Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physics
HSC
Stuart Ryan
Janet Holmes
Contributing authors
Ray Martine
Alan Storen
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Contents
Introduction
About the authors
Acknowledgements
vi
vii
viii
Module 1 Space
Chapter 1 Gravity
1.1
Mass and weight
1.2
Gravitational fields
1.3
Gravitational potential energy
Summary of gravity
Review questions
Chapter 2 Projectiles
2.1
Projectile motion
2.2
Equations of motion
2.3
Motion in two dimensions
2.4
Projectile motion at an angle
Summary of projectiles
Review questions
Chapter 3 Spaceflight
3
4
7
9
9
11
12
13
16
20
27
27
29
3.1
Escape velocity
3.2
g-forces
3.3
Rotation of the Earth and rocket launch
3.4
Changing rocket acceleration
3.5
Uniform circular motion
3.6
Low-Earth and geostationary orbits
3.7
Keplers Law of Periods
3.8
Re-entry
Summary of spaceflight
Review questions
30
31
33
34
34
35
37
39
41
42
44
4.1
Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation
4.2
Gravitational field
Summary of Newtons laws of gravitation
Review questions
45
46
49
49
51
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Building on Newton
The aether
The MichelsonMorley experiment
Frames of reference and Galilean relativity
Einstein and the postulates of the Theory
of Special Relativity
Time dilation
Length contraction
52
52
53
54
56
56
61
5.8
A further discussion on time
5.9
Mass and the ultimate speed
5.10 Mass and energy
Summary of Einsteins Theory of Relativity
Review questions
63
64
66
68
68
73
74
6.1
Michael Faraday
Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
Electromagnetic induction
Generating a potential difference in a
loop of wire
7.5
Lenzs Law
7.6
Lenzs Law and the conservation of energy
7.7
Back emf
7.8
Eddy currents
7.9
AC electric motors
Summary of electromagnetic induction
Review questions
Chapter 8 Generators
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Generators
Generating electricity
Advantages of AC over DC
The impact of AC generators on society
and environment
8.5
The battle of the currents: Westinghouse
and Edison
8.6
Transmission of electricity
Summary of generators
Review questions
75
78
80
83
84
84
87
90
90
93
94
95
97
98
101
104
104
105
106
107
107
109
110
111
113
114
114
117
119
119
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Nelson Physics
iv
Stage 6 HSC
Chapter 9 Transformers
9.1
The transformer
9.2
Energy loss in transformers
9.3
Using transformers to supply electricity
Summary of transformers
Review questions
Electromagnetic waves
Hertzs experiment
Demonstration of the photoelectric effect
Planck and black body radiation
The photoelectric effect
The photoelectric effect and the classical
wave theory
11.7 Quantum theory
11.8 Quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect
11.9 Einsteins photoelectric equation
11.10 Planck and Einstein
Summary of the photoelectric effect
Review questions
Chapter 12 Semiconductors
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
Conductivity
Band structure
Doping
Thermionic devices
Solid state devices replace thermionic
devices
12.6 Transistors
12.7 Applications of semiconductors in solar cells
Summary of semiconductors
Review questions
Chapter 13 Superconductors
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
Interference
Diffraction
The Braggs X-ray crystallography experiment
Crystal lattice structure of metals
Superconductors
BCS theory
Meissner effect
121
122
124
124
126
126
127
128
129
130
131
134
136
137
139
139
142
143
143
145
146
146
147
148
150
151
153
154
154
157
158
158
159
160
176
179
179
181
182
14.1 Ultrasound
14.2 Piezoelectric effect
14.3 Acoustic impedance
14.4 Intensity ratio
14.5 Different types of scans
14.6 Doppler effect
Summary of ultrasound in medicine
Review questions
183
184
185
186
188
190
192
192
Chapter 16 Radioactivity as a
diagnostic tool
16.1 Radioactive isotopes and half-lives
16.2 Metabolism of radioactive isotopes
16.3 Positrons, electrons and gamma rays
16.4 Positron emission tomography
Summary of radioactivity as a diagnostic tool
Review questions
195
196
198
200
202
202
204
205
206
207
208
210
210
212
213
213
214
215
216
217
161
162
165
166
166
Option 2 Astrophysics
168
222
169
170
171
173
174
175
175
18.1 Astrophysics
18.2 Galileos telescope
18.3 Detecting wavebands
18.4 Resolution and sensitivity
18.5 Ground-based astronomy
Summary of observing the night sky
Review questions
223
224
226
227
229
232
232
219
219
221
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Contents
234
235
239
239
242
243
245
247
249
251
257
258
265
267
269
269
253
253
271
272
275
278
281
286
288
289
291
292
293
293
294
297
298
299
300
301
301
Appendices
Answers
Glossary
Index
303
304
306
306
309
309
310
311
312
313
315
316
317
319
321
322
323
324
326
326
329
330
331
334
336
339
339
341
343
343
345
359
372
377
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Introduction
Nelson Physics Stage 6 HSC has been authored to specifically meet all
the requirements of the Board of Studies Stage 6 Physics syllabus.
The text includes features designed to engage, challenge and extend
students in meaningful learning experiences. These features offer students
the opportunity to learn in different ways as they explore the exciting and
dynamic study of physics.
Student CD-ROM
A student CD-ROM is provided in the back of each textbook. This contains
a PDF version of the textbook. By clicking on an icon in the PDF version
students will be taken to:
Test Yourself at the end of each module and option provides students
with 20 auto-correcting multiple-choice questions complete with an
explanation of the answer and page reference to textbook.
Word Check activities at the end of each module and option
enable students to further their understanding and reinforce their
knowledge of key physics terms in each chapter.
