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Science
Teacher's Resource Manual
RACHNA SAGAR PVT. LTD.

4583/15, Opp. LIC Building, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002
Phone: 011-43585858, 23285568, PO Box 7226, Fax: 011-23243519
Email: info@rachnasagar.in, editorial@rachasagar.in,
rachnasagar@hotmail.com
Website: www.rachnasagar.in, Import-Export License No.: 0501009426
Code : 413
ISBN: 978-81-8137-603-9
Reserved with the publishers
Contents
Chapters
Page No.
1. Crop Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Materials in Daily Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Materials : Metals and Non-metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
5. Fuel, Combustion and Flame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
6. Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
7. The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
8. Reproduction and Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
9. Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
10. Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
11. Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
12. Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
13. Chemical Effects of Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
14. Rain, Thunder and Lightning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
15. Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
16. The Universe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
17. Man's Intervention in Natural Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
18. Pollution of Air and Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
1. CROP PRODUCTION
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-17
1. The science and practise of farming and cultivation
of crop plants is called Agriculture.
2. Any four agricultural practices are :
(i) Preparation of soil
(ii) Sowing
(iii) Addition of manure/fertiliser
(iv) Irrigation
3. Ploughing is done to facilitate ventilation in soil and
make it suitable for the growth of microorganisms
which make the soil fertile.
4. Levelling ensures uniform irrigation and distribution
of minerals in the field. It helps to prevent soil erosion.
5. It is the process of transferring healthy seedlings from
the plot (nursery) to the main field.
Text Book Page-19
1. Manure and Fertilisers
2. We can supply water to the crops by :

(i) Drip irrigation
(ii) Through sprinklers
(iii) Tube wells
(iv) Lift irrigation
(v) Water wheel (Rahat)
3.
Manures
(i) They are not soluble (i)
in water, so they are
not easily absorbed
by the roots of the
plants.
(ii) These are organic (ii)
substances.
(iii) They are not
(iii)
nutrient specific.
Fertilisers
They are soluble in
water and are
absorbed by the
plants easily.
These are inorganic
substances.
These are nutrient
specific.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. 1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (b)
10. (b)
B. True or False Type
1. True
2. False
3. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
C. 1. Gobar
2. Inorganic substances
3. Ornamental plants
D. 1. (c) (v)
2. (e) (i)
3. (a) (ii)
4. (b) (iii)
5. (d) (iv)
E. 1. Horticulture
2. Crop
3. Iron or wooden levellers
4. Loosen ventilate
5. Seed drill
6. Waterlogging 7. Weeds
8. Weedicide
9. Thresher
10. Silos
F. 1. The scientific practice of farming and cultivation of
crop plants is called agriculture.
2. The process of putting seeds into soil is called
sowing.
3. Winter season is suitable for rabi crops.
4. Two kharif crops are : (i) Rice (ii) Maize.
5. Watering the crop plants is called irrigation.
6. Manure is made of waste products of animals and
plants such as cowdung, urine, plant wastes, night
soil and some organic wastes.
7. The most common weeds are Amaranthus
(chaulai), Chenopodium (bathua) wild oat, and
Convolvulus (hiren khuri).
8. Two weedicides are :

Dalapon, Metachlor and Siniazine etc.
9. The storage of grains on large scale is done in
granaries.
10. Hybridisation is the process of crossing two or more
varieties of plants having the desired genes to
obtain a variety of maximum yield.
G. 1.The crop plants for the following are :
(i) Pulses Gram, Beans.
(ii) Plantation crops Paddy, Vegetables.
2. Crop rotation is the method of rotating different
types of crops alternately. This is done to enrich
the soil with nutrients. e.g., Maize and wheat are
grown alternately with leguminous plants like
groundnut.
3. The rearing and caring of animals to obtain food
on large scale is called animal husbandry.
4. Rearing and management of fish for large scale
production is called pisciculture.
5. Weeding can be done manually or by the use of
weedicides.
6. Pests can be controlled by spraying some
chemicals called pesticides on the crops.
7. The depth at which seeds are planted is important
because if sown at greater depth, they will not get
sufficient air for respiration and on germination the
shoot will not come out of the soil. On the other
hand, if seeds are sown on the surface they will be
eaten by birds.
H. 1. Before sowing the crop seeds, the soil of the field

is loosened and overturned. This process is called
ploughing. Ploughing is done to facilitate ventilation
in soil and make it suitable for the growth of
microorganisms. The instrument used for
2.
ploughing is called plough. After that levelling is

done with help of iron or wooden leveller to make
soil surface even and smooth. Levelling ensures
uniform irrigation and distribution of minerals in the
field.
Manures
Fertilisers
1. They are not soluble in water. So they are

not easily absorbed by the roots of the plants.
2. These are organic substances.
3. They are not nutrient specific.
1. They are soluble in water and are absorbed

