TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Table of Contents
i
1. Problem Statement
2
2. Objective
3. Introduction

2-3
4. Air Conditioning Process
4-7
5. Refrigeration Cycle
8-12
6. Combustion Chamber for Internal Combustion Engine
13-18
7. Conclusion
19
8. References

9.

19
Appendix
19

PROBLEM STATEMENT
A simple ideal vapor-compression heat-pump system is shown in Figure 1 to provide a
heating effect for a building. The heat from evaporator of the refrigeration system is
dissipated to the outdoor air flowing at 20,000 cfm from 0C to condition it to 40C and the
relative humidity is 40%, respectively. An unmixed cross flow heat exchanger is used to
increase the temperature to 18C. The heat exchanger is made of tubes through which flows
hot fluid from the compressor of the refrigeration system. Then, the air is humidified by the
injection of hot steam in the humidifying section.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this assignment is for students to conduct preliminary design calculations of
an air conditioning system combining all the relevant topics in thermal engineering.
INTRODUCTION
Air conditioning (often referred to as A/C or AC) is the process of altering the
properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more comfortable conditions,
typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space such as
a building or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. In common
use, an air conditioner is a device that lowers the air temperature. The cooling is
typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free
cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be made based on desiccants. In
the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that
modifies the condition of air (heating, cooling, (de-)humidification, cleaning,
ventilation, or air movement). However, in construction, such a complete system of
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC -as opposed to AC).
Principles

For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must
be used repeatedly. For this reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of
compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The
same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area, to cool this area, and to
expel this heat in another area.
1. The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is
compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure
gas.
2. The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a
liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air.
3. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure.
This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it
leaves the expansion valve.
4. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from
the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
5. As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor
where the entire cycle is repeated.

A. Air Conditioning Process

1=
Question 2: Using Dry mass balance ( m

2 2), Energy balance ( Q

m
2), Water mass balance ( m
1 1= m

h )

State 1
Pv1 =

1Pg1, P(sat)@ T= 0

(refer table A-4)

= (0.95)(0.611k)
= 0.58112kPa
Pa1 = P1-Pv1

= 99.419kPa

RaT 1
Pa 1

V1 =

(0.287 k )(273)
99.419 k

0.662 Pv 1
P 1Pv 1

m3
= 0.788 kg dry air

0.662(0.58112 k )
100 k 0.58112 k

0.00364

kg h 20
kg dry air

,(

1= 2 )

State 2

kJ h 20
kg dry

1= 2 = 0.00364

h1 = (CpT1) + ( 1 hg1)

(hg refer table A-4 for hg sat)

= (1.005k)(0) + (0.00364)(2500.9k) = 9.0925

h2 = (CpT2) + ( 2 hg2)

( hg refer table A-4 for hg sat)

= (1.005k)(15) + (0.00364)(2528.3k) = 24.278

Determine the

1 =

V 1
V1

= 718.90

kJ
kg

kJ
kg

1 ,
566.337
0.788
kg
min

,( V 1

, convert to

from converting 20000cfm to m3/min)

kg
s

= 718.90

1 min
60 s

= 11.978

kg
s

Therefore,

= 1

h = (11.978)(24.278 9.0925) = 18.1892 kJ

transfer)

(Heat

Question 3: Analyze rate of water vapour at t = 20

until 25

(with increament 1

Relative humidity = 40%-75% (assume 60%)

Water vapour at t=20

v = a ( 3- 2) , 2 = 11.978

Determine

3,

3=

0.662 Pg
P Pg

kg
s

0.662(0.6) 2.3392 k

= 100 k ( 0.6)(2.3392 k)

m
v = (11.978)(8.8542

103

2 = 0.00364

8.8542

0.00364) = 0.06246

10

kg h 20
kg dry air

kg h 20
kg dry air

kg
s

Water vapour at t=21

v = a ( 3- 2) , 2 = 11.978

kg
s

2 = 0.00364

kg h 20
kg dry air

Determine 3,

3=

0.662 Pg
P Pg

(Pg from interpolation table A-4), Pg = 2.50532kPa

0.662(0.6)(2.50532 k )
100 k ( 0.6 )(2.50532k )

0.0094925

kg h 20
kg dry air

m
v = (11.978)(0.0094925 0.00364) = 0.07010

Water vapour at t = 22

kg
s

v = a ( 3- 2) , 2 = 11.978

kg
s

2 = 0.00364

kg h 20
kg dry air

Determine 3,

3=

0.662 Pg
P Pg

(Pg from interpolation table A-4), Pg = 2.67144kPa

0.662(0.6)(2.67144 k)
100 k ( 0.6 )(2.67144 k )

