:HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLDQ&HUWLFDWHRI(GXFDWLRQ

([DPLQDWLRQ
4XHVWLRQ$QVZHU%RRNOHW

%,2/2*,&$/
6&,(1&(6

3OHDVHSODFH\RXUVWXGHQWLGHQWLFDWLRQODEHOLQWKLVER[

6WDJH

Student Number:

,QJXUHV

,QZRUGV

TLPHDOORZHGIRUWKLVSDSHU
5HDGLQJWLPHEHIRUHFRPPHQFLQJZRUN WHQPLQXWHV
:RUNLQJWLPHIRUSDSHU
WKUHHKRXUV

1XPEHURIDGGLWLRQDO
DQVZHUERRNOHWVXVHG
LIDSSOLFDEOH

0DWHULDOVUHTXLUHGUHFRPPHQGHGIRUWKLVSDSHU
To be provided by the supervisor
7KLV4XHVWLRQ$QVZHU%RRNOHW
0XOWLSOHFKRLFH$QVZHU6KHHW
To be provided by the candidate
6WDQGDUGLWHPV SHQVEOXHEODFNSUHIHUUHGSHQFLOVLQFOXGLQJFRORXUHGVKDUSHQHU

FRUUHFWLRQXLGWDSHHUDVHUUXOHUKLJKOLJKWHUV
6SHFLDOLWHPV

QRQSURJUDPPDEOHFDOFXODWRUVDSSURYHGIRUXVHLQWKH:$&(H[DPLQDWLRQV

,PSRUWDQWQRWHWRFDQGLGDWHV
1RRWKHULWHPVPD\EHWDNHQLQWRWKHH[DPLQDWLRQURRP,WLV\RXUUHVSRQVLELOLW\WRHQVXUH
WKDW\RXGRQRWKDYHDQ\XQDXWKRULVHGQRWHVRURWKHULWHPVRIDQRQSHUVRQDOQDWXUHLQWKH
H[DPLQDWLRQURRP,I\RXKDYHDQ\XQDXWKRULVHGPDWHULDOZLWK\RXKDQGLWWRWKHVXSHUYLVRU
EHIRUHUHDGLQJDQ\IXUWKHU
Copyright School Curriculum and Standards Authority 2013

2014/6906 Web version of 2013/42899

5HI

' '
%,2

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

1XPEHURI
TXHVWLRQV
DYDLODEOH

1XPEHURI
TXHVWLRQVWR
EHDQVZHUHG

6XJJHVWHG
ZRUNLQJWLPH
PLQXWHV

0DUNV
DYDLODEOH

3HUFHQWDJH
RIH[DP

6HFWLRQ2QH
0XOWLSOHFKRLFH











6HFWLRQ7ZR
6KRUWDQVZHU







6HFWLRQ7KUHH
([WHQGHGDQVZHU
3DUW$

2






3DUW%

7RWDO



6HFWLRQ

,QVWUXFWLRQVWRFDQGLGDWHV


7KHUXOHVIRUWKHFRQGXFWRI:HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLDQH[WHUQDOH[DPLQDWLRQVDUHGHWDLOHGLQWKH
Year 12 Information Handbook 20136LWWLQJWKLVH[DPLQDWLRQLPSOLHVWKDW\RXDJUHHWR
DELGHE\WKHVHUXOHV



$QVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQV

6HFWLRQ2QH$QVZHUallTXHVWLRQVRQWKHVHSDUDWH0XOWLSOHFKRLFH$QVZHU6KHHW
SURYLGHG)RUHDFKTXHVWLRQVKDGHWKHER[WRLQGLFDWH\RXUDQVZHU8VHRQO\DEOXHRU
EODFNSHQWRVKDGHWKHER[HV,I\RXPDNHDPLVWDNHSODFHDFURVVWKURXJKWKDWVTXDUH
WKHQVKDGH\RXUQHZDQVZHU'RQRWHUDVHRUXVHFRUUHFWLRQXLGWDSH0DUNVZLOOQRW
EHGHGXFWHGIRULQFRUUHFWDQVZHUV1RPDUNVZLOOEHJLYHQLIPRUHWKDQRQHDQVZHULV
FRPSOHWHGIRUDQ\TXHVWLRQ
6HFWLRQV7ZRDQG7KUHH:ULWH\RXUDQVZHUVLQWKHVSDFHVSURYLGHGLQWKLV
4XHVWLRQ$QVZHU%RRNOHW:KHUHYHUSRVVLEOHFRQQH\RXUDQVZHUVWRWKHOLQHVSDFHV
SURYLGHG8VHDEODFNRUEOXHSHQQRWSHQFLOIRUWKLVVHFWLRQ2QO\WKHJUDSKPD\EH
GUDZQLQSHQFLO
6HFWLRQ7KUHHFRQVLVWVRIWZRSDUWVHDFKZLWKWKUHHTXHVWLRQV<RXPXVWDQVZHUWZR
TXHVWLRQVIURPHDFKSDUW7LFNWKHER[QH[WWRWKHTXHVWLRQ\RXDUHDQVZHULQJ'RQRW
FRS\WKHTXHVWLRQVZKHQDQVZHULQJ$QVZHUVFRXOGEHSUHVHQWHGLQDYDULHW\RIZD\V
XVLQJFOHDUO\ODEHOOHGWDEOHVDQGJUDSKVRUGLDJUDPVZLWKH[SODQDWRU\QRWHVZULWLQJOLVWV
RISRLQWVZLWKOLQNLQJVHQWHQFHVDQGGUDZLQJDQQRWDWHGRZGLDJUDPVZLWKLQWURGXFWRU\
QRWHV



<RXPXVWEHFDUHIXOWRFRQQH\RXUUHVSRQVHVWRWKHVSHFLFTXHVWLRQVDVNHGDQGWR
IROORZDQ\LQVWUXFWLRQVWKDWDUHVSHFLFWRDSDUWLFXODUTXHVWLRQ



6SDUHSDJHVDUHLQFOXGHGDWWKHHQGRIWKLVERRNOHW7KH\FDQEHXVHGIRUSODQQLQJ\RXU
UHVSRQVHVDQGRUDVDGGLWLRQDOVSDFHLIUHTXLUHGWRFRQWLQXHDQDQVZHU
 3ODQQLQJ,I\RXXVHWKHVSDUHSDJHVIRUSODQQLQJLQGLFDWHWKLVFOHDUO\DWWKHWRSRI
WKHSDJH
 &RQWLQXLQJDQDQVZHU,I\RXQHHGWRXVHWKHVSDFHWRFRQWLQXHDQDQVZHULQGLFDWHLQ
WKHRULJLQDODQVZHUVSDFHZKHUHWKHDQVZHULVFRQWLQXHGLHJLYHWKHSDJHQXPEHU
)LOOLQWKHQXPEHURIWKHTXHVWLRQWKDW\RXDUHFRQWLQXLQJWRDQVZHUDWWKHWRSRIWKH
SDJH
See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

6WUXFWXUHRIWKLVSDSHU

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

6HFWLRQ2QH0XOWLSOHFKRLFH

0DUNV

7KLVVHFWLRQKDVTXHVWLRQV$QVZHUallTXHVWLRQVRQWKHVHSDUDWH0XOWLSOHFKRLFH$QVZHU
6KHHWSURYLGHG)RUHDFKTXHVWLRQVKDGHWKHER[WRLQGLFDWH\RXUDQVZHU8VHRQO\DEOXHRU
EODFNSHQWRVKDGHWKHER[HV,I\RXPDNHDPLVWDNHSODFHDFURVVWKURXJKWKDWVTXDUHWKHQ
VKDGH\RXUQHZDQVZHU'RQRWHUDVHRUXVHFRUUHFWLRQXLGWDSH0DUNVZLOOQRWEHGHGXFWHGIRU
LQFRUUHFWDQVZHUV1RPDUNVZLOOEHJLYHQLIPRUHWKDQRQHDQVZHULVFRPSOHWHGIRUDQ\TXHVWLRQ
6XJJHVWHGZRUNLQJWLPHPLQXWHV