by the plants easily.
2. These are inorganic substances.
3. These are nutrient specific.
4. Excessive use does not harm the soil texture,

they provide humus to the soil.
5. They restore the soil texture and help in
water retention.
4. Excessive use can change the chemical

composition of the soil and also pollute water.
5. They may damage the soil texture and
make it more porous.
3. Tremendous increase in the production of food

grains is known as Green Revolution.
4. Transplantation is common in the cultivation of
paddy and vegetables. During trasplantation
seedlings are planted in a well prepared field at a
proper distance in rows. This ensures that plants
are able to receive sufficient light, water and space.
Following are the uses of transplantation.
(i) Only healthy seedlings from the plot (nursery)
are trasplanted to the main field.
7.
atmosphere
mostly composed
of nitrogen gas
weak nitric
acid in rain
Nitrogen released
by denitrifying
bacteria
Nitrates
taken up
by plants
(ii) Improved crops are developed by heathy

seedings.
5. When two crops are grown together in order to
save time and labour, it is called mixed cropping.
e.g. Groundnut and cotton are often grown together
in mixed cropping.
6. Nitrogen is fixed by two methods :
(i) Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation :
During lightning atmospheric nitrogen reacts
with oxygen to produce oxides of nitrogen
which gets dissolved in rainwater forming dilute
nitric acid. This reacts with alkalies of the soil
to form nitrate.
(ii) Biological Nitrogen fixation :
Nitrogen fixing bacteria like Rhizobium which
lives in the root Nodules of leguminous plants
convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate.
atmospheric
nitrogen
Nitrates released
by nitrifying
Nitrifying
bacteria
bacteria
Nitrogenfixing bacteria
Manure and decaying
plant and animal remains
Organic nitrogen
from decaying material
8. Grains should be dried before storage because

moisture and humidity can grow fungi and moulds
which will destroy the grains.
9. (i) Seeds should be healthy.
(ii) The seeds should be sown at right depth in
the soil.
(iii) There should be proper spacing between
seeds.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. Quiz Questions
1. True
2.
3.
True
True
2. MICROORGANISMS
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-31
1. Bacteria are mainly of three types :
(i) Coccus or round shaped : These are the
bacteria which have spherical shapes: ex.
Streptococcus.
(ii) Bacillus or rod shaped : The bacteria which
are rod shaped are known as bacillus. ex.
Bacillus typhosus.
(iii) Spirullum or vibrio shaped : These bacteria
are cork-screw shaped or comma shaped. These
may have one or more cillia or flagella on their
body surface.
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Cholera
Diphtheria
Fig. Bacteria
2. Bacterium streptomyces.
3. Lactobacillus are the bacteria which helps in the
fermentation and production of curd and cheese.
4. Some blue green algae can be used as fertilizer
because they can fix atmospheric nitrogen to usable
compounds. This helps in the growth of crop and
improves the capacity of soil to hold water.
Typhoid
A. 1. (a)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (c)
9. (d)
1. False
2. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
C. 1. Mushrooms
2. Volvox
3. Aids
D. 1. (b) (D)
2. (a) (A)
3. (d) (B)
4. (c) (C)
E. 1.Naked
2. Microbiology
3. Alexander Fleming
4. Protozoa (Plasmodium)
5. (i) Bacteria
(ii) Algae
(iii) Fungi
(iv) Protozoa
(v) Virus
atmospheric nitrogen to usable compounds. This is

helpful in crop growth and the capacity of soil to hold
water improves.
2. Nitrogen Fixation : Rhizobium bacteria converts the
nitrogen of air into nitrates. This process is called
fixation of nitrogen. These bacteria live in the nodules
of roots in leguminous plants like beans, peas and
pulses etc.
3. Diatoms : Diatoms are marine algae which float in
water due to the presence of light storage fats along
with silica.
Cell membrane
G. 1.
Nucleus
Pseudopodia
Food
Food
vacuole
Cytoplasm
Amoeba engulfing food
Fig. Amoeba
2.
F. 1. Blue-green algae : Oscillatoria, Anabaena blue

green algae are single celled, colonial autotrophs.
They have primitive cell structure. Some algae can
be used as fertilisers because they can fix
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
4. Polish contains wax which prevents the growth of

