:Introduction

Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in

each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the two
fluids. In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to work
with an overall heat transfer coefficient U that accounts for the
contribution of all these effects on heat transfer. The rate of heat
transfer between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger
depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference at that
location, which varies along the heat exchanger.
In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is usually convenient to
work with the logarithmic mean temperature
difference LMTD, which is an equivalent mean temperature
difference between the two fluids for the entire heat exchanger.
The other method is the effectivenessNTU method, which
enables us to analyze heat exchangers when the outlet
temperatures of the fluids are not known.

Figure1 parallel-flow

Figure2 counter flow

Figure3 shell-andtube heat exchanger

Figure4 cross-flow
heat exchanger

: Apparatus and procedure

Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves convection in
each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the two
fluids. In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to work
with an overall heat transfer coefficient U that accounts for the
contribution of all these effects on heat transfer. The rate of heat
transfer between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger
depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference at that
location, which varies along the heat exchanger.
In the analysis of heat exchangers, it is usually convenient to
work with the logarithmic mean temperature
difference LMTD, which is an equivalent mean temperature
difference between the two fluids for the entire heat exchanger.
The other method is the effectivenessNTU method, which
enables us to analyze heat exchangers when the outlet
temperatures of the fluids are not known.

Figure1 parallel-flow

Figure2 counter flow

Figure3 shell-andtube heat exchanger

Figure4 cross-flow
heat exchanger

Procedure :
1. .Water supply was turned on
2. Heat exchanger was set Up for parallel flow condition .
3. The electrical supply switch was Set on the On position .
4. the temperature controller was Set to C.
5. the cold water control valves were Opened and set the flow as
desired .
6. the cold water control valves were Opened and set the flow as
desired .
7. After conditions have stabilized , records the data .
8. The heat exchanger was Set Up for counter flow conditions .
9. Repeat steps ( 3 - 7 ) .

Water

Ti

qmax

flow

(kw

(kw

Hot

)
Qh

)
20.

5.6

1
Qc

14.

0.71

55

Tmid To

48

700L/H
Cold

10

34

400L/H

LMTD

(k)

(kw/m^2.

7.768

k)
2.665

0.26
8

: Results
: co-current parallel(1
Table (1)

NTU

4.12

tsiD sv erutarepmeT
08
07
06
05

(C) T

retaw toH

04

retaw dloC

03
02
01
0
0 5.0

1 5.1

2 5.2

3 5.3

4 5.4

(m) X

Figure (5)

: co-current counter(2
Water

Ti

flow
Hot

Tmi To
d

68

67

700L/H
Cold
400L/H

17

46

qmax

(kw)

(kw)

Qh

23.6

6.38

0.26
9

Qc

19.0

0.80

3
Table (2)

LMTD

(k)

(kw/m^2

9.45

.k)
2.79

NTU

4.32

sv erutarepmeT
08
07
06

(C) T

05

retaw toH

04

retaw dloC

03
02
01
0
0 5.0

1 5.1

2 5.2

3 5.3

4 5.4

(m) X

Figure (6)

: Discussion
1-Qc & Qh are increases as the flow rate increase .
2- U increase as the Qc increase.
3-Qmax increase as the dt increase

:Conclusions
The heat exchanger apparatus follows the basic laws of .1
.thermodynamics and this can be shown experimentally
From all of the parallel flow configurations, the exit .2
temperature of the hot fluid is always hotter than the exit
.temperature of the cold fluid

From the other experiments that hold flow rates constant or .3

vary the flow rates, it is clear that the First Law of
Thermodynamics and conservation of energy applies to the heat
.exchanger apparatus
In practical application, the counter flow configuration is .4
.preferred for its higher effectiveness
This experiment did show that this configuration does in fact .5
.have a higher effectiveness than the parallel flow configuration
The counter flow configurations also capable of have a cold .6
fluid exit temperature that is higher than the hot fluid exit
temperature. This was not shown experimentally, however from
the data collected it is clear that the flow rates were too high to
.achieve this desired result
If the experiment were repeated with lower flow rates, it would .7
be possible to demonstrate a situation where the exit
temperature of the cold fluid is hotter than the exit temperature
.of the hot fluid

: Recommendation
Make sure that there is no leaking in the unit pipes for more .1
.accurate readings and no heat loss in the operation
Wait the unit so reach steady state before you read the .2
temperature from the thermometer

10

I would like to recommend to use a staliss steel metal for the .3

pipes If we want to do experiment on liquid water because the
heat transfer rate in staliss steel is much bigger than any types of
.metal
I recommend to clean the pips periodically for more accurate .4
.readings

: References
.Heat transfer laboratory manual .1
.Heat transfer book for holan .2
.http://www.vaxasoftware.com/doc_eduen/qui/caloresph2o.pdf .3

:Appendix
co-current parallel(1
To

Tmid

Ti

Water flow

48

48

55

Hot
700L/H

42

34

1011

Cold
400L/H

Table (3)

co-current counter(2
To

Tmid

Ti

Water flow

60

67

68

Hot
700L/H

58

46

17

Cold
400L/H

Table (4)

:sample of calculations
:parallel calculation-1
From appendix of thermodynamics cp@10=4.192kj/kg.k &
d=0.9998kg/L
. cp@55=4.183 kj/kg.k & d=0.986kg/L
. A=0.72m^2

12

. From table (3) T and volumetric flow rate

Qc=mass folw *cp *dt
Qc=v*d*cp*dt
Qc=400L/h*1h/3600s*0.9998kg/L*4.192kj/kg.k*(315-283)k
Qc=14.9KW
Qh=700L/h*1h/3600s*0.986kg/L*4.183kj/kg.k*(328-321)k
Qh=5.61KW
Qmax=Cmin*(Thi-Tci)
Qmax=(mass flow water cold *cp@10)*(328-283)
Qmax=400L/h*1h/3600s*0.9998kg/L*4.192kj/kg.k*(328-283)k
Qmax=20.9KW
Ec=Qc/Qmax=0.712
Eh=Qh/Qmax=0.2684
LMTD=dt2-dt1/ln(dt2-dt1)=(32-7)/ln(32-7)=7.768K
U=Qc/A*LMTD=14.9/0.72*7.768=2.665KW/m^2.K
NTU=UA/Cmin=2.665*0.72/0.4656=4.12
:counter calculation(2
From appendix of thermodynamics cp@17=4.183kj/kg.k &
d=0.9986kg/L
. cp@68=4.190 kj/kg.k & d=0.979kg/L
. A=0.72m^2
. From table (4) T and volumetric flow rate

13

Qc=mass folw *cp *dt

Qc=v*d*cp*dt
Qc=400L/h*1h/3600s*0.9986kg/L*4.183kj/kg.k*(331-290)k
Qc=19.02KW
Qh=700L/h*1h/3600s*0.979kg/L*4.190kj/kg.k*(341-333)k
Qh=6.38KW
Qmax=Cmin*(Thi-Tci)
Qmax=(mass flow water cold *cp@17)*(341-290)
Qmax=400L/h*1h/3600s*0.9986kg/L*4.183kj/kg.k*(341-290)k
Qmax=23.669KW
Ec=Qc/Qmax=0.803
Eh=Qh/Qmax=0.269
LMTD=dt2-dt1/ln(dt2-dt1)=(41-8)/ln(41-8)=9.45K
U=Qc/A*LMTD=19.02/0.72*9.45=2.79KW/m^2.K
NTU=UA/Cmin=2.79*0.72/0.4641=4.32

14

15