a l i f o r n i a .
To show th e fir m r o o t s
w hich t h i s work h as ta k e n , i t sh o u ld be s a i d t h a t S a n ta
Barbara a f t e r th e e a r th q u a k e , w ith u r g e n t n eed f o r r e tr e n c h
m ent, r e fu s e d to c o n s id e r i t s a d u lt program a p la c e f o r ec o n
o m iz in g .
L o ggin g and m in in g camp problem u n s o lv e d .
i s s t i l l much to do t h a t c a n t b e d o n e.
But th e r e
The problem o f th e
p u b lic s c h o o l and th e lum ber in d u s tr y h a s n o t b een s o lv e d .

C la s s e s can b e o r g a n iz e d and h e ld i n a m i l l tow n.
But what
ab out th e men o u t i n th e camps where th e c u t t i n g i s done?

At l a s t a p e r so n h a s b een fou n d w ith th e p io n e e r s p i r i t who
would l i k e t o r id e o u t on lo g g in g t r a i n s and ta k e a ch an ce
o f g e t t i n g b a ck , h o ld in g a c l a s s around th e b o n f ir e o r in
th e m ess h a l l , and overcom in g th e sc o r n o f t h e lu m b e r ja c k s
who have e v e r y r e a so n t o be s u s p ic io u s o f any o r g a n iz e d e f
f o r t on t h e i r b e h a l f .
And some day a s c h o o l board w i l l b e
e n t e r p r i s in g enough to em ploy t h i s p e r s o n , and a new
65
a d v en tu re w i l l be underway.
A nother p la c e where we h ave n e v e r b een s u c c e s s f u l I s
In th e m ining camps*
under th e e a r t h .
Gold i s now b e in g ta k e n from a m ile
A c c id e n ts a r e f r e q u e n t , th e h e a t i s e n e r
v a t in g and f e a r m akes th e la b o r tu r n o v e r trem endous*

come and s t a y h u t a sh o r t tim e .
The men
Some d ay, how ever, an e n t e r
p r i s i n g p e r s o n w i l l f in d th e key and a g a in we s h a l l b e on
our w ay.8
I t h a s been ta u g h t a l l o f us t h a t th e s u c c e s s o f any
e d u c a t io n a l p r o j e c t d ep en d s upon d is c o v e r in g th e g e n iu s o f
t h e l o c a l com m unity.
T h is ca n * t be b u i l t on a p la n o r a
program , o r s e t down in a b o o k .
I t m ust be done p a in s t a k in g
l y by a p e r so n o f s p e c i a l a p t it u d e , w ith freedom and w ith no

d e s ir e f o r g l o r y , unhampered by a n c ie n t s c h o o l t r a d i t i o n s
and u n d istu r b e d by tim e .
Gut o f t h e s e sim p le b e g in n in g s in
ou r work w ith im m igran ts we hope t o p o in t th e way t o l a r g e r

program s o f community e d u c a tio n w h ich s h a l l m eet th e n e e d s
o f ev ery b o d y , n a t iv e and f o r e ig n - b o r n a l i k e , f o r e v e r y I n d iv
id u a l sh o u ld f i n d in th e s c h o o l some o f th e i n s p i r a t i o n he
n e e d s t o g iv e p o in t t o h i s own e x p e r ie n c e and t o make him a
more e f f e c t i v e u n it in h i s gro u p .
I t aim s t o make k now ledge
an e f f e c t i v e a g en t in t h e r e g e n e r a tio n o f human e x p e r ie n c e .
E lem en tary e d u c a tio n sh o u ld do t h i s th rou gh e s t a b l i s h i n g
s o c i a l h a b it s in th e c h ild r e n who a tte n d s c h o o l.
8 I n a c t iv e F i l e s , o p . c i t . . p . 5 0 .
H ig h -s c h o o l
e d u c a tio n m ust do i t th rou gh d e l i b e r a t e tu r n in g o f th e c h ild * s

a t t e n t i o n to h i s s o c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s and p e r m it t in g him to
p r a c t ic e c i t i z e n s h i p i n h ig h sc h o o l*
s o c i a l p r a c t i c e s a r e n o t enough*
But s o c i a l h a b it s and
I f man i s t o s o lv e th e
s e r i o u s , com plex q u e s t io n s w hich l i v i n g t o g e t h e r in th e w o rld

to d a y i n v o l v e s , he m ust make know ledge h i s t o o l and u s e i t to
b e t t e r u n d ersta n d h im s e lf and h i s u n iv e r s e *
A d u lt e d u c a tio n in C a lif o r n ia *
From t h i s v ie w p o in t,
a d u lt e d u c a tio n in th e s e n s e o f e d u c a tio n a s a l i f e - l o n g p ro
c e s s i s e s s e n t i a l t o a n y d eg re e o f s u c c e s s f u l l i v i n g in a
co u n tr y w here th e p e o p le r u le *
C a lif o r n ia i s h o p e fu l t h a t
a d u lt e d u c a tio n so c o n c e iv e d may h e lp d e v e lo p a new s p i r i t

in p u b lic e d u c a tio n g e n e r a lly and t o t h i s end i s t r y i n g t o
a id v a r io u s e d u c a t io n a l a g e n c ie s in f in d in g t h e i r p la c e in
t h e new program*
Much a d u lt e d u c a tio n w i l l go on o u t s id e
th e r e g u la r a c t i v i t i e s s e t up by th e p u b lic a u t h o r i t i e s , and
from c lu b s , stu d y c i r c l e s , fo r u m s ,-tr a d e , u n io n c l a s s e s , th e
s c h o o ls h ave much t o le a r n *
On th e o t h e r hand, i f In th e
West where th e r e i s s t i l l some f l e x i b i l i t y in th e t r a d i t i o n a l

and e s t a b lis h e d sy stem so t h a t we can b r in g t h i s new id e a
i n t o c l o s e c o n ta c t w ith t h e s c h o o ls , we s h a l l b e n e a r e r t o a
r e a l i z a t i o n o f th e f i n e s t p u r p o se s o f p u b lic e d u c a t io n .
T h is
c o n v ic t io n g a v e r i s e t o our a d u lt e d u c a tio n c o n fe r e n c e s t h a t
have b een h e ld from tim e t o tim e th ro u g h o u t t h e S ta te *
6?
A silom a r h a s been one o f th e p r i n c i p a l m e e tin g p la c e s ,^

The im m igrant e d u c a tio n program o f th e S t a t e , now in i t s
s e v e n te e n th y e a r (1 9 3 3 -1 9 3 4 ), through I t s em p h asis on com
m un ity r a t h e r th an c la s sr o o m work, le n d s i t s e l f t o t h i s
la r g e r schem e, p a r t i c u l a r l y in th e r u r a l com m unities*
Mo
e f f o r t w i l l b e made by th e S t a t e t o s t a n d a r d iz e a n y th in g *
E very encouragem ent w i l l be g iv e n t o l o c a l in g e n u it y .
The
e d u c a tio n a u t h o r i t i e s can do n o more th an su p p ly th e f a c i l i

t i e s th e y have and f in d c h a n c e s f o r t h e i r own grow th i n b e
com ing more f l e x i b l e and a d a p ta b le , more t r u l y r e s p o n s iv e
t o a new c a l l .
9 E th e l R ich a rd so n , op* c i t . , p* 4 6 .
C H i F T I R
V
I* a s-
A H a n &s
d a t
o i IT
s e EOOLS
wti r & i E l i s
CHAPTER V
LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOLS BAY NURSERIES
I-
UNDER THE BOARD OF EDUCATION,

So f a r a s we are a b le t o l e a r n , Los A n g e le s i s th e
o n ly c i t y in th e w o rld w hose Day N u r s e r ie s a re u nd er a C ity

Board o f E d u c a tio n .
The s u c c e s s o f th e L os A n g e le s sy stem
h a s p a ss e d th e e x p e r im e n ta l s ta g e *
T here a r e now t w e n t y - f iv e (1 9 3 3 -1 9 3 4 ) C ity Day N u rser
ie s *
Many have b een c lo s e d s i n c e t h e c u r ta ilm e n t o f e x p e n se s
in th e c i t y s c h o o ls b u d g e t, and o t h e r s s in c e th e earth q u ak e
o f March 1 0 , 1933*
T hese day n u r s e r i e s , a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e , c o - o p e r a t e
w ith th e k in d e r g a r te n and, in a number o f th e s c h o o ls , th e
k in d e r g a r te n and th e n u r se r y a r e a d jo in in g *
T h is m akes an
i d e a l s i t u a t i o n f o r c o - o p e r a t io n b etw een th e two departm ents*

U n fo r tu n a te ly , h ow ever, m ost C ity Day N u r s e r ie s a r e h a n d i
capped by crowded c o n d it io n s and in a d e q u a te equipm ent*
Day N u r s e r ie s a r e an outgrow th o f com p ulsory ed u ca
tio n *
Many o f th e p o o r and f o r e ig n d i s t r i c t s k ep t t h e b o y s
and g i r l s home to ta k e c a r e o f t h e yo u n g er c h ild r e n w h ile

th e m o th er s, and in some c a s e s t h e f a t h e r s , who had t o ta k e
th e p la c e o f b o th f a t h e r and m oth er, worked*
At f i r s t t h e s e
you n ger c h ild r e n w ere b rou gh t i n t o th e r e g u la r c l a s s room,

but t h i s p roved v e r y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y and d ay n u r s e r i e s p ro
v id e d a s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n o f th e problem*
7Q
2.
HISTORY.
At f i r s t th e n u r s e r i e s w ere k e p t and m a in ta in e d by
th e P a r e n t-T e a c h e r 's A s s o c ia t i o n s , but in 1917 t h e P .T .A .

c e a se d p a y in g th e n u r s e s and o th e r e x p e n s e s , and th e e n t i r e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e n u r s e r ie s w as ta k e n o v e r by t h e C ity
Board o f E d u c a tio n .
Thus th e n u r s e r ie s became an i n t e g r a l
p a r t o f th e Los A n g e le s C ity S c h o o l D epartm ent.

S ource o f m ilk supply*
Some n u r s e r ie s r e c e iv e p a r t
o f t h e i r m ilk from th e N u t r it io n D epartm ent o f th e S c h o o l.

The Exchange Club (a clu b o f young b u s in e s s men! a r e s e n d in g
each n u r s e r y a g e n e r o u s b i l l o f g r o c e r i e s p e r w eek .
S erv e a s an e f f e c t u a l m eans o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n .
The
day n u r s e r ie s h a v e become a so u r c e o f r e a l h e lp t o many

w orking m o th e r s .
Not o n ly do t h e s e m o th ers know t h a t t h e i r
young c h ild r e n a r e w e ll- c a r e d f o r w h ile th e y a r e a t work b u t,

through th e n u r s e , th e y are g iv e n many h e l p f u l s u g g e s t io n s
on t h e p rop er c a r e and f e e d in g o f t h e i r c h ild r e n .
T h is i s
e s p e c i a l l y tr u e i n t h e f o r e ig n d i s t r i c t s , and we a r e f in d in g
t h a t t h e s e n u r s e r ie s a r e p r o v in g one v e r y e f f e c t u a l means
o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n a s w e l l a s an a d d i t i o n a l bond b etw een
home and s c h o o l.
Most n u r s e r i e s a r e open e i g h t h o u r s each day and some
tw e lv e h o u r s, th e c h ild r e n b e in g ta k e n home by th e p a r e n t s
o r o ld e r b r o t h e r s o r s i s t e r s in th e e v e n in g s .
71
The aim i s n o t to r e l i e v e p a r e n t s o f th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
o f t h e i r c h ild r e n b u t t o a id t h e s e p a r e n ts to c a r e f o r them
more e f f i c i e n t l y .
The f i n a n c i a l c o n d it io n o f th e fa m ily i s c o n s id e r e d on
e n t e r in g th e c h ild r e n *
U n le s s t h e p a r e n ts a re in d ir e p ov
e r t y , ea c h c h ild p a y s a s m a ll f e e o f te n c e n t s p er d ay, t h a t
p a r e n ts n eed n o t f e e l t h e m s e lv e s o b j e c t s o f c h a r i t y .
It Is
a prim e aim o f o u r departm ent to d e s t r o y th e s p i r i t o f men

d a c i t y where i t e x i s t s in p a r e n ts and to f o s t e r s e l f - r e l i a n c e
and s e l f - r e s p e c t *
The money p a id i s exp en d ed f o r th e fo o d se r v e d th e
c h ild r e n and f o r i n c i d e n t a l e x p e n s e s (la u n d r y , o t h e r th a n
p e r s o n a l, i s p a id f o r by th e Board o f E d u c a tio n J
B a la n ced m enus*
T hree m ea ls a r e se r v e d d a ily *
B reak
f a s t a t 9 o ' o l o c k , a wholesom e h o t d in n e r a t n oon, w ith a

sim p le d e s s e r t , and a n o th e r l i g h t m eal a t 5 :5 0 P.M*
c h i l d h a s a p l e n t i f u l su p p ly o f m ilk *
Each
B a la n ced m enus, s u i t
a b le f o r th e d i f f e r e n t a g e s , r e c e iv e c a r e f u l c o n s id e r a t io n
from th e d i e t e t i c s departm ent*
C h ild r e n a r e a d m itte d t o th e n u r se r y by th e p r i n c i p a l
o f th e s c h o o l, in th e same way t h a t th e y are a d m itte d i n t o
t h e k in d e r g a r te n *
The n u r s e r y p ro p er a d m its c h ild r e n from
n in e m onths t o k in d e r g a r te n age*
Only in em ergency c a s e s a r e
c h ild r e n u nd er n in e m onths ad m itted *

I f a baby u nd er n in e m onths i s ta k en i t s fo o d i s
72
p rep ared a c c o r d in g to a p r e s c r i p t io n from th e c l i n i c d o c to r

and th e w e ig h t c a r e f u l l y ta k e n a t l e a s t o n ce a month*
No c h i l d i s a d m itted u n le s s d e a n and p ron ou n ced in
good h e a lt h by t h e s c h o o l n u rse*
The day n u r s e r y c h ild r e n
a r e u n d er th e s u p e r v is io n o f t h e s c h o o l n u r s e s , th e s c h o o l
d o c to r and th e c i t y h e a lt h d ep a rtm e n ts.
Home T ea ch er.
The d i s t r i c t home te a c h e r i n v e s t i g a t e s
a l l c a s e s and o n ly th o s e a r e a d m itte d who, in h e r judgm ent,

a re w o rth y .
L a rg er c h ild r e n a r e a llo w e d t o sh a r e i n s t r u c t i o n ,
e n te r ta in m e n t and p r o t e c t io n o f t h e day n u r se r y u n t i l some

one i s home t o c a r e f o r them .
The n u r se i s a lw a y s an E n g lis h sp e a k in g woman o f good
c h a r a c t e r , h a v in g had e x p e r ie n c e w ith c h ild r e n , p r e f e r a b ly
a woman who h a s had n u r se r y o r k in d e r g a r te n t r a i n i n g or b o th .
T hese n u r s e s l i v e in t h e i r own hom es.
T h e ir day c o n s i s t s o f
e ig h t h o u rs.
T hese h o u r s in m ost p la c e s a r e from 8 : 3 0 A.M.
t o 4 :3 0 P.M.
Some d i s t r i c t s , h ow ever, are open from 7 A.M.
t o 6 :4 0 P.M . t o b e t t e r m eet th e w orking c o n d i t i o n s .
In t h e s e
n u r s e r i e s th e n u r s e s work by r e l a y s , so t h a t no n u r se i s on
d u ty lo n g e r than e i g h t h o u r s p e r d a y .
Each n u r s e r y b u ild in g
i s k ep t by th e j a n i t o r o f th e s c h o o l t h e same a s any o t h e r
room.
A d a i l y r e g i s t e r i s k e p t in ea ch n u r se r y g i v i n g a t t e n d
a n c e , d ie t s e r v e d , number o f b a th s , m e d ic a l a id and t h e amount
o f d a i l y f e e s and t h e name o f th e c h i l d w ith a d d r e s s e s o f
r e s id e n c e and th e p la c e o f employment o f p a r e n ts*
T h is r e
p o r t i s re n d er ed t o th e Home E conom ies o f f i c e on ce a m onth. ^

B ie s e n u r se r y rooms e r e l i g h t , c le a n , b r i g h t , and
c h ee ry w ith p le n t y o f f r e s h a ir and s u n s h in e .
im e r ic a n iz a t io n and p a t r io t is m a re ta u g h t from th e
b e g in n in g *
A l l c h ild r e n s a l u t e th e f l a g o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s
o n ce e v e r y d ay, ev en though th e y a re to o young to r e p e a t th e

p le d g e .
Much a t t e n t i o n i s g iv e n t o th e fo r m a tio n o f r e g u la r
h a b its .
A l l m e a ls come a t th e same tim e e a c h d a y .
C a r e fu l
c o n s id e r a t io n i s g iv e n t o th e c h i l d r e n ' s r e s t p e r io d d i r e c t
l y a f t e r th e noon m e a l.
Each c h i l d h as a c o t upon which h e
t a h e s a nap f o r an hour o r m ore.

sm a ll b a b i e s .
Beds a re p r o v id e d f o r th e
The rooms a r e p r o p e r ly v e n t i l a t e d and h e a te d
and q u ie t p r e v a i l s s o t h a t ea ch c h i l d h a s a r e s t , and a lm o st
w ith o u t e x c e p tio n a nap, when he g e t s accustom ed to th e
r e g u la r t im e .
Hot i c e s a r e se n t t o th e p a r e n t s u r g in g th e c o n tin u a
t i o n o f r e g u la r m e a ls and s l e e p w h ile th e c h ild r e n a re home
S a tu rd a y s and S undays.
The c l o s e s t a t t e n t i o n i s g iv e n t o t h e s e c h ild r e n s
m o r a ls and m anners.
They a r e a lw a y s under th e s u p e r v is io n o f
a m atron w h eth er in th e y a rd a t p la y , in th e s l e e p i n g room,
^ P e r s o n a l v i s i t to Utah S t r e e t Day N u rsery , ! ? 4

N orth Utah S t r e e t .
74:
o r w h ile eating:*
The c h ild r e n p la y In a f e n c e d y a rd a f t e r t h e i r m orning
Lunch and a g a in when th e a fte r n o o n nap i s o v e r , e x c e p t when
th e w ea th e r i s r a in y or sto rm y , when t h e i r p la y i s co n d u cted
on t h e p o r c h e s o r in d o o r s w ith p le n t y o f f r e s h air*.
.A m erica n iza tio n c l a s s e s ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f t h i s d e p a r t
ment to h a v e t h e i r l i t t l e
o n e s ea r ed f o r by th e n u r s e r y
iriaile th e m o th ers a re r e c e i v i n g t h e i r in s t r u c t io n s * ^
Groups o f o ld e r g i r l s in th e f o r e i g n c l a s s e s , e s p e c
i a l l y th o s e who have s m a ll b r o th e r s and s i s t e r s i n a tte n d a n c e ,
a r e b ro u g h t in t o th e n u r se r y f o r s p e c i a l i n s t r u c t i o n in th e
c a r e o f t h e s e s m a ll c h ild r e n , p r e p a r a tio n o f t h e i r f o o d ,
c l o t h i n g , a ls o s t o r y t e l l i n g and games*
From tim e t o tim e t h e C ity F ir e D epartm ent i n s p e c t s
t h e n u r s e r ie s *
The n u r s e r y c h ild r e n have f i r e d r i l l s a t th e
same tim e th e s c h o o l i s d r i l l e d *
The p u p i l s o f th e h ig h e s t
g rad e in t h e s c h o o l go to th e n u r se r y and each c a r r i e s a

bahy t o s a f e t y *
At f i r s t some o f t h e s e b a b ie s r e s e n t t h i s
p r o c e d u r e , b u t a f t e r a few d r i l l s th e y c o n s id e r i t q u it e a
"lark.**
Day N u rsery F i l e s , A m e r ic a n iz a tio n D epartm ent, 853

Chamber o f Commerce B u ild in g , Dos A n g eles*
75
TABLE I I I *
LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT
HOME ECONOMICS DIVISION
January 1931
MUSIC EOR NURSERY CHILDREN

.__________
M u sic i s em p hasized
_________________
Songs o f a L i t t l e C hild* s Day - P a u ls son and Sm ith

H o lid a y Songs and E very-D ay Songs and Games - E m ilie F o u ls son
M other Goose Rhymes S e t t o M usic - L o u ise P a t t e r s o n S h eld o n
F i r s t Y ear M usic - H o l l i s Bann
Song D e v ic e s and J i n g l e s - E le a n o r smith
R obert L o u is S te v e n so n S on gs - E t h e l C ro w n in sh ie ld
S ongs o f th e C h ild World - No I* - R ile y and Gaynor
Mother Goose S on gs - E t h e l C ro w n in sh ie ld
Rhythm ic S k e tc h e s f o r th e K in d erg a r te n Ruth Cawthorne V esp er
S m all Songs f o r S m a ll S in g e r s - W. H. N e id lin g e r
C h ild Land in Song and Rhythm - J o n e s and Barbour
Sappy S ongs f o r L i t t l e F o lk s H u n tle y , McCrea and W e lls
S on gs f o r C h ild r en R obert L o u is S te v e n s o n , M usic by E l l a
D u f f ie ld
Songs from a C h ild 's Garden o f V e r s e s - Beach and S te v e n so n
S on gs f o r t h e L i t t l e Ones - J en k in s
S on gs and Games f o r L i t t l e Ones - W alker and J en k s
From th e N u rsery Window Brahe T a y lo r
The C h ild r e n 's Y ear - G race W ilbur Conant
R ing Songs and Games - F lo r a H. C l i f f o r d
Songs o f H a p p in ess - The "Blue Bird** Song Book C arolyn S .
- B a ile y and Mary Ehrmann
Songs f o r C h ild r e n - Dora L. Buckingham
NOTE: May be found i n W urX itser B u ild in g M usic S t o r e
S th and Broadway, Los A n g e le s..
0K *d by Harry M. S h a fe r , A s s is t a n t S u p e r in te n d
e n t o f S c h o o ls .. * The Day N u r s e r ie s have what m ight b e term ed t h e i r
own c o u r se o f s tu d y . The gam es, m u sic and f o o d s m ust be
approved by th e D ir e c t o r o f A d u lt E d u c a tio n , H arry M. S h a fe r ,
76
TABLE IF *
HOT DISHES FOR DAY NURSERIES
CHOWDERS, SOTOS AND STEWS

X* F e g e ta b le Chowder'
a. P o ta to Chowder
3 . R ic e Tomato Soup
4 . Pea Soup
5* Cream o f Pea Soup
a . Cream o f C e le r y Soup
7* Lima Bean Soup
8* Lamb S tew
S . T e g e t a b le S tew
10* F e g e t a b le Hash
W ilm ington Park

Fremont
Hammel
2 0 th S t r e e t
No name
B r id g e
S o to s t r e e t
W estm in ste r
M arianna
A m elia
DISHES CONTAINING- MEAT

1 1 . Cornmeal Pudding'
IS. Meat L o a f No; I*
1 5 . Meat L o a f N o, I I .
1 4 . S p a g h e t t i w ith Tom atoes
15* Baked L iv e r and R ic e N o. I .
1 6 . Baked L iv e r and Brown R ic e I I , .
1 7 . Hamburger Hash
1 8 . E s c a llo p e d L iv e r and P o t a t o e s
1 9 . Meat Cakes w ith Tomato S au ce
8 0 . S o u f f le o f L e f t O vers
21. K ed gerie
28.
23.
24.
25 4
26.
27.
28.
20.
30.
31,
32.
S p a n ish R ice No. I .

S p a n ish R ic e N o. I I .
Salmon L o a f w ith W hite Sauce
Salmon L o a f wi th Tomato . S a u ce
Salmon S o u f f l e
Creamed Tuna on T o a st
Baked Creamed F e g e t a b le s
Creamed C a r r o ts
Sw eet P o ta to es; ~ G lazed
S p in a ch
E s c a llo p s d C a u liflo w e r
C a s t e la r
Holm es
S o to
C oron el
2 8 th S t r e e t
S ta u n to n
A lb io n
F ir s t S tr e e t
102nd S t r e e t
Macy S t r e e t
M rs. S h o r t - Utah
N u t r i t io n
C a lif o r n ia
C u ste r Avenue
N ev in
Utah
Marengo H e ig h ts
W adsworth
Ann S t r e e t
G a tes
L o reto
EGG DISHES
3 3 . Scram bled E ggs
5 4 . G old en -rod . E ggs
5 5 . E ggs Creamed w ith T om atoes
* Day N u rsery F i l e s , A m e r ic a n iz a tio n D epartm ent, 855
Chamber o f Commerce B u ild in g , Los A n g e la s .
TABLE Y
LOS ANGELES GITY SCHOOL DISTRICT
DAY. SCHOOL NURSERIES..
There a re tw e n ty -fo u r Day N u r se r ie s w ith f i f t y - t h r e e a tte n d a n ts employed*

Each N ursery h a s a S en io r a tten d a n t w ith J u n ior a s s is t a n t s * These a tte n d a n ts
are not re q u ir ed to h o ld a C a lifo r n ia te a c h in g c r e d e n t ia l, hut many o f them
have tau gh t in o th e r s t a t e s o r are r e g is t e r e d n u r s e s .
F o llo w in g i s th e l i s t a s o f June 1934.1.
3.
ALBION, 320 South Avenue 18

Hodge, Lena Mrs.
Hanson, Mary Mrs.
Chance, Mabel E ., Mrs.
S r.
Jr.
Jr.
341 So* Avenue 31

10364 S o . Lorena
11103 S o. Budlong
BARTON HILL, 433 North P a c i f i c

, . A v e ., San Pedro
Grumplpy, L ela B ., Mrs.
Sr.
San Pedro
957D - 9th S tr e e t
San Pedro
341 No. Mesa, San Pedro 3188J
R exford, Sahra J . , Mrs.