0.01013

kg h 20
kg dry air
kg
s

m
v = (11.978)(0.01013 0.00364) = 0.07774

Water vapour at t = 23
v = a ( 3- 2) , 2 = 11.978

kg
s

2 = 0.00364

kg h 20
kg dry air

Determine 3,

3=

0.662 Pg
P Pg

(Pg from interpolation table A-4), Pg = 2.8376kPa

0.662(0.6)(2.3876 k )
100 k ( 0.6 )( 2.3876 k )

kg h 20

0.01077 kg dry air

m
v = (11.978)(0.01077 0.00364) = 0.08540

kg
s

Water vapour at t = 24
v = a ( 3- 2) , 2 = 11.978
Determine 3,

kg
s

2 = 0.00364

kg h 20
kg dry air

 3=

0.662 Pg
P Pg

(Pg from interpolation table A-4), Pg = 3.0037kPa

0.622(0.6)(3.0037 k )
100 k ( 0.6)(3.0037 k )

kg h 20
kg dry air

0.01142

m
v = (11.978)(0.01142 0.00364) = 0.09319

kg
s

Water vapour at t = 25
v = a ( 3- 2) , 2 = 11.978

kg
s

2 = 0.00364

kg h 20
kg dry air

Determine 3,

3=

0.662 Pg
P Pg

(Pg from interpolation table A-4), Pg = 3.1698kPa

0.622(0.6)(3.1698 k )
100 k (0.6)(3.1698 k )

0.01206

kg h 20
kg dry air

m
v = (11.978)(0.01206 0.00364) = 0.10085

kg
s

B. Refrigeration cycle
Select 2 working refrigerants for the system and explain the reasons of selection based on
safety and thermal properties.
First and foremost, R-134a do not contain chlorine atom so that it afford to undermine
the role of atmospheric ozone; besides, R-134a has a good safety performance (nonflammable, non-explosive, non-toxic, non-irritating no rot resistance), in addition, R-134a is
easier to retrofit refrigeration system so that the heat transfer performance is closer. Last but
not least, R-134a heat transfer performance better than the R-12 which can help the amount
of refrigerant greatly reduced.
As a refrigerant, ammonia offers three distinct advantages over other commonly used
industrial refrigerants. First, ammonia is environmentally compatible. It does not deplete the
ozone layer and does not contribute to global warming. Second, ammonia has superior
thermodynamic qualities, as result ammonia refrigeration systems use less electricity. Third,
ammonia's recognizable odor is its greatest safety asset. Unlike most other industrial
refrigerants that have no odor, ammonia refrigeration has a proven safety record in part
because leaks are not likely to escape detection.
The 2 important parameters that need to be considered in the selection of refrigerant
are the temperatures of 2 media (refrigerated space and the environment) with which the
refrigerant exchange heat. Furthermore, the characteristics of the refrigerant include be nontoxic, non-corrosive, non-flammable and chemically stable.
In the case of heat pump, the minimum temperature for the refrigerant maybe
considerably higher since heat is usually extracted from media that are well above the
temperature encountered in refrigeration systems.

Choose operating conditions for the refrigeration cycle such as the evaporator and
condenser pressure if the surrounding temperature is 0C.

The most common energy source for heat pumps is atmospheric air (air-to-air
system), although water and soil also used. The major problems with air source system is
frosting, which occurs in humid climates when the temperature falls below 2-5C. the COP of
heat pump usually range between 1.5 and 4, depending on the particular system used and the
temperature of the source. One system can be used as a heat pump in winter and an air
conditional in summer. This is accomplished by adding a reversing valve to the cycle, so it
can be in heating mode and cooling mode.

Refrigerant Analytical Analysis:

The T-s diagram of the refrigeration cycle is drawn below.

This an ideal vapor compression refrigerant cycle, and thus the compressor are isentropic and
the refrigerants leave the condenser as a saturated liquid and enter the compressor at saturated
vapor.
A refrigerator used refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and the assuming design pressures
for the condenser are 887.73kPa while the evaporator is at 1.2MPa. Pressure of evaporator is
Q
assumed below from pressure of condenser to allow heat transfer, L from surrounding
into the refrigerant and

QH

from refrigerant into surrounding.