,ISODQWVDUHSODFHGLQYLVLEOHOLJKWRIGLIIHUHQWZDYHOHQJWKVLQFRQWUROOHGFRQGLWLRQVWKH\
ZLOO

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

D
E
F
G




YDU\LQWKHUDWHRIUHVSLUDWLRQ
SURGXFHGLIIHUHQWDPRXQWVRIJOXFRVH
SURGXFH22DWDFRQVWDQWUDWH
ORVHGLIIHUHQWDPRXQWVRIZDWHU

:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJFRPSDULVRQVFRQFHUQLQJIUHVKZDWHUDQGPDULQHVKLVFRUUHFW"
)UHVKZDWHU)LVK

0DULQH)LVK

/DUJHTXDQWLWLHVRIXULQH

6PDOOTXDQWLWLHVRIXULQH

&RQFHQWUDWHGXULQH

'LOXWHXULQH

*DLQZDWHUWKURXJKJLOOV

*DLQLRQVWKURXJKJLOOV

$FWLYHO\GULQNZDWHU

'RQWGULQNZDWHU

5HSWLOHVFDQVXUYLYHZLWKRXWIRRGIRUPXFKORQJHUSHULRGVRIWLPHWKDQPDPPDOV7KH
PDLQUHDVRQIRUWKLVLVWKDW
D
E
F
G

UHSWLOHVSURGXFHXULFDFLGDVDQH[FUHWRU\SURGXFW
PDPPDOVDUHHQGRWKHUPLFDQGUHSWLOHVDUHHFWRWKHUPLF
UHSWLOHVDUHDEOHWRHDWPRUHIRRGDWDQ\RQHWLPHWKDQPDPPDOV
PDPPDOVJHQHUDOO\KDYHDODUJHUERG\VL]HWKDQUHSWLOHV

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

4XHVWLRQVDQGUHIHUWRWKHGLDJUDPEHORZZKLFKVKRZVDPRGHORIHQ]\PHDFWLRQ
%

&

$
:KLFKPRGHORIHQ]\PHDFWLRQLVVKRZQLQWKLVGLDJUDP"
D
E
F
G


7KHPRGHOLOOXVWUDWHVWKDWHQ]\PHV
D
E
F
G



ORFNDQGNH\ZLWK6WUXFWXUH$UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHHQ]\PH
ORFNDQGNH\ZLWK6WUXFWXUH&UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHHQ]\PH
LQGXFHGWZLWK6WUXFWXUH$UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHHQ]\PH
LQGXFHGWZLWK6WUXFWXUH&UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHHQ]\PH

FRQVLVWRIDPLQRDFLGVWKDWMRLQWRIRUPSURWHLQV
FKDQJHWKHOHYHORIHQHUJ\UHTXLUHGIRUDUHDFWLRQ
DUHDEOHWRUHYHUVHWKHUHDFWLRQWRUHFRYHUWKHVXEVWUDWH
UHPDLQXQFKDQJHGDIWHUWKHUHDFWLRQVWKH\FDWDO\VH

:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVFRUUHFWIRUHQ]\PHDFWLRQ"
D
E
F
G

$QLQFUHDVHLQWHPSHUDWXUHFDXVHVWKHVKDSHRI'WREHFRPHGLVWRUWHG
$GHFUHDVHLQS+FDXVHV%WRFKDQJHLWVFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ
$QLQFUHDVHLQS+UHVXOWVLQDVXEVWDQFHGLIIHUHQWIURP&EHLQJSURGXFHG
$QLQFUHDVHLQWHPSHUDWXUHFDXVHVDORZHULQJRIDFWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\IRU$

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))



67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

7KHLQIRUPDWLRQEHORZUHIHUVWR4XHVWLRQVDQG

Cell

2

4

6XUIDFHDUHDPP





9ROXPHPP





S
C
S
A

7KHWDEOHVKRZVWKHVXUIDFHDUHDDQGYROXPHRIIRXUFHOOVRIGLIIHUHQWVL]HV

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))



7KHFHOOWKDWKDVWKHJUHDWHVWVXUIDFHDUHDWRYROXPHUDWLRLV

D
E 
F
G 



7KHGLIIXVLRQRIVXEVWDQFHVZRXOGEHOHDVWHIFLHQWLQWR

D
E 
F 
G 



''7LVDQLQVHFWLFLGHWKDWKDVEHHQEDQQHGLQPRVWFRXQWULHVIRUPDQ\\HDUV+RZHYHU
LWZDVXVHGLQWKHSDVWLQDJULFXOWXUHDQGWRFRQWUROGLVHDVHFDUU\LQJPRVTXLWRHV7KH
FKHPLFDORIWHQOHDNHGLQWRZDWHUZD\VDQGZDVIRXQGDWYHU\KLJKOHYHOVLQSUHGDWRU\
ELUGVVXFKDVSHOLFDQVWKDWIHGRQODUJHVK/HYHOVRI''7ZHUHVRKLJKWKDWWKHELUGV
HJJVKHOOVEHFDPHDEQRUPDOO\WKLQDQGWKHUHSURGXFWLYHUDWHRISHOLFDQVGHFOLQHG

7KLVHIIHFWRQWKHSHOLFDQVZDVGXHWR
D
E
F
G



FHOO
FHOO
FHOO
FHOO

FHOO
FHOO
FHOO
FHOO

LQFUHDVHGVDOLQLW\LQWKHZDWHUZD\V
ELRPDJQLFDWLRQRI''7WKURXJKWKHIRRGZHE
RYHUSRSXODWLRQRISHOLFDQVLQWKH''7DIIHFWHGDUHDV
''7NLOOLQJWKHSURGXFHUVWKDWVXSSRUWHGWKHIRRGZHE

:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJZRXOGEHDSK\VLRORJLFDODGDSWDWLRQE\DQHQGRWKHUPLQDFROG
HQYLURQPHQW"
D
E
F
G

YDVRGLODWLRQRIVNLQDUWHULROHVWRGHFUHDVHKHDWORVVE\UDGLDWLRQ
FRXQWHUFXUUHQWKHDWH[FKDQJHWRUHGXFHKHDWORVVIURPH[WUHPLWLHV
ODUJHDPRXQWVRIIDWXQGHUWKHVNLQWRLQVXODWHIURPKHDWORVV
KXGGOLQJWRUHGXFHWKHDPRXQWRIVXUIDFHDUHDH[SRVHGWRWKHHQYLURQPHQW

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6


STAGE 3

:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVWUXHRIDQHJDWLYHIHHGEDFNKRPHRVWDWLFPHFKDQLVP"
7KHUHVSRQVH
D
E
F
G

7KHGHYHORSLQJHPEU\RVRIHJJOD\LQJYHUWHEUDWHVVXFKDVELUGVDQGUHSWLOHVH[FUHWH
QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQWKHIRUPRIXULFDFLGUDWKHUWKDQXUHDRUDPPRQLD7KHPDLQ
UHDVRQIRUWKLVLVWKDWXULFDFLG
D
E
F
G



