HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

PROFESSION OF PHARMACY
AND PHARMACUTICAL
INDUSTRY

Ancient Origins
Pharmacy comes from the Greek word pharmakon,
meaning drug
Scientific approach to medicine began with the
ancient Greeks
Hippocrates
Proposed that disease came from natural, not
supernatural causes
Established the theory of humors
(blood,
phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)

Galen
Conducted animal experiments
Produced a systematic classification of drugs for treatment
of disease
Galenical pharmacy described the process of creating
extracts of active medicinals from plants

Diascorides
First century A.D.
De Materia Medica (standard text on drugs for 1500
years)
Dr. John Morgan
Eighteenth Century
Supported the separation of the professions of
pharmacy and medicine

Pharmacist
The profession of pharmacy exists to safeguard
the health of the public
The pharmacist is one who is licensed to
prepare and dispense medications, counsel
patients, and monitor outcomes pursuant to a
prescription
from
a
licensed
health
professional

Traditional Era
Early twentieth century
Formulation and dispensing of drugs from
natural sources
Pharmacognosy
The study of the medicinal properties of natural
products of animal, plant, and mineral origins

Galenical pharmacy
Techniques for preparing medications

Scientific Era
Began after World War II
Emergence of the pharmaceutical industry
Drugs made in factories, not apothecary shop

Pharmacy education emphasized sciences

Pharmacology
The scientific study of drugs and their mechanism of
action including side effects
Pharmaceutics
Release characteristics of drug dose forms

Clinical Era
1975: Millis Report, Pharmacists for the Future
New educational emphasis on clinical (patientoriented) pharmacy
Pharmacokinetics
the activity of a drug within the body over a period of
time; includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and
elimination

Pathophysiology
the study of disease and illnesses affecting the normal
function of the body

Pharmaceutical-Care Era
1990: Hepler and Strand defined
Pharmaceutical care
a philosophy that expanded the pharmacists role to
include appropriate medication use to achieve positive
outcomes with prescribed drug therapy
includes
Monitoring response to therapy
Educating patients and dispensing prescriptions

 The earliest traditional systems of medicine

practiced in India have been Ayurveda and
Siddha.
The colonial period brought the new western
system of medicine and paved the way to
emerge pharmacy houses in India.
Though pharmacy was practiced since ages in
India, it is recognized as a profession from
18th century only.

 Growth of Pharmacy Education

In1980s, the growth of publicly funded
institutions of higher education (including
pharmacy institutions) was very slow. Until
early 1980s, there were 11 universities and 26
colleges offering pharmacy education at the
bachelor's and master's levels. Addition, there
was at least 1 government school in every
Indian state offering the DPharm program.

 Since the late 1980s, due to rapid indu-strialization in

the pharmaceutical sector, privatization, and economic
growth, pharmacy education has been developing faster
in India than anywhere in the world.
In 2007, there were 854 institutions that admitted more
than 52,000 students to the BPharm degree program
and 583 institutions that trained more than 34,000
students in the DPharm degree program.
Most of the institutions, however, are privately funded
colleges or privately funded universities. The private
sector, which accounted for about 10% of the students
admitted in the 1980s, now accounts for 91% of all
pharmacy students admitted .

 The origin of pharmacy institutions in India

dates back to 1899 in Madras for training of
pharmacists followed by the state medical
faculty of Bengal in 1928.
Prof. M.L. Schroff, father of pharmacy education in India, started UG program in pharmacy
at BHU in the year 1932, later, Andhra
University in 1937, Madras University in
1938, Bombay University in 1943, Punjab
University in 1944 and L.M. College in 1947
started degree programme.

 The statutory regulation of pharmacy

institutions in India was established with the
enactment of the Pharmacy Act 1948, and The
Pharmacy Council of India was established in
the year 1949 and the first education
regulations (ER) framed in 1953, which were
subsequently amended in 1972, 1981 and
1991.

 The PCI regulates the pharmacy education and

profession in India At present there are more than 1500
institutions offering various pharmacy programmes of
Diploma, UG, PG and Pharm.D with an annual intake
of more than 1,00,000 students.
The syllabus is more industry oriented and mainly
focused to cater the needs of the Pharmaceutical
Industry.
The Pharmacists with UG and PG qualification
preferred working in Industry rather than Community
Pharmacy due to lucrative job opportunities and most
of the commu-nity pharmacists engaged are Diploma
holders in India.
The patent regime triggered the growth of Indian
Pharma Industry as innovative Industry.