3.
4,
5.
Jr.
No phone
No phone
BRIDGE, 005 North Boyle Avenue

A len , E liz a b e th , Mrs.
Pegram, A l l i e F ., Mrs.
S r.
Jr.
CALIFORNIA, 499 C a lif o r n ia S t .

, B r ig n a ll, Sara E ., Mrs.
Cowherd, Mary E ., M rs.
S r . 410 No. Reno S tr e e t

J r . , 6116 Waring Avenue
EX. 3898
No phone
CASTELAR, 508 C o lle g e S t r e e t

Adams, Cora I . , Mrs.
F lo ck , Alma Z ., Mrs.
S r . 465 I s a b e l S tr e e t
J r . , 4426 - 11th Avenue
No phone
UN. 3706
No. Rampart Blvd.,

Garnet S tr e e t
EX.
AN.
TABLE 7 (C ontinued)
DAT. SCHOOL NURSERIES
6* CORONEL, 725 W ilson S tr e e t
D avis * H. G*, Mrs*.
Andrews, Rose Mrs#
McPherson, Cora Mrs#
L e s te r , F rances S . , Mrs*
7#
Sr*
Jr*
Jr*
Jr*
939 So* Mathews S t* AN*16204

1812 Donaldson S t*
OL* 8261
4322 La S a l l e A ve.
VE* 9073
(Temp* a ssig n m en t) *See 2 0 th S t .
CUSTER* 421 C u ster Avenue

B a r te r , P e a r l E*, Mrs#
B asch, A lla Mrs#
S to k ea , G ertrude L*, Mrs#
Sr* 1445 A lessan d ro St*

Jr* 1274 West 3 7 th D rive
Jr* 1610 West 4 5 th S t*
DR* 5642
No phone
YE. 8774
FIRST, 2820 E a st F ir s t S tr e e t
Anderson, ElX ida J . , Mrs*.
Mayne, M* F*, Mrs*
Sr* 3530 A t la n t ia St*

Jr* 1421 West 10th S t
AN*17388
DR* 8558
FREMONT. 238 South Fremont Ave*

C otton , E liz a b e th , Mrs*
L ock rid ge, L i l l i e Mrs*
Sr* 1025 So* Plymouth Blvd.N o phone

Jr* 406 North Reno
No phone
10*
GATES, 122 South G ates S t r e e t

Shawhan, C lara Mrs*
Houck;, V. W*, Mrs*
Sr* 1219 No# Edgemoat S t*

Jr * 1551 Echo, Park Ave*
11#
HAMMEL, 438 North Brannick S tr e e t

Green, M arjorie Mrs*
Chri sto p h e r sa n , Mary Mrs*
Sr*
Jr*
12*
LORETO, 3408 Arroyo Saco Avenue

K affk a, C* W*, Mrs*
Colby, Lura B*, Mrs*
8*
9#
GL* 2893
DR* 9460
576 So* F e t t a r ly Ave# No phone

607 S* Lorena
AN* 2880
Sr* 5606 B altim ore S t*

J r . 1100 West Santa
Barbara
CL#6I627
YE* 5880
TABLE T (C ontinued)
LOS ANGELES CI1Y SCHOOL DISTRICT
DAI SCHOOL NURSERIES
13*
14*
15*
16*
MARIANNA, E ast F i^ s t and. Marianna

B ro o m field , B lanche, Mrs*
R etd, Naomi L . , Mrs*
Sr*
Jr*
494 So* McDonnell A ve. No phone

No phone
4456 G leason Ave*
NEYIN, 1500 E ast 32nd S t r e e t

Me Michan, L o is Mrs*
Burbank, B ertha M*, Mrs*
Sr*
Jr*
2917 N est
1752 l e s t
102nd S t r e e t , 1911 E ast 103rd S t r e e t

B h ilp o t, Ruth Mrs*
Maloy, E lla B*, Mrs*
Sr *
Jr*
11144 E a st
4318 Homer
SAN FERNANDO, Corner M issio n , B lv d .

and M ott S t r e e t
Evans, C arrie G*, Mrs*
Sr*
Johnson, Cynthia A*, Mrs*
Jr*
10500 P en rose Ave*

R o sco e,
11254 Cumpston St.*
North Hollywood
1016 Kewen St*
San Fernando
Rameriz., Delphone Mrs*
S t.
St*
RE* 5713
UN. 6636
No phone
CA. 7874
No phone
No phone
No phone
17i
SOTO, 1020 South S o to S tr e e t

. Cone, E th e l M*, Mrs*
H i l l , Mamie .1*, Mrs*
Sr*
Jr.
2007 South Curson Ave* OR. 7050

618 Sq> Walnut S t . ,
8821
Inglewood
IB*
STAUNTON, 1656 Staunton Avenue

G lin e , Nora Underwood Mrs*
C u llen , Mary Mrs*
S r.
Jr.
1677 l e s t 20 th S tr e e t
1514 Third Avenue.
RE* 9066
BE* 8592
19*
28th STREET, 2807 S ta n fo rd Ave.

Linn, H elen L*, Mrs*
Sr*
122 South Ave* 54
GL.62658
TABLE V (C ontinued)
DAY SCHOOL NURSERIES .
20.
28th STREET (C ontinued)

H ily a rd , May K ., Mrs*
Sm ith, E s t e l l e B ., Mrs#
Jr*
Jr.
E ast 8 1 s t S tr e e t
2106 Toberman S t r e e t
No phone
No phone
UTAH, 174 North Utah

M o ffa t, Emma L*, Mrs*
Sr*
10868 B lo o m fie ld S t r e e t
North Hollywood
5727 Camerford Avenue
1165 South Tremaine Ave*
E a st 33rd S tr e e t
26691
HI. 1218
No phone
No phone
428 l e s t 33rd S t r e e t
916 G eorgia S t r e e t
8621 M u riel S t r e e t
North Long Beach
AT. 6681
MA. 4885
Compton
8631
G hast, Rose M rs.

C ooksley, Margaret Mrs.
Hays, B e a tr ic e B.., Mrs*
E l.
EE*
23*
Jr.
WADSWORTH, 1Q25 E ast 38th S t r e e t

O gle, Lena E ., Mrs*
Basden, Edna Noyes Mrs.
Leake, Margaret M iss
S r.
Jr.
Jr*
WESTMINSTER, 1030 W ashington B ird .

. .
V en ice
Wearer, Maude M ills , Mrs.
Absalem, . E f f ie L ., M rs.
Newhort, Rose M iss
Orth, Ada M rs.
Sr*. 164E C rescen t P la c e , V en ice

J r . 817 West 40th P la ce
J r . 1636 C rescent P lace. V en ice
J r . 404 C a r r o ll C anal, V en ice
No phone
AD. 5845
No phone
No phone
MACY, 710 A v ila S tr e e t

B in e, P e a r l L . , Mrs*
Bleicls:, Mary C ., M rs.
Sr.
Jr.
EE. 9525
No phone
6Q5 South Harvard

1191 West 29th P la ce
NOTE: L o ca tio n s in r e la t io n to th e geography o f Los A n geles may b e

determ ined from th e a tta c h e d sp ot map.
TABLE VI
BET TO SPOT MAP OF BAT NORSERT SCHOOLS
1*
ALBION, 220 South Avenue 18
2.
BABTON HILL, 423 North P a e i f i e
3*
BRIDGE, 605 North B oyle
4*
CALIFORNIA, 49$ C a lif o r n ia
5.
CASTELAR, 508 C o lle g e
6,
CORONEL, 725 W ilson S t r e e t
7.
CUSTER, 421 C uater Avenue
8,
FIRST, 2820 E a st F i r s t S t r e e t
9*
FREMONT, 238 South Fremont
10*
GATES, 122 South G a tes S t r e e t
11*
HAMM35L, 438 N orth Branniok
12*
LORETO, 3406 Arroyo Seco
13*
MARIANNA, l a s t F i r s t and M arianna
14*.
NEVTN, 1569 E a st 32nd S t r e e t
15*
102nd STREET, 1911 E a st 103rd
IS*
SAN FERNANDO, Corner M issio n and M ott
17.
SOTO, 10 2 0 South S o to
18.
STAUNTON, 1656 S ta u n to n
19*
28 th STREET, 2607 S ta n fo r d Avenue
20*
UTAH, 174 N orth Utah
21*
WADSWORTH, 1025 E a st 3 8 th S t r e e t
22*
WESTMINSTER, 1030 W ashington
23*
M1GT, 716 A v ila S t r e e t
LIST OF LOS ANGELES ST R EETS-Con

CORNWl!:LL ST
CORONADO ST
CORONADO TR
H-11
l:IGHTY-SIECONO ST
-12
IEIGHTYTHUD ST
11!:-11
CORONEL ST.
1'"15
CORTl["Z ST.
fl"-12
G-U
CO"TO ST.
R- 2
CORY OR
- I
COSMO ST
1-12
COTTAGE t-L
COTT AGE HOME ST
Jll"-U
COTTAG WAY ST
A-12
G-10
COTTON AV.
COUNCIL ST.- E-11
CCJURT ST. 1'"-11. <i-14
COURTLAND AV
COURTNEY AV
tvv
l8~~ ..
AV
I-ID
8- S
8:~~
f"'-11
B-U
MU
U- I
CREED AV.
CPtU,,SHAW BLVD J- 5
CRANDALL ST
Cl'tANE BL.VD
CRAWFORO ST.
M.$
B- 2
CRIESCENT ST
C"ESCENT HEIGHTS
C- 1
BLVD
CREtrTMONT AV C- 5
,.._I
CRUT WAY
C"5TWOL.O
CRISL.1'.R WAY
CROCKllR ST
0- 5
8- 1
J-U, R-12
g(:8rlw~'ri.. AV
C"OSSY PL...
CfltOSS AV
CROWN HILL AV
tF-13~
All
Q-12
CRYSTAL ST
A-1.S C-15
C-20
CUOAHY ST
CUMISERLANO AV
-10
117
CUMMINGS ST
C-U
CURRAN ST
CURSON AV. 8-S , H- 3
,,__ !
CURSON PL.
CURTIS ST. E-l!S, F-15
CUSTEfll AV.
G-14
CYNTHIA AV
CYP'Ptl!SS AV
CYRIL AV
A-17
a..15
P'-20
CUT OVER ST
OACOTAH ST
DAHLIA AV.
DALLAS ST
DALTON AV.
DALY ST
DAMASK AV
DAMON ST.
DANA ST
DANA!: Ol"t.
DARWIN AV.
DATE ST
DAVENPORT Dlllt
DAVID AV.
CAI/IS ST .
DAWN ST.
DAW ON ST
AV
DA
D
C-14
l<-17
c.11
C-1'
D- I
F~17
~-'
K-1'
S-7.
t-19-11
s-'
FOLSOM ST.
A- 7
FOOTHILL OR
proNOA WAY 0.-'7 1a
A-11
,-OAO ST.
FOlltUT AV. 1-11, 0- J
-19
ll""OlltEST PANK
C
l"'O~OSA AV,
C-14
ll""OANl!Y ST
P-14
Jll'ONTUNA ST.
FORTY-l"'lfltST DR
S-7, S - .
lllGHTY-P'OURTH ..L.
S-7. S-
EIGHTYf'OURTH 9T
ll"IGHTY-.-11'1.flt
S-7,
S-.
s....
... 4
atLUN ST
A-17
EL ATA.JO ST.
A-17
IEL CEORO 9T.
E- t
l:L Cl:NTllltO AV
&- 4
EL CEL'UtlTO ..L.
l:L CONTENTO Ol't.
FOfltTY-l"'lfltST ...L. M 1
~= ~
FONTY-FIRST ST
FORTY-SECOND PL
A I
H-10
llLOl"N AV
A-la
C:LDl'tED ST.
C- t
ELEANOR AV,
D-U
ELECTl'tA Ol't
1111
llLECTRIC ST.
~ I
ELll:\iENTH AV
G- I
1.EVENTH ST,
Q. S
CLLli AV
D-11
ELVAOO ST
G-15
ELIZABETH ST
K-10
ELLENDALE "''E-11
ILLCTT PL.
H-11
ELLIOTT ST.
G-11
ELLISON ST,
Ala
EL.LITA
ELUWCRTH ST, 0-10
B-1'5
ELM ST
0-15
ELM GAOVE: ST
H
EL MOLINO ST,
B-ll
CL MOAAN ST
E 7
ELMWOOD AV,
Jll'-15
ELMYAA ST
L-17
EL.OISE OR
0-11
EL ftENO ST
E-12
ELSINORE ST
0- I
EL TOVAft
EL.WOOD AV. K-15. 0- 1
B-U
ELYRIA DR
EL Yll AN "AfltK AV
Jll'-14
G-ll
~hrn=LfT~T.
Lll
EMMA AV
E-11
EMMALEE ST.
EM !ET TA
A>
ENTER .. RISE S'f.
15
ENTRANCE
.J. I
ll!:ST AV
0-20
ALDA ST
,.L
,_
'
f,:
~I~
R~AST
ck:':
K-13
9T.
K-11
DA ST
ltllLLA AV.
J-11 , Q-10
~:::
K 0
f~t~Ds'}LO
F~17
Al2
ETTRICK ST.
EUCALYPTUS AV R S
K-17
EUCLID AV.
E-11
l:VATR
Al I
EVANS ST
F-14
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JUNIPEfltO AV.
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LORETO ST
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0-1. 0- 9
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A-10
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FOUATIEl:NTH ST. 1- 1
G-20
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l'"AANCIS AV. G-1 G-10
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11-20
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,-.15
HAWLEY ST
8- 5
HAWTHORN AV.
l't- S
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A-7. II- 7
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0-1. 0- t
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l"ll'TYNINTHOP~'.
HARKINS AV.
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HAftOLO OP\
HA,.OLO ST
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HAl"tPll:R AV
HARRIET ST
HARl'ltl MAN AV
HA ..RINGTON AV.
HARRIS ST
HAfltRISON A'\/
HARNISON WAY
HAATl""ORD AV
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M-14
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P L YMOUTH ST
..O L A WALK
POINSETTIA AV
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POIHSETTIA PLPOINT VIEW ST.
~MEROY' AV.
POMONA ST
~NET OR
POPl.A .. ST
POATE.. ST
PONTIA ST
PORTLA,...O T
POST ST
l"OTOMAC AV
ST
..
p
p
p
p
9
NONMANDllE ~l_ ' : : :
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F-16
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N ORTH MAIN ST F-17
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R 2.
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NORTH SPA I NG ST
G-15
NORTON AV
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5
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D-20
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RANGELY AV
RAYMOND AV
019
RAYNOL ST
REALTOR RD
J-20
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C-10
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0-11
611
0-12
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8-12
LE A.I/
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AK OR
00 BLVD
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H-17
SAFFORD ST
8- f
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1-11
SALT LAKE TR
A-16
SANA ST
SAN ANDREAS AV.
A-17
1-17
ST
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C-11
5.ANl!!IORN AV
H-14
SA.NCH!:? ST
SAN DIEGO WAY G 1
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E-16
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SAN l'"ERNANOO l'tO.
A-1'
J-13
SAN JULIAN ST
SAN M"RCOS P'L A-II
SAN MARINO ST H- a
G-18
SAN PABLO ST
SAN PEDRO ST
L-H. A-12
SAN PEDRO PL. N-11
SAN RAJll'AL OR AU
SANTA BARBARA
M-10
AV
SANTA CLA.RA ST
L-15
Ll5
SANTA FE AV
G- 2
SANTA I NEZ ST
SANTA MONICA
C 5
BL.VO
SANTA YNE.1: ST. El2
SANTEE ST 1-15 K-1Z
SAN VICENTE BLVD
F-:Z H 4
J-18
SARATOGA ST.
D-19
SARDONYX ST.
E-20
SARENA ST
P!ll
SARGENT f>L
E-13
SARGl!:NT ST .
H- I
SA"fUfltN ST.
J-11
SAVANNAH ST
F-1 '5
SAVOV ST.
1- 2
SAWYER ST
lt-19
SCARBORO ST
K-10
SCARl"F AV
A- 7
SCE'.NIC A\/.
H -20
SCHICK
5CHICFFEL1N ST
F-15
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TON ST
VIEW AV
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ST
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ST
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AV
0-12
1-15
A-17
L- 7
F 5
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IJ- 6
H19
K- I
1-11
E 8
se:vENTEl:NTH ST.
Q-'
E.EVENTY-SIECOND ST
SEVENTY-THIRD ST '
Q.
SEVENTY-l"'OUATH ST
SEVENTY-FIFTHS~
Q
Q
SEVENTY -S IXTH ST
SEVENTY-SEVENTH
Q. e
ST
SEVENTT'-EIGHTH ST
Q-.
SEVCNTY-NINTH ST.
,_ '
K-10
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~:
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l'"-10
E-14
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H-13
J-12 s- 2
C-17
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SHERBOUAN ST . H-1
SHEFUJOUR NE DR
SHERIDAN ST
SHERMAN Oft .
SHERWOOD ST
SHOREOALIE A'\/.
S H OREHA M O R
SHORE.LA N O OR.
~~8~-fs5l+.
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G-15
OLIVERA ST
OLYMPIC BL G -l: G-5
13-19
OMAHA ST
1- 14
OMAR AV
lf - 19
O ' NELL 5T
A-17
ONEONTA OR
E-19
ONYX ST
L-11
OPAL ST
ORANGE OR C !I . G._ S
ORA.NGK: ST. F-2., S Z
OlltANGE. GROVE AV
H-2 C- l
K-10
ORCHARD AV
A 5
OlltCHIO AV
G-15
ORO ST
J-17
OREGON ST.
F- 2
ORLANDO A'\/
K-17
ORME AV
0-15
OROS ST
S- 4
OSAGE ST
A-17
OTAY OR
E-lt
OTERO OR
1 12
OTTAWA ST
OUTPOST OR
1-12
OVERTON ST
OXFORD AV A- G e
p
H- S
PACKARD ST
A- 6
f>AORE CT
E-14
PADUCAH ST
C-lfl
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;.15
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f>Al..M GROVE AV . K- 4
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ts-11
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PARAMOUNT DR A- 5
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PARK AV
0-14
PAAK DR
0-11
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PA"K C .. OV A'\/. J-11
TR
HEIGHTS
PARK
Fll
B-11
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E-15
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f"AAAl8H AV
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G- 7
5'1/ENTH ST
SEVENTIETH ST, Q. 5
SEVENTY-FIRST ST
c;,.15
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K CT
000 ST.
A -10
bcCIOl!'.NTAl. BLVD.
o01N ST
OG1ER ST
OG OEN DR
OKIE.LL OR
OLIN ST
OLIVE CT
OLIVE DR.
OLIVE S T
OLIVE ST.
C- ..
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f>RtMAVERA A.V
PR I MOSE OR .
PRl,..CE ST
PRI NCETON AV
C-1
AV .
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H-14
NEW H1GH ST
NEW JERSEY ST H-17
K-14
NIWTON ST
NICHOLAS CANYON
A- J
RD .
L.- 6
NINTH AV.
G- ..
NINTH ST
A-17
N O!t HILL.
0- 1
NOBU OR
G-11
N Ol'tl"'OLK ST
0-10
N ORMAL AV.
NOA MANDI E AV
T.
It- 3
B-11
K-10
ROYAL 5T
0- I
l'tUGBY
A 2
AUGltY Ol"t.
S-10
RUS$1ELL AV.
L- 7
RUTHEL.EN PL.
P- 7
RUTHELEN ST
RUTHUPHAM AV. 0-U
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0-1
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C- 1
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B- 3
SIERl"tA VISTA A'\/.
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8--11
SIL'l/ERADO OR
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SILVl!:R LAKE AV.
B-13
SILVER LAKE t!ILVO.

A-U, D-11
Sil.VER LAKE Dlt
c-12
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SIL.VER RIDGI!'.
Sll.VCRWOOO TR
0-12
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SINOVA ST
K-1a
81SKIYOU ST.
L- 6
SIXTH AV
F- 2
SIXTH ST
SIXTIETH PL. P-1. P- 9
p . A.
SIXTIETH 9T .
t>l>CT1TH ST. f>-1, P- 9
P - ...
SIXTY-l"IRST !!IT
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P-1. P- 9
SIXTY-Sl!COND PL
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P-8 p.
SIXTY-'51'(TH PL QSIXTY-SIX TH ST Q
SIXTY-SIXTH ST Q
SIXTY-Sl><.TH ST.
P - 11, p.
9
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ll-15
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J-17
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H
SPE,..CE ST
Lll
SP .. ING ST
113
S..,.UC ST
IE-15
STAMFORD AV
L-U. 5-lt
STANLEY AV
111-S . H S
Jll'- 1
STANL..l:Y OR
STANLEY HILLS OA
A'
117
STATE ST
N-14
STAUNTON AV
S- l
ST.
STE
SON AV J-11
STE
K I
V
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N- 4
T
STE
H- 2
STE
G -1'
STE
H-12
STE
1- 5
ST
H-1
ON PL
ST
A-19
OR
STO
H-19
STONE ST
H-lO
STORY CT
H-11
STORY ST
8-15
STOVER
K-:ZU
STRANG ST.
H-ZO
STl'NNGER
ST ANOREWS Pl..
A-t , 0- I
I- 5
ST CHARLES PL
ST. CHARLES ST. G-19
A\1
ST. GEOf'tGE ST
._ 1
ST. IVES 8T
9T. JAMES .. ANK K-11
....16
ST JOHNS ST
ST J05EPH9 PL. J-12
117
ST. LOUIS ST.
H-12
ST. PAUL AV.
H-12
ST PAUL PL
ST VINCENTS f>L. 1-13
L-17
SULL.11/AN ST
H - 16
SUMMIT AV
SUMMIT VIEW AV.
A-19
lIZ
SUNBURY Al/.
B14
SUNFLOWER AV
A-17
SUNNYHILL.. OR
L-20
SUNOL. DR .
SUNR19ST . J-16. K-11
SUNS~ BL.vg_ .
11
KEY TO SPOT MAP OF DAY NURSERY SCHOOLS
G-10
~- t
fl'-t
P- t
J:t;
-o
,._I, P- t
SIXTY-N1NTH';rf
P-1 ,
SLAUSON AV
SLOAT ST
SMILAX ST
SMILEY OR
017 .
T.
SMI
AV
SO
l'tO
90
SON
SOT
SOT
SOUTH COURT
SOUTHWIEST O"
SPAULDING AV
TABLE V:I
vJl!!I
ST.
SIXTY-VIENTH ST
KIS
TWENTY-,.Ot..
TWENTY-F ~
FTKH 7ST...;._ a
TWNTY-S IXTKH 7 PLK. I
TWENTY-SEV:N~HK-
I
K-7 . I(. I
ST
TWENTV-E IGHTH ST
K- >
TWENTY-EIGHTH ST
K-7.
TWENTY-NINTH ST
K- 0
TWENTY-NINTH ST
K-7 , K- I
C-14
TWIN OAK ST.
D-20
TWIN I NG
Ell
TWO TRU: AV.
All
TYBUAN ST
K- I
8- 11
UDELL CT
C-17
ULYSSES ST
J- 10
UNION AV
G-12
UNION DA.
UNION PACIFIC A.V
L-11
L-10
UNIVEftSITY AV
1-1!1
UP ..ER 8L'l/O.
H-11
UTAH ST
VALENCIA ST
VALENTINI[ ST
VALLEJO 5'r
V ALLEY OAK OR .
VALLEY ST
H-11
C-U
F-17
A 7
F-11
M- 7
...
G-'
C-12
'
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"" .
GTON
i-n
F-13
....
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Vl!'.N1._.._
VENICE w
VCNUS D"
VERDE OAK Ol't ,
VE:fltDE ST
VEROEMOUlt AV .
VERDUGO RD
VERMONT AV
VERMONT PL .
VEANON AV
VERONA ST
VESTAL AV
VESTAL DA
VICTO .. ST
VICTORIA Al/
J.,.
NOLL OR: C- 1
H-11
_, L.~l<I: A'\/
'lltESrM1NSTER A'V
.
.
,_ .
Q-
VICTORIA PARK Dllt
VICTOftlA f"AA.K PL
,_
'l/ICTORlNE AV
VIEW ST
VIGNES !IT
VINE ST
VINEYARDS..-.
VIOLA CT
'VIOLET ST
VIRGIL AV
V I RG I N ST
VIRGINIA AV
V l llltG I N IA RO.
V ISTA Dlt
VISTA "IT
0-11
1-14
M-11
F-'
o.1e
,..15
H-15
B- I
,~
M-.
::~AER1 ~~~T I; _ ~:fl
WESTMORLAND AV
H-10
WESTMOl'tLANO
1- I
BLVCI
Wl[STMO UNT AV 0- !
WE!TMOUNT DA 0- I
WEST POINT Dl"t C-17
WEST ROSEH l LL DR
0-19
K- 4
WEST V I EW ST
Q- 4
WEXHAM WAY
,._15
WEYSl ST
B-20
WHEELING WAY
WH 1TE HOUSE PL
F-10
F-14
WHITENOLL OR ,
G-20
WHITESI DE AV
B- 5
WHITLEY AV
A- '
WHITLEY TR
J - 17
WHITTll[R BL.VO
H-1
WH ITTIER ST
WH ITWOR TH OR CEWILCO)( Al/
J ;"
W ILOE ST
F t
WILHAROT ST
Dll
J-15
0-10
CIO
C- 7
:1tt:f,."~VOR
Kll
H .o:.l
WILLIAMS
WILLOUGHBY AV
J.'
c. '
C - 11
A-19
TENTH AV
TENTH ST
"f!R:RACE: DR
TERAILL AV
TERRY PL
Tli:SL.A A'\/
T!:VtOT ST
THELMA. AV
THE PASEO
THIRD AV
THIRD ST.
THIRD ST .
+m ::~E~1TH
G-17
G-lft
A-U
B. 17
J-11
A- Z
3.
BRIDGE, 605 North Boyie
YI.LE ST
YEAGER PL
YO .. KU M ST
YOLO OR
YORBA ST
YORKSH I RE OR
YUBA ST
YUCCA ~T
G-U
A- 5
C-20
4.
CALIFORNIA, 499 Cali f or nia
ZALVI OEA ST ,
?:AMORA ST
ZANE
ZONAL AV
F-12
N-1l
0.20
G-11
5.
CASTEL.AR, 508 College
a.
aORONEL, 725 Wilson Street
7.
CUSTER, 421 Custer Avenue
8.
FIRST, 2820 East First Street
9.
FREMONT, 238
t:: 1
-15
0-19
A-15
E-15
111. S
One of Aect of over 200 m odern, weatherproof motor-vans.