fungus on leather.
5. Fungus does not grow on plastic because plastic is
non-biodegradable and fungus does not get food from it.
6. Dr. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.
J. 1. Humans generate a tremendous volume of sewage
and waste water that requires treatment before
discharge. In septic tank sewage is digested by
anaerobic bacteria like Brocadia. Microogranisms
break down the organic matter of proteins, lipids and
cellulose into small substances from metabolism by
other organisms. Methane gas is produced in this
treatment that can be burnt as a fuel. The remaining
sludge is buried in a landfill as manure.
2. Viruses are the microscopic and most primitive
organisms known to man. They show the
characteristics of living as well as non-living beings.
Viruses do not have a cellular structure like other
microorganisms. A virus consists of a single strand
of nuclear matter (DNA or RNA), surrounded by a
protein coat. They multiply or replicate only in the
host cells. In human beings polio, chickenpox, AIDS
are viral diseases. Most common viral diseases occur
in tobacco plant. In cattle, virus infection causes foot
and mouth disease.
3. Protozoa are unicellular microorganisms. They can
move from place to place. They vary in shape and
form from very simple to complex structures. Some
protozoa live in fresh or salt water and some live in
soil. The organisms can be sedentary or capable of
locomotion. They move with the help of cilia, flagella
or pseudopodia.
Economic importance of protozoa :
(i) Protozoa help in degradation of waste.
(ii) Protozoa are the food for aquatic animals like
fish, molluces. So they form a link in the aquatic
food chain.
(iii) Some protozoa live in the alimentary canal of
animals and help them to digest cellulose.
4. Diseases caused by bacteria are typhoid and
cholera. To prevent these diseases we should drink
boiled water and we should eat covered food. We
should wash our hands before and after eating. We
should wear clean clothes. Diseases caused by
viruses are chickenpox and common cold. To
prevent these diseases we should not wear the
clothes of infected person. We also should not eat
and use the things of infected person. We should
keep our environment clean and healthy.
5. Bacteria are mainly of three types :
(i) Coccus or round shaped : These are the
bacteria which have spherical shape.
e.g. Streptococcus.
Pneumonia
Cholera
Diphtheria
Fig. Bacteria
3.
Cilia
Food
particles
Oral groove
Formation of
food vacuole
Anal pore
Fig. Paramoecium
H. 1. We can see microorganisms with the help of a
microscope.
2. Microogranisms are found in air, soil, water,
foodstuffs, sewage as well as inside the animals and
human bodies. They are also present in deep oceans,
in snow, at polar region and in hot springs.
3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria for the
first time in 1677.
4. Rod shaped bacteria are :
(i) Bacillus typhosus and
(ii) Actinomycetes
5. Diatoms are marine algae which float in water due to
the presence of light storage fats along with silica.
6. Bacteria are used for sewage treatment.
7. Three diseases caused by viruses are
(i) Polio
(ii) Measles
(iii) AIDS
8. Cowdung and vegetable wastes are changed into
manure by a process called decomposition.
Bacteria breaks down them by feeding on them and
by producing humus.
9. Bread mould (Rhizopus).
10. Microorganisms spoil food by growing and multiplying
on it.
I. 1. Retting is the process by which linen threads are
obtained from flax plant. Bacteria enter the stem of
plant and destroy the stem tissue and loosen the fibres
which are used for making threads. The stem of flax
plant is cut and immersed in clean pond to soften the
fibre and to enable it to be removed from the stem.
2. Bacteria are found in air, water, soil, in nodules of
roots of leguminous plants and in the intestines of
human beings and herbivorous animals.
3. The processing of food to prevent their spoilage and
retain their nutritive value for long period is called
food preservation.
(ii) Bacillus or rod shaped : The bacteria which

are rod shaped are known as bacillus.
e.g. Bacillus typhous.
(iii) Spirullum or vibrio shaped : These bacteria
are cork-screw shaped or comma shaped. These
may have one or more cillia or flagella on thier
body surface. e.g. Vibrio cholerae
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
Cholera
Pneumonia
1980 and since then it has been diagnosed in other

countries also. AIDS virus kills WBC and reduces
the immunity of the body. Symptoms of AIDS are
weakness, loss of appetite, loss of weight, fever and
swelling of Lymph nodes. The patient becomes more
likely to catch infectious diseases and cancer. About
40% of the patients die within a year or two. Treatment
of this diseases is done with the interferon.
7. Food can be preserved by following ways
(i) Refrigeration : Microorganisms grow best at a
temperature of about 21C. That is why food kept
in a refrigerator does not spoil. The temperature
in the refrigerator is around 5C. Such
preservation of food is called refrigeration.
(ii) Adding preservative : We can prevent spoilage
of food by adding salt or sugar which prevent
the growth of microorganisms.
(iii) Boiling : We can preserve food by boiling them
because microorganisms dont grow at very high
temperature.
(iv) Sun drying : We can preserve vegetables by
drying them in sunlight because sunlight absorbs
the moisture of substances and hence
microorganisms will not grow.
(v) Canning : W e can store food in airtight
containers to preserve them for a long time.
Diphtheria
Fig. Bacteria
6. AIDS is a very serious disease which is caused by a
virus. The disease was first diagnosed in the USA in
Quiz questions
1. (d)
2. (b)
Solve the Crossword