UHTXLUHVOHVVZDWHUWRUHPRYHLWIURPWKHHJJ
FDQEHSURGXFHGXVLQJOHVVHQHUJ\
LVOHVVWR[LFWRWKHHPEU\R
FDQHDVLO\GLIIXVHIURPWKHHJJ

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))



DOWHUVWKHRULJLQDOVWLPXOXV
RQO\RFFXUVZKHQWKHUHLVDVWURQJVWLPXOXV
LVFDUULHGRXWE\UHFHSWRUV
LVDOZD\VRIWKHVDPHLQWHQVLW\

7KHPDLQFDXVHRIHXWURSKLFDWLRQLQDTXDWLFHQYLURQPHQWVLV
D
E
F
G

DODFNRIR[\JHQ
WRRPXFKDTXDWLFSODQWJURZWK
H[FHVVPLQHUDOQXWULHQWV
KLJKZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUH

4XHVWLRQVDQGUHIHUWRWKHSK\ORJHQHWLFWUHHEHORZ
+RUVH
'RJ
.DQJDURR
3ODW\SXV

S
C
S
A

&KLFNHQ



:KDWGRHV;UHSUHVHQW"
D
E
F
G



WKHDQFHVWRURIELUGVEXWQRWPDPPDOV
WKHROGHVWNQRZQIRVVLOYHUWHEUDWH
WKHYHU\UVWPDPPDOWRHYROYH
WKHFRPPRQDQFHVWRURIDOOYHQDPHGDQLPDOV

7KHODEHOIRUWKHVFDOHDWWKHERWWRPRIWKHSK\ORJHQHWLFWUHHVKRXOGEH
D
E
F
G

7LPHEHIRUHWKHSUHVHQW
5DWHRIQDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQ
1XPEHURIVSHFLHV
&ODVVLFDWLRQOHYHO

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES



:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJRFFXUVGXULQJSURWHLQV\QWKHVLV"
D
E
F
G



,QZKLFKRUGHUGRWKHWKUHHVWDJHVRISRO\PHUDVHFKDLQUHDFWLRQ3&5RFFXU"

D
E
F
G

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))



F
G

SRVLWLYHO\FKDUJHG'1$IUDJPHQWVPRYHWRZDUGWKHQHJDWLYHO\FKDUJHGHOHFWURGH
ODUJH'1$IUDJPHQWVPRYHPRUHUDSLGO\WKDQVPDOO'1$IUDJPHQWVEHFDXVHWKH\
KDYHDJUHDWHUHOHFWULFDOFKDUJH
WKHJHOLVSRURXVDQGDFWVOLNHDVLHYHDOORZLQJVRPHIUDJPHQWVWRSDVVWKURXJK
WKHSRUHVPRUHHDVLO\WKDQRWKHUV
WKH'1$IUDJPHQWVDUHPL[HGHYHQO\ZLWKWKHJHOPDWHULDOEHIRUHLWVROLGLHV

6RPHVWUDLQVRIGLVHDVHFDXVLQJEDFWHULDKDYHHYROYHGUHVLVWDQFHWRWKHDQWLELRWLFVWKDW
ZHUHRQFHXVHGWRWUHDWWKHGLVHDVH7KLVHYROXWLRQKDVEHHQGULYHQE\
D
E
F
G



DQQHDOLQJGHQDWXUDWLRQH[WHQVLRQ
GHQDWXUDWLRQDQQHDOLQJH[WHQVLRQ
H[WHQVLRQDQQHDOLQJGHQDWXUDWLRQ
DQQHDOLQJH[WHQVLRQGHQDWXUDWLRQ

,QJHOHOHFWURSKRUHVLV
D
E



51$PROHFXOHVDUHFRQYHUWHGWR'1$PROHFXOHV
/LJDVHXQZLQGV'1$PROHFXOHV
5HVWULFWLRQHQ]\PHVFXW'1$PROHFXOHV
51$SRO\PHUDVHELQGVWR'1$PROHFXOHV

DUWLFLDOVHOHFWLRQ
QDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQ
JHQHWLFGULIW
JHQHWLFHQJLQHHULQJ

:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVDWUDQVJHQLFRUJDQLVP"
D
E
F
G

DEDFWHULXPWKDWKDVEHHQPRGLHGWRSURGXFHKXPDQLQVXOLQ
DPXOHWKDWLVDFURVVEHWZHHQDGRQNH\DQGDKRUVH
DQDOJDWKDWKDVEHHQLQWURGXFHGLQWRDQDUHDLQZKLFKLWGLGQRWSUHYLRXVO\H[LVW
DPRVTXLWRZLWKWZRSHVWLFLGHUHVLVWDQWDOOHOHVDWDJHQH

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6


STAGE 3

6FLHQWLVWVKDYHGHWHUPLQHGWKDWDKXJHQXPEHURIVSHFLHVEHFDPHH[WLQFWDERXW
PLOOLRQ\HDUVDJR:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJW\SHVRIHYLGHQFHZRXOGWKH\KDYHXVHGWR
GHWHUPLQHWKLV"
D
E
F
G

:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJWHFKQLTXHVFDQEHXVHGWRVWXG\WKHDFWLYLW\RIPDQ\JHQHVDWWKH
VDPHWLPH"
D
E
F
G

JHOHOHFWURSKRUHVLV
SRO\PHUDVHFKDLQUHDFWLRQ
JHQHFORQLQJ
'1$PLFURDUUD\V

4XHVWLRQVUHIHUWRWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGJUDSKEHORZ
6HDWXUWOHVRIWHQLQJHVWSODVWLFDQGRWKHUGHEULVWKDWFDQNLOOWKHP7KHJUDSKEHORZVKRZVWKH
DPRXQWVRIGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIGHEULVIRXQGLQWKHLQWHVWLQHVRIRSHQZDWHUWXUWOHVVHDRRU
WXUWOHVDQGLQEHDFKOLWWHUVXUYH\V7KHGDWDDUHUHSRUWHGDVDYHUDJHVRIWKHSHUFHQWDJHVRI
HDFKW\SHRIGHEULVIRXQGZLWKLQHDFKDQLPDODQGLQHDFKEHDFKOLWWHUVXUYH\)RUH[DPSOHRQ
DYHUDJHDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIWKHGHEULVIRXQGLQWKHEHDFKOLWWHUVXUYH\VZDVKDUGSODVWLF
'HEULVW\SHVIRXQGLQWXUWOHVDQGRQEHDFKHV

6HDRRUWXUWOHV
2SHQZDWHUWXUWOHV



%HDFKOLWWHUVXUYH\V







See next page

0LVFHOODQHRXV

Rubber

5RSHVWULQJ

)RDP

6RIWSODVWLF


+DUGSODVWLF

3HUFHQWDJHRIGHEULVLWHPV



'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))



ELRFKHPLFDO
HPEU\RORJLFDO
IRVVLO
JHQHWLF

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES



2QDYHUDJHDSSUR[LPDWHO\ZKDWSHUFHQWDJHRIWKHGHEULVIRXQGLQWKHLQWHVWLQHVRIRSHQ
ZDWHUWXUWOHVZDVVRIWSODVWLF"
D
E
F
G



:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVDERXWWKHGDWDLQWKHJUDSKLVPRVWDFFXUDWH"
D
E

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

F
G



)RDPZDVIRXQGLQWKHLQWHVWLQHVRIVHDRRUWXUWOHVEXWQRWLQWKHLQWHVWLQHVRI
RSHQZDWHUWXUWOHV
+DUGSODVWLFZDVWKHPRVWFRPPRQW\SHRIGHEULVLQWKHLQWHVWLQHVRIRSHQZDWHU
WXUWOHVDQGVHDRRUWXUWOHV
$ERXWWKHVDPHSHUFHQWDJHRIUXEEHUZDVIRXQGLQWKHLQWHVWLQHVRIRSHQZDWHU
WXUWOHVDQGVHDRRUWXUWOHV
7KHUHZDVDKLJKHUSHUFHQWDJHRIPLVFHOODQHRXVGHEULVLQWKHEHDFKOLWWHUVXUYH\V
WKDQLQWKHLQWHVWLQHVRIVHDRRUWXUWOHV

$VVXPLQJWKDWWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGHEULVLQWKHEHDFKOLWWHUVXUYH\VZDVDERXWWKH
VDPHDVWKHFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHGHEULVRQWKHVHDRRUZKHUHWXUWOHVKDGEHHQIHHGLQJ
WKHGDWDLQWKHJUDSKVXJJHVWWKDWVHDRRUWXUWOHVDFWLYHO\DYRLGLQJHVWLQJ
D
E
F
G








UXEEHU
VRIWSODVWLF
URSH
KDUGSODVWLF

:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVQRWDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLQFUHDVHG&22OHYHOVLQWKHHDUWKV
DWPRVSKHUH"
D
E
F
G

JOREDOZDUPLQJ
GHSOHWLRQRIWKHR]RQHOD\HU
ULVLQJVHDOHYHOV
FKDQJLQJZHDWKHUSDWWHUQV

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

4XHVWLRQVDQGUHIHUWRWKHLQIRUPDWLRQEHORZ
6FLHQWLVWVVWXG\LQJD:HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLDQWXDUWIRUHVW(Eucalyptus gomphocephala) FDUULHGRXW
DQH[SHULPHQWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDELOLW\RIWXDUWWUHHVWRJURZLQEXUQWDUHDVDIWHUEXVKUHV7KH\
PHDVXUHGWKHDYHUDJHKHLJKWVDQGVXUYLYDOUDWHVRIWXDUWVHHGOLQJVLQEXUQWDQGXQEXUQWDUHDV
7KHSXUSRVHRIPHDVXULQJKHLJKWDQGVXUYLYDOUDWHLQXQEXUQWDUHDVZDVWR
D
E
F
G


7KHLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHLQWKLVH[SHULPHQWZDV
D
E
F
G



WKHKHLJKWRIWKHVHHGOLQJV
WKHVXUYLYDOUDWHRIWKHVHHGOLQJV
EXUQWDQGXQEXUQWDUHDV
WKHFKRLFHRIWXDUWWUHHVIRUWKHVWXG\

:KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVDERXWHFRV\VWHPVLVWUXH"
D
E
F
G



DFWDVDFRQWUROSURFHGXUHLQWKHH[SHULPHQW
LPSURYHWKHUHOLDELOLW\DQGDFFXUDF\RIWKHH[SHULPHQW
HQVXUHWKDWDODUJHUQXPEHURIVHHGOLQJVZDVH[DPLQHG
HQVXUHWKDWDOOYDULDEOHVLQWKHH[SHULPHQWZHUHFRQWUROOHG

8UEDQHFRV\VWHPVKDYHKLJKLQSXWVDQGORZRXWSXWV
1DWXUDOHFRV\VWHPVKDYHORZHUSURGXFWLYLW\WKDQXUEDQHFRV\VWHPV
7KHUHLVQRUHF\FOLQJLQXUEDQHFRV\VWHPV
$JULFXOWXUDOHFRV\VWHPVKDYHOHVVGLYHUVLW\WKDQQDWXUDOHFRV\VWHPV

$OORIWKHIROORZLQJFDQEHUHF\FOHGLQDQHFRV\VWHPH[FHSW
D
E
F
G

HQHUJ\
FDUERQGLR[LGH
RUJDQLFPDWWHU
LQRUJDQLFPDWWHU

(QGRI6HFWLRQ2QH

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))



67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

6HFWLRQ7ZR6KRUWDQVZHU

0DUNV

7KLVVHFWLRQKDVYHTXHVWLRQV$QVZHUallTXHVWLRQV:ULWH\RXUDQVZHUVLQWKHVSDFHV
SURYLGHGLQWKLV4XHVWLRQ$QVZHU%RRNOHW:KHUHYHUSRVVLEOHFRQQH\RXUDQVZHUVWRWKH
OLQHVSDFHVSURYLGHG8VHDEOXHRUEODFNSHQIRUWKLVVHFWLRQ2QO\WKHJUDSKPD\EHGUDZQLQ
SHQFLO
6SDUHSDJHVDUHLQFOXGHGDWWKHHQGRIWKLVERRNOHW7KH\FDQEHXVHGIRUSODQQLQJ\RXU
UHVSRQVHVDQGRUDVDGGLWLRQDOVSDFHLIUHTXLUHGWRFRQWLQXHDQDQVZHU
3ODQQLQJ,I\RXXVHWKHVSDUHSDJHVIRUSODQQLQJLQGLFDWHWKLVFOHDUO\DWWKHWRSRIWKHSDJH
&RQWLQXLQJDQDQVZHU,I\RXQHHGWRXVHWKHVSDFHWRFRQWLQXHDQDQVZHULQGLFDWHLQWKH
RULJLQDODQVZHUVSDFHZKHUHWKHDQVZHULVFRQWLQXHGLHJLYHWKHSDJHQXPEHU)LOOLQWKH
QXPEHURIWKHTXHVWLRQWKDW\RXDUHFRQWLQXLQJWRDQVZHUDWWKHWRSRIWKHSDJH
6XJJHVWHGZRUNLQJWLPHPLQXWHV
'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

4XHVWLRQ
D

PDUNV

'HVFULEHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ'1$JHQHVDQGFKURPRVRPHV

7KLVVSDFHKDVEHHQOHIWEODQNLQWHQWLRQDOO\

See next page

PDUNV

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

4XHVWLRQFRQWLQXHG
3DUWVEDQGFUHIHUWRWKHWDEOHEHORZ,WSURYLGHVGDWDRQWKHQXPEHURIFKURPRVRPHV
DPRXQWRI'1$DQGDPRXQWRIWLPHWDNHQIRUPHLRVLVWRRFFXULQJHUPFHOOVRIVHOHFWHGSODQWDQG
DQLPDOVSHFLHV
1XPEHURI
FKURPRVRPHV

$PRXQWRI'1$
SLFRJUDPV

'XUDWLRQRIPHLRVLV
GD\V

Triticum aestivumZKHDW

42

54

Secale cerealeU\H



29

Allium cepaRQLRQ



54

6SHFLHV
Plants

Trillium erectumZDNHURELQ







Drosophila melanogaster\



Locusta migratoriaORFXVW

24



Triturus viridescensDPSKLELDQ

24

49



Mus musculusPRXVH





Homo sapiens (KXPDQ)



24

$QLPDOV

E

L

7KHGDWDLQWKHWDEOHLQGLFDWHWKDWJHUPFHOOVZLWKODUJHUFKURPRVRPHQXPEHUVdo
PDUN
QRWQHFHVVDULO\FRQWDLQPRUH'1$3URYLGHDSRVVLEOHUHDVRQIRUWKLV

LL

:KDWGRWKHGDWDLQWKHWDEOHVXJJHVWDERXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHDPRXQW
RI'1$LQDJHUPFHOODQGWKHGXUDWLRQRIPHLRVLVLQWKHSODQWVSHFLHV" PDUNV

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

For copyright reasons this text cannot be

/ilium longiorumOLO\
24reproduced in the online
version of this document.