E quipped with balloon tire s
111!!1
0-11
F-12
.....
GATES, 122
11.
HAMMEL, 438 North Branniok
12.
LORETO, 3408 Arroyo Seco
1.3 .
MARIANNA, East First and Marianna
L4 .
NEVIN, 1569 East 3Znd Street
15 .
102nd STREET, 1911 East 103rd
lo.
SAN FERNANDO , Corner Mission and Mott
L7 .
SOTO , 1020 South Soto
18 .
STAUNTON, 1656 Staunton
19.
28th STRERT, 2807 Stanford Avenue
20 .
UTAH, l.74 North Utah
2i.
WADSWORTH, 1025 East 38th Street
22.
WESTMINSTER, i030 Washington
23 .
MACY, ?16 Avila Street
L.- I
G ti
J-17
11-20
11:-17
B-12
B-IS
D-20
A-15
L 7
- I
G-13
~= ~
THll'tTY-SIXn~:r&T~-
------
ll
K'
T~\-;.,TY-SEV"l!:;;tH L- 9
T~TRTY-E1GH~t.:pt t
THIRTY-EIQH~ils'r" t
THOMAS i T L-I, ~:1:
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THO A ~J[ A'\/ ,

THUfltMAN Al/
Cll
J- 2
T09ER MAN ST
TOLUCA BT .
TOPA?: ST
TOA.RI! WAY
TOUAMA\..I NE ST
TOWER OA.
.J-U.
TOWNE Al/
TOWNSEND ST
TRACTl.lN AV .
TRACY ST
, RANSIT AV
TREMAINS: AV
TRl!.MONT 9T '
TRltNTON ST
TllllNITY ST
TULAROSA Of'
TUl'tNER ST
TURQUOISE ST
JI 1
Ci -13
0-19
L-1 e
0-11.
South Gates Street
10.
J 2"
G14
THll'tTYSIXTH ST
L-1. L - 9
THl ...T"Y-SEVl!NTH
~: ~~l\/T.
South Fremont
0-U
AV.
THl l'tTIP!TH PL.
L - 1, L- 9
K- 5
THIRTIETH ST .
THIRTIETH ST.
L-1. L 9
T H IRTY-F lfll:ST 5T
l.-8. L.-9
T H IRTY-SECON D T
l.-1 . L ll
THIRTY-THIRD ST
L..-1, L t
T!-.IATY-FOURTH ST.
L-1, L- 9
THIRTY-,-IFTH ~L
LI, L - t
THIRTY-FIFTH ST
L..-1. L - t
THIRTY - SIXTH PL
+~g::~g~ it
BARTON HILL, 423 North Paoifia
WORKMAN ST
WORTH ST.
WORTHN ST
WREN OR
WR I GHT ST
WYNDH'-M ST.
A- 5
::,J
&-1 1
A-17
7
K t
C- 10
C 1
L-1
2.
N- 11
Mll
a..10
SUNSET DR
G-10
SUNSE"T PL
11""-lS
SUNVUE PL.
E-lt
SUPCRIOR CT
E-1t
SUPREME CT
A-11
SURRY ST
SUTHl!RLAND ST . .IS
0- 2
SWEETZER AV.
K-1 I
SWIFT ST
SYCAMORI!'. Al/
A5, C- I
SVCAMONE PA"I(
C-11
OR
TACOMA AV
TACUBA ST
TA..-T AV
TALLMAN ST
TALMADGE 9T .
TAMAR I ND A'\/
TARLETON ST
TATUM ST
TAV~OA ST
TllLAK ST.
Tf.EO ST
Tl'.LLUN10E ST
TEMPI.. S T.
TEMPLE H ILL DR
ALBION, 220 South Avenue is
W ITT PL
WOLLAM 5T
"'DAV
WN AV.
WN CT
DR
DE
B- 2
B-11
1
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G- Z
PIZ
J-11
1-15
A-11
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H- 5
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1-l :l
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0-t 1
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o-:zo
K- I
TWELFTH A I/
H- Z
TWELFTH ST
1- 3
TWENTll!TH ST .
TWE:NTIETH ST.
K -7. K I
On e of Bekins' Port-0 -V.ans in which the average six rooms of

furniture is pla ced for shipment or stora ge
BEKINS OWN and OPERATE

F U RNIT U RE DEPOSITORIES
in th e FOLLO WIN G CI T IE S
Los A ngeles
Gle ndale
Sacramento
Portland
V a ncouver
Pasadena
B everly H ills
H ollywood
Santa
Barbara
San F rancisco
Seattle
Fresno
San Diego
Berkeley
Oakland
Spok ane
Tacoma
Omaha
Sioux C ity
W.llqJIB ltlUWS
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81
TABLE VI
20
THE LATEST CITY MAP OF LOS ANGELES

COMPLIMENTS
BEKINS VAN AND STORAGE CO.

LOS ANGELES. CAL.
1335 SO. FIGUEROA ST.
PICO ANO CRENSHAW BLVD.

ALSO 8431 . SANTA MONICA
HOLLYWOOD,
BLVD,
.
.
.... 17
,_ '
~:::
~:f:
~::
ANE
1-11
8- 3
111
'r
8:1~
DA
...
GLltN AV
N ST.
9T.
ST.
,
A.t..K
BEACH l"L
i:l~
8:::
-11
AU
0-U
EIS
E- I
11:-11
D-13
K-17
D-14
C::f!
Kll
AUGUSTA ST.
AVALON Ill.VO
AVAL.ON ST.
OU
0-IS
:~~~~~~r
AVENUE
''YENUE
"Vl:NUll!:
AVENUE
AVl:NUE
17
U
U
20
21
~~~~8~ n
AVENUE H
AVENUE l7
0-13
AVENUE 50 AU
AVENUE ll A14
AVl!NUE :U A-U
AVENUE U A-15
D-17
D-17
.. VENUE :u ... 15
.. VENUE U Jl-15
.. VENUE l f
11.vu... u11:31
11.VICNU1!:31
.. VICNUl!!:Jlil
JlVENUE4G
JlVENUE41
~~~:;:~~H
.. VENUE44
AVENUE45
AVENUE48
AVENUEO
AVENUEO
AVENUll: 50
AVENUE51
AVENUE 52
.. VENUE!IJ
AVENUE U
AVENUE H
AVENUE,_
AVICNUE57
AVIENUIEU
ANGll:LINA ST.
ANGELUS AV.
ANGUS ST.
ANN ST.
ANTONIA ST.
APEX AV.
APOLLO DR .
APPIAN WAY
Al".. LIEIT.
AQUA PURA ON,
ANAGON AV
a-11
-.
-.t:i
~~;f
-11
" T. All
A-D
AV.
'
CQL[ AV
~=l~
COLE PL..
COLEMAN AV
COLGATE: AV
COLIN/I. 11.V
g:a
BLVD. M- I
E-U
017
D-17
0-17
TAii
0.11
vV.
!=!i
.-rr.
Ml1
M-11
~ ~t
E-17
G17
CLIFTON WAY
CL1 NTON 15T. 01
CLOVER "IT
:t~~~RADVALE AV.
COATES
(;QCHNAN 11.\/.
COCOS DR
i:.~~-1 ~=I~
E-17
C-11
AVll:NUE t i D-1'
AVENUE l t
H-1
Y PL.
~=lf
E-17
AVEN!Jt: U
.. ,.
HI)
KU
GlS
H-17
E-111
E-11
F-1'
11:-11
COLL~GI[
ST
COLLEN ST
G-a
a-11
C-17
C-U
C-11
C-lr
~=
N- t
AST
H-u
LAV. H-1)
J 2
AV
H- 0
AY. 'ii::~
i:I~
0-10
B-17
8-17
817
TON wAY
A-ti
Jl-11
Jlll
11.tl
Jl-11
A-11
... 11
8-19
A-19
11.19
11.19
EST,
TE,.FLY LAN!!:.
~= 2~
L-11
0-20
1- l l
8Yl'IAM ST.
CABOT ST.C
CADILLAC AV
CAHl.IENGA 11.V.
CllLl,-ORNlilti ST.
CALUMIET 11.V.
C-15
J- 1
B- I
G-14
,..1J
CENTENNIAL ST
CltNTEN ST
CENTINli:L .. AV
CENTNAL AV
J-1.
CEl'llli:S AV
Cl!!:Nl'llTOS l"L
8l~:::h~~N.:;~
J: :
H
A. 7
CS
a.;ico
F- 2
G1l
F1"
J. I
~::f
c-1
,_
10
II
14
ts
16
17
18
St.
1-15
o-u
JU
A I
Q. 1
~=:~
1- I
CHAl'lllTON ST
CHAllllLllVILLli: BLVf_
1
CHAllllLOTTIC 15T. G-11
CHANLTON WAY 8- I
1!11'
CHAUCll:l't ST.
CHllVllZ RiltiVINlt RO
E-14
CHllVltZ ST. FU G15
AL ST.
'
H-1$, A- 3
COMMOOOl't E ST. E.19
COMMONWEilti'-TH 11.V
COMM. SLOll.T Qjll!A-IO
COMl"TON ilti\/
MU, 014
Lll
CONCORD ST
J I
CONGRESS IT
CONNl[CTICUT 5T
r:n
s!.f 0-2.ll
T.
\/.
E-U
G-20
......
,_
'
M N(HST/f
.Q
H-20
G- 12
1111
CERl'IO AZUL
CllRl'IO GORDO STC-U
CHALMIEl'lll 01'11
8:l:
,-. 1
0 ll
Gll
a_
Q- 5
M BLVD .
D-17
C-0
~:ii
,._,,
::11
F-11
H-l:t
c-1:
AUSTIN ST. MU, R- l

1:-10
AUTO P'l..
7:1~
"""
G-U
AUGUSTINCli~ 5 ' ~:1J
LIST OF STREETS
~AY:~
1-11
JlO
"ll
F-111
CHULA VISTA
C-lt
0-ll
A-11,SZ
AUROl'llA ST.
A- I
'ti!
DR
BONSALLO AV.
J-11. Q-10
ASHt.."ND AV.
ASHMORE l"L.
ATLANTIC ST
ATTILA DA
AUBfU:Y ST.
AUBURN ST.
~:'!
HU.J-17
-.
BONNIE BRAE ST. H-11
ASHCRO ...T AV
AHS.
0-'
ST
'-""
0-17
K-5, Q. t
-'
CT.
OR
.11-ZO
A"l'llOYO Sl:CO 14,V.
t:,:
A- 1
11.V
K-14
c-
l[-1
.... 10
J-11
Gll
~:::
o
~"
~"
~"
HILLS
1- 11
1-1l
H-10
~:f~
BEVERLY
19
20
C H A P I T E R
TI
"H OHE
TEA CHI B"
f ORK
CHAPTER 1
THE HOME TEACHER WORK
The Home T ea ch er A ct o f 1 9 1 5 .
P o l i t i c a l code o f
C a lif o r n ia , S e c t io n 1617B , C hapter 5 7 .

B oards o f s c h o o l t r u s t e e s and c i t y B oards o f E d u ca tio n
o f any s c h o o l d i s t r i c t , may em ploy t e a c h e r s t o be known
a s Home T each ers* (N ot e x c e e d in g one su ch home t e a c h e r
f o r - e v e r y f i v e hundred u n i t s o f a v era g e d a i l y a tte n d a n c e
in t h e common s c h o o ls o f s a id d i s t r i c t s a s shown b y th e
r e p o r t o f t h e County S u p e r in te n d e n t o f S c h o o ls f o r th e
n e x t p r e c e d in g s c h o o l 1* I t s h a l l be th e d u ty o f th e Home
T ea ch er t o work in homes o f p u p i l s , i n s t r u c t i n g c h ild r e n
and a d u l t s in m a tt e r s r e l a t i n g t o s c h o o l a tte n d a n c e and
p r e p a r a tio n th e r e fo r e ;: a l s o , in s a n i t a t i o n , i n th e E n g lis h
la n g u a g e , i n h o u se h o ld d u t i e s su ch a s p u r c h a se , p re p a r a
t i o n and u s e o f fo o d and c l o t h i n g , and in t h e fu n d a m en tal
p r i n c i p l e s o f th e Am erican sy ste m o f governm ent and th e
r i g h t s and d u t i e s o f c i t i z e n s h i p *
(The q u a l i f i c a t i o n s
o f such t e a c h e r s s h a l l be a r e g u la r k in d e r g a r t e n , p rim ary,
e le m e n ta r y , o r se c o n d a r y c e r t i f i c a t e t o t e a c h in t h e
s c h o o ls o f C a lif o r n ia and s p e c i a l f i t n e s s t o p erfo rm t h e
d u t i e s o f th e home t e a c h e r ; p r o v id e d , t h a t t h e s a l a r i e s
o f such t e a c h e r s s h a l l b e p a id from th e c i t y o r d i s t r i c t
s p e c i a l s c h o o l fu n d s * I1
.1*
COMMENTS ON THE ACT.

T h is a c t r e c e iv e d t h e G overn or*s s ig n a t u r e on A p r il
1 0 t h , 1915 and became o p e r a t iv e on A ugust 8 , 1 9 1 5 .

I t was a w is e p e r so n who f i r s t s a id C h a r ity b e g in s
a t home ; i t w as a w is e r p e r s o n who added b u t i t sh o u ld
n o t s t a y t h e r e . The p u b lic s c h o o ls a re f o r th e c h i l
d r e n ; th e y a r e w is e r now when th e y s a y ;
The p u b lic
1 W r itte n by Hon. N a th a n ie l P . Conroy*

G overnor Joh n son , A p r il 1 1 , 1 9 1 5 .
S ig n e d b y
84
s c h o o ls a r e f o r t h e w hole f a m ily 12
We o f th e c o a s t f e l t i t w as a momentous and f a r r e a c h
in g p ie c e o f l e g i s l a t i o n *
Hot t h a t we c la im to h ave in v e n te d
t h e name v i s i t i n g te a c h e r *
Under many names she was a lr e a d y
e x i s t i n g in a m o d ifie d form a s p a r t o f th e p u b lic s c h o o l s y s

tem in s e v e r a l c i t i e s
o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s *
She w as em ployed
by t h e I n d ia n s e r v i c e
who c a l l e d h e r a f i e l d
m atron, w h ile
th e I n d ia n s c a l l e d h er th e g o in g about woman, and w a ite d

f o r h er w ith t h e i r t r o u b le s *
E x t r a c t 1617 b .
CErom t h e Home T each er Act* J
B oards o f s c h o o l t r u s t e e s o r c i t y b o a r d s o f e d u c a tio n
o f any s c h o o l d i s t r i c t , may em ploy t e a c h e r s to be known
a s 'home t e a c h e r s , * n o t e x c e e d in g o n e su ch home t e a c h e r
f o r - e v e r y f i v e hundred u n i t s o f a v e r a g e d a ily a tte n d a n c e .
^ H en cefo rth I a sk n o t , good f o r t u n e , I m y s e lf am good
f o r t u n e , w ro te Whitman*
As a home t e a c h e r you a re t o c a r r y
th e l i n e a s t e p f a r t h e r and b e a b i t o f good
fo r tu n e to every
f a m ily In you r s c h o o l d i s t r i c t , th u s s a i t h th e f i r s t
Home
T ea ch er, Amanda Mathews C hase.

S E u a lific a ti o n s o f t h e Home T eacher*
1*
I t i s r e q u ir e d t h a t sh e b e an e d u c a to r w ith a
. v a l i d c e r t i f i c a t e f o r p u b lic s c h o o l t e a c h in g .
&*
That sh e be in e x c e l l e n t h e a l t h .
From an a d d r e s s d e liv e r e d by Amanda M atthew s C hase,

a s a s p e c i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f th e Com m ission o f Im m ig ra tion
and H o u sin g , a t a j o i n t s e s s i o n o f th e N a tio n a l C on gress o f
M others and t h e P a re n t T e a ch er s A s s o c ia t i o n a t O akland, C a li
f o r n ia i n 1915* The Home T ea ch er, P am p h let, p u b lis h e d by Im
m ig r a tio n and H o u sin g , 1915* 3 1 i3 5 . The A ct W ith a Working
Plan*
3*
E x p e r ie n c e a s a t e a c h e r .
4.
Speak la n g u a g e o f h e r l a r g e s t group*
5*
Have t a c t ,
6*.
That she
sh o u ld n o t be* p r im a r ily a n u r se o r a
. d o m e stic s c i e n c e t e a c h e r , but t h a t sh e know when
t o c a l l th e n u r s e and enough o f d o m e stic s c ie n c e
t o d i r e c t sim p le home le s s o n s *
In group work
a t t h e s c h o o l sh e may h ave th e h e lp o f th e sp e~
e i a l te a c h e r s *
7*
She sh o u ld n o t b e s e n tim e n ta l*
8*
That she sh o u ld n o t e x c e p t in c a s e s o f em ergency,

. b e a g iv e r o f fo o d , money o r ev en o ld c lo t h e s *
9*
That sh e
10*
judgment
and p a t i e n c e *
sh o u ld n o t b e e a s i l y d isco u ra g e d *
That sh e
sh o u ld n ot t a l k r e l i g i o n o r a llo w h e r s e l f
, t o b e c o n s u lt e d on th e s u b j e c t *3
A c a r e f u l ex p erim en t i n 1 9 1& o f a y e a r i n home t e a c h in g

was co m p leted a t th e A m elia S t r e e t S c h o o l, In l o s A n g e le s ,
under c o n d it io n s a t on ce f a v o r a b le and u n fa v o r a b le *
Mrs > Amanda M atthews Chase v o l u n t e e r s *
The t e a c h e r ,
Mrs* Amanda M atthews G hase, v o lu n t e e r e d t o s e r v e th e s c h o o l

d ep artm ent in o r d e r t o p ro v e th e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e
and t h a t sh e m igh t e s t a b l i s h s ta n d a r d s f o r f u t u r e work*
la w
Mrs*
Ghase w as a t e a c h e r o f tw e lv e y e a r s e x p e r ie n c e , f o u r y e a r s o f
t h i s tim e b e in g sp e n t in th e c i t y o f M ex ico , t e a c h in g E n g lis h
to u p p er c l a s s M exican g i r l s *
diplom a*
As an e d u c a to r sh e h e ld a l i f e
She w as a c o l l e g e woman, and a s o c i a l w orker o f
3 The Home T ea ch er, Immigrant E d u ca tio n No* 5 , Commis

s io n o f Im m igration and H o u sin g , o f C a lif o r n ia *
d i s t i n c t i o n , who had sp e n t y e a r s in s e t t le m e n t e n d e a v o r .
86
The u n fa v o r a b le e le m e n ts were t h a t t h e r e was no s u i t

a b le p la c e i n t h e s c h o o l h ouse f o r th e group work w hich
was t o b e d on e, f a r any la r g e group t o a sse m b le a f t e r th e
lo w e s t g r a d e s w ere d is m is s e d and t o occu p y t h e t i n y
c h a ir s o f l i t t l e c h ild r e n was d i f f i c u l t . There w as no
n u r s e r y in w hich t o le a v e th e l i t t l e c h ild r e n and t h e
t e a c h in g w as som etim es much c o n fu se d by b a b y - te n d in g .
But th e women en jo y ed w a tc h in g th e p r o g r e s s o f th e new
b u ild in g and a n t i c i p a t i n g *t h e i r new c o o k in g room* and
*t h e i r new sew ing-room *
The ab ove g iv e s a word p ic t u r e o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n c l a s s
p rob lem s in 1 9 1 6 .
The y e a r n s ex p er im en t p roved t h a t group work a t th e
s c h o o l h o u se was a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y ,, th a t sta n d a r d s m ust b e
e s t a b lis h e d by p r a c t i c a l p e o p le and n o t by t h e o r i s t s in o f
fic e s .
T h is d e l i c a t e t a s k must be u n d erta k en o n ly by women
o f s u p e r io r e x p e r ie n c e and q u a l i f i c a t i o n s .
That ea ch s c h o o l
sh o u ld p r o v id e a sim p le eq u ip p ed h o u se k e e p in g c e n t e r w ith
c l a s s e s f o r women in s e w in g , co o k in g and g e n e r a l homemaking.
^This y e a r o f home t e a c h in g h a s b een a y e a r o f wonder
f u l o p p o r tu n ity , o f many t h r i l l s and some j o l t s . *5
Some p r a c t i c a l and a d m in is t r a t iv e a d v ic e t o new Home
T e a c h e r s* g i v i n g b o th c o n s t r u c t iv e and d e s t r u c t i v e m a t e r i a l .
The s c h o o l i s th e c e n t e r from w hich t o w ork.
The r e
l a t i o n s w ith th e p r in c ip a l a re su p rem ely im p o r ta n t, f o r th e

Home T eacher i s p r a c t i c a l l y h e r o u t s id e a s s i s t a n t , h e r
^ Amanda M atthew s C hase, A P r a c t i c a l P la n f o r t h e Home

T e a c h e r . _A pam phlet,. C a lif o r n ia S t a t e P r in t in g O f f i c e . 5 Ibid.
n eigh b o rh o o d deputy*
There can be b u t one head t o t h e s c h o o l
d i s t r i c t and t h a t i s th e p r i n c i p a l *
W herever th e two th in k
d i f f e r e n t l y and th e Home T each er can n ot c o n v in c e th e p r in

c i p a l , th e n th e Hone T each er i s th e one who m ust g i v e way*
The p r in c ip a l w i l l b e v e r y b u sy th e f i r s t w eek o f s c h o o l, and
o n ly by s t a y in g c l o s e can th e Home T each er r e a l l y make h e r
a c q u a in ta n c e *
T h is o u t s id e a s s i s t a n t n e e d s a ls o to know th e g rad e
t e a c h e r s and t o h ave them u n d ersta n d h e r p la c e in t h e system #
L a te r th e Home T each er^ s work w i l l to u ch t h e i r s in many
p la c e s *
A ls o , th e f i r s t week o f s c h o o l th e Home T each er w i l l
le a r n more o f th e n eig h b o rh o o d by s t a y in g a t th e s c h o o l h ou se
th a n by o u t s id e c a l l s #
She can v i s i t th e sch o o lro o m s and b e
p r e s e n te d t o th e c h ild r e n a s th e t e a c h e r who h as come t o be

a f r ie n d t o a l l t h e i r m oth ers*
She w i l l m eet numbers o f
m o th ers in th e p r i n c i p a l ' s o f f i c e e n t e r in g t h e i r c h ild r e n *