 As a major break-through in the history of

Pharmacy education in India, The Pharm.D
regulations u/s 10 of the Pharmacy Act 1948,
have been notified in the Gazette of India
on10thMay, 2008 with an aim to equip the
future pharmacist of India with skills of not
only dispensing medicines but also to serve as
counselor of medicines with focus towards
patients and prescriber of drugs.

 A variety of pharmacy degree programs are

offered in India: diploma in pharmacy
(DPharm), bachelor of pharmacy (BPharm),
master of pharmacy (MPharm), master of
science in pharmacy [MS(Pharm)] and master
of technology in pharmacy [MTech (Pharm)],
doctor of pharmacy (PharmD), and doctor of
philosophy in pharmacy (PhD).

Pharmaceutical industry
The roots of the pharmaceutical industry lie
back with the apothecaries and pharmacies that
offered traditional remedies.
Originating as a pharmacy founded in
Darmstadt in 1668, it was in 1827 that
Heinrich Emanuel Merck began the transition
towards an industrial and scientific concern, by
manufacturing and selling alkaloids.

 only in the middle of the 19th century that the

industrial production of medicine, producing
patented medicine from 1842.
Pfizer was founded in 1849, by two German
immigrants, initially as a fine chemicals
business.
Eli Lilly was a pioneer of new methods in the
industry, being one of the first to focus on
R&D as well as manufacturing.

 The Thalidomide scandal of 1961 prompted an

increase in the regulation and testing of drugs before
licensing
UKs National Health Service (NHS) in Europe created a
much more structured system; both for prescription of
drugs and their reimbursement. In 1957, the NHS
brought in what was essentially a price fixing scheme
to allow reasonable return on investment for drug
manufacturers, solidifying the incentive to invest in
new medicines.
Increase in the regulation and testing of drugs before
licensing, with a new amendment to US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) rules demanding proof of
efficacy and accurate disclosure of side-effects for new
medications being implemented in 1962.

The Father of American PharmacyWilliam Procter Jr. (18171874).Community

pharmacist, pharmaceutical educator, pharmaceutical scientist, and association
executive are all titles appropriate for William Procter Jr.; he is seen here in his office
as editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy. As Gregory Higby describes, for
American Pharmacy, Procter has served as a symbol of identity and pride.

The Marshall Apothecary (17291825). Irish immigrant Christopher Marshall (1709

1797) established a Philadelphia apothecary shop in 1729. He is depicted here in 1754
demonstrating the use of a pill machine for his two sons, Christopher Jr. (17401806)
and Charles (17441825) who, with the founders granddaughter, Elizabeth, continued to
operate the pharmacy until 1825.

The First Hospital Pharmacy in Colonial America (circa 17551756). John Morgan
(1735 1789), is shown here at the Pennsylvania Hospital as staff apothecary. Morgan
subsequently obtained a medical degree and served as physician-in-chief for the
Continental Army in 1776, while advocating the importance of the separation of the
practice of pharmacy from the practice of medicine.

CraigieAmericas First Apothecary General (circa 1755). Bostonian Andrew

Craigie (1754 1819) was appointed commissary of medical stores on April 30, 1775; in
less than 2 months Craigie was caring for the wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill, as
shown here. Two years later, the Continental Congress created the position of
Apothecary General, and Craigie was the first to be appointed.

The Shakers and Medicinal Herbs (circa 1830). The first U.S. industry in medicinal
herbs was established by the United Society of Shakers. Commencing cultivating herbs
in 1820, the Shakers of Mount Lebanon, N.Y., gained wide recognition in the 1850s by
compressing powdered herbs into bricks as shown here. The business was purchased
by the Tilden Company in 1893.

The Founding of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1852). Twenty

pharmacists from eight states gathered around a table at the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy to sign the Code of Ethics. Seated at table (left to right) are Edward Parrish;
Daniel B. Smith, president; William Procter Jr; corresponding secretary; George
Coggeshall, recording secretary; Alfred B. Taylor, treasurer; and Joseph Laidley.

The Standardization of Pharmaceuticals (circa 1883). Parke-Davis was one of the first
American firms to produce standardized pharmaceuticals. At work on the left is Albert
B. Lyons (18411926), founding secretary of the APhA Scientific Section, who
developed assay procedures permitting Parke-Davis in 1883 to introduce for the first
time chemically assayed fluid extracts.