Across :
Down :
1. Canning
1. Viruses
2. Microbes
2. Curd
3. Yeast
3. Lactobacillus
4. Sundrying
UNIT-I (FOOD)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
Plough
Ploughing
Seed drill
Putting seeds in the prepared soil
Winnowing
Removal of hay and chaff
Irrigation
Supplying water to plants
Protection of crops
Control of diseases caused by plant pests, bacteria
B.
Root Nodules of
Leguminous plant
Amoeba
Chloroplast
Paramoecium
C.
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Food
Milk
Skin
Meat
Fruits
Cereals
Pulses
Source
Animal
Animal
Animal
Plants
Plants
Plants
D.
Diseases
1. Measles
2. Polio
3. Cholera
4. Hepatitis A
5. Citrus canker
6. Rust of wheat
Microorganism
Virus
Virus
Bacteria
Viral
Bacterial
Fungi
Mode of Transmission
Air
Air
Water, flies
Food, water
Wind, rain
Air
PAPER-PEN TESTI
1.
(i) (b)
(ii) (b)
2.
(i) True
(ii) True
3.
(i) Protozoa
(ii) Crop
5.
1. C
2.
3.
6. Refer to Ans. of Qs-F(1), page-3

OR
Refer to Ans. of Qs. H(3), page-4
4. Harvesting
4. B
7. Bacteria
8. Refer to Ans. of Qs G(6), page-3
9. Refer to Ans. of Qs I(3), page-6
10. (a) Refer to Ans. of Qs G(2), page-3
(b) Refer to Ans. of Qs F(5), page-3
(i) Irrigation can be done by Tubewells
through the canals.
(ii) It can be done with the help of sprinkler.

(iii) Irrigation can also be done by the method
of drip irrigation.
11. Refer to Ans. of Qs J(6), page-7
OR
Refer to Ans. of Qs H(2), page-4
3. MATERIALS IN DAILY LIFE

LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-48
1. Naturally occurring materials
A. Wool
B. Jute
Man-made materials
A. Glass
B. Cement
2. Characteristics of synthetic polymers.
(a) Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable.
(b) They are easy to maintain and less expensive.
3. Synthetic polymers are manufactured by petroleum
products and their source is nature. Because it is
natural product.
Text Book Page-51

1. Properties of polyvinylchlorides are
A. It is tougher than polythene.
B. They are insulators.
2. Thermosetting plastic is good for making handle of
the pressure cooker.
3. Problems caused by the excessive use of synthetic
material are :
(i) They are non-biodegradable and cause pollution
in environment.
(ii) Synthetic materials cause blockage of drains and
sewer lines.
(iii) They donot allow percolation of water into soil.
A. 1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (d)
1. True
2. False
3. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
C. Synthetic clothes
D. 1. (b) C
2. (a) D
3. (d) B
4. (c) A
E. 1. Man-made
2. Sweat
3. Remoulded; remoulded
4. Tetraflurothene
5. Blockage of drains
6. Monomer
7. PVC
8. Teflon 9. Cellulose.
F. 1. The fibres which are obtained from plants and
animals are called natural fibres. For example, cotton
wool etc.
2. Synthetic fibres are man made. They are
3.
4.
5.
6.
G. 1.
2.
non-biodegrable, easy to maintain long lasting and

less expensive for example, nylon, rayon etc.
Nylon was the first synthetic fibre.
A material which can be easily moulded into any
desired shape on heating is called a plastic. Plastics
are synthetic (man-made) polymers.
Terra cotta means baked earth. When clay is
heated, it becomes very hard and is known as terracotta.
Simple chemical molecule made of single unit is
called monomer.
The process which involves chemical combination
of large number of simple molecules to form a giant
molecule is called as polymerisation. Two polymers
are polythene & polystyrene.
When two different types of fibres are mixed to make
a new type of fibre; that fibre is known as blanded
fibre. For example terylene with cotton on mixing
gives terra-cotta.
3. Differences between thermosetting plastic and thermoplastic :

Thermosetting plastic
Thermoplastic
1. Thermosetting plastics are the polymers in which

chains get highly cross-linked on heating.
2. Once moulded thermosetting plastic cannot be
remoulded
Examples : Bakelite, Melamino-formaldehyde
1. Thermoplastics are long chain polymers with no

cross-linking. Heating also does not produce any
cross-linking between the chains.
2. Thermoplastic can be processed repeatedly.
Examples : Polythene, PVC, polystyrene, nylon,
polyesters, etc.
4. Uses of polythene.
(i) It is used for making carry bags, adhesive tapes
etc.
(ii) It is used for making storage containers for
kitchen.
(iii) It is used as insulator for electric wires.
5. Melamine is a thermosetting polymer. It is hard and
a highly polished polymer used for making
unbreakable kitchenware.
H. 1. The material which exists in nature is called natural
material. For example jute and marble. The material
which is produced by human beings is called manmade material. For example, steel and plastic.
2. Uses of cotton fibres : Cotton is used in hospitals.
Fibrous cotton is mostly used for making mattresses,
shoes, bags, bandages and cloth of various kinds.
Uses of Jute fibre : Jute is used mainly for making
gunny bags, shopping bags, purses, ropes, mats,
carpets, mattresses etc. Gunny bags are used for
storage and transportation of food grains, sugar etc.
3. Advantages of synthetic fibres :
(i) These fibres have a high lustre and they do not
turn yellow with age.
(ii) They are easy to clean and dry quickly.
(iii) They do not shrink on washing.
(iv) They need very little or no ironing.
(v) They last longer as compared to natural fibre.
(vi) They are less expensive as compared to natural
fibre.
Disadvantages of synthetic fibres :
(i) They easily melt and burn to form small sticky
beads at a very high temperature. Therefore
there is always a risk of getting burns, especially