By F r id a y a fte r n o o n o f th e f i r s t w eek th e Home T each er w i l l
be i d e n t i f i e d w ith th e s c h o o l i n t h e m inds o f some p o r t io n
o f t h e d i s t r i c t , and t h a t i s what i s wanted*
The se co n d week th e Home T each er can b e g in th e a c t u a l
v is itin g *
Don1t f o r c e a v i s i t in th e l e a s t #
When th e Home
T each er s a y s she i s from t h e s c h o o l sh e w i l l p r o b a b ly b e i n

v i t e d and can tu r n th e erra n d i n t o a f r i e n d l y v i s i t *
That
d oor and a l l o t h e r d o o r s w i l l open t o h er in good tim e*

The m o th ers' g l a s s e s may b e o r g a n iz e d som etim e d u rin g
88
t h e seco n d week o f s c h o o l o r s h o r t l y a f t e r *
I t i s a good
p la n to have ea ch c l a s s m eet two a f te r n o o n s a week*

t o form c l a s s e s from th e le a d in g n a t i o n a l i t i e s .
A lso
One a f t e r
noon th e program can be an E n g lis h l e s s o n f o llo w e d by cook

in g , c le a n in g o r la u n d ry *
The t e a c h in g o f so n g s i s a u s e f u l
and much e n jo y e d p a r t o f t h i s group i n s t r u c t i o n . 6

There a re now, in 1 9 3 4 , tw e n ty -fo u r home t e a c h e r s ,
f o r t h i r t y - e i g h t s c h o o ls in Los A n g eles* ^
L o c a tio n o f n ig h t s c h o o l*
s c h o o l,
I t was in th e e le m e n ta r y
(n o t th e h ig h s c h o o l) c l o s e to th e f o r e i g n com m unity*
to w hich t h e c h ild r e n h ave a lr e a d y worn a p a t h , th a t th e

f o r e i g n e r found a sp o t in A m erica t h a t b e lo n g e d to him*
Here
he found men and women o f h i s own n a t i o n a l i t y , from h i s own

n e ig h b o r h o o d .
The h ig h s c h o o l i s o f t e n th e b e s t p la c e f o r
advanced c l a s s e s and f o r some o f th e c l a s s e s p r e p a r in g f o r

c itiz e n s h ip p ap ers.
There i s an in tim a c y about th e n e ig h
borhood s c h o o l t h a t can n o t be o b ta in e d in th e b i g im p o sin g

u n ap p roach ab le h ig h s c h o o l*
How more and more h ig h s c h o o ls
a re u sed a s th e f o r e i g n c h ild r e n a r e i n h ig h s c h o o l.
W herever th e n ig h t s c h o o l h o ld s i t s s e s s i o n s i t sh o u ld
be o r g a n iz e d a s an a d u lt in s t i t u t i o n * .
The men and women in
& K o sso v a , H e r o ic S on gs o f th e S e r b s ,
M i f f l i n Company, 1 9 2 0 .)
? Cf* T ab le V X II.
(H oughton
89
a tte n d a n c e sh o u ld be made t o f e e l im p o rta n t and n o t t r e a t e d
a s th e c h ild r e n in th e day s c h o o l .
One o f th e e a s i e s t ways
t o a c c o m p lish t h i s i s t o form a c lu b o f th e s t u d e n t s and p u t

th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f s o l v i n g th e sc h o o l, p rob lem s on th e c lu b .
One o f th e c lu b co m m ittee s on t h i s s u b j e c t c o u ld b e
o f immense v a lu e to th e p r in c ip a l, in d is c o v e r in g w h eth er o r
n o t t h e c o n te n t o f th e work p r e s e n te d i n c l a s s w as s u i t a b l e .
V a lu a b le c r i t i c i s m s have b een o b ta in e d by p r i n c i p a l s , th rou gh
su ch q u e s tio n in g *
I t i s im p o r ta n t t o know why a man comes t o s c h o o l and
why he le a v e s *
The o n ly way to b u ild up a tte n d a n c e i s th ro u g h some
p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t b etw een t h e s c h o o l and th e com m unity.
E very
n ig h t s c h o o l w ould g a in by p a y in g i t s t e a c h e r s f o r a c e r t a in
amount o f n eig h b o rh o o d v i s i t i n g *
The s c h o o l can be m ost
h e l p f u l i n t h i s way, e s p e c i a l l y th e day s c h o o l p r in c ip a l*
Many n ig h t s c h o o ls f a i l b e c a u se th e y do n o t have th e
c o - o p e r a t io n o f day s c h o o l p r in c ip a l and th e j a n i t o r .
Most s c h o o ls where th e a tte n d a n c e i s la r g e enough
have a t l e a s t th r e e g r a d e s w hich th e y d e s ig n a t e a s " b eg in
n e r s ," " in t e r m e d ia t e ,* and " ad v a n ced ."
The b e g in n e r s c l a s s ca n b e made up o f t h o s e who h ave
a sp e a k in g E n g lis h v o c a b u la r y o f l e s s th an t h r e e hundred
w ords and n o t more th a n f i v e hundred w o r d s.
Am erican i l l i t e r a t e s whose n a t i v e to n g u e i s E n g lis h
m ust b e se p a r a te d from t h o s e who speak no E n g lis h and a r e
90
i l l i t e r a t e as w e ll.
B r in e t p le s o f te c h n iq u e .
i s a p s y c h o lo g ic a l p ro b lem ory.
The le a r n in g o f a la n g u a g e
I t i s n o t j u s t a m a tte r o r mem
The im p ortan ce o r th e e m o tio n a l u rg e b eh in d t h e e f f o r t
t o spa ale a new la n g u a g e can n o t be o v e r e s tim a te d *
The n e c
e s s i t y f o r overcom in g r a t ig u e p r e s e n t s an e t e r n a l p roblem t o
th e n ig h t s c h o o l t e a c h e r .
She m ust l i f t
th e c l a s s u n t i l th e
w e a r in e s s o f th e day i s f o r g o t t e n , and t h i s can o n ly b e done

when e v e r y member o f th e group f e e l s t h a t he i s r e c e i v i n g h e r
a t t e n t i o n a l l t h e t im e .
S e n te n c e m ethod .
r a t h e r th a n th e w ord-
I t i s im p o rta n t t o b e g in w ith s e n te n c e
The s e n te n c e r a t h e r th an th e i s o l a t e d
word i s th e u n it o f la n g u a g e .
Such a s , tfI go t o a s a l e . n
The f o l l o w i n g p a g e s w i l l i l l u s t r a t e th e tr e a tm e n t
o f such a s e n t e n c e in t e a c h in g a d u lt i l l i t e r a t e s .
8 J e a n e t t e B ach rach , U s e f u l E n g lis h f o r B e g in n e r s

(D a n s v i l i e , New Y ork: F . A. Owen Company, 1 9 3 6 ) % p p . 3 - 7 .
91
BEGINNERS * LESSON*
* I am In d e b ted to M agdalena Senna* a s e n io r a t

The U n iv e r s ity - o f C a lif o r n ia a t L os A n g e le s , f o r th e penman*s h ip work o f t h i s B e g in n e r s * L e s s o n * .
93
93
SALE
s a le
94
GO
go
s a le
to
TO
to
go
T
t
95
The
B a le
Co.
Sal
The
B a le
B a le
Co
Co.
S a le
B a le
buy
buy
fo r
1/2
1/2
le s s
f*or
The f o llo w in g i s an i l l u s t r a t i o n o f an In te r m e d ia te
L e sso n a s g iv e n in th e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n c l a s s e s r
COLUMBUS DAY
V ocab u lary b u i l d i n g ,
fla t
I n d ia
tr a v e le d
crew
a sh o r e
round
tic h
m erch a n ts
u rg ed
I s la n d
O ctob er t w e l f t h i s Columbus D ay,

was an I t a l i a n s a i l o r .
C h r is to p h e r Columbus
He l i v e d many hundred y e a r s a g o .
At t h a t tim e p e o p le th o u g h t t h a t t h e w o rld was f l a t *

Columbus d id n o t t h in k t h i s .
He th o u g h t t h a t t h e w orld was
round and t h a t by s a i l i n g t o th e West he w ould f in d th e E a st*

I n d ia w as a v e r y r i c h co u n try *
E very y e a r p e o p le
t r a v e l e d E a s t many m i l e s o v e r la n d t o t r a d e w ith t h e m erch an ts

th e r e *
Columbus th o u g h t t h a t by s a i l i n g w e st a c r o s s th e w a te r
h e c o u ld f i n d a s h o r t e r way t o I n d i a . 9
He was p o o r , and f o r a lo n g tim e no one w ould g iv e
h im th e money f o r s h i p s *
At; l a s t th e queen o f S p a in h e lp e d him*
He bought
t h r e e s m a ll s h ip s and w ith h i s crew s t a r t e d o u t o v e r th e un

known o c e a n .
Many m onths th e y s a i l e d w ith o u t s e e in g la n d .
9 R ose M* Q*T o o le . P r a c t i c a l E n g lis h f o r Hew

A m ericans (C h ic a g o : B* C* H eath and Company, 1 9 2 1 .)
The
88
s a i l o r s w anted to tu r n b ack b u t Columbus u rg ed them t o
s a i l on*
At la s t , la n d was se e n and on O ctob er 1 2 , 1 4 9 2 ,
Columbus and h i s s a i l o r s went a s h o r e *
re a ch ed In d ia *
They th o u g h t th e y had
But th e la n d was an is l a n d o f f th e c o a s t o f
Am erica *
Our c o u n tr y i s som etim es c a l l e d Colum bia in h onor o f
C h r is to p h e r Columbus*
Exercises.
Read th e f o llo w in g s e n t e n c e s , f i l l i n g
In
th e b la n k s , th e n co p y :
O ctob er 1 2 th i s _______________
Columbus was an__________________s a i l o r

He l i v e d many
ye a r s ago*
He w ish ed t o f in d a s h o r t r o u te t o ______ .
The queen o f
._________
He s a i l e d o f f o v e r th e
g a v e him money to buy s h i p s .
.____________
The s a i l o r s w ish ed t o
o cean*
.
Columbus urged them t o _______ __________

A f t e r many m onths th e y la n d e d on an i s l a n d o f f th e
coast of
__________. .. *
They th o u g h t t h e y had r e a c h e d _______
They c a l l e d th e p e o p le th e y fou n d on th e is la n d ___________

Columbus cla im e d th e la n d in th e name of
Our c o u n tr y i s som etim es c a l l e d
_________ _
i n honor o f
Columbus .
10
The f o l l o w i n g i s a t y p i c a l advanced l e s s o n ta u g h t in
th e day and e v e n in g s c h o o ls :
Jean Y a lje a n to o k C o s e tte t o P a r is *
room in a v e r y poor p a r t o f t h e c i t y *
r e a d and s p e l l .
He r e n te d an o ld
He ta u g h t C o s e t t e t o
They were v e r y happy to g e th e r *
C o s e tte o f t e n s a i d , " F a th e r, i s n ' t t h i s a b e a u t i f u l

room?1'
The room was r e a l l y v e r y o ld and u g ly *
But th e c h i l d
w as h appyj so e v e r y t h in g lo o k e d b e a u t i f u l t o h e r * 1 *^
3.
HELPS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE NEW HOME TEACHER.

To h o ld m o th e r 's c l a s s e s in a prim ary gra d e room a f t e r
s c h o o l, w ith a d is t u r b e d J a n it o r h o v e r in g a b o u t a n x io u s to
sw eep, i s so m eth in g t o be en d ured o n ly a s a tem p orary ex p ed
ie n t *
I f th e Board o f E d u ca tio n can n o t f u r n is h p la c e and
m a te r ia ls , i t
i s w e l l to s e e i f some w ide-aw ake wom en's c lu b
o r o t h e r o r g a n iz a t io n w i l l n o t ecprtp a l i t t l e h o u se k e e p in g
c e n t e r a t th e s c h o o l o r c l o s e by*
The s e s s i o n s may be ab out two h o u rs l o n g .
The b a b ie s
m ust b e made w elcom e, a s t h e m o th ers u s u a l ly can n o t a t te n d

w ith o u t them .
"I have som etim es had more b a b ie s p r e s e n t
IQ R o se M. O 'T o o le , l o c . c j t .
11 E t t i e L e e , C o s e t t e 's New Home. An A d a p ta tio n o f
Y i e t o r H u g o 's L e s M is e r a b le s . C h a p te r XXIX, p . 8 1 .
th a n women* n
1 f th e s c h o o l h a s a day n u r s e r y , th e y may b e
o ared f o r d u r in g th e l e s s o n i f n o t , a v o lu n t e e r h e lp e r w ould
be m ost u s e f u l f o r t h i s p u rp ose*
The Home T each er sh o u ld n o t h e r s e l f ta k e v i s i t o r s i n t o
anybody*s home*
F ir m ly r e f u s e t h o s e who want " to go around
and s e e how you do i t . w

E very fo r e n o o n sh o u ld be sp e n t in th e homes*
The
c l a s s e s w i l l o n ly be i s l a n d s in th e s e a o f th e Home T eacher *s
w ork.
She sh o u ld make h e r s e l f lo v e d j u s t a s i f she had moved
in t o a new town w here sh e w ish ed t o b e a s o c i a l s u c c e s s , o r
a s i f sh e w ere a new m in i s t e r j u s t come to h e r p a r is h .
Temporary e m e r g e n c ie s t o b e more e x p l i c i t a Home
T each er may ta k e ab out a th r e e days* su p p ly o f g r o c e r ie s to
f a m i l i e s where th e r e was a cupboard a c t u a l l y b a r e .
T h is
would t i d e o v e r u n t i l work was foun d o r u n t i l th e red ta p e

o f c h a r i t a b le o r g a n iz a t io n s co u ld b e unwound.
That l e a v e s o n ly what we may c a l l th e ^ A m en ities* *
T h ese in c lu d e h o lid a y t r i f l e s , d e l i c a c i e s f o r th e s i c k ,
d o l l s and p ic t u r e books f o r c r ip p le d c h ild r e n , f lo w e r s f o r
f u n e r a ls *
T h ese a t t e n t i o n s a r e d e e p ly a p p r e c ia t e d , and do
n o t p a u p e r iz e t h e s e p e o p le any more than th e y p a u p e r iz e

t h o s e in any w alk o f l i f e *
^ Amanda M atthews C h ase, I n te r v ie w w ith h e r .

Home T eacher in Los A n g e le s , r e t i r e d w r itin g *
F ir s t
1Q1
I n d u s tr ia l c l a s s e s .
C a lif o r n ia s c h o o ls a re f a r b eh in d
t h o s e i n th e E a s t in s e c u r in g c o - o p e r a t io n w ith t h e la r g e
i n d u s t r i e s and o f f e r i n g c l a s s e s a t th e i n d u s t r i a l p l a n t s .
T here a r e two r e a s o n s f o r t h i s .
One i s t h a t th e r e a r e so few
i n d u s t r i e s w ith la r g e numbers o f n o n -E n g lis h sp e a k in g em ploy

ees*
The seco n d r e a so n t h a t t h e r e are few i n d u s t r i a l c l a s s e s
i n C a lif o r n ia i s t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l in d u s t r y o f t h i s s t a t e i s
a g r i c u l t u r e , and t h i s glares no o p p o r tu n ity f o r s c h o o l room
a c t i v i t y d u rin g t h e w orking p e r io d *
C a lif o r n ia i s b e g in n in g
t o m eet t h i s s i t u a t i o n .
H elp s and s u g g e s t io n s f o r th e new Home T each er c o n t in ued.
The c h ild soon a d o p ts E n g lis h and l o s e s h i s f lu e n c e in
h i s n a t iv e to n g u e , w h ile th e p a r e n t , e s p e c i a l l y th e m oth er,

I s e n t i r e l y sh u t up i n an a id w orld b o th a s to t r a d i t i o n and
la n g u a g e .
The s c h o o l o f n e c e s s i t y , i s th e m ost im p o rta n t f a c t o r
i n c r e a t in g t h i s s i t u a t i o n .
I t i s th e b u s in e s s o f t h e s c h o o l
to b u i l d up what i t i s f o r c e d to t e a r down.
F i r s t o f a l l th e m other m ust b e a b le t o sp eak and
rea d and w r it e th e la n g u a g e w hich i s becom ing th e la n g u a g e
o f h e r c h ild ..
S eco n d , sh e m ust g o t o s c h o o l and s e e what
t h e s c h o o l i s t r y in g t o do f o r h e r c h i l d j and f i n a l l y , sh e
m ust have some s o c i a l l i f e
w ith women who a r e l i k e h e r s e l f ,
w hose e x p e r ie n c e s and d isa p p o in tm e n ts a re l i k e h er own, so

t h a t sh e can l o s e th e s e n s e o f c o n f u s io n and I s o l a t i o n w hich
1Q 2
i s so common among im m igrant women*

o f th e home t e a c h e r .
The home t e a c h e r m ust remember sh e i s
a t e a c h e r and n o t a c a s e w o rk er.
in v i s i t i n g th e homes*
s c h o o l in group w ork.
A l l t h i s i s th e ta s k
Her m orn in gs a re b e s t sp en t
The a fte r n o o n s h o u ld be s p e n t a t th e
There w i l l be E n g lis h * sew ing* c o o k in g ,
and f o r th e more advanced m o th er s, c o u r s e s on t h e ca re o f th e

b ab y, d i e t and sim p le c i v i c s and d e a lin g w ith m a tte r s such
a s s a n it a t io n * garb age d i s p o s a l , ca r e o f m ilk and th e l i k e .
in a d d it io n t o t h e o r g a n is a t io n o f a fte r n o o n c l a s s e s ,
th e Home T each er s h o u ld a id i n b u ild in g up th e E v en in g s c h o o l.
In t h e c a se o f th e home t e a c h e r in th e u n io n h ig h
s c h o o l th e p la n o f o r g a n iz a t io n i s somewhat d i f f e r e n t .
Her
work w i l l be i n th e com m u n ities o f th e e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls

in t h e u n io n .
H ere sh e w i l l o r g a n iz e m o th ers c lu b s t o m eet
in t h e a fte r n o o n and c l a s s e s o f men and women t o m eet in th e

e v e n in g i n th e e le m e n ta r y s c h o o ls a s w e ll a s t h e h ig h s c h o o l .
The g o a l o f h e r a m b itio n w i l l be t o have a m others*
e l a s s and an e v e n in g s c h o o l i n e v e r y e le m e n ta r y s c h o o l d i s
t r i c t where th e r e i s a f o r e i g n p o p u la t io n .
103
TABUS 111
SCHOOL, TOE ADULTS
The f o llo w in g i s a l i s t o f th e t e a c h e r s in th e
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n S c h o o l, Los A n g e le s , a s o f Ju n e, 1934,
NAME
F lo r a B* Sm ith
M ild red L, J o n es
Mrs* A l i c e McKenna
Mrs* F lo r e n c e W illia m s
M rs. D e lla N. Amend.
Mrs* Ruth C a lle n d e r
J u a n ita O arrigan
G ertru d e M. Ford
Mrs* E liz a b e t h G a rcia
Ruth Amanda H itc h
Mrs* Norma Holmes
SCHOOL
B e r n ic e W ilso n
F lo r e n c e M essner
M rs. H elen Goddard
Chamber o f Commerce
O liv e F lew S a n ita r iu m
C a lif o r n ia S t r e e t S c h o o l
C a lif o r a ia S t r e e t S c h o o l
B rook lyn Avenue S c h o o l
Lernona Avenue S c h o o l
Holm es Ave* 2 0 th S t r e e t
Eastman S t r e e t
B e lv e d e r e S c h o o l
C u ster and S a n ta B arbara
Vermont and V ir g i n ia
A ven ues-F acoim a S c h o o ls
San Fernando S c h o o l
R ig g in Ave* and S o to S t .
B arton H i l l
B r id g e S t r e e t S c h o o l
Utah S t r e e t
Ann and C a s t e la r S t r e e t
S a w t e l le , 3 6 th , and 3 7 th
Grape, 102n d, 1 1 1 th S t*
Hummel S t r e e t S c h o o l
Second S t r e e t S c h o o l
M alabar and S h e rid a n
S tr e e ts
G len A lt a , N ev in Avenue
A sco t Ave* Wadsworth
F ir s t S tr e e t S chool
A lb io n S t r e e t S c h o o l
B arton H i l l , C a b r illo
Avenue
Maoy, M arianna S c h o o ls
Fremont Avenue S c h o o l
O liv e V iew S a n ita r iu m
Ada Tucker-
O liv e V iew S a n ita r iu m
L u la B* Hughes
E le a n o r L. J o rd a n
Mrs. J u l i a Lucock.
M argaret M acdonald
Mrs* N ina B. M oss
R ose O e ste rn
Eva A. R o b e r ts
C la ra Sm ith
Mrs* S a l l i e S p en cer
Mrs* K a th le e n S te v e n s
Maude S t r ic k la n d
e r a S tu rges:
Mrs* C e ila T aggard
M rs. F lo r e n c e Thomas
Mrs* N ila o ig h t
G eo rg ia M. W hite
POSITION
P r in c i p a l
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
Ameri c a n iz a t io n
Ameri c a n iz a t i o n
Home T each er
Home T each er
Home T ea ch er
Home T each er
Home T each er
Home T ea ch er
Home
Home
Home
Home
Home
Home
Home
Heme
Home
Home
Home
T each er
T each er
T each er
T ea ch er
T ea ch er
T each er
T each er
T each er
T each er
T each er
T ea ch er
Home
Home
Home
Home
Home
T each er
T ea ch er
T ea ch er
T ea ch er
T each er
Home T e a ch er
Home T ea ch er
L ip R eading
O c c u p a tio n a l
Therapy
O c c u p a tio n a l
T herapy
104
4,
A. TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOL,