Assumptions:
1
2

Steady operating conditions exist

Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
10

From the refrigerant -134a tables, the enthalpies of the refrigerant at all four states are
determined as below:
State 1: Saturated vapor refrigerant-134a
Assumptions: Pressure = 887.73kPa
Temperature = 35 C
Heat transfer efficiently (100%)
By referring to the Refrigerant-134a tables:
To find

hg

and

sg @T

we have done the interpolation from table A-11 at

T 1 =35 C

(h g 268.57)
(3534)
=
(3634) (269.49 268.57)

h1=hg =269.03

kJ
kg

(3534)
( s 0.91743)
=
(3634) (0.91675 0.91743)
s=s g @ T =0.91709
1

kJ
.K
kg

State 2: Superheated vapor refrigerant-134a

The chosen pressure is 1.2 MPa due to the pressure on the condenser. We picked this pressure
to allow heat transfer from refrigerant to surrounding. At state 2, it is isentropic process
S 1=S2

P2=1.20 MPa(assumption)
s 2=s1=s g@P =0.91709
1

kJ
.K
kg

To find h, we have done the interpolation from table A-13 at

P=1.2 MPa

(0.917090.9130)
(h 2 273.87)
=
(0.9267 0.9130) (278.27 273.87)
h2 = 275.21 kJ/kg
11

State 2S: Superheated vapor refrigerant-134a h2s

The compressor efficiency is assumed at 75%.

nc=

h 2 sh 1
h 2h1

h 2 s269.03
0.75=

kJ
kg

275.21 kJ /kg296.03

kJ
kg

h2s = 280.42 kJ/kg

State 3: Saturated liquid refrigerant-134a

(Refer Table A-12)
P3=1.2 MPa
h3=h4 =hf @p3 =117.77

kJ
kg

State 4: Throttling valve

qw=h 4h 3
h4 =h3
h4 =117.77

kJ
kg

Calculate the required refrigerant mass flow rate to obtain the desired cooling effect.

QL =m(h 1h4 )

12

QL

is obtained from question 1.

QL

Indicate that the heat transfer rate from refrigerant

to surrounding.

18.1892=m(269.03117.77)
kg
m=0.12

Calculate the maximum COP and actual COP of the cycle if the compressor efficiency is
assumed at 75%.
COP defines the performance of the refrigeration cycle. To calculate COP, we use this
formula
COP=

QL
W

Maximum COP
2h1 )
w = m(h
w =0.12 ( 275.18269.03 )
w =780 W

COPmax =

18.1892
=24.65
0.738

Actual COP
2 sh 1)
w = m(h
w =0.12 ( 280.42269.03 )
w =44.36 kw
COPact =

18.1892
=13.31
1.366

13

Suggest an innovative system that can improve the current COP i.e multistages or cascade
refrigeration cycle. Prove your suggestion using analytical analysis.
It is obvious that the lower-temperature unit of the cascade system absorbs less power than
the single stage system. This originates from the fact that the pressure ratio across the
compressor in the lower unit of the cascade system is less than that in the single-stage system
for the same refrigeration capacity. COPs for the lower unit of the cascade system are higher
than those for the single-stage system.
Estimate the cost of running the system (single cycle and multistage or cascade) for a 12
hour operation (based only on the compressor work input) under steady conditions and
actual Malaysian daylight electrical tariff by TNB (Tenaga Nasional Berhad).
Tariff D - Low Voltage Industrial Tariff
For Overall Monthly Consumption Between 0-200 kWh/month
For all kWh

38.00 sen/kWh

cost=usage 38
cost=18.1892 k 38=RM 691189.6 0

C. Combustion Chamber for Internal Combustion Engine

H
Q
C12 H 26
25

To exhaust

XC O2 +Y H 2 O+Z N 2

a(O 2 +3.76 N 2 )

1000

14

Figure 2 : Natural Gas Combustor

Question 1: Given : Q = 1.5MWatt
Q=

m
air
fuel
m

C12 H 26+1.2 ath ( O 2+ 3.76 N 2) XC O2 +Y H 2 O+Z N 2

C :12= X ( 1 ) ; X =12
H :26=Y ( 2 ) ;Y =13
O:1.2 a ( 2 )= X ( 2 ) +Y ( 1 )
1.2 a (2 )=12 ( 2 ) +13 ( 1 )
a=15.4167
N :1.2 a ( 3.76 ) =Z ( 1 )
1.2 ( 15.4167 )( 3.76 ) =Z ; Z=69.56