67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

F

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

L

7KHGDWDLQWKHWDEOHVXJJHVWWKDWWKHGXUDWLRQRIPHLRVLVPLJKWEHVORZHULQ
DQLPDOVWKDQSODQWV:KDWDVSHFWVRIWKHGDWDVXJJHVWWKLV"4XRWHGDWDIURPWKH
PDUNV
WDEOHWRVXSSRUW\RXUDQVZHU

LL

'HVSLWH\RXUDQVZHUDERYHWKHGDWDLQWKHWDEOHGRQRWDOORZIRUUHOLDEOH
FRQFOXVLRQVWREHGUDZQDERXWWKHUHODWLYHGXUDWLRQRIPHLRVLVLQSODQWDQGDQLPDO
PDUNV
VSHFLHV*LYHWZRSRVVLEOHUHDVRQVIRUWKLV

G

(YROXWLRQDWWKHVSHFLHVOHYHOLVGULYHQE\DVPDOOQXPEHURISURFHVVHV

1DPHWKHHYROXWLRQDU\SURFHVVWKDWSURGXFHV

L

QHZDOOHOHV

PDUN

LL

UDQGRPFKDQJHVLQDOOHOHIUHTXHQFLHV

PDUN

LLL

DGDSWLYHFKDQJHVLQDOOHOHIUHTXHQFLHV

PDUN

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

4XHVWLRQFRQWLQXHG




4

$JH\HDUV

)HPDOHV





$JH\HDUV

L

&RPSDUHWKHSDWWHUQVRIUHSURGXFWLYHVXFFHVVLQPDOHDQGIHPDOHHOHSKDQWVHDOV

PDUNV

LL

0DOHHOHSKDQWVHDOVDUHVXEVWDQWLDOO\ODUJHUWKDQIHPDOHHOHSKDQWVHDOV6H[XDO
VHOHFWLRQLVPDLQO\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKLVGLIIHUHQFH([SODLQKRZVH[XDOVHOHFWLRQ
KDVOHGWRODUJHUPDOHHOHSKDQWVHDOV
PDUNV

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

H

Males

$YHUDJHUHSURGXFWLYHVXFFHVV

$YHUDJHUHSURGXFWLYHVXFFHVV

7KHJXUHEHORZVKRZVWKHDYHUDJHUHSURGXFWLYHVXFFHVVDYHUDJHQXPEHURIRIIVSULQJLQPDOH

DQGIHPDOHHOHSKDQWVHDOVDWGLIIHUHQWDJHV

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

4XHVWLRQ 

PDUNV

,Q$XVWUDOLDLWLVOHJDOWRNHHSDQGEUHHGVRPHVSHFLHVRIQDWLYHELUGVUHSWLOHVDQGDPSKLELDQV
DVSHWV6RPHSHRSOHVHHWKLVDVDFRQVHUYDWLRQVWUDWHJ\WKDWFDQKHOSWRSUHYHQWWKHH[WLQFWLRQ
RIHQGDQJHUHGVSHFLHV0RVWELRORJLVWVKRZHYHUFRQVLGHUWKLVWREHDULVN\SUDFWLFHWKDWFDQ
KDYHKDUPIXOHIIHFWV(YHQWKRXJKWKH\DUHQDWLYHWR$XVWUDOLDSHWVPD\HVFDSHLQWRDUHDVZKHUH
WKH\GRQRWH[LVWQDWXUDOO\$OVRWKHVHFDSWLYHEUHGDQLPDOVPD\QRWEHVXLWDEOHIRUUHEXLOGLQJ
QDWXUDOSRSXODWLRQV
D

)RUHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLGHQWLI\WZRSRVVLEOHZD\VLQZKLFKQDWLYHDQLPDOVNHSWDVSHWV
FRXOGEH

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

L

KDUPIXOWRORFDOHFRV\VWHPVLIWKH\HVFDSH

PDUNV

LL

XQVXLWDEOHIRUUHOHDVHLQWRQDWXUDOSRSXODWLRQVLQWKHZLOG

PDUNV

,Q:HVWHUQ$XVWUDOLDWKHSHRSOHZKRWUDGHLQDQGNHHSQDWLYHVSHFLHVDVSHWVDUHUHJXODWHGE\
ODZV
E

6XJJHVWWZRDSSURSULDWHUHJXODWLRQVRQHFRQFHUQLQJWUDGHUVDQGRQHFRQFHUQLQJSHW
RZQHUV)RUHDFKUHJXODWLRQH[SODLQKRZLWZRXOGKHOSWRPLQLPLVHKDUPIXOHQYLURQPHQWDO
LPSDFWV

L

7UDGHUV

PDUNV

LL

3HWRZQHUV

PDUNV

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

4XHVWLRQFRQWLQXHG

F

'LVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJSDLUVRIWHUPV

L

,QEUHHGLQJDQGRXWEUHHGLQJ

PDUNV

LL

$UWLFLDOVHOHFWLRQDQGQDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQ

PDUNV

G

,GHQWLI\DQGH[SODLQWZRZD\VWKDW'1$SUROLQJPLJKWEHXVHGWRLPSURYHFDSWLYH
PDUNV
EUHHGLQJSURJUDPVIRUVSHFLHVFRQVHUYDWLRQ

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%LRORJLVWVLQ]RRVXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGRWKHURUJDQLVDWLRQVDUHLQYROYHGLQDZLGHUDQJHRIFDSWLYH
EUHHGLQJSURJUDPVWKDWDLPWRFRQVHUYHWKUHDWHQHGVSHFLHV

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

H

L

'HVFULEHWKHPDLQIHDWXUHVRIDVHHGEDQNSURJUDP

LL

'HVFULEHRQHH[DPSOHRIKRZDVHHGEDQNPLJKWEHXVHIXOLQDFRQVHUYDWLRQ
PDUNV
SURJUDP

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

PDUNV

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

4XHVWLRQ 

PDUNV

$VSHFLHVRIJUDVVKRSSHUOLYHVRQPRXQWDLQVORSHVLQWKH$XVWUDOLDQ$OSV7KHJUDVVKRSSHUVDUH
DFWLYHGXULQJWKHGD\$WQLJKWWKH\DUHLQDFWLYHDQGVKHOWHULQEXVKHV:KHQDFWLYHWKH\FKDQJH
WKHLUFRORXU7KLVLVPHDVXUHGRQDVLPSOHVFDOHZLWKUDWLQJVIURPWR7KHOLJKWHVWFRORXUSDOH
EOXHLVLQGLFDWHGE\DQGWKHGDUNHVWFRORXUEODFNLVLQGLFDWHGE\
%LRORJLVWVVWXG\LQJWKHVHJUDVVKRSSHUVUHFRUGHGWKHDLUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHFRORXUUDWLQJRI
DFWLYHJUDVVKRSSHUVDWGLIIHUHQWWLPHVRIDGD\DWWKHHQGRIVXPPHULQWKH$XVWUDOLDQ$OSV
7KHUHVXOWVDUHVKRZQEHORZ

&RORXUUDWLQJRIDFWLYHJUDVVKRSSHUVWR

















2QWKHJULGSURYLGHGJUDSKWKHVHGDWD
PDUNV
,I\RXZLVKWRPDNHDVHFRQGDWWHPSWDWWKLVLWHPWKHJULGLVUHSHDWHGDWWKHHQGRIWKH
4XHVWLRQ$QVZHU%RRNOHW,QGLFDWHFOHDUO\RQWKLVSDJHLI\RXKDYHXVHGWKHVHFRQGJULG
DQGFDQFHOWKHZRUNLQJRQWKHJULGRQWKLVSDJH