N eighborhood s c h o o ls a re d is t in g u is h e d n o t so much by
l i k e n e s s to one a n o th e r , a s by th e e x t e n t o f t h e i r d iv e r g e n c e
from th e s t e r e o t y p e d sy ste m o f fo rm er d a y s .
ea rn ed i t s t i t l e
Each one h a s
th ro u g h marked a d a p t a tio n t o th e p e c u l i a r
s o c i a l and i n t e l l e c t u a l n e e d s o f i t s own d i s t r i c t .
These
s c h o o ls a re f o r c h ild r e n o f n o n -E n g lis h s p e a k in g p a r e n t s .
Many o f t h e s e p a r e n ts a re e n r o l le d in th e day and e v e n in g
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n c l a s s e s *
The n eig h b o rh o o d s c h o o ls a re th e o u tg ro w th d u r in g th e
p a s t f i f t e e n y e a r s o f an u n u s u a lly l i b e r a l a d m in is t r a t io n .^ 3
The p io n e e r n eig h b o rh o o d s c h o o l s , f o r many y e a r s w o rk in g i n
d e p e n d e n tly o f ea ch o t h e r and w ith o u t o f f i c i a l r e c o g n it io n
o f t h e i r s p e c i a l e f f o r t s , grew up in such d i s t r i c t s .
T h e ir
p u p i l s were m a in ly from n o n -E n g lis h s p e a k in g , i l l i t e r a t e

hom es, whose cu sto m s, h a b i t s and id e a s w ere a t ex trem e v a r
ia n c e from t h o s e o f A m erica.
The p e r s o n n e l o f th e Macy S t r e e t S c h o o l i s composed
c h i e f l y o f fo u r r a c e s , M exican , C h in e se , I t a l i a n , and S y r ia n .
Each r a c e , l i k e e a c h c h i l d , p r e s e n t s i t s own p e c u l i a r p rob lem ,
b u t th e M ex ica n s, who c o n s t i t u t e n e a r ly s e v e n ty p e r c e n t o f
th e s c h o o l p o p u la t io n , ta k e m ost o f t h e tim e and e f f o r t g iv e n
o u t s id e th e c l a s s room .
13 F lo r a D. S m ith , D ir e c t o r o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n s in c e
1930.
1Q5
These c h ild r e n come to- th e s c h o o l d i r t y , ra g g e d , im
p r o p e r ly f e d .
O ften th e y e a t t h e i r fo o d i n t h e i r f i n g e r s ,
s ta n d in g up, th e y s l e e p on t h e f l o o r ,
i n t h e i r c lo t h in g *
Many
o f them l i v e i n la r g e f a m i l i e s who occu p y o n ly on e o r two

rooms w ith no ru n n in g w a te r , o r t o i l e t accom m odations w ith
no p la c e t o cook e x c e p t th e open y a r d .
W hile th e i n i t i a l movement o f s c h o o l c a r e f o r t h e s e
c h ild r e n grew o u t o f th e o b v io u s f a c t t h a t th e y c o u ld n o t
a s s i m i l a t e know ledge a t a s a t i s f a c t o r y r a t e when so u n co m fort
a b le p h y s i c a l l y , and w h ile t h a t i s a c o n t r ib u t in g f a c t o r t o
d ay, i t h a s become more and more c l e a r t o th e t e a c h e r s th a t
A m erican C it iz e n s h ip demands s t r o n g , c le a n , w e l l n o u r is h e d
b o d ie s and t h a t , i f th e home, th ro u g h p o v e r t y and ig n o r a n c e ,
can n ot b u ild t h e s e up among c h ild r e n , th e n t h e s c h o o l , a s
t h a t a g en t o f s o c i e t y d e f i n i t e l y r e s p o n s i b le f o r th e c h i l
dren* s d e v elo p m en t, must a ck n ow led ge th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r
t h e sake o f s o c i e t y a s a w h o le .
The Macy S t r e e t S c h o o l p r o v id e s b a th in g f a c i l i t i e s
show er and a p lu n g e and a r r a n g e s on ea ch c h i l d ' s program an
o p p o r tu n ity f o r a w ee k ly sc ru b and swim,
A s p e c ia l, te a c h e r
c o - o p e r a t e s w ith th e n u r se in t h i s r e g a r d and c l i n i c a l a t t e n
t io n *
There i s an open a i r room f o r t u b e r c u la r and p r e t u b e r -
c u la r c h ild r e n *
A c l o t h in g room , t h e garm en ts h a v in g b e e n
d on ated by th e P .T .A * , i s open d a i l y f o r anyone in th e
106
n eig h b o r h o o d , c h i l d o r a d u lt a t t h e i r c o n v e n ie n c e *
A c a fe
t e r i a s e r v e s b r e a k f a s t and lu n c h e o n a t p r i c e s r a n g in g from
one t o fo u r c e n t s , and a h e a r ty m eal may be had f o r t e n c e n t s .
107
TABLE IX
LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT SCHOOLS
HAYING. DAY. AMERICANIZATION. CLASSES*.
There a r e f o r t y - t w o Day S c h o o ls h a v in g A m erica n iza

t i o n c l a s s e s and f o r t y - s i x t e a c h e r s em ployed* P r a c t i c a l l y
a l l o f t h e s e c l a s s e s a r e h ou sed in rem od eled b u n galow s
a d j o in in g th e E lem en ta ry s c h o o l p r o p e r ty p ro p er* T h ese
c l a s s e s a r e p r i n c i p a l l y f o r th e n o n -E n g lis h sp e a k in g women,
SCHOOL
A lb io n
Ann
A sco t
B arton H i l l
B e lv e d e r e E lem en ta ry
B r id g e
B ro o k ly n
C a b r illo
C a lif o r n ia
C a s t e la r
C u s te r
Eastman
I5 th S tr e e t
F ir s t S tr e e t
Fremont E lem en ta ry
G len A lt a
G rap e.
Lemona
Macy
M alabar
M arianna
N e v in
O liv e V iew
1 1 1 th S t r e e t
IQ&nd S t r e e t
Hamrael
TEACHER
V o ig h t, N ila Thompson
G e sta r n , R ose M inerva
T aggard, Co11a Manly
(L ucock, J u l i a M* Wagner
(W h ite, G e o rg ia M*
G a r c ia , E liz a b e t h
M acdonald, M argaret
Amend, D e lla N*
W h ite, G e o r g ia M.
(McKenna, A l i c e Osborne
(W illia m s , F lo r e n c e S*
G e ste r n , R ose M inerva
H itc h , Ruth Amanda
F ord , G ertru d e M,
W h ite, G eo rg ia M*
Thomas, F lo r e n c e A n t o in e t t e
M assn er, F lo r e n c e
S tu rg e s , V era LaRue
S m ith , C la ra G ertru d e
C a rr ig a n , J u a n it a
C a lle n d e r , Ruth F r a n k lin
W ilso n , B e r n ic e C e lia
S t r ic k la n d , Maude E liz a b e t h
W ilso n , B e r n ic e
S tu rg e s, Vera LaRue
(Goddard, H elen S te w a r t
(J o n e s , M ild red Laura
(T u ck er, Ada Burnham
S m ith , G ertru d e
S m ith , C la ra G ertrude
S p e n c e r , S a l l i e M ille r
* Many o f t h e s e Day A m e r ic a n iz a tio n S c h o o ls a r e

ne igh borhood s c h o o l s .
108
TABLE IX (C ontinued)
LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT SCHOOLS

. , HATING. DAY. AMERICANIZATION. CLASSES*.
SCHOOL
Bacoim a
R lg g tn
San Fernando E lem en ta ry
S a n ta B arbara
S a w t e lle
Second
S h e r id a n
So t o
3 7 th S t r e e t
3 6 th S t r e e t
SQth S t r e e t
U tah
T enaont
V ir g i n ia Road
Wadsworth.
TEACHER
H olm es, Norma R obinson
Jord an , E le a n o r L udie
H ughes, L u la B* C o l l i n s
H ito h , Ruth Amanda
R o b e r ts , Eva A.
S t e v e n s , K a th le e n H in e s
S t r ic k la n d , Maude E liz a b e t h
Jord an , E le a n o r L u d ie
R o b e r ts, Eva A.
R o b e r ts , Eva A.
C a r r ig a n , J u a n ita
M oss, N ina B*
H olm es, Norma R obinson
H olm es, Norma R ob in son
T aggard, C o ila Manly
* R e v is e d to F ebruary 1 3 , 1934
CHAP T E H
I I
LOS
A 5 6 E L B 8
CHAPTER Y1T
LOS ANGELES
1*
HISTORY
The Los A n g e le s s c h o o l departm ent h a s b een f o r t u n a t e
In p o s s e s s i n g e d u c a t io n a l a d m in is t r a t o r s w hose p e n e t r a t in g
v i s i o n cau gh t e a r l y th e n e e d s o f a d eq u a te p r o v is i o n f o r a d u lt
e d u c a tio n *
For more th a n t h r e e d e c a d e s a l l a d u lt e d u c a tio n
w as A m e r ic a n iz a tio n *
The f i r s t e v e n in g s c h o o l in L os Angelas-** was co n d u cted
in th e S p r in g S t r e e t S c h o o l lo c a t e d a t F i f t h and S p r in g
S tr e e ts*
I t c o n s is t e d o f one c l a s s o f I l l i t e r a t e s .
T h is was
in t h e y e a r o f 1 8 8 7 -1 8 8 8 w ith an e n r o llm e n t o f ab out t h i r t y

b oys*
T h is c l a s s t h a t marked th e b e g in n in g o f ou r H is t o r y o f
t h e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n D epartm ent o f th e L os A n g e le s C ity

S c h o o ls , w as under th e I n s t r u c t io n o f none o t h e r th a n th e L os
A n g e le s County S u p e r in te n d e n t o f S c h o o ls , Amos W* Plummer.
Mr. Plummer was a l s o p r i n c i p a l o f t h e S p r in g S t r e e t S c h o o l
(d e m o lish e d s e v e r a l y e a r s a g o . }
There i s q u it e a demand f o r n ig h t s c h o o ls i n the c i t y
ow in g t o th e number o f p e r s o n s o f s c h o o l age who work
d u r in g th e d a y , y e t a r e d e s ir o u s o f o b t a in in g an e d u c a t io n .
We a r e o f t e n c a l l e d upon to adm it p u p i l s t o s c h o o l f o r
h a l f a day in o r d e r t h a t th e y may work t h e o t h e r h a l f d ay.
N ig h t s c h o o ls sh o u ld b e e s t a b lis h e d * y e t I s e e no way t o
do i t u n t i l more fu n d s c a n in some way be p r o v id e d .
A lso t h i s e x t r a c t from t h e S u p e r in t e n d e n t 's r e p o r t ,
1 S u p e r in t e n d e n t 's r e p o r t to th e Board o f E d u c a tio n ,

1 8 8 7 -1 8 8 8 * B u s in e s s O f f i c e , Chamber o f Commerce B u ild in g .
I ll
1887* 1888.
At th e b e g in n in g o f t h i s s c h o o l y e a r t h e r e seemed to
b e a c o n s id e r a b le demand f o r n ig h t s c h o o ls * The Board
o f E d u ca tio n a c c o r d in g ly a d v e r t is e d e x t e n s i v e l y f o r a l l
who w ish ed to- a t te n d , t o r e g i s t e r b e f o r e a c e r t a i n d ate*
About. 7Q p e r s o n s r e g is t e r e d *
The Board em ployed two
t e a c h e r s and announced th e s c h o o l t o open December 5 ,
1887* Not more th a n t h i r t y p e r s o n s p r e s e n te d t h e m s e lv e s
so one t e a c h e r was d is p e n s e d w ith and th e s c h o o l h a s
s i n c e c o n tin u e d in th e S p r in g S t r e e t b u il d i n g u n d er th e
c o n t r o l o f A* W. Plummer, w it h an a tte n d a n c e o f a b o u t
25 b o y s and men, a l l o f whom a re in e a r n e s t and d o in g
good work in R ea d in g , W r itin g , S p e l l i n g , A r it h m e t ic ,
la n g u a g e and a s g e n e r a l e x e r c i s e s , p h y s io lo g y , and
Geography*
The e n r o llm e n t in th e n ig h t s c h o o ls i s s m a lle r than
we h a v e a r i g h t to e x p e c t in a c i t y o f t h i s s iz e *
I am
g la d we h ave a s c h o o l f o r t h o s e d e p r iv e d o f day s c h o o l
p r i v i l e g e s and a re w i l l i n g to spend t h e i r e v e n in g s in
im p ro v in g th e m s e lv e s f o r t h e i r l i f e work* The l o c a t i o n
in th e S p r in g S t r e e t b u il d i n g i s c e n t r a l and e a s i l y
a c c e s s i b l e to th e b o y s who n eed th e o p p o r t u n it ie s w hich
th e s c h o o l a f f o r d s * A f t e r b o y s have worked hard a l l
d ay, i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o h o ld t h e i r i n t e r e s t and s e c u r e
good i n t e l l e c t u a l w ork, b u t many o f them are r e c e i v i n g
much b e n e f i t ,
There i s but one s e s s i o n , from se v e n t o
n in e o ^ c lo c k ,
a f f o r d in g no tim e f o r s o c i a l a d v a n ta g es
o r amusement,
w hich may a c c o u n t somewhat f o r th e s m a ll
a tte n d a n c e * 2
An e v e n in g s c h o o l f o r g i r l s was opened in th e y e a r
1 8 9 8 -1 8 9 9 a t th e Broadway S t r e e t S c h o o l,
(Broadway a t 6 th )
b y a v e r y com p eten t day s c h o o l t e a c h e r , H elen 0* A nderson,

who ta u g h t from th e t h i r d t o th e e ig h t h g r a d e s in t h i s s c h o o l*
These c l a s s e s f o r e v e n in g s c h o o l b o y s and g i r l s who
w ere d e p r iv e d o f day s c h o o l p r i v i l e g e s c o n tin u e d w ith norm al
grow th u n t i l in 1 9 0 6 , a t w h ich tim e t h e r e w ere s i x c l a s s e s
2 P r in c i p a l Amos W* Plummer, S u p e r in t e n d e n t s R ep ort

t o th e Board o f E d u c a tio n , 1 8 9 5 -1 8 9 6 .
112
and 298 s tu d e n t a e n r o lle d *
A marked in c r e a s e i s n o te d d u r in g th e y e a r s from 1906
to 1 9 0 8 , when th e e n r o llm e n t grew from 398 t o 1572 s tu d e n ts *
The E ven in g S c h o o l f a c u l t y in c r e a s e d from s i x t o f o r t y f i v e
tea ch er s;
In 1903 a s m a ll e v e n in g s c h o o l was co n d u cted in
th e S p r in g S t r e e t S ch o o l*
I t was open t o men o n ly and d e
v o t e d i t s a c t i v i t i e s t o t h e t h r e e Rf s ,
In 1 9 0 3 t h e C o lle g e S e ttle m e n t opened a n ig h t s c h o o l
f o r t e a c h in g E n g lis h to f o r e ig n e r s *
was a l s o u n d e r ta k e n .
Some n a t u r a l i z a t i o n work
In 1906 th e s e t t le m e n t p e t i t i o n e d th e
s c h o o l d ep artm ent t o ta k e o v e r t h e s c h o o l and th e Board o f

E d u c a tio n th ereu p o n opened n ig h t s c h o o l f o r t e a c h in g E n g lis h
to f o r e i g n e r s In th e nearb y C a s t e la r S c h o o l,
Qne o f th e
o r i g i n a l n ig h t s c h o o l t e a c h e r s in th e s e t t le m e n t became in
1915 th e f i r s t home t e a c h e r in Los A n g e le s , Amanda M atthew s
C h ase,
In 1908 w ere opened P o ly t e c h n ic High E v en in g S c h o o l
and two a d d it io n a l e le m e n ta r y e v e n in g s c h o o l s .
The i n s t r u c
t i o n was s t i l l c o n f in e d t o th e common b r a n c h e s w ith l i t t l e
or
no a t t e n t i o n to th e f o r e i g n e r , 4
In 1910 th e departm ent f o r e s e e i n g an i n f l u x o f Immi
g r a t io n w ith th e o p en in g o f th e Panama C a n a l, opened s e v e r a l
more s c h o o ls in th e f o r e i g n d i s t r i c t s , and began s e r i o u s l y
4 E lem en tary A dult E d u c a tio n in t h e Los A n g e le s C ity

S c h o o ls* S c h o o l P u b lic a t i o n No* 7 , November, 1919*
113
TABLE X

Office of the Superintendent
STATISTICS FOR STORING SCHOOLS
TEAR
Numbe r of
Schools
1 8 8 7 * 1 8 8 8 ...
1 8 8 8 - 1 8 8 9 ...
1 8 8 9 * 1 8 9 0 .. .
1 8 9 0 - 1 8 9 1 .* .
1 8 9 1 - 1 8 9 2 ...
1 8 9 2 -1 8 9 3 .* .
1 8 9 3 -1 8 9 4 . . .
1 8 9 4 - 1 8 9 5 .. .
1 8 9 5 - 1 8 9 6 .. .
1 8 9 6 - 1 8 9 7 ...
1 8 9 7 - 1 8 9 8 ...
1 8 9 8 - 1 8 9 9 ...
1 8 9 9 - 1 9 0 0 ...
1 9 0 0 -1 9 0 1 . . .
1 9 0 1 - 1 9 0 2 ...
1 9 0 2 - 1 9 0 3 ...
1 9 0 3 - 1 9 0 4 ...
1 9 0 4 - 1 9 0 5 .. .
1 9 0 5 - 1 9 0 6 ...
1 9 0 6 - 1 9 0 7 ...
1907*1908. - .
1 9 0 8 -1 9 0 9 Ho D a ta
1 9 0 9 -1 9 1 0 . . .
1 9 1 0 - 1 9 1 1 .. .
1 9 1 1 - 1 9 1 2 ...
1 9 1 2 - 1 9 1 3 ...
1 9 1 3 - 1 9 1 4 ...
1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 5 .. .
1 9 1 5 - 1 9 1 6 .. .
1 9 1 6 - 1 9 1 7 ...
1 9 1 7 - 1 9 1 8 ...
1 9 1 8 -1 9 1 9 . . .
1 9 1 9 - 1 9 2 0 ...
1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 1 .. .
1 9 2 1 - 1 9 2 2 ...
1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2 3 ...
1 9 2 3 - 1 9 2 4 ...
1 9 2 4 - 1 9 2 5 ...
1 9 2 5 - 1 9 2 6 ...
1 9 2 6 - 1 9 2 7 .. .
1 9 2 7 - 1 9 2 8 ...
1 9 2 8 - 1 9 2 9 ...
1 9 2 9 - 1 9 3 0 ...
1 9 3 0 - 1 9 3 1 ...
1 9 3 1 - 1 9 3 2 ...
Humber of
Teachers
ENROLLTONT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
i
i
i
i
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
6
11
45
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
______ _
.......
............ ..
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
* ............
............ ..
...............
30
77
99
103
166
128
121
119
145
108
144
166
191
235
212
203
344
304
398
847
1 ,5 7 2
6
8
12
20
15
18
19
23
24
25
25
25
23
23
27
27
34
36
36
37
34
34
29
51
59
83
166
158
282
292
253
280
326
296
374
424
396
499
622
663
830
906
933
1 ,1 2 4
1 ,1 3 7
1 ,0 9 6
...............
.......
...............
.......
.......
...............
...............
...............
............ ..
.......
.......
...............
.......
.......
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
...............
............ ..
...............
...............
2 ,7 8 6
3 ,4 1 4
6 ,2 2 8
1 0 ,8 3 3
1 2 ,4 4 6
1 6 ,3 5 8
2 2 ,0 8 0
2 4 ,1 7 0
2 3 ,3 9 9
2 5 ,0 6 6
3 1 ,7 5 7
3 2 ,8 7 4
4 2 ,4 2 6
4 7 ,8 1 5
4 9 ,0 2 4
5 7 ,1 5 8
6 4 ,9 8 0
7 2 ,5 7 4
8 6 ,9 0 6
8 8 ,3 5 0
1 1 0 ,1 2 2
1 0 8 ,6 2 9
1 1 3 ,9 1 4
; *.
114
t o c o n s id e r th e problem o f f o r e ig n e d u c a t io n .
L a te r th e n ig h t
s c h o o ls were d e v e lo p e d in t o an im p o rta n t p a r t o f th e l o c a l
s c h o o l sy s te m , s o c i a l in th e w id e r s e n s e o f th a t much ab used
a d j e c t i v e a s w e l l a s academ ic in p u rp ose and a c t i v i t y .
In 1916 t h e o r g a n iz a t io n o f a departm ent o f Im m igrant
E d u ca tio n w as sim p ly a s e g r e g a t io n o f th e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t
b e lo n g to th e f i e l d o f a d u lt e le m e n ta r y e d u c a tio n in o rd er
t h a t s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n m ig h t b e g iv e n to th e q u e s t io n s a r i s
in g In t h i s a lt o g e t h e r new and u n c h a r te d p h a se o f e d u c a t io n .
The e le m e n ta r y e v e n in g s c h o o ls w ere in c lu d e d In th e d ep artm en t
b e c a u se th e y form ed a t th e tim e th e b u lk o f th e work w ith
a d u lts .
A fe w sp o r a d ic e x p e r im e n ts o u t s id e t h e i r l i m i t s w ith
s p e c i a l day tim e and e v e n in g c l a s s e s had a lr e a d y in d ic a t e d t h e f

l i n e s a lo n g w hich developm en t m ight be p u r su e d .
E d u c a tio n a l s p e c i a l i s t s and s t u d e n t s in th e g e n e r a l
p r o c e s s o f d e m o c r a tiz a tio n o f o u r p o p u la t io n
had a g r e e d t h a t
th e o ld tim e n ig h t s c h o o ls , m e e tin g a t a s e t
h o u r, a ffo r d e d
o p p o r tu n ity o n ly t o t h a t s m a ll f r a c t i o n o f ou r f o r e i g n p op u -
l a t i o n w hich was a m b itio u s en ou gh , e n e r g e t i c enough, eeonom -
i c a l l y f r e e enough to f i t I n to th e v e r y r i g i d m ach inery o f
I
j
!
th o s e s c h o o l s .
They w ere o p p o r tu n ity s c h o o ls f o r th e fe w .
They assum ed to o l i t t l e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e a r o u sin g o f
a m b it io n , th e s t i r r i n g o f a co m p le te r s e n s e
in th e a d u lt members o f th e com m unity.
o f o b lig a tio n
They o f f e r e d no f r e e
dom o f a d ju stm en t in tim e o r s u b j e c t m a tte r t o f i t p e c u l i a r

n eed s o f d i f f e r e n t g ro u p s.
j
t
115
In agreem ent w it h t h i s c o n e e su s o f o p in io n from p e r s o n s

who had form ed i t o u t o f a c t u a l ex p erim en t in w hich th e o r y had
h een t e s t e d by p r a c t i c e , t h i s departm ent h a s u n d erta k en th e
w e l l - n i g h Im p o s sib le t a s k o f d e v is i n g means o f p la c in g w it h in
r e a c h o f a l l g ro u p s o f b o th t o e r i c a n and non-A m erican p e r s o n s
ad eq u ate f a c i l i t i e s f o r becom in g f a m il ia r w ith Am erican s o c i a l ,
ec o n o m ic , and c i v i c I n s t i t u t i o n s and i d e a l s .
For t h i s s o c i a l
i z i n g p r o c e s s i t h a s b een d is c o v e r e d t o be n e c e s s a r y t o d e
p a r t from th e co n ce p t o f e v e n in g s c h o o l c l a s s e s f o r a d u lt
f o r e i g n e r s a s t h o s e c l a s s e s had b een o r g a n iz e d a l l o v e r t h e
U n ite d S t a t e s p r e v io u s t o th e l a s t f i v e y e a r s .
2.
WHAT LOS ANGELES OFFERS IN CLASS WORK.

L os A n g e le s o f f e r s a t th e p r e s e n t tim e day c l a s s e s f o r
m o th ers and e v e n in g c l a s s e s f o r men and women em ployed d u rin g

th e d a y , to h e lp them overcom e t h e i r la n g u a g e h a n d ic a p .
No
lo n g e r are a d u lt s t u d e n t s ta u g h t to read In p rim er s w r it t e n

f o r f i r s t grad e c h ild r e n ; s p e c i a l l e s s o n l e a f l e t s have b een
p rep a red which h e lp t h e f o r e ig n - b o r n in t h e i r d a i l y l i v i n g
by i n t e r p r e t i n g A m e r ic a 's i n d u s t r i a l , c i v i c , and s o c i a l l i f e ,
th u s g iv in g a tw o f o ld s e r v i c e a v o c a b u la r y in th e E n g lis h
la n g u a g e and an u n d e r s ta n d in g and k now ledge o f A m erican c u s
tom s and i d e a l s .
H owever, an A m e r ic a n iz a tio n program sh o u ld n o t o n ly
in t e r p r e t A m erica t o th e im m igran t, but sh o u ld p erform th e
ev en g r e a t e r s e r v i c e o f i n t e r p r e t i n g th e im m igran ts to
116
A m ericans*
B ecau se th e l i l t
o f m u sic , th e rhythm o f th e
d an ce, th e jo y o f d ra m a tic e x p r e s s io n ,, th e b e a u ty o f c o l o r
and form in th e p ic t u r e a re g i f t s ?/h ich many r a c e s b r in g
w ith them and w h ich a r e o f t e n o v e r lo o k e d o r f o r g o t t e n , th e
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n D i v i s i o n p la n s o p p o r t u n i t ie s f o r f o r e i g n born and A m erican-b orn to become f a m i l i a r w ith th e c o n t r ib u
t i o n s o f e a c h group*
C la s s e s in n a t u r a l i z a t i o n a r e co n d u cted under a p la n
d e v e lo p e d th ro u g h th e c o - o p e r a t io n o f th e L os A n g e le s C ity
S c h o o ls and t h e F e d e r a l Government*
in s titu tio n s ,
A m erican H is t o r y and
th e governm ent o f th e s t a t e ,
c o u n ty , and c i t y ,
th e C o n s t it u t io n o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s , A m erican i d e a l s and

p r a c t i c e s , and c u r r e n t p o l i t i c a l and econom ic p ro b lem s a r e
s t u d ie d in in fo r m a l l e c t u r e and d i s c u s s i o n grou p s*
On com
p l e t i o n o f th e c o u r s e , th e s tu d e n t r e c e i v e s a d iplom a w hich
i s a c c e p te d by t h e governm ent n a t u r a l i z a t i o n c o u r t s a s e v i
dence o f e d u c a t io n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n f o r c i t i z e n s h i p .
O nly a s m a ll p e r c e n ta g e o f th e women q u a l i f y f o r
c i t i z e n s h i p b u t th e number i s in c r e a s in g each y ea r*
The women s tu d y d i l i g e n t l y f o r th e y a re so e a g e r t o
le a r n th e A m erican cu stom s and to h a v e t h e i r c h ild r e n proud
o f t h e i r no lo n g e r i l l i t e r a t e m others*
The c l a s s e s a r e
u s u a l ly f o r two h o u r s .
One hour c o n s i s t s o f E n g lis h s e n te n c e d r i l l w hich
d e a ls w ith A m erican home l i f e
su c h a s m a r k e tin g , sh o p p in g
and t r a n s p o r t a t io n a s s t r e e t c a r and a u to m o b ile e x p r e s s io n s .
11?
The seco n d hour o f i n s t r u c t i o n i s u s u a l l y o c c u p ie d w it h some
form o f Home E conom ics w ork, e i t h e r se w in g o r co o k in g *
L earn
in g to cook Am erican f o o d s i s a lw a y s d i f f i c u l t f o r n o n -E n g lis h

sp e a k in g women*
They d e e p ly a p p r e c ia t e th e t r a i n i n g t h a t
th e t e a c h e r s g iv e to them*
On a su b seq u en t p age a re some e x p r e s s io n s o f g r a t it u d e
from a fe w M others who had f i n i s h e d t h e i r seco n d y e a r o f
Ameri c a n iz a t i o n .
They had le a r n e d how t o cook o a tm e a l f o r t h e i r c h i l
dren and n o t to f e e d them b ean s f o r b r e a k f a s t .
Each woman
i s ta u g h t how to p rep a re a w e l l b a la n c e d d i e t , a l s o t h e p ro
per fo o d s fo r
th e p ro p er tim e o f day*
They le a r n th e ru d im en t o f se w in g , make garm en ts f o r t h e i r

f a m i l i e s , p ie c e q u i l t s and c o m fo r ts , and s tu d y h o u se h o ld a r t .
Many o r g a n iz a t io n s a s s i s t in th e p u r c h a se o f b o l t s o f
c l o t h and f u r n is h u se d c l o t h e s so t h a t t h e s e c l a s s e s may be
w e l l s u p p lie d
w ith m a t e r ia ls *
A l l c l a s s e s a re f r e e *
I f t h e r e i s a Day N u r ser y a t th e s c h o o l where
th e
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n c l a s s e s a re h e ld th e c h ild r e n a re k ep t f r e e
o f charge*
Each c h i l d i s p u t t o bed f o r an a fte r n o o n r e s t ,
and l a t e r h a s s u p e r v is e d p la y *
The m onies w hich a re u sed f o r th e m a in ten a n ce o f th e
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n s c h o o ls come from fo u r s o u r c e s ; th e S t a t e ,
th e County,, th e F e d e r a l Government ( f o r c e r t a in t r a d e c l a s s
e s],
and l o c a l t a x a t io n *
The amount o f re v e n u e se c u r e d from
t h e S t a t e and County i s b a sed on t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y a tte n d a n c e
118
f o r th e y e a r , and, t h e r e f o r e , th e p r o p o r t io n o f th e t o t a l
c o s t c o v e r e d b y th e S t a t e and County fu n d s r i s e s a s th e a t
te n d a n c e in c r e a s e s *
The a v era g e t o t a l reven ue from S t a t e
and County A m e r ic a n iz a tio n s tu d e n t i n a v e r a g e d a i l y a t t e n d

an ce d u r in g 1 9 2 9 -3 0 was #49*04*
T h is i s e q u iv a le n t to
1*1318 p e r p u p il hour inasm uch a s 372 p u p il h o u rs o f a t t e n d

an ce w as c o n s id e r e d a p u p il y ea r *
The a v e r a g e re v en u e from
S t a t e and County p e r A m e r ic a n iz a tio n s tu d e n t was about #*26*