in kitchen.
(ii) They cannot absorb sweat. Therefore clothes
made from synthetic fibres are very
uncomfortable in summer or rainy season.
(iii) They get electrically charged in dry weather. This
electric charge causes skin problems in some
persons.
(iv) They are non-biodegradable and hence cause
pollution.
4. Mention the general characteristics of synthetic
plastics.
Characteristics of plastics :
(i) Plastics have much less toughness as compared
to metal and alloys like steel.
(ii) Plastics are much lighter in weight as compared
to wood, metals etc.
(iii) Plastics are not affected by acids and alkalies.
(iv) Plastics can be coloured in any colour and given
any shape.
(v) Plastics are not biodegradable.
(vi) Plastics are bad conductors of heat.
(vii) Plastics do not conduct electricity.
(viii) These are insoluble in water.
(ix) The plastic melts on bringing closer to fire.
5. Synthetic materials are non-biodegrable and hence
cause pollution by accumulation. It takes many many
years to decompose. They cause blockage of drains
and sewer lines. They do not allow percolation of
water into the soil. The pollution caused by synthetic
materials can be reduced by
(i) reducing the usage of plastic.
(ii) recycling of used materials and reusing it.
Quiz Questions
1. False
2. False
3. True
Play and Learn
10
4. MATERIALS : METALS AND NON-METALS

LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-57
1. Potassium (K) and sodium (Na).
2. Some metals can be beaten into thin sheets with
hammer without breaking. This property of metals is
called malleability. e.g., Gold and silver. Ductility is
the property by virtue of which metals can be drawn
into wire. For example, gold and silver are best ductile
metals.
3. Metals are used in making bells, gongs because they
are sonorous, that is, they make a singing sound
when they are struck.
4. Copper, Aluminium are good conductor of heat.
5. 1. more
2. solid
3. solid
Tex Book Page-58
1. Bromine.
2. Gold and silver both are malleable and ductile.
3. Metalloids are the elements which have some
properties of metals and some of non-metals,
Ex : antimony, tellurium.
4. Three properties of metals
(i) All metals are solid at room temperature.
(ii) Metals are generally hard like iron.

(iii) Malleability Metals can be beaten into thin
sheets with hammer without breaking.
5. Diamond is the hardest non-metal.
6. Mercury is poorest conductor of heat.
7. Non-metals that exhibit shine are Diamond, Iodine.
8. No, wire cannot be drawn out of wood.
Text Book Page-62
1. Reaction of metals with water
Sodium reacts vigorously with water while other
metals do not do so.
Metal + Water Metal oxide + Hydrogen gas
Na
+ 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Sodium
2K
Sodium
Hydrogen
hydroxide
+ 2H2O 2KOH
Potassium
Hydroxide
+ H2
Hydrogen
2. Graphite and carbon are two non-metals which are

brittle and non-ductile.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSEMENT
A. 1. (c)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (c)
5. (b)
6. (b)
7. (a)
8. (d)
9. (d)
10. (b)
1. False
2. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Wrong
C. Carbon
SO2, Sulphur dioxide
D.
1. c B
2. d C
3. a D
4. b A
E. 1. Mercury
2. Higher
3. Bottom
4. Air, water
5. Malleable
F. 1. Reactivity series of metals
The following digram shows the reactivity in
decreasing order.
K
Potassium
Na Sodium
Ba Barium
Ca Calcium
Mg Magnesium
Al Aluminium
Most reactive metal
Zn
Ni
Sn
Pb
Cu
Ag
Au
Pt
Zinc
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Copper
Silver
Gold
Platinum
Least-reactive metal
2. Purpose of making alloys : An alloy is a metallic
material composed of two or more metals or one or
more metals and non-metals. Alloying can be used
to increase hardness of metals. It makes metals more
resistant to attack by chemicals and atmospheric
corrosion. It can change the properties of metals in
other ways.
3. Effect of Corrosion : Corrosion is the descruction
of a metal due to action of oxygen and moisture in
air.
Fe2O3 + 2Fe(OH) 3
4Fe + 3O2 + 3H2O
Rust
Corrosion can be prevented by various methods like
painting, oiling, greasing, galvanising.
11
G. 1. Sodium does not occur in the free state because it is

