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h = P.n 1
Where:
n
h
P
251
(1)
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100%
35.0%
90%
30.0%
80%
25.0%
70%
20.0%
60%
50%
15.0%
40%
10.0%
30%
20%
5.0%
10%
0.0%
0%
5
11 13
17
19 23
25
29 31
35 37
41
43 47
49
53
55
59
61
65
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97 101 103
11
13
17
19
23
a)
25
a)
8.0%
100%
7.0%
90%
80%
6.0%
70%
5.0%
60%
4.0%
50%
3.0%
40%
30%
2.0%
20%
1.0%
10%
0%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19 23
25
29
31
35 37
41
43
47
49
53 55
59
61
65
67
71 73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97 101 103
11
13
17
19
23
b)
25
b)
1.8%
100%
1.6%
90%
1.4%
80%
1.2%
70%
1.0%
60%
50%
0.8%
40%
0.6%
30%
0.4%
20%
0.2%
10%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19 23
25
29
31
35 37
41
43
47
49
53 55
59
61
65
67
71 73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97 101 103
c)
Fig. 2. Waveforms of simulated currents at input of the systems (Ie)
and characteristic harmonics as a percentage of their fundamental
components. (a) 6-pulse rectifier with input line reactor. (b) 12-pulse
rectifier with phase-shifting transformer. (c) 18-pulse rectifier with
phase-shifting transformer.
C. Experimental Results
Experiments and measurements have been conducted on
commercial VFDs of CFW-09 and MVW-01 series produced
by WEG Automao Ltda. The objective of these
measurements is to compare them with the simulation results
in terms of current waveform quality. The diagrams of the
Fig. 4 show the association of the phase-shifting
transformers, for 12 and 18 pulses using series-connection of
a 6-pulse rectifier. The obtained waveforms of the input
currents can be viewed in Fig. 3: (a) 6-pulse rectifier with ac
line reactance to produce around 4% of voltage drop
(Measured THD = 36 %), (b) 12-pulse rectifier fed by a
transformer with 2 secondaries in delta/wye connection to
produce a shift of 30 (Measured THD = 8,5 %) and (c) 18pulse rectifier fed by a transformer with 3 secondaries in
delta/delta, delta/+20 delta, delta/-20 delta connection to
produce a shift of 20 (Measured THD = 4,5 %). Both
transformers had around 6 % of per unit impedance.
D. Practical Aspects
It can be viewed, in Fig. 3, that there are some residual
non-characteristic harmonics like 5th and 7 th in 12 and 18
pulse topologies. It is due to the non-ideal behavior of the
transformer, causing angle phase errors. These harmonics are
not perfectly canceled in the primary, affecting the expected
result. Also, an already existing presence of voltage
distortion on the power electric system may increase the
values of these non-characteristic harmonics.
252
0%
1
11
13
17
19
23
25
c)
Fig. 3. Waveforms of measured currents at input of the systems (Ie)
and measured harmonics as a percentage of their fundamental
components. (a) 6-pulse rectifier with input line reactor. (b) 12-pulse
rectifier with phase-shifting transformer. (c) 18-pulse rectifier with
phase-shifting transformer.
D1
D2
D3
Link cc
b
c
D4
D5
D6
a) 6-pulse rectifier.
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Ie
TABLE I
Reproduction of part of Table 10.2 from IEEE STD 519
Special
Applications*
3%
THD (Voltage)
General
System
5%
IL
Dedicated
System**
10%
TABLE II
Reproduction of Table 10.3 from IEEE STD 519
Isc / IL
< 20
20 < 50
50 < 100
100 < 1000
> 1000
< 11
4
7
10
12
15
11n<17
2
3,5
4,5
5,5
7
17n<23
1,5
2,5
4
5
6
23n<35
0,6
1
1,5
2
2,5
35n
0,3
0,5
0,7
1
1,4
TDD(%)
5
8
12
15
20
253
A. Requirements
Four requirements will be considered to meet IEEE STD
519:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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B. Calculation Procedure
Considering that the fundamental is the only component
that provides active power to the motor it is possible to
calculate its value at the PCC by taking in account the typical
motor displacement power factor-cos(). With the calculated
fundamental component, the theoretical harmonic
components of the current at the PCC can be known as a
function of the number of pulses of the rectifier.
The THDi (total harmonic distortion) of the current at the
PCC is calculated by the following expression:
I
THDi =
2
n
n= 2
(2)
I (1)
Where:
n
- is an integer (2, 3, 4, ....).
In
- are the harmonic components of the PCC current.
I(1) - is the fundamental component of the PCC current.
The In values can be obtained by numerical simulation. In
[4] and [5] these values are presented as a function of the %
voltage drop on the ac line reactance. The TDD is calculated
as the current harmonic distortion at the PCC in relation of
its demand current (IL):
I n2
8,00
8,00
13800
MVA
%
Volts
6 PULSE
(1)
12 PULSE
18 PULSE
(2)
(3)
I(1)/IL
1.
THDv General
System
13 %
2,06 %
16 %
2,41 %
27 %
3,88 %
36 %
4,92 %
37 %
5,11 %
65 %
4,11 %
79 %
4,60 %
92 %
5,00 %
99 %
5,16 %
100 %
2,25 %
Requirements
2.
3.
Individual Limit for
the Voltage
TDD
Harmonics at PCC
<3%
<3%
<3%
>3%
>3%
<3%
<3%
>3%
>3%
<3%
X
X
X
X
4,20 %
4,93 %
7,97 %
10,14 %
10,53 %
3,88 %
4,30 %
4,63 %
4,75 %
1,29 %
4.
Current
Harmonics
(table 10.3)
X
X
X
< limits
> limits
> limits
> limits
> limits
< limits
> limits
> limits
> limits
< limits
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
IEEE 519
OK
NOT
OK
NOT
OK
n= 2
IL
= THDi
I (1)
IL
(3)
Vn = I n .(2..Fn ).L
Where:
IL - maximum demand load current (fundamental
frequency component) at PCC.
THDV =
(1)
TDD =
C. Example
With the results of basic computer simulations and
equations (2) to (5) the four previously cited requirements
can be verified. Consider an electrical system as shown in
Fig. 5 with the following characteristics:
(4)
2
n
n= 2
V(1)
(5)
Where:
L
- is the physical inductance at the PCC.
Fn - are the characteristic harmonic frequencies.
Vn - are the harmonic components of the voltage
at PCC.
V(1) - is the fundamental component of the voltage
at PCC.
254
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VI. CONCLUSION
11
13
17
19
23
25
255