S ta te m e n ts from women in th e day c l a s s e s .
T hese a r e
some s ta te m e n ts from th e women in th e c o o k in g c l a s s e s o f th e

Day A m e r ic a n iz a tio n c l a s s e s a t S o to S t r e e t and R ig g in Avenue
S c h o o ls c o n c e r n in g b e n e f i t s d e r iv e d from t h i s t r a in in g *
The
t e a c h e r in b o th S c h o o ls was E le a n o r L. J o rd a n .
MRS. OTNIGA:
B e fo r e I le a r n e d b e t t e r , I cook ed v e g e
t a b l e s w ith q u a n t i t i e s o f w a te r f o r a
lo n g tim e and th en th rew th e w a ter aw ay.
Now I u se v e r y l i t t l e w a te r , l e s s g a s , and
g e t more n u t r i t i v e v a lu e from th e v e g e t a
b le s *
I n e v e r throw away th e w a ter b ut
u s e i t f o r soup c o n s e q u e n tly I sa v e money
t h r e e ways*
MRS. GONZALES:
I u sed to buy fo u r o r f i v e d ozen e g g s a

w eek, t h in k in g ea c h c h ild sh o u ld have f o u r
o r f i v e a day* Now I am s a v in g money a s
I g iv e ea ch c h ild fo u r o r f i v e a week* I
h ave red u ced my s h o r te n in g from f i v e to
two pounds a week a s I have sto p p ed f r y in g
so much and am p u t t i n g t h a t money in t o
f r u i t s and v e g e t a b le s * There i s g r e a t im
p rovem ent in my c h i l d r e n s h e a lth *
MRS. DORAME:
I u sed t o g i v e my c h ild r e n l a x a t i v e s
o n ce a week* S in c e I h ave le a r n e d t o u se
f r u i t s and v e g e t a b l e s f r e e l y I have fou n d
l a x a t i v e s u n n ec essa r y *
119
TABLE XI
RATIO WHICH THE TOTAL REVENUE FROM STATE AND COUNTY
. BEARS. TO THE COST OF THE TEACHER* S SAIAHT,
. CLASSES OF VARIOUS .S IZ E S ,_ 1 9 2 9 -1 9 3 0 DATA
Number o f p u p i l s
In a tte n d a n c e
5
10
15
17
20
25
30
Number o f
p u p il H ours
10
20
30
34
45*
50
60
T o ta l Revenue
from S t a t e
and County
# i;3 2
2*64
3*95
4*48
5*27
5*59
7*91
R a tio In
per cen t
29
59
88
100lM *
146
176
120
TAB1E X II
EXPENSES AND EXPENDITURES

GE.THE AFRICANIZATION. SCHOOL
T ear
S u p p lie s
T each er
C ost
O ther
c o st, e tc .
T o ta l
E x p en ses
1 9 3 0 -3 1
$ 1 4 5 ,0 6 9 .7 6
$ 9 1 1 .2 7
$ 1 1 ,3 0 9 .0 5
$ 1 5 7 ,2 9 0 .0 8
1 9 3 1 -3 2
1 3 9 ,5 0 6 * 6.2
1 2 4 7 .1 0
1 1 ,4 3 5 .6 8
1 5 2 ,1 8 9 .4 0
1 9 3 2 -3 3
5 0 ,3 9 5 .2 5
4 1 4 .8 1
5 ,3 1 3 .5 8
5 6 ,1 2 3 .6 4
E x p en ses f o r 1 9 3 2 -3 3
$ 5 6 ,1 2 3 .6 4
E x p e n d itu r e s f o r 1 9 3 2 -3 3
P u b lic u t i l i t y c h a r g e s . . . .
. . $ 5 1 .6 2
R ep a ir and re p la cem en t o f
equipm ent . . .
.............................
I n d i r e c t e x p e n s e s 0- .
T o ta l E x p e n d itu r e s
. 3 ,3 2 3 .8 6
$ 5 9 ,5 2 5 .6 1 *
a D is t r ib u t e d on a b a s i s o f | ?7.91 p e r u n i t Of A .D .A .
^ C ost p e r c a p i t a - $ 1 4 1 .7 2 .
ie i
TABLE X III

AMERICANIZATION SCHOOL, 1 9 3 E -3 3 .
Month
D iir isa r
- u sed
1 s t month
1 s t month
EG
End month
End month
EO
3rd month
3rd month
17
4 th month
4 t h month
14
3 th month
5 th month
SO
6 th month
6 th month
18
A c tu a l
D iv is o r a
A. D, A*
14
E9Q.Q6
414 *.36
30% s t if f ,
14
4 0 6 .5 5
5 8 0 7 8
30% d i f f ,
13
439 *43
574 *.64
24% d i f f ,
3 9 6 .4 1
6 1 6 ,6 4
36% d i f f ,
14
380*80
5 4 4 ,0 0
30% d i f f .
IE *8
4 7 4 ,7 0
6 6 0 .3 5
28% d i f f .
a O b tained b y a d d in g a c t u a l number o f h o u rs ta u g h t
and r e d u c in g to d a y s; t h e r e f o r e th e A*B*A. i s m a t e r i a l l y
in c r e a s e d *
122
TABLE x n r
BATA. CONCERNING ENROLLMENT, AVERAGE DAILY ATTENDANCE,
AND,TEACHING STAEF
T ear
F u ll
Number
T o ta l
s u b s ti
E n r o lltim e
d iff*
tu te s
_ment
A*D#A. t e a c h t e a c h e r s
ers
on P a y r o l l u se d
E ig h th
gra d e
g r a d u a te s
1 9 3 0 -3 1
? ,6 1 7 t)
743
d8*8
75
14
1 9 3 1 -3 2
? ,8 4 Q C
829
dd#7
14
1 9 3 2 33
4 ,1 9 7
42Qd
25
31
11
10
1 9 3 3 -3 4
3 ,0 4 4
418
30
30e
a A* D* A . t ea ch u n it o f a tte n d a n c e r e p r e s e n t s p r a c
t i c a l l y t w ic e t h a t number o f p e r s o n s b eca u se m ost A m erican
i z a t i o n t e a c h e r s te a c h one group in th e m orning f o r two h o u rs
and a n o th e r group in th e a fte r n o o n f o r two h o u r s , w hich i s
one u n it o f a tte n d a n c e ( 4 h o u r s a t te n d a n c e ) and two p e r s o n s
i n a tte n d a n c e *
& d ,7 Q 6 -fa r e ig n ~ b o r n a d u l t s j
9 1 1 -A m erica n -b o rn a d u l t s .
c 6 ,1 2 9 - f o r e ig n - b o r n a d u l t s ;
L ,7 1 1 -A m erica n -b o rn a d u lts *
& D ec rea se b e c a u se o f c u r t a ilm e n t o f number o f te a c h e r s *

* H andle 130 c l a s s e s #
TABLE XV
SALARIES OF AMERICANIZATION PRINCIPALS IN VARIOUS CITIES
C ity
P o p u la t io n
P r in c i p a l * s
s a la r y _
Mew Y ork, N. Y*
6 ,9 3 0 ,4 4 6
# 6 ,0 0 0
D e t r o i t , Mich*
1 ,5 6 8 ,6 6 2
3 ,1 6 8
Dos A n g e le s , C a lif *
1 ,2 5 8 ,0 4 8
3 ,4 6 0
San F r a n c is c o , C a l i f s
6 5 4 ,5 9 4
5,03.6
W o r c e ste r , Mass*
1 9 5 ,5 1 1
2 ,7 5 0
H a r tfo r d , Conn.
1 6 4 ,0 2 2
3 ,0 1 5
Mew Haven, C onn.a
1.62,655
3 .5 0 0
San D ie g o , C a l i f * a
1 4 2 ,9 9 5
3 ,2 3 0
Cam bridge, Mass*
1 1 3 ,6 4 3
2 ,4 9 6
S o m e r v ille , Mass*
1 0 3 ,9 0 8
2 ,4 0 0
Lynn, Mass*
1 0 2 ,3 2 0
2 ,3 4 0
U t ic a , New Yorka
1 0 1 ,2 4 0
3 ,2 0 0
a Mew Haven, U t i c a , and San D ie g o , a lth o u g h a b o u t o n e t e n t h th e s i z e o f Los A n g e le s , pay n e a r ly a s much a s Los

A n g e le s d o e s .
124
MRS. SOTELOr
B e fo r e I came t o th e N u t r i t io n C la s s
I th o u g h t t h a t c h ild r e n c o u ld h e f e d th e
same fo o d a s a d u l t s .
I am c o n v in c e d now
t h a t my ig n o r a n c e was th e c a u se o f th e
d ea th o f my two y e a r o ld c h i l d s e v e r a l
y e a r s a g o . S in c e X h ave le a r n e d what
f o o d s a re good f o r . c h i l d r e n and how to
p r e p a r e them , a l l my o t h e r c h ild r e n have
im p rov ed . I am t r u l y g r a t e f u l .
MRS. YILLA:
I r e a liz e * now how much fo o d X u sed to

w a s t e . I u sed t o spend $ 1 4 a n d ,$15 a
w eek . Now I spend fT.OO a w eek . I buy
more v e g e t a b l e s a n d .m ilk , l e s s m eat and
l a r d . My f a m ily g e t a b a la n c e d d i e t a t
le s s c o st.
MRS. ACRJILERA:
I n s t e a d o f so much b a k e r * s b rea d I u se
more c e r e a l s and p o t a t o e s a t l e s s c o a t .
I no lo n g e r cook b e a n s f o r b r e a k f a s t and
f in d th e c h ild r e n are h a p p ie r and h e a l t h
i e r w ith c e r e a l s , m ilk , and e g g s .
MRS. KXCIELINSKXt B e fo r e X came t o t h e S ew in g G la ss I

. b ou gh t rea d y made- c l o t h i n g . Now X g e t
b e t t e r m a t e r i a l s a t l e s s th a n h a l f th e
c o s t o f th e ready-m ade o n e s .
MRS. FAJARDO t
X can n o t a f f o r d to buy th e b e t t e r g ra d e
o f r e a d y -to -w e a r c l o t h e s b u t I can make
th e same and b e t t e r a t s c h o o l . f o r h a l f
th e c o s t o r l e s s .
MRS. G0ME2:
At s c h o o l I have le a r n e d t o c o n v e r t
e v e r y t h in g in t o so m eth in g u s e f u l . L a s t
week I made a p r e t t y s k i r t f o r my daugh
t e r from a p a ir o f o ld p a n t s . X have
made s m a ll s h i r t s from o ld la r g e o n e s , and
q u i l t s from d is c a r d e d c o a t s and v e s t s .
I
c o u ld n o t have b ought new o n e s .
MRS. ZRNIGA:
When I came to s c h o o l I d id n o t know

a n y th in g a b o u t s e w in g . X^was a f r a id t o
c u t in t o any k in d o f m a t e r i a l . Now I am
se w in g f o r o t h e r p e o p le and t h i s .money
h e lp s t o c l o t h e and f e e d my f a m i l y . X
h ave made tw o p a i r s o f b o y * s p a n ts from
a r i d in g s k i r t a t no c o s t and am a lw a y s
m aking o v e r o ld d r e s s e s . The t r a i n i n g
125
h a s been v e r y v a lu a b le to m e.5
5*
DIPLOMA METHOD OF NATURALIZATION*

One o f th e p io n e e r movements in th e w hole c o u n tr y
tow ard a b ro a d er c o n c e p t o f our o b l i g a t i o n s to t h e im m igrant

was th e e s t a b l i s h i n g o f what: i s commonly c a l l e d th e diplom a
m ethod o f n a t u r a li z a t io n *
T h is p la n * o r i g in a t e d i n one o f
th e e le m e n ta r y e v e n in g s c h o o ls w hich o r g a n iz e d t h e n a t u r a l
i z a t i o n c l a s s in th e c i t y , h a s b een f u r t h e r d e v e lo p e d in an
E v en in g H igh S c h o o l c l a s s to th e p o in t where i t n o t o n ly
s e c u r e s th e a d m issio n o f f o r e ig n - b o r n p e r s o n s t o c i t i z e n s h i p
in t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , h u t t r i e s t o p rep a re them f o r an I n t e l
l i g e n t u se o f t h a t c i t i z e n s h i p a f t e r i t h a s b een a cq u ire d *
The g r e a t b u lk , h ow ever, o f f o r e ig n - b o r n p o p u la t io n i s
se p a r a te d from any d e m o c r a t iz a tio n p r o c e s s by t h e deep g u l f
f i x e d by t h e i r ig n o r a n c e 1o f th e E n g lis h la n g u a g e *
To t h i s
immense number th e p u b lic s c h o o l ow es a f l e x i b l e , a t t r a c t i v e ,

n e ig h b o r ly , e d u c a t io n a l o p p o r tu n ity *
To t h i s end th e s m a ll
I n tim a te n ig h t s c h o o l h a s b een p la c e d c l o s e to th e com pact

a l i e n g r o u p s; c l a s s e s h ave b een o r g a n iz e d in i n d u s t r i a l
p l a n t s o f v a r io u s s o r t s In o r d e r t h a t t h e e d u c a t io n a l p r o c e s s
may f i t
c l o s e l y i n t o th e n e e d s o f th e w ork ers* l i f e ; c l a s s e s
f o r h o u se m o th er s in la b o r camps h ave b een o r g a n iz e d , m e e tin g
5 Some s t a te m e n t s o f a p p r e c ia t io n e x p r e s s e d In two o f
th e c l a s s e s a t a m e e tin g l a s t s p r in g , (1 9 3 3 1 .
126
u s u a l l y in th e a fte r n o o n and d e a lin g w it h s u b j e c t s o f fu n

d am en tal i n t e r e s t to m o th ers and h o u s e w iv e s .
G la s s e s m e e tin g
in s c h o o l h o u s e s o f m o rn in g s, a f t e r n o o n s , or e v e n in g s , o f f e r
t o th e f o r e ig n women who f i n d th e s c h o o l h ou se a c o n v e n ie n t
p la c e o f m eetin g * and le a r n in g more o f th e p u b lic s c h o o l
f a c i l i t i e s in c o o k e r y , se w in g and o th e r h o u se h o ld a r t s .
T h is
new a d u lt e d u c a tio n d e s ig n e d t o m eet th e n e e d s o f t h e A m erican

b orn a s w e l l a s th e f o r e ig n - b o r n , a c c e p t s th e o b l i g a t i o n t o
o f f e r ^ T ra in in g i n any s u b j e c t u s e f u l to c i t i z e n s j "
i t as
sum es, fu r th e r m o r e , th e o b l i g a t i o n to a ro u se a s e n s e o f n eed

in t h o s e p e r s o n s who a r e n o t aware o f i t .
S c h o o ls f o r th e w h o le f a m il y .
The f o llo w in g i s a
t y p i c a l g r a d u a tio n e x e r c i s e sc e n e w ith t r u e e x p r e s s io n o t
t h e s e p e o p le s * new A m erican l i f e r
There was h o lid a y a t t i r e ,
th e r e was e x p e c ta n c y and
e a g e r n e s s in th e g a t h e r in g a t t h e T w e n ty -e ig h th S t r e e t S c h o o l,
L os A n g e les*
I t w as g r a d u a tio n day o f a new order.**
S even women had co m p leted n o t o n ly th e cu stom ary Eng

l i s h and home e c o n o m ic s, b u t a l l th e e n tr a n c e r e q u ir e m e n ts
f o r h ig h s c h o o l, and S u p e r in te n d e n t S h a fe r was t o p r e s e n t
s e v e n r e g u la r d ip lo m a s*
The c l a s s a s a w hole had b een com
p o se d o f s i x t y se v e n men and women.
They in c lu d e d e l e v e n
n a t i o n a l i t i e s and ra n g ed from i l l i t e r a c y t o b r i l l i a n c e , an
d Twentye ig h t h S t r e e t S c h o o l, 28Q7 S ta n fo r d A venue,

Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a .
127
E x-P r e s id e n t e General o f M a za tla n and o t h e r M exican o f f i

c i a l s among them*
a u d ie n c e ,
T hese f e l l o w s t u d e n t s made a s y m p a th e tic
And th e r e was more sym pathy in y e t a n o th e r q u a r te r *
Here w ere men d ea r to t h e s e v e n g r a d u a te s , h u sb a n d s, and a

g o o d ly band o f l i t t l e
c h ild r e n t h e i r c h ild r e n *
B e s id e s
t h e s e th e r e w ere a few e d u c a t io n a l e x p e r t s and th e s t a t e

s u p e r in te n d e n t o f p u b lic i n s t r u c t i o n , who had b een sn a tc h e d
from a lu n c h e o n sp e e c h t o l i s t e n I
There w as m u sic o f c o u r s e , w ith a sw ee t p ip in g ch an t
o f honor by t h e i r c h ild r e n .
The t e a c h e r , M iss F ord , announced t h a t each graduatew ou ld , in l i e u o f an e s s a y , t e l l why she had come to A m erica
and what th e s c h o o l had meant t o h er*
S w i f t l y a s p o s s i b l e and w ith o u t n o t e s , th e s t o r i e s
w ere t o ld *
B eca u se ea ch d e a lt w ith r i o t , r e v o l u t i o n , o r
i n t o l e r a n c e , ea ch in d i v i d u a l e p ic was co n v ey ed by a few b o ld
s t r o k e s and th e a u d ie n c e saw s e v e n f a m i l i e s throw n , some by
ch an ce and some b y c h o ic e , i n t o a new c o u n tr y w ith a new
la n g u a g e and new la w s .
How im p o s s ib le i t was to make a r e a l
home and k eep p a r e n t a l c o n t r o l w ith o u t th e la n g u a g e had b e

come p a te n t t o a l l o f t h e s e women*
When th e word came to
them th ro u g h n e ig h b o r s o r t h e i r own c h ild r e n , t h a t "mother

was i n v i t e d t o c l a s s e s t h r e e t im e s a w eek, e v e r y e f f o r t had
b een made t o a t t e n d and i t meant e f f o r t , h u r r ie d housew ork,
n e g le c t e d sew in g*
The u rg e f o r e d u c a tio n was so g r e a t t h a t
one woman w ent t o s c h o o l w ith h e r th r e e w e e k s 1 o ld baby in
1E8
h e r arms*
The y e a r had b een a supreme t e s t o f m otherhood, and
th e day was one o f t h a n k s g iv in g to a c o u n tr y o f f e r i n g such
o p p o r tu n ity f o r i t s home m a k ers.
T h is p ic t u r e o f th e T w e n ty -e ig h th S t r e e t S c h o o l on
i t s g r a d u a tio n day i s o n ly one o f many th e w r it e r s e e s b e fo r e
h e r in s e t t i n g down th e h i s t o r y o f how a d u lt im m igrant edu
c a t io n came t o L os A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a .
L ik e s t o r i e s o f
t h e s e women, i t i s a v e r y human e p ic o f o p p o r tu n ity and

s tr u g g le .
No more th a n two d e c a d e s ago th e t e a c h in g a d u lt f o r
e i g n e r s was s t i l l u s u a l l y a m a tte r o f p h ila n th r o p y in Am erica
and seem ed q u it e o u t s id e th e sp h ere o f th e p u b lic s c h o o l s y s
te m .
F o r t u n a t e ly , th e r e had b een v o lu n t e e r s and e d u c a t o r s
f in a n c e d by p r iv a t e fu n d s , who b egan work w ith im m igrant grou p s

a s e a r l y a s 1 8 8 9 , when H u ll House and th e o t h e r p io n e e r s e t
t le m e n t s a d o p ted th e r e s i d e n t i a l p la n o f th e O xford Movement.
4.
REMINISCENCES.7
In t h o s e d e c a d e s , C a lif o r n ia seem ed f a r away from th e
g r e a t im m igrant c e n t e r s and th e s o c i a l s e t t le m e n t s t h a t s e r v e d
them , but n o t f a r from modern th o u g h t n o r , a s i t tu rn ed o u t ,
lo n g to be w ith o u t f o r e i g n n eig h b o r h o o d s and t h e i r p r o b le m s.
In 1913 when th e Panama C anal was im m inent, th e s t a t e was
7 Mary S . G ib so n , S c h o o ls f o r th e Whole F a m ily .