h
7. Ag
8. Au
2. Gold is found in the free state because it is a noble

metal. It is not affacted by air, water and acid.
3. Copper is used for electrical wiring because it is a
good conductor of electricity.
4. Silver is used in making mirrors because it is a
lustrous metal which reflects all the light that falls on
it.
5. Iron is used to construct bridges and houses because
it is a very hard metal.
H. 1. Sodium.
2. Destruction of a metal due to action of oxygen and
moisture in air is called corrosion.
3. Copper is the best conductor of heat and electricity.
4. Carat is the unit for measuring purity of gold. 24 carat
is the purest form of gold.
5. No, all metals do not liberate hydrogen gas from dilute
acids.
6. Physical properties :
(i) Non-metals do not have lusture.
(ii) They are non-malleable and non-ductile.
(iii) Non-metals usually have low melting point.
I. 1. Metals : Copper, Iron, Sodium
Non-metals : Wood, Carbon, Bromine
2. Metals are usually shiny, hard, malleable and ductile
and they also show the properties like electrical and
thermal conductivity. Example : Zinc, Mercury,
Sodium.
3. Brass Copper, Zinc
Bronze Copper, Tin.
4. Elements which have some properties of metals and
some of non-metals. They are known as metalloids
such as antimony, arsenic and tellurium.
5. One liquid metal is mercury and liquid non-metal is
bromine.
6. Acidic oxide is formed when carbon is burnt in air or
oxygen.
7. An alloy is a metallic material composed of two or
more metals or one or more metals and non-metals.
For example : Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron,
Chromium and Nickel.
8. Increasing reactivity
1. K
2. Na
3. Ca
4. Zn
5. Fe
6. Cu
J. 1.
Metals
Non-metals
(i) Solids except Mercury (i) Solids or gaseous
which is a liquid.
except bromine which
is a liquid.
(ii) Good conductors of (ii) Poor conductors
heat and electricity
except graphite which
except lead which is a
is a good conductor.
poor conductor.
(iii) High density except (iii) Low density
Sodium, Potassium.
(iv) Ductile
(iv) Non-ductile.
(v) Hard (except Sodium (v) They are soft except
Potassium) which are
diamond.
soft metals.
(vi) Lustrous
(vi) Non-lustrous or dull
except diamond and
iodine that have lustre.
(vii) Malleable
(vii) Non-malleable and
brittle.
(viii) High melting and
(viii) Low melting and boiling
boiling points except
points except graphite
Sodium and potassium
(ix) Sonorous
(ix) Non-sonorous.
(x) High tensile strength (x) Low tensile strength.
2. Metals are used for

(i) making electrical wires
(ii) making coins, statues etc.
(iii) wrapping chocolates, medicines, foodstuffs, etc.
(iv) making cooking vessels.
(v) pipes, sinks, storage tanks, railings are made of
cast-iron.
(vi) making utensils, cutlery, surgical instruments etc.
3. Non-metals are useful to us because they are
used
(i) for converting vegetable oil into ghee.
(ii) diamond is used as a gem, for cutting glass,
marbles etc.
(iii) for providing low temperature to store human
organs.
(iv) in hospitals. oxygen is given to serious patients.
(v) as fungicide and insecticide.
(vi) in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
4. Destruction of a metal due to action of oxygen and
moisture in air is called rusting. Air (oxygen) and water
are necessary for it.
12
5. The only way to prevent an object from rusting is to

keep air and water away from it. It can be done as
follows :
1. By painting
2. By greasing and oiling
3. By using silica gel

4. By electroplating.
5. By galvanisation It is the process of coating a
thin layer of zinc on the surface of iron objects.
Quiz Question
(b) wood
5. FUEL, COMBUSTION AND FLAME

LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-72
1. Coal and wood are fuels most commonly used for
cooking.
2. The amount of heat energy produced when one
kilogram of a fuel is completely burnt in the presence
of pure oxygen is called calorific value of a fuel. It is
expressed in units of kilojoule per gram (kJ/g).
3. Biogas is fuel obtained from cattle dung.
4. When the end of a matchstick strikes on rough
surface the friction generates enough heat to ignite
the chemicals and produce a small flame.
Text Book Page-74

1. Air and oxygen are most common supporters of
combustion.
2. Yes, combustion can take place in the absence of
air or oxygen. Example Sodium can burn in the
atmosphere of chlorine.
3. Two characteristics of combustion :
(i) Combustion is a chemical reaction in which fuel
reacts with oxygen to release heat and energy.
(ii) A small piece of combustion material catches fire
more easily as compared to a larger piece.
A. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (a)
8. (a)
1. True
2. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
C. Gaseous
Liquid fossil.
D. 1. (b) (C)
2. (c) (B)
3. (a) (A)
E. 1. Reasonable
2. Low
3. Slow, controlled
4. Millions
5. Non-luminous
6. Fermentation 7. Small amount of
F. 1. The process of burning of fuels to produce heat and
light is called combustion.
2. Coal and petroleum.
3. The minimum temperature at which a fuel catches
fire is called ignition temperature.
4. The burning of diesel and coal produces carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, smoke
and dust particles.
5. Yellow.
6. Biogas, cowdung cakes.
7.
8.
9.
G. 1.
2.
3.
H. 1.
2.
3.
4.
13
The unit of calorific value of a fuel is kJ/g.