MP4 Podcast Revision at the end of each module and option are
downloadable to an MP3 or MP4 player and enable students to
revise physics any time, any where.
Videolinks take students to relevant YouTube videos that engage
students and bring physics alive. Clicking on the videolink icon will
take students to a page on the Cengage website where they will
further link to the YouTube video. If your school blocks YouTube
videos or to keep the links current, it is highly recommended
that the teacher download the videos to a TeacherTube (www
.teachertube.com) or VodPod (www.vodpod.com) site. Cengage
will make every effort to keep these links current.
Also provided on the Student CD-ROM is a copy of LoggerPro 3.6 to assist
students with data collection and analysis.
6/23/09 9:10:38 PM
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the Authors
Janet Holmes has a BSc DipEd from Sydney University. She is an experienced
classroom physics teacher with a passion for the practical application of
mathematics in the physical world. She has taught at a variety of schools
both in private and public education. She is currently the Senior Physics
teacher at Mulwaree High School in Goulburn NSW. Janet has an enthusiasm
for the facilitation of learning in young people and providing the educational
experiences and resources needed to reach their full potential.
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Acknowledgements
The authors and publishers would like gratefully to credit or acknowledge
the following sources for permission to use copyright material.
Alan Storen: p. 316; Arnold Reinhold: p. 124; The Cathode Ray Tube sit
http://members.chello.nl/h.dijkstra19: p. 131; Cengage Learning Australia,
Practical Physics for Senior Students by Roberson et al 2008. Reprinted
with permission of Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd: pp. 88, 129/
Cengage Learning Australia/Lisa Piemonte: p. 125 (bottom right); CMS
Collaboration: p. 341 (centre right); Corbis Australia: p. 199 (bottom),
223 (top right), 223 (bottom left), 228, 325 (bottom left); CSIRO's Australia
Telescope Compact Array Photo: D. Smyth: p. 231; Education Development
Center, Inc.: pp. 169, 171, 172; Educational Outreach/Cavendish
Laboratory University of Cambridge/Department of Physics, University of
Cambridge: p. 136; Internet Encyclopedia of Science/David Darling:
p. 248; iStockphoto: pp. 93, 121, 128, 157, 182, 204, 291, 292, 310,
342 (right)/ Diego Barucco: p. 221/Omas Bercic: p. 168/ Karl Dolenc: p. 1/
Bojan Fatur: p. 75 (bottom right)/ Rui Frias: p. 73/ Aaliya Landholt: p. 212/
Philip Lange: p. 329/ Dave Long: p. 2/ Albert Lozano: p. 161 (left)/ Andrei
Malov: p. 181/ Steve Mann: p. 74/Christian MateiCevdet: p. 44/ muratseyit:
p. 198/ Gkhan Palas: p. 11/ Damian Palus: p. 127/ Christopher Pattberg:
p. 197 (top right)/ David Peeters: p. 183 (right)/ Nick Schlax: p. 303/
Gregory Spencer: p. 109/ Sandeep Subba: p. 6/ technotr: p. 12 (bottom)/
Luis Carlos Torres: p. 142/ Maria Toutoudaki: p. 195/ Sze Fei Wong:
p. 51; Jupiterimages Corporation: pp. 12 (top), 30 (bottom), 75 (top right),
94 (top left), 94 (centre), 118, 164, 183 (left), 186, 189, 223 (top right
inset), 322, 330; Mai-Linh Doan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meissner_
effect_p1390048.jpg: p. 176; Mtodorov 69 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
File:Induction-motor-3a.gif: p. 106; NASA: pp. 4, 29, 40, 222, 225, 266,
271, 272, 273, 278, 282/ AURA/ STScI/ NASA: p. 287 (top right)/ NASA/
CXC/PSU/G. Pavlov et al.: p. 285/ NASA/CXC/ASU/J. Hester et al.: p. 283/
NASA, ESA and AURA/Caltech: p. 286/ NASA, H.E. Bond and E. Nelan
(Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.); M. Barstow and M.
Burleigh (University of Leicester, U.K.) and J.B. Holberg: p. 258/ NASA, Jeff
Hester and Paul Scowen Arizona State University: p. 230/ NASA/MSFC: p.
34/ NASA/Tod Strohmayer (GSFC)/Dana Berry (Chandra X-ray Observatory):
p. 257; Newspix/Simon Benson: p. 336; Ojibberish/Wikimedia http://
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diode_tube_schematic.svg: p. 161
(right); Photolibrary: pp. 52, 75 (bottom left), 89, 146, 162, 177, 178, 191,
196, 201, 209, 216, 217, 224, 234, 235, 236, 259, 294, 296, 297, 304,
308, 311, 325 (top right), 338; Shutterstock/ Zhiltsov Alexandr: p. 163/
bravajulia: p. 197 (bottom)/ Susan Law Cain: p. 200/ Mikael Damkier:
p. 190/ Marcel Jancovic: p. 3 (left)/ Li Wa: p. 199 (top)/ Phillip Minnis:
p. 125 (left)/ reporter: p. 125 (top right)/ Dennis Tokarzewski: p. 165/
WizData, Inc.: p. 3 (right); US Library of Congress: pp. 115, 116; Wiki
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewtonCannon.svg: p. 31; Wikipedia/Arpad
Horvath http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quark_structure_proton.svg:
p. 342 (left); Wikipedia/MissMJ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_
Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg : p. 341 (bottom right).
Every attempt has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright holders.
Where the attempt has been unsuccessful, the publisher welcomes
information that would redress the situation.
The publishers would like to acknowledge Peter Roberson for his
assistance and contributions to Stuart Ryan during the authoring and
development process.
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