S u rvey G ra p h ic, p p . 30Q -3 0 3 .
129
s t i r r e d w ith b o th h op es and f e a r s o f e x p e c te d im m ig r a tio n .
T hese a n t i c i p a t i o n s a c t e d a s a l e v e l and l e d t o th e c r e a t io n
o f a Com m ission o f Im m ig ra tio n and H ou sin g to s e r v e a s a p r o
t e c t i v e a g en cy t o d e a l w ith a l i e n la b o r and c o l o n i s t s b o th
d e s ir a b l e and u n d e s ir a b le .
B u s in e s s m ethods and p r i n c i p l e s
o f s o c i a l c o n s e r v a t io n w ere com bined I n th e com m ission la w ,

w hich c a r r ie d power o f en fo rcem en t*
F o r t u n a t e ly th e f i v e
c o m m issio n er s a p p o in te d a t t h i s tim e fou n d t h e i r work f la n k e d

by t h a t o f a group o f p r o g r e s s iv e and i n t e r l o c k i n g co m m issio n s
d e a lin g w ith h e a l t h , c h a r i t y , i n d u s t r i a l r e la t io n * workmen*s
c o m p e n sa tio n , w it h p ro b lem s a l l i e d t o th o s e o f im m ig ra tio n and
h o u sin g *
When th e u n e x p e c te d h appened, and th e C ulehre s l i d e
d e la y e d th e o p e n in g o f th e Panama C a n a l, th e a t t e n t i o n o f th e
com m ission was fo c u s e d upon im m igrant c o n d it io n s a lr e a d y e x
i s t i n g in th e s t a t e *
Language and p u b lic o p in io n in C a l i f o r
n i a , in common w ith o t h e r p a r t s o f th e c o u n tr y , was r e c e p t i v e

t o p la n s f o r an e d u c a t io n a l p ro ced u re t h a t w ould s e c u r e a
common la n g u a g e f o r our p e o p le .
The s c h o o l la w d id n o t p erm it e d u c a t io n a l s e r v i c e to
a d u l t s e x c e p t a t n ig h t s c h o o l, and so th e Home T ea ch er A ct o f
1 9 1 5 , o u r f i r s t l e g i s l a t i o n r e l a t i n g to a d u lt im m igrant ed u
c a t io n , was d r a fte d *
A lth o u g h t h i s was m e r e ly a p e r m is s iv e b i l l and c a r r ie d
no fu n d s , i t s p r o p o s a l a t o n ce b rou gh t f o r t h much o p p o s it io n
on th e grou n d s t h a t i t was p a t e r n a l i s t i c , t h a t i t was an i n
v a s io n o f th e home and t h a t i t d efra u d ed th e c h ild r e n f o r
whom s c h o o l money was r a i s e d .
O p p o s itio n on th e f i r s t co u n t
came from th e p o l i t i c i a n s , on th e seco n d from c e r t a i n church

g ro u p s who f e a r e d p r o s e l y t i n g and on th e t h ir d from p u b lic
s c h o o l p e o p le .
T h is o p p o s it io n c l a r i f i e d and s tr e n g th e n e d th e con
v i c t i o n s o f th e com m ission and r e s u l t e d in a d i r e c t a p p e a l to
th e p e o p le .
For m onths b e fo r e th e l e g i s l a t u r e m et, th e b i l l
was ta k e n to th e C a lif o r n ia F e d e r a tio n o f Women*s C lu b s, th e

P a r e n t T ea ch ers A s s o c ia t io n * th e D a u g h ters o f t h e Am erican
R e v o lu t io n , The U n ite d D a u g h te r s o f th e C o n fed er a cy , t h e
Women1s C h r is t ia n Temperance U nion, th e C o lo n ia l Dames, th e
Young Women's C h r is t ia n A s s o c ia t io n and t o th e c h u r c h e s .
W ith th e h e lp o f t h e s e o r g a n iz a t io n s and w ith t h e s e r v ic e o f
a l l th e f o r e i g n s e c r e t a r i e s o f th e I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e ,
a v ig o r o u s cam paign was in a u g u r a te d , and th e b i l l w ent b e f o r e
th e l e g i s l a t u r e w ith th e b a c k in g o f th e o r g a n iz e d womanhood
o f th e S t a t e .
The u n it e d com m ission p ro v ed a p o w e r fu l s i l e n t
lo b b y in i t s e l f ,
i t s p r e s id e n t a l e a d in g J e w ish m erch a n t,
S . J . L ubin o f S acram en to, and i t s r e p r e s e n t a t iv e mem bership

in c lu d in g th e Roman C a th o lic a r c h -b is h o p o f San F r a n c is c o ,
Edward J . Hanna; th e s e c r e t a r y o f th e F e d e r a tio n o f L abor,
P a u l S c h a r r e n b e r g j a le a d in g p h y s i c ia n , D r. James H. M cBride;
and th e e d u c a t io n a l co m m issio n er .
Advanced a s th e b i l l was
and in s p i t e o f th e e a r l i e r o p p o s i t io n , i t
passed
w ith o n ly
two d i s s e n t i n g v o t e s *
When G overnor Hiram Joh n son s ig n e d t h e Home T each er
131
B i l l i n A p r il 1 9 1 5 , i t s p ro p o n e n ts had a f i n e glow o f t r i
umph but a g lo w o f th e s o r t t h a t m ust be fa n n ed by c o n tin u e d
s u c c e s s , w hich a l a s I d id n o t com e.
Our b i l l ,
so u p s e t t in g to
tim e -h o n o r e d e d u c a t io n a l p o l i c i e s , was s a f e from p o l i t i c a l

m a c h in a tio n s , b u t i t had now t o make i t s way w ith th e p u b lic
s c h o o l sy stem o r d ie o f i n a n i t i o n . 8
The Comm ission o f Im m ig ra tio n u rged th e employment
o f home t e a c h e r s but i t d id so in T a in .
The s c h o o l p e o p le
r e i t e r a t e d "The p u b lic s c h o o ls a r e f o r th e c h i l d r e n .*
^ A m erica n ize th e c h ild r e n and th e c h ild r e n w i l l A m e ric a n ize
th e hom e.*
And th e s c h o o l p e o p le had much th e b e s t o f th e
s i t u a t i o n a s th e Home T ea ch er A ct was m e r e ly p e r m is s iv e aud

i t was a p a u p er!
A g r e a t e r h a n d ica p ev e n th an th e l a t t e r d i s
q u a l i f i c a t i o n , t h e r e was o n ly a p h ilo s o p h y and a n e c e s s i t y

b eh in d th e la w t h e r e w as no program* t h e r e were no t r a in e d
t e a c h e r s ; t h e r e w ere no t e x t s ; and t h e r e was in t e n s e p r e j u d i c e .
The Comm ission o f Im m ig ra tio n had w alk ed c a lm ly I n to
acad em ic f i e l d s w ith i t s l e g i s l a t i o n , , r e l y i n g upon e d u c a to r s
t o s p r in g t o th e su p p o rt o f i t s e d u c a t io n a l program .
But th e
s c h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s w ere a v e r s e t o ch a n g in g t h e i r s c h o o l- lo n g
m eth o d s.
They t o o k no s t e p s and th e unacadem ic com m ission
was l e f t w ith th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
T h is i t assum ed w ith d i s
c r e t i o n and, a s i t tu rn ed o u t , much good f o r t u n e .
8 Com m ission o f Im m ig ra tio n , o p . c i t , p* 42*
132
F i r s t , L os A n g e le s was c h o se n a s a d e m o n str a tio n f i e l d .

There were s e v e r a l r e a s o n s f o r t h i s .
The s u p e r in t e n d e n t s
w ere f r i e n d l y and had o rd er ed an e x a m in a tio n f o r home t e a c h e r s .

The c i t y m a in ta in e d n eig h b o rh o o d s c h o o ls in th e f o r e i g n quar
t e r s , where d e v o te d t e a c h e r s w ere g iv in g t h e m s e lv e s i n s e t t l e
ment f a s h io n t o community s e r v ic e *
Here w as u n d e r sta n d in g
and a p o in t o f d e p a r tu r e f o r a new a d v e n tu r e .
M oreover,
th ro u g h th e a d v ic e o f E v e ly n S to d d a r d , dean o f s o c i a l w ork ers

in Los A n g e le s , a woman came t o v o lu n t e e r h er s e r v i c e f o r one
y e a r t o p ro v e th e v a lu e o f th e work*
T h is u n u su a l p e r s o n ,
Amanda M atthew s C h ase, was a u n i v e r s i t y woman w ith t e a c h in g

and s e t t le m e n t e x p e r ie n c e in C a lif o r n ia and M exico a w r it e r
and t r a v e l e r f r i e n d l y , m o d est and e x p e r ie n c e d , a m ost prom
i s i n g r e c r u i t to d em o n stra te so n o v e l a s o c i a l p o lic y *
Her
s e r v i c e was p ro m p tly a c c e p te d and h e r im m ediate program o u t

lin e d .
Her f i r s t t a s k was t o p r e s e n t th e p h ilo s o p h y o f th e
new e d u c a t io n a l b i l l a t th e m e e tin g th a t y e a r U -915) o f th e

N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia t i o n in San F r a n c is c o *
And h e r e
may be th e p la c e to q u o te th e r e p o r t o f W ill C. Wood, s t a t e

s u p e r in te n d e n t o f p u b lic i n s t r u c t i o n f o r 1 9 2 3 -2 4 on th e home
t e a c h e r , j u s t n in e y e a r s a f t e r i t s f i r s t t r y - o u t in Los
A n g e le s , w ith u n tr a in e d t e a c h e r s and no t o o l s :
The home te a c h e r h a s p r o b a b ly b een C a lif o r n ia n s m ost
o u ts t a n d in g c o n t r ib u t io n t o im m igrant e d u c a tio n in th e
U n ite d S t a t e s . By t h i s m eans, th e p u b lic s c h o o l s gave
t h e i r f i r s t r e c o g n it io n t o th e im p o rta n ce o f th e home a s
an e d u c a t io n a l agen cy* V i s i t i n g t e a c h e r s , a d ju stm en t
t e a c h e r s and o t h e r p u b lic s c h o o l o f f i c i a l s co n cern ed w ith
th e a d ju stm e n t o f th e c h i l d a r e foun d in o t h e r s t a t e s ,
133
b u t C a lif o r n ia was tbe f i r s t s t a t e to r e c o g n iz e th e
m other a s th e im p o rta n t f a c t o r in th e home e d u c a tio n and
to g iv e h e r p u b lic s c h o o l s e r v i c e , w h eth er h e r c h ild had
shown any m a la d ju stm en t or n o t .
I t i s n o t b e c a u se t h e
c h i l d i s u n d er n o u rish e d o r ta rd y o r a b s e n t or d u l l o r
s le e p y t h a t th e home t e a c h e r v i s i t s th e f o r e i g n m o th er.
I t i s b e c a u s e sh e i s a f o r e i g n m other* I f h e r c h ild i s
d o in g w e l l in s c h o o l so much t h e b e t t e r . . I t i s s t i l l
im p o r ta n t t h a t she le a r n E n g lis h , have c o n t a c t w ith
Am erican l i f e and c r e a t e f o r th e c h ild a home w h ich w i l l
n ot b e i n c o n f l i c t w ith h i s A m erican e d u c a t io n .
Today s t a t e s u p e r in t e n d e n t , Y e r lin g K ersey c o n s id e r s
th e Home T ea ch er worlc a r e q u i s i t e , in d i s p e n s a b le p a r t o f a d u lt
e d u c a tio n *
S t i l l a n o th e r r e a s o n why Los A n g e le s was ch o se n a s th e
ex p erim en t s t a t i o n was t h a t t h e r e were b e g in n in g s in n ig h t
s c h o o l t e a c h in g .
At th e same tim e t h a t o u r v o lu n t e e r home t e a c h e r s e t
o u t to t a c k le h er p rob lem th e N o m a l S c h o o l o f f e r e d a S a tu rd ay
m orn in g c l a s s on The T e a ch in g of; E n g lis h to F o r e ig n e r s , w ith
Ruby Baughman a s t e a c h e r a c o u r se s t r o n g In t e c h n iq u e , and
i n s p i r a t i o n a l In c h a r a c t e r , a tte n d e d by a t l e a s t s i x t y t e a c h
e r s from th e c i t y s c h o o ls and c a d e ts from th e Normal S c h o o l,
When, a f t e r a y e a r and a h a l f o f v o lu n t e e r work, Mrs*
C hase was e l e c t e d a r e g u la r home t e a c h e r in th e L os A n g e le s
s c h o o l, and when in 1916 L os A n g e le s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s D ep a rt
ment o f Im m igrant E d u ca tio n w ith M iss Baughman o f th e Normal
S c h o o l f a c u l t y a s d i r e c t o r , and Marcus C. B e t t in g e r a s su p e r
in t e n d e n t , th e com m ission c o n s id e r e d i t s p io n e e r d e m o n str a tio n
la u n c h e d .
I t was r e le a s e d to d e v o te i t s e l f w ith th e c o -o p e r a
t i o n o f th e E x te n s io n D epartm ent o f th e S t a t e U n i v e r s it y , t o
134
t e a c h e r t r a in in g and c l a s s o r g a n iz a t io n th r o u g h o u t th e s t a t e *
M eanwhile th e C om m ission had co m p leted a s u r v e y in th e
c i t y o f Los A n g e le s on a n e g a t iv e s u b j e c t What I t C o sts Not
To E d u cate The Im m igrant*
A c h a r t , w hich was an a n a l y s i s o f
t h i s su r v e y , was u sed a s a b a s i s o f a p p e a l f o r n ig h t s c h o o l s ,
and a s an a d v e r t i s i n g a t ta c k * i t was s u c c e s s f u l w ith th e
Board o f E d u ca tio n and w ith grou p s o f em p lo y ers*
I t r e s u lte d
i n t h e a ss e m b lin g o f la r g e grou p s o f f o r e i g n e r s i n h o s p it a b le
q u arter's f o r c l a s s e s w hich began w ith g r e a t good w i l l *
h o s p i t a l i t y and good w i l l were n o t enough*
But
The f o r e i g n e r ,
who p erh a p s had sp p n t e i g h t h o u rs in h eavy w ork, was w is e In

h i s u n c o n s c io u s l e s s o n t o h i s e d u c a to r s *
t o h i s u n tr a in e d t e a c h e r s *
M u tely he r e sp o n d ed
M u tely he r e t i r e d from th e ed u ca
t i o n a l f i e l d and l e f t h i s b e n e f a c t o r s t o r e f l e c t i o n *
A su r v e y
made o f th e v e r y i r r e g u l a r a tte n d a n c e r e v e a le d th e s t a r t l i n g
f a c t t h a t o u t o f a t o t a l o f 3 ,4 4 8 p u p i l s , 141 n e v e r came back
a f t e r th e f i r s t n i g h t , and t h a t o n ly 323 s ta y e d f o r s i x t y
n ig h t s * 9
A ft e r a n o th e r cam paign co n d u cted by im proved a d v e r t i s
in g m eth o d s, but w ith l i t t l e more wisdom o r s u c c e s s ,
th e cam
p a ig n e r s who had w atched th e dead and d y in g c l a s s e s , a n a ly z e d

th e s i t u a t i o n f u r t h e r and d e c id e d t h a t t h e tim e was n o t y e t
r ip e f o r m ass e f f o r t s t h a t b e f o r e s u c c e s s f u l c l a s s work c o u ld
9 Frank V. Thompson, S c h o o lin g and th e Im m igrant (H arp er,

1920) g i v e s f i g u r e s f o r th e n a t io n 191?*18* More th a n two c i t
i e s g iv e up t h i s work e n t i r e l y to e v e r y f i v e c i t i e s w hich s t a r t
it.
155
h e o r g a n iz e d , much p r e lim in a r y work must be done*
We n eed ed
f i r s t , te a c h e r t r a i n i n g f o r th e new p r o f e s s i o n ; s u i t a b l e t e x t
b ook s f o r a d u lt s ; and p u b lic fu n d s t h a t w ould e n a b le s p e c i a l
i s t s t o e n l i s t in so h ig h ly s p e c i a l i z e d a d ep a rtm e n t.
However c a s u a l and in c o n s e q u e n t t h i s sim p le sta te m e n t
o f b e g in n in g s may a p p e a r, i t
c o v e r s a p e r io d o f much a n x i e t y .
In th e w h ite h e a t o f t e n s e and u n s e l f i s h s e r v i c e w as fo r g e d a
c o n c e p tio n o f home t e a c h e r work tou gh enough t o s e r v e a s a
w ork in g m od el, b u t m a lle a b le enough t o resp o n d t o human n e c
e s s ity ,
T each er t r a i n i n g was d e v e lo p e d ,ron t h e Jobn and
t e x t s o f many k in d s were p rep a red by th e t e a c h e r p a r t i c i p a t i n g .

B e s t o f a l l , e a c h y e a r h a s d is c o v e r e d an, e v e r la r g e r company
o f t e a c h e r s o f f i n e r s o c i a l o u t lo o k and e d u c a t io n a l r e s o u r c e
f u l n e s s c a r r y in g on t h e i r t a s k w ith a lm o st r e l i g i o u s f e r v o r ,
E t h e l R ic h a r d so n , a young Bryn Mawr g r a d u a te , who made
th e c o m m issio n 's e d u c a t io n a l su r v e y s and p a r t i c i p a t e d in a l l
t h e p io n e e r e x p e r im e n ts , d e v e lo p e d su ch e x c e p t i o n a l u n d er
s t a n d in g and le a d e r s h ip t h a t i n 1917 she became t h e d i r e c t o r
o f e d u c a t io n o f th e S t a t e C om m ission,
She b ro u g h t t o t h e work
an o r i g i n a l mind unhampered by c u t and d r ie d r u l e s , unbounded

e n e r g y , and th e f a i t h t h a t m oves m ou n tain s *
The program a s
i t to o k shape in h er hands in c lu d e d :
1,
S t a t e w ide e d u c a tio n o f th e p u b l i c , e s p e c i a l l y o f
ed u c a to r s,
a.
The s e l e c t i o n o f th e m ost s o c ia l- m in d e d o f t h e
. t e a c h e r s a lr e a d y in th e f i e l d f o r s p e c i a l i z a t i o n .
136
3..
S t a t e - w id e s u p e r v is io n o f e v e r y t h in g r e l a t i n g t o
. im m igrant e d u c a t io n .
As h e r f i r s t re q u ir e m e n t f o r home t e a c h e r s sh e demanded
an u n d e r sta n d in g o f im m igrant g r o u p s; p e d a g o g ic a l t e c h n i c a l
i t i e s came l a t e r .
The E x te n s io n D epartm ent o f th e U n i v e r s it y o f C a lif o r n ia
became a s t r o n g a l l y and in 1930 a rran ged t h r e e i n s t i t u t e s on
t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g in LoaÂng e l a s . E r e s n o , _ a n d _San F r a n c is c o *
As^ one o f i t s s t a f f ,
i t b ro u g h t from New Y ork, John C o l l i e r
who w ith h i s fu n d o f id e a s and e x p e r ie n c e , p u t a new n o te o f

t o l e r a n c e , u n d e r sta n d in g and a p p r e c ia t io n i n t o t h e ta sk *
W ith
summer s c h o o ls and e x t e n s io n c l a s s e s from t h e s t a t e u n i v e r s i t y

in v ig o r o u s a c t i o n , w ith th e d i r e c t o r g o in g about th e s t a t e
s t im u la t in g i n t e r e s t In th e new p r o f e s s i o n , an-
e x t r a o r d in a r y
group o f s t u d e n t s w as e n l i s t e d f o r th e ex p a n d in g f i e l d o f im
m ig ra n t e d u c a t io n .
I t w as now p o s s i b l e n o t o n ly t o b r in g o u t b e t t e r t e x t s ,
b u t t o f u r n is h e x p e r t s t o i n d u s t r i e s w is h in g t o have s p e c i a l
l e s s o n m a t e r ia ls *
The o ra n g e g r o w e r s, th e su g a r m i l l s , in d u s
t r i e s o f a l l s o r t s h a v in g s p e c i a l v o c a b u la r ie s , r e c o g n iz e d th e
v a lu e o f t e a c h in g them , and w i l l i n g l y p a id f o r th e p r e p a r a tio n
o f th e n e c e s s a r y p a m p h lets*
When th e s p e c i a l i z e d t r a i n i n g f o r home t e a c h e r s began
to b e so u g h t by s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s th e U n iv e r s it y E x te n s io n De
partm ent p la c e d one o f i t s
p e r io d s *
s t a f f on c a l l f o r t h r e e m onths
E t h e l S w ain , a young U n i v e r s it y o f C a lif o r n ia
137
g ra d u a te who had r e s ig n e d a h ig h s c h o o l p o s i t i o n to s e r v e
a d u lt e d u c a t io n , began s e r v in g a s many grou p s in a d i s t r i c t
a s c o u ld be rea ch ed f o r l a t e a f te r n o o n and e v e n in g c l a s s e s *
In t h e s e c l a s s e s t e a c h e r s w ere t r a in e d on th e p r a c t i c e s c h o o l
p r i n c i p l e , w h ile a c t u a l l y c o n d u c tin g a d u lt e d u c a t io n work;
l e s s o n s were t e s t e d in c l a s s e s com posed o f from one t o e le v e n
n a t i o n a l i t i e s , and a sy ste m d e v is e d f o r g r a d in g and p la c in g
f o r e i g n s t u d e n t s on t h e f i r s t n ig h t o f s c h o o l a tte n d a n c e
( l e s t t h e r e m ight n e v e r be a n o th e r oh ance*}
S e r ie s o f l e s
so n s w ere e v o lv e d s u i t e d t o v a r io u s e n v ir o n m e n ts , and t o
v a r ie d n eed s*
T h is p r a c t i c e s c h o o l t e a c h in g i s now c a l l e d
c a d e t t e a c h in g and i s one o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r an A m erican

iz a tio n c r e d e n tia l.
T h is work i s under E t h e l Swain of" th e
U n i v e r s it y o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a .
In 1920 a t th e w ish o f th e Com m ission o f Im m ig ra tion
and H o u sin g , th e dep artm ent and th e b u d g et f o r Im m igrant edu
c a t io n w ere t r a n s f e r r e d , w ith t h e d i r e c t o r , t o th e S t a t e
D epartm ent o f E d u c a tio n .
The i l l i t e r a c y s t a t i s t i c s o f th e war g a v e an im p etu s
to l e g i s l a t i o n .
A ct made i t
In 1919 t h e seco n d s e c t i o n o f th e P a r t -t im e
com p ulsory f o r h ig h s c h o o l b o a rd s in C a lif o r n ia
to op en c l a s s e s w henever tw e n ty o r more men and women b etw een

th e a g e s o f e ig h t e e n and tw e n ty -o n e c o u ld be fo u n d w it h in a
r a d iu s o f th r e e m ile s o f th e h ig h s c h o o l .
More th a n t h i s * i t
made a tte n d a n c e on su ch c l a s s e s com p ulsory when su ch c l a s s e s

a re e s t a b l i s h e d .
In 1 9 2 3 , a b i l l ,
s im ila r in w ording and
e f f e c t , d e a lt w ith h ig h s c h o o l h o a rd s and a d u lt s o v e r tw e n ty one u n a b le t o sp ea k E n g lis h w ith th e f lu e n c y o f th e s i x t h

grad e.
T h ese b i l l s w ith th e n a t u r a l i z a t i o n la w dem anding and
p r o v id in g f o r c l a s s e s o f t w e n t y - f i v e o r more p e r s o n s a p p ly in g
f o r f i r s t o r seco n d p a p e r s , rounded o u t th e l e g i s l a t i o n n e c
e s s a r y t o c a r r y on a d u lt im m igrant e d u c a t io n .
Now, in 1 9 3 4 , d e s p it e th e d e p o r t a t io n o f many M ex ica n s,
th e c l a s s e s a r e s t e a d i l y g r o w in g .
W ith th e b e s t e d u c a to r s
c o n v in c e d t h a t th e p u b lic s c h o o ls a r e f o r th e w hole f a m ily ,

and w ith t h e s e e d u c a to r s rea d y to b road en t h e i r f i e l d s ,
th e
outcom e w i l l be no i l l i t e r a c y .
When th e i n i t i a t o r s o f th e home te a c h e r p r o j e c t b u i l t
a d oor to th e sc h o o lh o u s e f o r th e f o r e i g n m o th er, th e y b u i l d ed b e t t e r th a n th e y knew.
These w ords w ere w r it t e n by A s s i s t a n t C ity S u p e r in te n d
e n t . H arry _M ^Shaf e r who .ha s Jbeen~head , o f . th e . A<|u l t Educa -.^ ,
t io n . s in c e . 1918..r_-of. w hich A m e r ic a n iz a tio n i s " S T b ip o ft a n l
p h a s e , I t i s a s p le n d id t r i b u t e t o th e work o f M rs,
S u t t o n , Such o u t s t a n d in g l e a d e r s s u r e ly have n o t l i v e d
i n v a in .
Her p r e d e c e s s o r , Amanda M atthew s C hase, th e j C i r s t Home
T ea ch er, n o t o n ly in Los A n g e le s , b u t in C a l i f o r n i a , i s th e
a u th o r o f th e fo rew o rd o f ^ t h i s w ork.
Sunday, March 1 2 , 1 9 3 3 , one o f th e v e t e r a n s in th e
home t e a c h e r work i n th e c i t y s c h o o ls came t o th e end
o f h er J o u r n e y , M rs, R a ch el S u tto n was th e seco n d home
t e a c h e r a p p o in te d under th e Home T each er Law, and s e r v e d
in su ch c a p a c it y from th e tim e o f . h e r ap p oin tm en t u n t i l
h e r d e a th . Her p r e d e c e s s o r h a v in g r e t i r e d , she w as,
In f a c t , th e. v e t e r a n i n th e s e r v i c e .
M rs. S u tto n was b orn in th e U k r a in ia n D i s t r i c t o f
139
R u ssia * She g ra d u a ted from a R u ssia n t e a c h e r s 1 c o l l e g e ,
and ta u g h t f i v e y e a r s in h er n a t iv e lan d *
In 1905 she m a rried a R u ssia n m in in g e n g in e e r *
In
1910 th e y came t o C a lif o r n ia and p u rch a sed a ran ch n ea r
Downey*
In 19 1 6 sh e was a s s ig n e d a s home t e a c h e r
S t r e e t S c h o o l, w hich f o r many y e a r s was th e
p r o b a b ly one o f th e m ost f o r e i g n s c h o o ls in
A n g e le s s c h o o l system *
T r ib u ta r y t o i t was
R u s s ia n p o p u la tio n *
a t th e Utah
l a r g e s t and
th e L os
an immense
Her a b i l i t y to sp e a k b o th R u s s ia n and E n g lis h , and