Carbon dioxide gas causes global warming.
Sulphur dioxide, nitrogenous oxides cause acid rain.
No, combustion cannot take place in the absence of
air or oxygen because air or oxygen is necessary for
combustion.
LPG has a lower ignition temperature.
LPG, biogas, cow dung cakes, coal, wood, kerosene
oil are commonly used for cooking.
Substances which burn to produce heat and light at
a reasonable cost are called fuels.
Characteristics of a good fuel :
(i) The fuel should be cheap and easily available.
(ii) The fuel should have high calorific value
(iii) It should produce very small amount of residues,
as ash.
(iv) It should not cause pollution on burning.
Coal, petroleum and natural gas are called fossil fuels
because these fuels are produced from the remains
of plants and animals burried under the Earth, millions
of years ago.
Three uses of petroleum are :
(i) Petroleum is used as natural gas.
(ii) It is used as fuel gases.
(iii) Petrol, naphtha, kerosene, diesel, lubrication oil,
fuel oil and asphalt are formed by petroleum.
Fuels produced from the remains of plants and
animals buried millions of years ago are called fossil
fuels. They are formed due to the decomposition of
dead plants and animals under high temperature,

high pressure and the absence of air inside the Earth.
They should not be wasted because these resources
are limited and can be exhausted and they are nonrenewable.
completely burnt in the presence of pure oxygen

is called calorific value.
7.
5. (i) Non-luminous zone : The outermost zone of the

candle flame is called the non-luminous zone.
Complete combustion takes place here.
(ii) Luminous zone : This is the hottest part of the
flame. This zone is a yellow part of the flame.
Some carbon particles are left unburnt which get
hot and glow emitting yellow light.
(iii) Dark zone : Just around the wick is dark zone,
where no combustion occurs.
(iv) Blue zone : The blue colour at the bottom is due
to the combustion of carbon monoxide.
8. Luminous zone of candle contains unburnt vapour
of wax and very hot carbon particles. The wax
vapours cannot get enough oxygen from the air to
burn completely. Some carbon particles are left
unburnt which get hot and glow emitting yellow light.
6. (i) Fuel : Substance which burns to produce heat

and light at a reasonable cost is called fuel.
(ii) Calorific value : The amount of heat energy
produced when one kilogram of a fuel is
UNIT-II (MATERIALS)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
Things
Electrical
switches
and plugs
Dinner
set
Plastic
bottle
Teflon
coated
utensils
B.
1.
Name of Plastic
Properties
Bakelite
Harder than other plastics and is a good insulator
Melamine
Hard and highly polished polymer
Polythene
Strong but flexible; water resistant
Teflon
Slippery, not affected by heat and does not react chemically
4Fe + 3O2 + 3H2O Fe2O3 +2Fe(OH)3
Rust
2.
Ca(OH)2
3.
Al2O3
4.
NaCl
5.
HNO3
14
C.
D.
Composition
Properties
Uses
1.
Copper, zinc
2.
3.
4.
Copper, Tin
Aluminium, Copper
Magnesium, Manganese
Copper, Zinc, Nickel
Ductile, malleable, corrosion,

resistant
Hard, corrosion resistant
Light and strong, ductile
5.
Aluminium, Magnesium
Light and strong
6.
Iron, Chromium, Nickel
Hard and rust proof
7.
Iron, Carbon
Strong
8.
Lead, Tin
Low melting point
For making utensils, nail, screws,

electric goods.
Statues, bearings
Bodies of aeroplanes, vehicles,
pressure cookers
Utensils, electric heaters
resistors.
Balances and other light
instruments.
Utensils, cuttlery, surgical
instruments.
Nails, tanks, bodies of ships and
other vehicles.
Joining metals
High electrical resistance
Refer to Ans. of Qs-H(7) page-14
PAPER-PEN TEST2
1. (i) (d)
2. (i) Right
3. (i) Non-biodegrable
4. Synthetic fibres
5. Name of fuel
2. LPG
3. Diesel
4. Cow dung cakes
6. Nylon
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
(ii) (a)
(ii) Right
(ii) Free
State
Gaseous
Liquid
Solid
Calorific value in kJ/g