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

D


$LUWHPSHUDWXUHR&

S
C
S
A

7KHDLUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHFRORXUUDWLQJRIDFWLYHJUDVVKRSSHUV

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

E

'HVFULEHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQDLUWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHFRORXUUDWLQJRIWKH
JUDVVKRSSHUV
PDUNV

F

L

)URP\RXUJUDSKHVWLPDWHWKHJUDVVKRSSHUFRORXUUDWLQJDW

PDUNV

&
'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

&
LL

G

,QZKLFKHVWLPDWHGR\RXKDYHJUHDWHUFRQGHQFH"([SODLQ

PDUNV

6KHOWHULQJLQWKHEXVKHVDWQLJKWHQDEOHVWKHJUDVVKRSSHUVWREHSURWHFWHGIURP
SUHGDWRUV
([SODLQZK\VRPHSUHGDWRUVFDQEHRXWPRYLQJDURXQGDWQLJKWLQWKHFROGEXWWKH
JUDVVKRSSHUVFDQQRW
PDUNV

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

4XHVWLRQFRQWLQXHG
6FLHQWLVWVXVHYDULRXVELRORJLFDOHOGWHFKQLTXHVWRVWXG\RUJDQLVPVLQWKHLUQDWXUDOKDELWDWV
1DPHDQGGHVFULEHDHOGWHFKQLTXHWKDWFRXOGEHXVHGWR
L

FDSWXUHDFWLYHJUDVVKRSSHUV

PDUNV

LL

GHWHUPLQHWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIDSODQWVSHFLHV

PDUNV

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

H

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

4XHVWLRQ 

PDUNV

7KHURRWKDLUVRIDSODQWPXVWWDNHXSZDWHUDQGPDQ\LRQVLQFOXGLQJSRWDVVLXPLRQVIURPWKH
VXUURXQGLQJVRLO$PRGHORIWKHFHOOPHPEUDQHLQDURRWKDLUFHOOLVVKRZQEHORZ
6RLO
C

A
%

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

&\WRSODVP
D

L

1DPHWKHVWUXFWXUHVODEHOOHG$DQG%LQWKHGLDJUDPDERYH

PDUNV

$

%

LL

7KURXJKZKLFKVWUXFWXUHRIWKHURRWKDLUFHOOPHPEUDQHZRXOGR[\JHQPDLQO\EH
WUDQVSRUWHG"
PDUN

LLL

7KURXJKZKLFKVWUXFWXUHRIWKHURRWKDLUFHOOPHPEUDQHZRXOGSDVVLYHWUDQVSRUWRI
GLVVROYHGPLQHUDOLRQVPDLQO\RFFXU"
PDUN

E

3RWDVVLXPLRQVDUHXVXDOO\ORZHULQFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHVRLOWKDQLQWKHURRWKDLUVRI
DSODQW7KHUHIRUHWKH\PXVWDWPRVWWLPHVEHDFWLYHO\WUDQVSRUWHGDFURVVWKHFHOO
PHPEUDQHLQWRWKHURRWKDLUFHOO

([SODLQKRZSRWDVVLXPLRQVDUHDFWLYHO\WUDQVSRUWHGDFURVVWKHFHOOPHPEUDQHLQWRWKH
URRWKDLUFHOO
PDUNV

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

F

0DQ\SURWHLQVDUHSURGXFHGLQWKHULERVRPHVZLWKLQWKHF\WRSODVPRIDFHOO

+RZGRHVPHVVHQJHU51$GHWHUPLQHWKHVHTXHQFHRIDPLQRDFLGVGXULQJSURWHLQ
V\QWKHVLV"
PDUNV

G

3URWHLQVWKDWOHDYHWKHFHOODIWHUV\QWKHVLVDUHSDFNDJHGE\WKH*ROJLDSSDUDWXVDQG
WUDQVSRUWHGWRWKHFHOOPHPEUDQH

L

1DPHWKHVWUXFWXUHVLQZKLFKSURWHLQVDUHWUDQVSRUWHGWRWKHFHOOPHPEUDQH


PDUN

LL

1DPHDQGGHVFULEHWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKWKHSDFNDJHGSURWHLQVDUHWUDQVSRUWHG
WRWKHRXWVLGHRIWKHFHOO
PDUNV

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

4XHVWLRQFRQWLQXHG

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

H

7ZRW\SHVRIFHOOZHUHVXEMHFWHGWRDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWWUHDWPHQWV7KHWUHDWPHQWV
FRQVLVWHGRILPPHUVLQJWKHFHOOVLQVROXWLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQV
7KHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHFHOOVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQLVVKRZQEHORZ

&HOOW\SH$

&HOOW\SH%

$IWHUVHYHUDOPLQXWHVLQWKHVROXWLRQVWKHIROORZLQJFKDQJHVLQWKHFHOOVZHUHREVHUYHG
'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

7UHDWPHQW

7UHDWPHQW

7UHDWPHQW

7UHDWPHQW

7UHDWPHQW

7UHDWPHQW

L

,QZKLFKRIWKHWUHDWPHQWVZDVWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRILRQVKLJKHULQWKHVROXWLRQ
WKDQZLWKLQWKHFHOO"
PDUN

LL

7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHVROXWLRQZDVWKHVDPHLQ7UHDWPHQWVDQG([SODLQ
ZK\WKHUHVXOWVZHUHGLIIHUHQW
PDUNV

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6
4XHVWLRQ 

STAGE 3
PDUNV

'U\ODQGVDOLQLW\LVDPDMRUSUREOHPLQ$XVWUDOLDQDJULFXOWXUDODUHDVDQGHVSHFLDOO\LQVRXWK
ZHVWHUQ$XVWUDOLD
D

([SODLQKRZWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIKXPDQVKDYHFRQWULEXWHGWRWKLVSUREOHP

E

,GHQWLI\WZRHIIHFWVGU\ODQGVDOLQLW\FRXOGKDYHRQQHDUE\QDWXUDOHFRV\VWHPVDQG
PDUNV
H[SODLQZK\HDFKRIWKHVHFUHDWHVDSUREOHPIRUQDWLYHVSHFLHV

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

PDUNV

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

F

$SRSXODUVWUDWHJ\WRFRPEDWGU\ODQGVDOLQLW\LVWRUHYHJHWDWHDIIHFWHGDUHDVZLWKVDOW
WROHUDQWSODQWV$VWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGWRGHWHUPLQHZKLFKVSHFLHVZRXOGEHVXLWDEOH
IRUWKLVSXUSRVH*URXSVRISRWWHGVHHGOLQJVRIYHSODQWVSHFLHVZHUHZDWHUHGZLWK
GLIIHUHQWVDOWFRQFHQWUDWLRQVIRUDZHHNSHULRG7KHQXPEHURIVHHGOLQJVWKDWVXUYLYHG
DIWHUZHHNVDUHVKRZQLQWKHWDEOHEHORZ
1XPEHURIVHHGOLQJVVXUYLYLQJDIWHUEHLQJVXEMHFWHGWRVDOWVROXWLRQV
RIYDU\LQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQVIRUDZHHNSHULRG

