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Analysis Of Variance

One-Way ANOVA - Testing Multiple Levels of a

Factor

The Analysis Of Variance, popularly known as the ANOVA, can be used in cases

Two-Way ANOVA - Comparing Two Factors

where there are more than two groups.

Statistical Correlation - Strength of Relationship

Between Variables

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Multiple Regression Analysis - Predicting Unknown

Values

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English
This article is a part of the guide:
Statistical Tests
Discover 34 more articles on this topic
Don't miss these related articles:
1 Correlation

When we have only two samples we can use the t-test

2 Two-Way ANOVA

to compare the means of the samples but it might

3 Multiple Regression

become unreliable in case of more than two samples.

4 One-Way ANOVA

If we only compare two means, then the t-test

5 Z-Test

(independent samples) will give the same results as the

ANOVA.

Browse Full Outline

1 Statistical Hypothesis Testing

It is used to compare the means of more than two

samples. T his can be understood better with the help
of an example.

2 Relationships
2.1 Linear Relationship
2.2 Non-Linear Relationship

One Way Anova

3 Correlation

EXAMPLE: Suppose we want to test the effect of five different exercises. For this, we

3.1 Pearson Product-Moment Correlation

recruit 20 men and assign one type of exercise to 4 men (5 groups). Their weights are

3.2 Spearman rho

recorded after a few weeks.

We may find out whether the effect of these exercises on them is significantly
different or not and this may be done by comparing the weights of the 5 groups of 4

3.4 Correlation and Causation

4 Regression

men each.

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3.3 Partial Correlation

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4.1 Linear Regression

T he example above is a case of one-way balanced ANOVA.

It has been termed as one-way as there is only one category whose effect has been studied and
balanced as the same number of men has been assigned on each exercise. T hus the basic idea is to
test whether the samples are all alike or not.

4.2 Multiple Regression

4.3 Correlation and Regression
5 Students T-Test
5.1 Independent One-Sample T-Test

Why Not Multiple T-Tests?

As mentioned above, the t-test can only be used to test differences between two means. When
there are more than two means, it is possible to compare each mean with each other mean using

5.2 Independent Two-Sample T-Test

5.3 Dependent T-Test for Paired Samples
5.4 Another article on Students T-Test

many t-tests.
6 ANOVA

But conducting such multiple t-tests can lead to severe complications and in such circumstances we

6.1 One-Way ANOVA

use ANOVA. T hus, this technique is used whenever an alternative procedure is needed for testing
hypotheses concerning means when there are several populations.

6.2 Two-Way ANOVA

6.3 Factorial ANOVA

One Way and Two Way Anova

Now some questions may arise as to what are the means we are talking about and why variances
are analyzed in order to derive conclusions about means. T he whole procedure can be made clear
with the help of an experiment.

6.4 Repeated Measures ANOVA

7 Nonparametric Statistics
7.1 Cohens Kappa
7.2 Mann-Whitney U-Test

Let us study the effect of fertilizers on yield of wheat. We apply five fertilizers, each
of different quality, on five plots of land each of wheat. The yield from each plot of
land is recorded and the difference in yield among the plots is observed. Here,
fertilizer is a factor and the different qualities of fertilizers are called levels.

7.3 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

8 Other Ways to Analyse Data
8.1 Chi Square Test
8.2 Z-Test

T his is a case of one-way or one-factor ANOVA since there is only one factor, fertilizer. We may also

8.3 F-Test

be interested to study the effect of fertility of the plots of land. In such a case we would have two
factors, fertilizer and fertility. T his would be a case of two-way or two-factor ANOVA. Similarly, a
third factor may be incorporated to have a case of three-way or three-factor ANOVA.

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8.4 Factor Analysis

8.5 ROC Curve Analysis

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Chance Cause and Assignable Cause

8.6 Meta Analysis

Save this course for later

In the above experiment the yields obtained from the plots may be different and we may be
tempted to conclude that the differences exist due to the differences in quality of the fertilizers.
But this difference may also be the result of certain other factors which are attributed to chance

Don't have time for it all now? No

problem, save it as a course and come
back to it later.
Add to my courses

and which are beyond human control. T his factor is termed as

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error. T hus, the differences or variations that exist within

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a plot of land may be attributed to error.

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T hus, estimates of the amount of variation due to assignable causes (or variance between the
samples) as well as due to chance causes (or variance within the samples) are obtained separately
and compared using an F-test and conclusions are drawn using the value of F.

Assumptions
T here are four basic assumptions used in ANOVA.

the expected values of the errors are zero

the variances of all errors are equal to each other
the errors are independent

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they are normally distributed

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1 Correlation
2 T wo-Way ANOVA
3 Multiple Regression
4 One-Way ANOVA
5 Z-T est

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