h er e d u c a tio n in b oth la n g u a g e s t o g e t h e r w ith h e r k now l
ed ge o f th e manner o f l i f e and th e background o f b o th
t h e R u s s ia n and Am erican p e o p le , made h e r e x tr e m e ly
v a lu a b le in th e work o f am algam atin g th e n a t i o n a l i t i e s
r e p r e s e n t e d in th e Utah S t r e e t S c h o o l and in th e commun
i t y * Her work and h e r in f lu e n c e w ere n o t l i m i t e d t o
th e h o u r s o f th e s c h o o l s e s s i o n , b u t h er tim e and en er g y
w ere a v a i l a b l e a t a l l tim e s i n a s s i s t i n g h e r countrym en
in s o l v i n g t h e i r d o m e stic and o t h e r p rob lem s* She con
t i n u a l l y en co u ra g ed them t o become c i t i z e n s , and by h e r
p r e p a r a t io n o f t h e s e p e o p le f o r c i t i z e n s h i p and h e r con
t i n u a l p o in t in g o f t h e i r f u t u r e in t h a t d i r e c t i o n , she
l e d many i n t o f u l l c i t i z e n s h i p , w h ich was v a lu a b le t o
them and t o th e c o u n tr y o f t h e i r a d a p tio n a s w e l l a s to
t h e i r c i t y o f r e s id e n c e *
P ro b a b ly th e m ost v a lu a b le s e r v i c e ren d ered by Mrs*
S u tto n in h er work as home te a c h e r w as t h a t o f b r id g in g
th e gap b etw een th e f i r s t and se c o n d g e n e r a tio n o f Rus
s ia n s * As th e seco n d g e n e r a t io n o f any n a t i o n a l i t y
d e v e lo p s tow ard m a tu r it y , t h a t g e n e r a t io n u s u a l l y d e
s i r e s t o throw o f f su d d e n ly and o f t e n v i o l e n t l y th e
t r a d i t i o n s and cu stom s o f t h e i r a n c e s to r s *
The f i r s t
g e n e r a t io n become d e e p ly g r ie v e d b y such a c t i o n . Some
t im e s th e f i r s t and secon d g e n e r a t io n become w id e ly
s e p a r a te d and a l i e n a t e d from ea c h o t h e r . Mrs* S u tto n
was a p o w e r fu l i n f l u e n c e in m a in t a in in g a happy r e l a t i o n
s h ip b etw een th e two g e n e r a t i o n s , and th e r e b y p ro m o tin g
th e w e lf a r e o f each fa m ily * Her c o n t r ib u t io n t o p e a c e
and p r o s p e r it y o f our c i t y , e s p e c i a l l y t h a t p a r t o f i t
w h ich th e r e s id e n c e o f th o u sa n d s o f R u ssia n p e o p le , was
I n v a lu a b le * Her rew ard w i l l be g r e a t , and th e memory o f
h e r and h e r w ork w i l l l i v e when o t h e r l e s s s t a b l e i n f l u
e n c e s h ave d is a p p e a r e d * ^
H arry M. S h a f e r , A s s i s t a n t S u p e r in te n d e n t o f
S c h o o ls , Los A n g e le s S c h o o l J o u r n a l, March 2 1 , 1 9 3 3 .
140
TABLE XVI
EVENING AMERICANIZATION SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS
There a r e s i x t e e n E v en in g A m e r ic a n iz a tio n S c h o o ls
and t h e s e s c h o o ls em ploy t h i r t y - e i g h t t e a c h e r s .
These
c l a s s e s a r e more c e n t r a l i z e d th an th e day s c h o o ls -a n d a re
h e ld in th e la r g e h ig h s c h o o l s . The c l a s s e s a re a tte n d e d
p r i n c i p a l l y by men who a r e em ployed d u r in g th e d a y .
SCHOOL
PHONE
TEACHER
^
EX. 6603
B e ll
Ton H a f f t e n , I r e n e
C e n tr a l
At c h l e y , G lady s
D a v is , L e i l a
MacQueen, G ertru de
M i t c h e l l , V era
S e v i e r , ; E v e ly n
F r a n k lin
B a r t l e t t , Mae
CL. 61814
H ollyw ood
A nd erson , M arian
E l l i s , LaVeta
Knox, L o u is e
No phone
OR. 8 6 3 4
OL. 1388
H u n tin g to n Bark
Cummings, T e re se
LA* 2821
J e ffe r so n
Cox, H a r r ie t
E n d ic o t t , H a z e l
De D on ato,- J o se p h in e
M cC all, M arion
Morrow, Cora
WH.
UN*
PL.
AX.
AX.
L in c o ln
Rung, Ruth
UN* 4678
Los, A n g e le s
P o e te n , Lucy H.
W iseman,... Faye
OL* 897 6
RQ. 4715
Manual A r ts
McMath, E l l a
S o w e r s, Irma
TH. 9064
IE . 1560
M cK inley
P a g e , Jennie-
PA. 4592
M e tr o p o lita n
F i t c h , L a u ra b el
J o h n so n , A m elia
RE. 9021
No phone
No phone
WH. 6682:
CR. 6429
RE* 0439
Gardena - 953
9842
89 3 1
7555
0955
0955
141
TABUS XVX (Continued)
EVENING AMERICANIZATION SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS*
SCHOOL
TEACHER
PHONE
M e tr o p o lita n (c o n tin u e d } M essn er, F lo r e n c e

- M i l l e r , Mary
S t r i c k l e r , Maude
W ieb a lk , Anna
F I . 2478
OR. 1030
No phone
PA. 9519
R o o s e v e lt
B la n c h e r d , G lad ys
H u n ter, la n e
N ekuda, Anna
P o r t e r , May
R I. 2 8 0 1
DU. 3875
BE. 4325
No phone
San P ed ro
A lf o r d , N e l l i e
M o tt, E l s i e
U n iv e r s it y
Frank., R ose
Van Nuys
B e r g e r , Emma
J o n e s , C a th e r in e
V e n ic e
Von H a f ft e n , I r e n e
San Pedro
2139 J
No phone
AN. 1 4 4 3 5
OL.. 8970
Van Nuys 639W
ET. 6663
NOTEt There a re s ix t e e n . E v e n in g A rn erican im ation S c h o o ls

and fo r ty ^ tw o -B a y A m e r ic a n iz a tio n S c h o o ls , making a t o t a l o f
f i f t y - e i g h t Day and E v e n in g A m e r ic a n iz a tio n S c h o o ls w ith
e i g h t y - f o u r t e a c h e r s , w ith a p p r o x im a te ly t h r e e th ou san d s t u
d e n ts e n r o l le d and an a v era g e e n r o llm e n t o f f o r t y - e i g h t p e r
son s per c l a s s ,
* R e v is e d to November 1 0 , 1 9 3 3 .
SUMMABY
The f i r s t e v e n in g s c h o o l i n Los A n g e le s was h e ld in t h e
New H igh S t r e e t S c h o o l, lo c a t e d a t F i f t h and S p r in g S t r e e t s
in 1 8 8 7 -
E v en in g s c h o o l h a s c o n tin u e d w ith an unbroken r e c o r d
f o r a lm o st h a l f a c e n tu r y f o r t y - s e v e n y e a r s .
In 19Q3 th e C o lle g e S e t t le m e n t opened th e f i r s t Amer
i c a n i z a t i o n c l a s s f o r t e a c h in g E n g lis h to f o r e i g n e r s f i r s t n a t u r a l i z a t i o n work was u n d erta k en h ere*
The
The Board o f
E d u c a tio n to o k o v e r th e c l a s s i n 19Q&, a t th e r e q u e s t o f th e
C o lle g e S e t t le m e n t The d ep artm en t o f Im m ig ra tio n o f E d u c a tio n w as o rg a n
i z e d in 1918 w ith Ruby Baughman a s d i r e c t o r , M iss Baughman
o f th e Norm al S c h o o l (U .C .L .A . } f a c u l t y c o n tin u e d a s d i r e c t o r
u n t i l ou r p r e s e n t c a p a b le , p a t i e n t and e f f i c i e n t F lo r a B.
S m ith , became d i r e c t o r .
An a d u lt e d u c a tio n d ep artm ent was c r e a t e d in 1918 w ith
th e p r e s e n t s p le n d id H arry S h a fe r a s A s s i s t a n t C ity S u p e r in
te n d e n t o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n was made one o f th e s e v e r a l d e p a r t
ment s .
Los A n g e le s was t h e e x p e r im e n ta l s t a t i o n f o r Home
T each er work w ith Amanda M atthew s Chase a s th e f i r s t t e a c h e r
in 1 9 1 5 , a t A m elia S t r e e t S c h o o l.
R a ch a el S u tto n was a s s ig n e d
a s th e se co n d Home T ea ch er in 1 9 1 8 a t Utah S t r e e t S c h o o l.
There a r e to d a y t w e n ty -fo u r Home T e a c h e r s, two o ccu p a
t i o n a l th e r a p y t e a c h e r s , th r e e t e a c h e r s in A m e r ic a n iz a tio n ,
143
t h i r t y - e i g h t t e a c h e r s in e v e n in g s c h o o l work, and f o r t y - s i x
t e a c h e r s in Day A m e r ic a n iz a tio n c l a s s e s #
B e s id e s t h o s e m en tio n ed , n o ta b le in i n t e r e s t s o f
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n a r e :
Mr* M. C, B e t t in g e r , s u p e r in te n d e n t;
E t h e l R ich a rd so n A lle n , s t a t e d i r e c t o r o f Im m igrant Educa

t i o n ; Mary S . G ib so n , Com m ittee o f Im m ig ra tio n and H ou sin g;
E t h e l S w ain o f U n i v e r s it y o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , who t r a i n s
th e c a d e t s f o r t h e i r A m e r ic a n iz a tio n c r e d e n t i a l ; E t t i e E e e* s
c o n t r ib u t io n in w r i t i n g s , and such t e a c h e r s a s M is s e s Holm es
and McKenna.
BIBLIOGR&PHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
B ach rach , J e a n e t t e W ra tten b ery , U sefu l. E n g lis h f o r B e g in n e r s*
B a n s v i l l e , New Y ork: F . A . Owens Company, 1 9 3 0 ..
A book t h a t w ould b e a j o y t o any t i r e d n o n -E n g lis h
sp e a k in g p e r s o n . I t c o n t a in s t h r e e d i v i s i o n s o f l e s
s o n s s a l e , m o v in g , and h e lp w an ted . E v ery p age i s o f
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B a r d in e , G. M yers, How To Be come an A m erican Gi t i z e n .
New Y ork: Judy P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 2 2 .
The s t e p s tow ard c i t i z e n s h i p a r e w e l l o u t li n e d and c l e a r
l y d e f in e d . T h is book w ould b e a d e c id e d a id t o th e
f o r e i g n e r who i s s e e k in g c i t i z e n s h i p .
B e s h g e tu r ia n , A z n iv , F o r e ig n e r s Guide To E n g lis h .
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-
New Y ork:
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C h a n c e llo r , W illia m E . , H is to r y and Government o f t h e U n ite d
S t a t e s For E ven in g S c h o o l. A m erican Book Company.
C o p y rig h t 1912., r e v is e d t o 1 9 1 4 .
T h is h i s t o r y i s s p le n d id f o r ad vanced A m e r ic a n iz a tio n
S t u d e n t s . I t d e a l s w ith t h e Geography and H is t o r y o f
th e U n ite d S t a t e s from c o l o n i a l d ays to p re w o r ld war
d ays .o f 1 9 1 4 . Too s m a ll p r in t t o be u sed a s a t e x t b o o k .
C lagh orn , Kate H o lla d ay, The Im migrant *s Day i n Court*
New Y ork: H arper B r o th e r s , 1923*
The im m igrant h a s many t r o u b le s *
T h ese p ro b lem s and ways
t o m eet them a r e c l e a r l y o u t l i n e d . - T r o u b le s in c lu d e such
p r o b le m s, a s c o u r t , d e p o r t a t io n , f a m ily , and money t r o u b l e s .
G a v it , John P alm er, A m ericans By C h o ic e
B r o th e r s,, 19 2 2 .
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A d i s c u s s i o n o f th e N a t u r a l iz a t io n Law and i t s o p e r a t io n ,
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S p e a k e r . New, York: M acm illan Comp a n y , 1 9 2 0 .
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H am ilto n and S to n e w a ll J a c k so n .
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Putnam*s S o n s, The K n ick erb o ck er P r e s s , 1 9 1 2 .
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Im m ig ra tio n P ro b lem . New-York: Funk and W a g n a lls .
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Im m ig r a tio n . A l l r a c e s a r e d is c u s s e d w ith a th o ro u g h
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K osso v o , H e r o ic Songs o f th e S e r b s . Houghton M i f f l i n Company,
1920." T r a n s la te d from t h e 'O r ig in a l by H e len B ooth am.
A s m a ll book o f s o n g s w ith a tw e n ty p age h i s t o r i c a l
p re fa c e .
L ee, E t t i e , V ic t o r Hugors L e s M is e r a b le s . An A d a p ta tio n .
New Y ork: Bone and L i v e r i g h t , I n c . , 1 9 2 4 .
One o f th e many a d a p t a t io n s from c l a s s i c a l l i t e r a t i on
th a t E t t i e Lee h a s made.
Mahoney, John J . , and C h a r le s M. H e r lih y , F i r s t S te p s in
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n . C o p y rig h t 1 9 1 8 . pp 1 - 1 2 .
A handbook f o r te a c h e r s^
Mason, J o se p h in e Dwight and G ertrude E . OB r ie n , A P r a c t i c a l
R eader f o r A d u lts* Book I . D . C. H eath and company, 1 9 3 1 .
147
A p r a c t i c a l r e a d e r f o r th e b e g in n e r s and in t e r m e d ia t e s
c la s s .
I t c o n t a in s b ig b la ck , b o ld p r in t o f i l l u s t r a t e d
le s s o n s * .
Mason, J o se p h in e D w ight and G ertru d e E. GfB r ie n , A P r a c t i c a l
R eader F or A d u lts*
Book II* D. C. H eath and Gomnanv.
1931. ~
OrC o n n e ll, L e la M ., and K arl A* R e ic h e , E n g lis h f o r F u tu re
C it iz e n s * A lb a n y , New Y ork: F o r t 0 ran ge " P r e s s * .Copy
r i g h t 1 9 2 8 , The Brandow P r in t in g Company.
T h is book i s f o r in te r m e d ia te and ad vanced c l a s s e s and
d e a ls w ith ev e ry d a y l i f e .
P ark , R ob ert E ., The Im m igrant P r e s s and I t s C o n t r o l.
New Y ork: .H arper B r o th e r s , 1 9 2 2 .
S o i l f o r th e Im m igrant P r e s s , i t s r e a s o n s , why an immi
g r a n t p r e s s i s n e c e s s a r y , and i t s u se in and th e a s s im
i l a t i o n o f o u r n o n -E n g lis h s p e a k in g p e o p l e s .
Rootham, H e le n , H e r o ic Songs o f th e S e r b s . Houghton M i f f l i n
Company, 1 9 2 0 . W r itte n by K ossovo and t r a n s l a t e d from
th e o r i g i n a l by H elen Rootham.
A sm a ll book o f so n g s w ith a tw e n ty p age h i s t o r i c a l
p re fa c e .
R o b e r ts , P e t e r B ., P h .D ., E n g lis h f o r Coming A m erica n s.
C o p y rig h t 1 9 1 2 .. T e a ch er s Manual B ook , pp 9 - 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 9 .
S h a r lip , Y /illia m , and A lb e r t A. Owens, A d u lt Im migrant
E d u c a tio n I t s S c o p e . C o n te n t, and M eth od s! New Y ork.
M acm illan Company, 1 9 2 5 .
I t d e a ls w ith th e o r g a n iz a t io n and a tte n d a n c e o f a d u lt
c l a s s e s -*w ith th o ro u gh d i s c u s s i o n o f s tu d y , and m ethods
o f t e a c h in g .
S p eek , P e t e r A ., A S ta k e In The Land.
B r o th e r s , 1 9 2 1 .
New Y ork: H arper
D iv u lg in g t h e la n d o p p o r t u n i t ie s in A m erica and th e p rob

lem s o f a c q u i s i t i o n . A d i s c u s s i o n o f im m igrant ch u rch es
and A d u lt Im m igrant E d u c a tio n .
Thompson, Frank V ., S c h o o lin g o f th e Im m igran t.
H arper B r o th e r s , 1 9 2 0 .
New Y ork:
P rob lem s and p o l i c i e s and th e tr e n d o f l e g i s l a t i o n a re

w e l l d is c u s s e d in t h i s book*
W heaton, H a r r is o n , H y la s , U n ite d S t a t e s Bureau o f E d u c a tio n *
(B ib lio g r a p h y o n l y . )
R ecen t P r o g r e s s i n th e E d u c a tio n o f th e Im m igrant*
N a t io n a l S c o p e .
MAGAZINES, PAMPHLETS, AND NEWSPAPERS
Board o f E d u c a tio n , The S c h o o l and th e Im m igran t, P u b lic a t io n
No* IX , pp* 7 - 8 * . D ated 1915*
Commission o f Im m ig ra tio n and H ou sin g o f C a lif o r n ia * A Com
m u n ity S u r v ey , Made in L os A n g e le s* H is t o r y o f th e
S urvey*,
Com m ission o f Im m ig ra tio n
and H o u sin g o f C a l i f o r n i a , The A ct
w ith a W orking P la n , 1915* The Home T e a c h e r *
Comm ission o f Im m igration
c a t io n s 1919 t o 1923*
and H ou sin g o f C a l i f o r n i a . P u b li
C a lifo r n ia S ta te P r in tin g O f f ic e .
T h is b ook g i v e s C a lif o r n ia answ er to A m e r ic a n iz a tio n *

i s w r it t e n in b o th th e S p a n ish and E n g lis h la n g u a g e s ,
and i t a n sw ers many l e g a l q u e s t i o n s . t h a t in v o lv e ou r
fo r e ig n p e o p le s .
It
Comm ission o f Im m ig ra tio n and H ou sin g o f C a l i f o r n i a , The Home

T e a c h e r , from Im m igrant E d u c a tio n L e a f l e t No* 5* .
Com m ission o f Im m ig ra tio n and H ou sin g o f C a l i f o r n i a , A m erican
i z a t i o n C a lif o r n ia Program . I s s u e d November 1918*
* * * *, P u b lic a t i o n s 1 9 1 7 -1 8 -1 9 *
O f f ic e *
C a lif o r n ia S t a t e P r in t in g
T h is volum e o f p a m p h lets i s a s e r i e s o f a n n o ta te d r e p o r t s *
A number o f sam ple l e s s o n s a r e in c lu d e d *
H a r t, A lb e r t B u s h n e ll, C urrent H i s o t r y , J u ly 1930*
L a s e l l , George M*, A s s i s t a n t S u p e r in te n d e n t o f S c h o o ls o f
B r id g e p o r t, Conn*, 1920* D epartm ent o f A m e r ic a n iz a tio n *
In fo r m a tio n r e g a r d in g n a t u r a l i z a t i o n .
M ackend rick , Marda, S h o r t P la y s f o r A d u lt F o r e ig n e r s .
C o p y rig h t 1928 by Author*
149
A pam phlet o f e a s y com p reh en sion p a t r i o t i c p la y s *
Los A n g e le s C ity S c h o o ls , Los A n g e le s , C it y S c h o o ls .
P r e p a r e d .f o r t e a c h e r s and v i s i t o r s o f th e N a t io n a l Edu
c a t io n A s s o c ia t i o n C o n v en tio n h e ld in L os A n g e le s ,
C a lifo r n ia , 1931.
R ic h a r d so n , E t h e l, A s s is t a n t S u p e r in te n d e n t o f P u b lic In
s t r u c t io n *
Im m igrant E d u c a tio n Manual* B u l l e t i n No.
5 4 , F e b r u a r y ,1922*
S c h o o l P u b lic a t i o n N o. 09 L 921* Evening; H igh S c h o o l*
L o s .A n g e le s , C ity S c h o o l D i s t r i c t *
S t e r r y , N ora, C a lif o r n ia Q u a r te r ly o f S eco n d a ry E d u c a tio n ,
January 1 9 2 ? . The N eigh b orh ood S ch o o l*
S t a t e t a Board o f E d u c a tio n , C la s s e s f o r F o r e ig n -b o r n A d u lts*
A m e r ic a n iz a tio n B u lle t I n No * I * S e r i e s 1 9 2 0 -2 1 ,
S w ain , E t h e l, A P r a c t i c a l F i r s t R eader f o r A d u lt s .
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C o p y rig h t
T h is f i r s t r e a d e r c o n t a in s su ch s t o r i e s a s : Pay Day,
House f o r R en t, Gas B i l l , and S e r v ic e S t a t io n * I t i s
in d e e d a u s e a b le pam phlet*
U n ite d S t a t e s Government * Memoirs o f N a tio n a l Academy o f
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* . * *, U n ite d S t a t e s Im m ig ra tio n Law s.
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R e p o r t, 1 9 1 4 , T* 1 ,

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HISTORY OF THE AMERICANIZATION DEPARTMENT

IN THE LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOLS

UMI Number: EP57353

All rights reserved

This thesis, w ritten under the direction of the

X. ' XNTROONOTION . . . . ........................... ....................... . .

S o u r ces o f D ata . . ................... . . . . . . . .

LATER IMMIGRATION . . . . * .............................

THE DHTISIGN OF CITIZENSHIP TRAINING . . . . . . .

PUBLIC SCHOOL CLASSES FOR ADULTS

C o -o p e r a tio n w ith th e D iv is i o n o f C i t ^ iz e n s h ip T r a in in g , Bureau o f N a tu r a l

HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES

Those who cannot become c i t i z e n s

Commission o f Im m igration and H ousing . . .

GROTHTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMIGRANT EDUCATION 55

Orange County accom p lish m en ts

V entura County overcom es d i f f i c u l t i e s . . .

P o r tu g u e se dairym en are in r e g u la r a tte n d

L ogging and m ining camp problem u n so lv ed

LOS ANGELES CITT SCHOOLS DAY NURSERIES

UNDER THE BOARD OF EDUCATION

S erv e a s an e f f e c t u a l means o f A m erican iza

B alan ced menus

"HOME TEACHERS WORK

COMMENTS ON THE ACT

Q u a lif ic a t io n s o f t h e Home T each er . . . . .

M rs. Amanda Matthews Chase v o lu n t e e r s

BEGINNERS LESSON "I GO TO A SALE ..........................

Advanced l e sso n L es Mis e n a b l e s

HELPS ANB SUGGESTIONS FOR THE NEW HOME TEACHER

A TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD SCHOOL . . . . . .

WHAT LOS ANGELES OFFERS IN CLASS WORK . . .

S ta te m e n ts from women in th e day c l a s s e s . .

DIPLOMA METHOD OF NATURALIZATION............................-

M usic f o r N ursery C h ild ren . . . . . . . .

Los A n g e les C it y S c h o o l D i s t r i c t Day N u r s e r ie s

Day S c h o o ls H aving A m e r ic a n iz a tio n C la s s e s

E x p en ses and E x p e n d itu r e s o f th e A m e r ic a n iz a tio n

E n r o llm e n t, Average D a lly A tten d a n c e, and Teach

E v en in g A m e r ic a n iz a tio n S c h o o ls and T ea ch ers

d e s ir e to co m p ile f a c t s and th e i n t e r e s t in th e A m erica n iza

i s fo c u s e d upon th e L os A n g e les A m erican

A n g e le s p u b lic s c h o o l ^ y ste m , and i t e n j o y s p a r t i c u l a r l y th e

The p r o g r e s s in A m e r ic a n iz a tio n h a s b een

th e e v o l u t io n o r u nfoldm ent o f th e c r e a t i v e id e a s o f th e pio?-~

The p r e s e n t-d a y hope f o r

th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a b e t t e r in t e r n a t i o n a l u n d e r sta n d in g and

t i o n a l problem s and by s u p p ly in g an e d u c a t io n a l program ,

ch a n g es w hich h ave ta k en p la c e in th e Im m igration work d u rin g

Both source^and seco n d a ry j n a t e r i a l s were

p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p le who w ere c o n n ected w ith im m ig ra tio n in

a g e n e r a l o u t li n e w hich f o llo w e d , w ith s l i g h t m o d if ic a t io n s ,

O b ser v a tio n s o f t h e work.

L it e r a t u r e on n o n -E n g lish sp ea k in g problem s from

E d u c a tia n a l m a g a zin es and g e n e r a l p u b lic a t io n s

Annual r e p o r ts o f th e Los A n g e le s Board o f

R esea rch s t u d i e s r e la t e d to th e p roblem .

ou r f o r e f a t h e r s , w ere a l l im m igran ts j h u t th e y w ere from th e

t i v e s a s s i m il a t e d e a s ily ^ and b e fo r e t h e c l o s e o f th e e i g h t e e n th c e n tu r y , th e c o l o n i e s had e v o lv e d a f a i r l y hom ogeneous,

o f the p r e r e v o lu t io n a r y im m igrants was n o t a r a p id p r o c e ss*

1 "The S c h o o l and The Im m igrant*n P rep ared by

t o r y o f no co u n try h a s th e ad ju stm en t o f v a r io u s r a c e s and

A t l a n t ic Ocean, h ow ever, war was th e c h i e f ca u se o f th e s o c i a l