6SHFLHV



6SHFLHV



1XPEHU
6SHFLHV





























6SHFLHV



6SHFLHV



'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

S
C
S
A

6DOWFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI
ZDWHUXVHGJ/

L

)RUWKHDERYHLQYHVWLJDWLRQZKDWLVWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOH"-XVWLI\\RXUDQVZHU

PDUNV

LL

1DPHWZRYDULDEOHVWKDWZRXOGQHHGWREHFRQWUROOHGLQWKLVH[SHULPHQWPDUNV

See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

G

6XJJHVWWZRDGGLWLRQDOSLHFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQWKDWZRXOGKHOS\RXWRVHOHFWWKHPRVW
VXLWDEOHUHYHJHWDWLRQVSHFLHVIURPWKHWDEOH3URYLGHDUHDVRQIRUHDFKRI\RXU
PDUNV
VXJJHVWLRQV

H

$SODQWVSHFLHVZDVIRXQGWKDWZDVDEOHWRJURZLQVRLOVZLWKDVDOWFRQFHQWUDWLRQZHOOLQ
H[FHVVRIJ/7KHVSHFLHVLVQRWVXLWDEOHIRUUHYHJHWDWLRQRIVDOLQHDJULFXOWXUDODUHDV
EHFDXVHLWLVSRLVRQRXVWRIDUPDQLPDOV

6XPPDULVHKRZUHFRPELQDQW'1$WHFKQLTXHVFRXOGEHXVHGWRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRIWKLV
SODQWVVDOWUHVLVWDQFHLQRWKHUPRUHVXLWDEOHVSHFLHV
PDUNV

(QGRI6HFWLRQ7ZR

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

4XHVWLRQFRQWLQXHG

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

6HFWLRQ7KUHH([WHQGHGDQVZHU

0DUNV

6HFWLRQ7KUHHFRQVLVWVRIWZRSDUWVHDFKZLWKWKUHHTXHVWLRQV<RXPXVWDQVZHUWZRTXHVWLRQV
IURPHDFKSDUW
3DUW$TXHVWLRQVDUHEHORZDQGDUHUHSHDWHGRQSDJH
3DUW%TXHVWLRQVFRPPHQFHRQSDJHDQGDUHUHSHDWHGRQSDJH
8VHEODFNRUEOXHSHQRUEDOOSRLQWIRUZULWWHQDQVZHUVDQGSHQFLOIRUGLDJUDPV&URVVLQJRXW
LQFRUUHFWPDWHULDOLVDFFHSWDEOHDQGSUHIHUDEOHWRXVLQJFRUUHFWLRQXLG

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

6SDUHSDJHVDUHLQFOXGHGDWWKHHQGRIWKLVERRNOHW7KH\FDQEHXVHGIRUSODQQLQJ\RXU
UHVSRQVHVDQGRUDVDGGLWLRQDOVSDFHLIUHTXLUHGWRFRQWLQXHDQDQVZHU
3ODQQLQJ,I\RXXVHWKHVSDUHSDJHVIRUSODQQLQJLQGLFDWHWKLVFOHDUO\DWWKHWRSRIWKHSDJH
&RQWLQXLQJDQDQVZHU,I\RXQHHGWRXVHWKHVSDFHWRFRQWLQXHDQDQVZHULQGLFDWHLQWKH
RULJLQDODQVZHUVSDFHZKHUHWKHDQVZHULVFRQWLQXHGLHJLYHWKHSDJHQXPEHU)LOOLQWKH
QXPEHURIWKHTXHVWLRQWKDW\RXDUHFRQWLQXLQJWRDQVZHUDWWKHWRSRIWKHSDJH
6XJJHVWHGZRUNLQJWLPHPLQXWHV

Part A
$QVZHUDQ\WZRTXHVWLRQVIURP4XHVWLRQVWR

PDUNV

,QGLFDWHWKHUVWTXHVWLRQIURP3DUW$\RXZLOODQVZHUE\WLFNLQJWKHER[QH[WWRWKHTXHVWLRQ
:ULWH\RXUDQVZHURQSDJHV:KHQ\RXKDYHDQVZHUHG\RXUUVWTXHVWLRQWXUQWRSDJH
DQGLQGLFDWHWKHVHFRQGTXHVWLRQ\RXZLOODQVZHURQWKDWSDJH
4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

'HVFULEHWKHVLPLODULWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQDQDHURELFDQGDHURELFUHVSLUDWLRQLQ
WHUPVRIVLWHVUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGSURGXFWV,QFOXGHDQ\GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQSODQWVDQG
DQLPDOV

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

,QWKLVFRXUVH\RXKDYHVWXGLHGWKHFRQFHSWRIELRGLYHUVLW\DWWKUHHGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV
'HVFULEHWKHVHWKUHHOHYHOV([SODLQZK\LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRPDLQWDLQELRGLYHUVLW\DWHDFKRI
WKHVHOHYHOV

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

'HVFULEHXVLQJVFLHQWLFWHUPLQRORJ\WKHPDLQVWHSVLQYROYHGLQ'1$UHSOLFDWLRQLQD
OLYLQJFHOO

See next page

STAGE 3

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

STAGE 3

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6
3DUW$

STAGE 3
PDUNV

,QGLFDWHWKHVHFRQGTXHVWLRQIURP3DUW$\RXZLOODQVZHUE\WLFNLQJWKHER[QH[WWRWKHTXHVWLRQ
:ULWH\RXUDQVZHURQWKHSDJHVSURYLGHG

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

'HVFULEHWKHVLPLODULWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQDQDHURELFDQGDHURELFUHVSLUDWLRQLQ
WHUPVRIVLWHVUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGSURGXFWV,QFOXGHDQ\GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQSODQWVDQG
DQLPDOV

PDUNV

,QWKLVFRXUVH\RXKDYHVWXGLHGWKHFRQFHSWRIELRGLYHUVLW\DWWKUHHGLIIHUHQWOHYHOV
'HVFULEHWKHVHWKUHHOHYHOV([SODLQZK\LWLVLPSRUWDQWWRPDLQWDLQELRGLYHUVLW\DWHDFKRI
WKHVHOHYHOV

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

'HVFULEHXVLQJVFLHQWLFWHUPLQRORJ\WKHPDLQVWHSVLQYROYHGLQ'1$UHSOLFDWLRQLQD
OLYLQJFHOO

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

4XHVWLRQ

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

STAGE 3

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

STAGE 3

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

3DUW%

PDUNV

$QVZHUDQ\WZRTXHVWLRQVIURP4XHVWLRQVWR
,QGLFDWHWKHUVWTXHVWLRQIURP3DUW%\RXZLOODQVZHUE\WLFNLQJWKHER[QH[WWRWKHTXHVWLRQ
:ULWH\RXUDQVZHURQSDJHV:KHQ\RXKDYHDQVZHUHG\RXUUVWTXHVWLRQWXUQWRSDJH
DQGLQGLFDWHWKHVHFRQGTXHVWLRQ\RXZLOODQVZHURQWKDWSDJH

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

$OWKRXJKSKRWRV\QWKHVLVRFFXUVGXULQJWKHGD\QRWDOOVWDJHVRIWKHSURFHVVUHTXLUH
VXQOLJKW
'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

'LVFXVVWKLVVWDWHPHQWPDNLQJUHIHUHQFHWRWKHUHDFWLRQVLQYROYHGLQSKRWRV\QWKHVLVWKH
VLWHVDWZKLFKWKH\RFFXUWKHLUUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGSURGXFWV

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

+DUYHVWLQJRIRUJDQLVPVLQQDWXUDOHFRV\VWHPVFDQKDYHKDUPIXOFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKHLU
FRPPXQLWLHV

