Solution of the Assignment

Q 1. If A, B, and C are random events then explain the meaning of the relations:

(a): ABC = A
Soln.: A.B.C = A
As multiplicative rule is used therefore we can write this as:-
A∩B∩C = A
If “B∩C = A”, then above condition can be satisfied because A∩B∩C = A∩A = A.
(b): A+B+C=A
Soln.: As additive rule is used therefore we can write this as:-
AUBUC=A
If “B U C = A” then above condition can be satisfied because A U B U C = A U A = A.

Q 3: A four-volume work is placed on a shelf in random order. What is the probability that the books are
in proper order from right to left or left to right?

Soln.: Let A = Shows Volume I; B = Shows Volume II; C = Volume III; D = Volume IV.
Then the sample space will be:
S = { ABCD, ABDC, ACBD, ACDB, ADBC, ADCB, BACD, BADC, BCAD, BCDA, BDAC,
BDCA, CABD, CADB, CBAD, CBDA, CDAB, CDBA, DABC, DACB, DBAC, DBCA, DCAB,
DCBA}.

The desired event is = {ABCD, DCBA}.

Probability of desired event is = 2 / 24 = 1 / 12.

Q 4: In a lot containing N items, M are defective, n items are selected at random from the lot (n ≤ N).
Find the probability that m (m ≤ N) of them will prove to be defective?
Soln.: The following relation can be used to calculate the desired probability:
Probability that m (m ≤ N) of the items will prove to be defective =
Q 5: A quality control inspector examine the articles in a lot consisting of m items of first grade and n
items are of second grade. A check of first b articles chosen at random from the lot has shown that
all of them are second grade (b < m). Find the probability that of the next two articles selected at
random from those remaining at one prove to be second grade?

Soln.: Probability that at least one proves to be second grade of the two is = Prob. that one is second grade
+ Prob. that both are second grade.

Q 7: A bag contains 10 white and 3 black balls. Another bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. Two
balls are transferred from first bag and placed in the second, and then one ball is taken from the
latter? What is the probability that it is a white ball?

Soln.: While transferring two balls into second bag following events may occur:-
W0 = Two black balls are transferred into second bag.
W1 = One white ball and one black ball is transferred into second bag.
W2 = Two white balls are transferred into second bag.

P (W0) = 10 C 0 . 3 C 2 / 13 C 2 = 1/26
P (W1) = 10 C 1 . 3 C 1 / 13 C 2 = 5/13
P (W2) = 10 C 2 . 3 C 0 / 13 C 2 = 15/26

Let W = Event that white ball is drawn from second bag.

P (W) = P (W∩ W0) U P (W∩ W1) U P (W∩ W2).

P (W) = P (W∩ W0) + P (W∩ W1) + P (W∩ W2).

P (W) = (3/10.1/26) + (4/10.5/13) + (5/10.15/26) = 3/260 + 2/13 + 15/52 = 59/130.

Q 8: Two fair die, one red and one green are thrown.. Let A denote the event that red die shows an even
number and let B denote the event that the green die shows a 5 or a 6. Show that events A and B are
independent?

Soln.: Let A = Event that red die has even number.

& B = Event that green die has a 5 or a 6.
P(A) = 18/36 = 1/2
P (B) = 12/36 = 1/3
P (A∩B) = 6/36 = 1/6.

As we know P (A∩B) = P(A).P(B) for independent events.

(1/6) = (1/2) (1/3)

Therefore, the events A and B are also independent events because they satisfy the condition of
independent events.