C12 H 26+1.2 ( 15.4167 ) ( O 2+ 3.76 N 2) 12C O2 +13 H 2 O+ 69.56 N 2

hc =hR h p

*rate of heat transfer

E =Eout

h R= N 1 h f
h f =refer Table A26
h R C 12 H 26= - 291010
KJ/Kmol

h R O2 =0

15

Standard
References
( T =25

Find h R table at 273 K

C O2

O2
270
7858
273
h
280
8150
273270
h7858
=
280270 81507858

N2
270
7849
273
h
280
8141
273270
h7849
=
280270 81417849

270
8335
273
h
280
8697
273270
h8335
=
280270 86978335

H2O
270
8961
273
h
280
9296
273270
h8961
=
280270 92968961

16

Find h R table at 273 K

C O2

O2

1260
57244
1260
40594
1273
h
1273
h
1280
58381
1280
41312
12731260
h57244
12731260
h40594
=
=
12801260 4131240594 12801260 5838157244

N2

H2O

1260
38507
1273
h
1280
39488
12731260
h38807
=
12801260 3948838807

1260
47022
1273
H
1280
47912
12731260
h47022
=
12801260 4791247022

h=39249.65 kJ/kg
C12 H 26 N =1

O2 N=18.5
N 2 N=69.56
C O2 N=12

E R=N ( hf + hh )
( 1 )(291010+00 ) +18.5 ( 0+7945.68682 ) +69.56 ( 0+7936.68669 )
29101013623.450945.744
355579.144 Watt

17

E p=N (hf 0 +hh1 )

12 (393520+57983.059364 ) +13 (2858.30+ 47600.59904 ) +69.56 (0+39249.658669)
4138811.43225735.5+2127190.014

5237356.586 Watt

Qout =E R E p
3555790144+5237356.586
4881777.442

kJ
kmol

C12 H 26=12 ( 12 ) +26 ( 1 )

170

q=

kg
kmol

28716.34 m
fuel =1.5 MWatt

4881777.442
170

m
fuel =0.052 kg /s

28716.34 kJ /kg

Question 2:

Assumptions:

1) Tout of the saturated vapor is 100C

2) Use Cp average of water
3) v varied because of the temperature

Tout

= 100C
18

Tin

=5

Average temperature = (Tout + Tin)/2

= (100 + 5)/2
= 52.5C
Interpolation:
Temperature (C)
50
52.5
75

Specific heat, Cp (Kj/kg. K)

4.180
4.181
4.190

Q
= v Cp (Tout Tin)
Temperature (C)
20
21
22
23
24
25

Mass flow rate water vapor, (kg/s)

0.06246
0.07010
0.07774
0.08540
0.09319
0.10085

At 20C,

Q
= (0.06246)(4.181 x 10^3)(373 278) = 24808.80 kJ

At 21C,

Q
= (0.07010)(4.181 x 10^3)(373 278) = 27843.37 kJ
At 22C,

Q
= (0.07774)(4.181 x 10^3)(373 278) = 30877.94 kJ

At 23C,

Q
= (0.08540)(4.181 x 10^3)(373 278) = 33920.45 kJ
19

At 24C,

Q
= (0.09319)(4.181 x 10^3)(373 278) = 37014.60 kJ

At 25C,

Q
= (0. 10085)(4.181 x 10^3)(373 278) = 40057.12 kJ
Mass flow rate water vapor, (kg/s)

Heat Transfer Rate, Q

(kJ)

0.06246
0.07010
0.07774
0.08540
0.09319
0.10085

24808.8
27843.4
30877.9
33920.5
37014.6
40057.1

20

CONCLUSION
The objective of this assignment is for students to conduct preliminary design calculations of
an air conditioning system combining all the relevant topics in thermal engineering has been
achieved.
REFERENCES
1. Jan F. Kreider. Handbook of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.
2. Winnick, J (1996). Chemical engineering thermodynamics. John Wiley and Sons
3. Daou, K; Wang, Xia (2005). "Desiccant cooling
review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

air

conditioning:

4. McDowall, Robert (2006). Fundamentals of HVAC Systems. Elsevier. p. 3.

5.

Law, C.K. (2006). Combustion Physics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University

Press.

6. Arora,
Ramesh
Chandra.
"Mechanical
vapour
compression
refrigeration". Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning.
p. 3.
APPENDIX
Work Load Distribution
No
.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Name

No ID

Ahmad Faiz Fikri Abdul Latif (Leader)

Mohd Fahmi Aiman bin Abdul Rashid
Mohammad Syahzan bin NorAzman
Abdul Hadi Bin W. AB. Rahim

2014621982
2014828834
2014290824
2012529237
21

Percentage
30%
25%
25%
20%

Total

22

100%