'LVFXVVWZRH[DPSOHVRIRUJDQLVPVKDUYHVWHGIRUKXPDQXVH,QFOXGHLQ\RXUDQVZHUIRU
HDFKH[DPSOHWKHQDPHRIWKHRUJDQLVPWKHSUREOHPVFDXVHGE\WKHKDUYHVWLQJDQGD
VWUDWHJ\XVHGE\JRYHUQPHQWDXWKRULWLHVWRSUHVHUYHWKHHFRV\VWHP

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

*HQHWLFYDULDWLRQLVDSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUHYROXWLRQ0XWDWLRQLVRQHVRXUFHRIJHQHWLF
YDULDWLRQDQGPHLRVLVLVDQRWKHU1DPHDQGGHVFULEHWKHWZRZD\VLQZKLFKPHLRVLV
SURGXFHVJHQHWLFYDULDWLRQ

See next page

STAGE 3

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

STAGE 3

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6
3DUW%

STAGE 3
PDUNV

,QGLFDWHWKHVHFRQGTXHVWLRQIURP3DUW%\RXZLOODQVZHUE\WLFNLQJWKHER[QH[WWRWKHTXHVWLRQ
:ULWH\RXUDQVZHURQWKHSDJHVSURYLGHG
4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

$OWKRXJKSKRWRV\QWKHVLVRFFXUVGXULQJWKHGD\QRWDOOVWDJHVRIWKHSURFHVVUHTXLUH
VXQOLJKW

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

+DUYHVWLQJRIRUJDQLVPVLQQDWXUDOHFRV\VWHPVFDQKDYHKDUPIXOFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKHLU
FRPPXQLWLHV

'LVFXVVWZRH[DPSOHVRIRUJDQLVPVKDUYHVWHGIRUKXPDQXVH,QFOXGHLQ\RXUDQVZHUIRU
HDFKH[DPSOHWKHQDPHRIWKHRUJDQLVPWKHSUREOHPVFDXVHGE\WKHKDUYHVWLQJDQGD
VWUDWHJ\XVHGE\JRYHUQPHQWDXWKRULWLHVWRSUHVHUYHWKHHFRV\VWHP

4XHVWLRQ

PDUNV

*HQHWLFYDULDWLRQLVDSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUHYROXWLRQ0XWDWLRQLVRQHVRXUFHRIJHQHWLF
YDULDWLRQDQGPHLRVLVLVDQRWKHU1DPHDQGGHVFULEHWKHWZRZD\VLQZKLFKPHLRVLV
SURGXFHVJHQHWLFYDULDWLRQ

(QGRITXHVWLRQV

See next page

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

'LVFXVVWKLVVWDWHPHQWPDNLQJUHIHUHQFHWRWKHUHDFWLRQVLQYROYHGLQSKRWRV\QWKHVLVWKH
VLWHVDWZKLFKWKH\RFFXUWKHLUUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGSURGXFWV

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

STAGE 3

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

STAGE 3

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

$GGLWLRQDOZRUNLQJVSDFH
4XHVWLRQQXPEHU

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

$GGLWLRQDOZRUNLQJVSDFH

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

4XHVWLRQQXPEHU

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

$GGLWLRQDOZRUNLQJVSDFH
4XHVWLRQQXPEHU

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page

%,2/2*,&$/6&,(1&(6

STAGE 3

$GGLWLRQDOZRUNLQJVSDFH

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))

4XHVWLRQQXPEHU

See next page

67$*( BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

4XHVWLRQ

'2127:5,7(,17+,6$5($$6,7:,//%(&872))
See next page


$&.12:/('*(0(176

6HFWLRQ2QH

4XHVWLRQ

4XHVWLRQ



6HFWLRQ7ZR

4XHVWLRQ
EDQGF

4XHVWLRQH

4XHVWLRQD


4XHVWLRQH

$GDSWHGIURP&DUU600RGHORIHQ]\PHDFWLRQ>GLDJUDP@

5HWULHYHG-DQXDU\IURPZZZPXQFDELRORJ\
6FKX\OHU4+DUGHVW\%':LOFR[& 7RZQVHQG.7R
HDWRUQRWWRHDW"'HEULV6HOHFWLYLW\E\0DULQH7XUWOHV>)LJXUH@
5HWULHYHG)HEUXDU\IURP
ZZZSORVRQHRUJDUWLFOHLQIR$GRL))MRXUQDOSRQH
SRQHJ8VHGXQGHUWKH&UHDWLYH&RPPRQV
$WWULEXWLRQJHQHULFOLFHQFH

$GDSWHGWDEOH-RKQ% /HZLV.5&KURPRVRPHV'1$

DQGPHLRVLV)LJXUH7KH0HLRWLF0HFKDQLVP2[IRUG2[IRUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVS
$QGHUVVRQ00HDQUHSURGXFWLYHVXFFHVV)LJXUH
>,PDJH@6H[XDOVHOHFWLRQ3ULQFHWRQ1HZ-HUVH\3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVVS
$GDSWHGIURP5HHFH-%8UU\/$0H\HUV1&DLQ0/
:DVVHUPDQ6$0LQRUVN\39-DFNVRQ5% &RRNH%1
&HOOPHPEUDQH>'LDJUDP@&DPSEHOO%LRORJ\WKHG
0HOERXUQH3HDUVRQ(GXFDWLRQS
$GDSWHGIURP9LFWRULDQ&XUULFXOXPDQG$VVHVVPHQW$XWKRULW\
9&$$%LRORJ\([DPLQDWLRQ4XHVWLRQV S
5HWULHYHG)HEUXDU\IURP
ZZZYFDDYLFHGXDX'RFXPHQWVH[DPVELRORJ\%LRORJ\SGI







7KLVGRFXPHQWDSDUWIURPDQ\WKLUGSDUW\FRS\ULJKWPDWHULDOFRQWDLQHGLQLWPD\EHIUHHO\FRSLHGRUFRPPXQLFDWHGRQDQ
LQWUDQHWIRUQRQFRPPHUFLDOSXUSRVHVLQHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQVSURYLGHGWKDWLWLVQRWFKDQJHGDQGWKDWWKH6FKRRO&XUULFXOXPDQG
6WDQGDUGV$XWKRULW\LVDFNQRZOHGJHGDVWKHFRS\ULJKWRZQHUDQGWKDWWKH$XWKRULW\VPRUDOULJKWVDUHQRWLQIULQJHG
&RS\LQJRUFRPPXQLFDWLRQIRUDQ\RWKHUSXUSRVHFDQEHGRQHRQO\ZLWKLQWKHWHUPVRIWKHCopyright Act 1968RUZLWKSULRUZULWWHQ
SHUPLVVLRQRIWKH6FKRRO&XUULFXOXPDQG6WDQGDUGV$XWKRULW\&RS\LQJRUFRPPXQLFDWLRQRIDQ\WKLUGSDUW\FRS\ULJKWPDWHULDOFDQEH
GRQHRQO\ZLWKLQWKHWHUPVRIWKHCopyright Act 1968RUZLWKSHUPLVVLRQRIWKHFRS\ULJKWRZQHUV
$Q\FRQWHQWLQWKLVGRFXPHQWWKDWKDVEHHQGHULYHGIURPWKH$XVWUDOLDQ&XUULFXOXPPD\EHXVHGXQGHUWKHWHUPVRIWKH&UHDWLYH
&RPPRQV$WWULEXWLRQ1RQ&RPPHUFLDO$XVWUDOLDOLFHQFH

Published by the School Curriculum and Standards Authority of Western Australia

27 Walters Drive
OSBORNE PARK WA 6017