50
50
17 22
Sources
Fossil
Fossil
Cow
OR
Metals which remain unaffected in air, water, acidic or alkaline solution and found in free state. They are chemically
unreactive. Like gold, silver.
We cannot store pickle in steel utensils because acid of pickle reacts with steel and corrodes it. Steel gets eaten away.
Combustion take place in the absence of air or oxygen. For example Sodium can burn in the absence of air.
Refer to Ans. of Qs. G(3), Page-8
Metals are used for making tools, machines, cars, buses, jewellery, utensils.
It causes environmental pollution by accumulation because they are non-biodegradable. Synthetic materials cause
blockage of drains and sewer lines. They do not allow percolation of water into the soil.
OR
CNG is Compressed Natural Gas which is lead free fuel. While used in vehicles, it reduces the poisonous exhaust
emissions from vehicles like SO2, CO, Pb, NO2. So air pollution is reduced to large extent.
LPG is liquified petroleum gas. It is a very good source of energy for household purposes. It is smokeless so air
pollution is reduced.
6. CONSERVATION
A. 1. (d)
2.
4. (c)
5.
1. True
2.
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2.
C. 2. 1980
3.
(a)
(a)
3. (c)
D. 1.
4.
E. 1.
3.
4.
F. 1.
False
No
1972
15
cB
2. d E
3. a C
bD
5. e A
Uttranchal
2. Fauna
To preserve and protect
Species, verge 5. Red data book
The World Wide Fund for nature (WWF) and the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources (IUCN).
2. (i) Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Delhi

(ii) Bombay Natural History Society
3. (i) TERI = The Energy and Resource Institute
(ii) WCU = World Conservation Union
(iii) WWF = World Wide Fund
4. Lion, Blue Whale
G. 1. Flora : Species of all plants together known as Flora.
Fauna : Species of all animals together known as
Fauna.
2. The species of plants and animals which have
already been lost are called Extinct species.
E.g. Cheetah and Dodo are extinct animals.
Brahmkamal and sarpgandha are extinct plants.
3. Because they are very useful to sustain our
ecosystem and can be produced and maintained by
conservation.
4. All forms of life existing on the earth.
5. Wise of use of natural resources with an aim to
preserve and protect them is called conservation.
H. 1. By grazing of animals the forest plants are destroyed.
This also leads to soil erosion which in turn affects
the forest ecosystem and damages the forest.
2. Forest fires have destroyed many forests. Care
should be taken to prevent forest fires, which are
very destructive, by making fire lines in forests at
regular intervals and gaps.
Forest fires can be controlled in the following ways:
(i) Camp fires should not be left smouldering.
(ii) People, who go on picnic to the forest, should

warned not to do any nuisance by which forests
can catch fire.
(iii) In summer the dry leaves should not be allowed
to pile up in one place.
(iv) Local villagers should be made aware of the
methods to prevent forest fire.
3. Project Tiger
Project Tiger is an Indian success story of how tigers
were saved from extinction by the efforts of the
government of India and various International
organisations.
Project Tiger was launched in 1973 and various tiger
reserves were created all over the country. Now there
are 27 tiger reserves in 14 states.
4. Some animals become endangered because of
(i) Habitat Destruction
(ii) By Large scale man-made alteration such as
(a) mining
(b) Construction of dams
(c) Industries
(d) Forest fire
(e) Poisoning of biodiversity
5. The ICUN maintains a Red List, which is a
compilation of endangered wildlife species and a Red
Data Book.
By refering to the Red Data Book we can keep track
of the endangered animals. Schemes and projects
can be taken to ensure their growth.
Quiz Questions
1. False
Play & Learn
2. True
Wildlife sanctuaries / National parks
Place
KANHA
KAZIRANGA
DACHIGAM
GIR
BANDIPUR
MP
ASSAM
KASHMIR
GUJARAT
KARNATAKA
CONSERVE
WILD
LIFE
7. THE CELL
A. 1. (b)
2.
4. (b)
5.
7. (c)
8.
1. False
2.
(b)
(d)
(b)
Right or Wrong Type

1. Right
2. Wrong
C. 1. Pigmentation
2. Cell component
3. (c)
6. (d)
9. (b)
True
16
D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
E. 1.
4.
F. 1.
Column II
Present
Absent
Present
Absent
Nucleus
Plant
Column III
Absent
Present
Absent
Present
2. Hens egg
5. Cell
H. 1. Cell wall provides shape and rigidity to the plant cell.

2. A dense body found in the centre of the cell is called
nucleus which controls all the activities of cell.
3. Cytoplasm is composed of many living and non-living
parts called cell organells which are concerned with
cell functions?
4. Cells multiply for the growth of an organism, for
replacement of old worn out or damaged cells and
for increasing the number of cells.
I. 1. Cells are the basic units of life. They are so called
because they are structural and functional unit of life.
3. Mitochondria
2.
Plant Cell
(i) A rigid cell wall is present
Animal Cell
(i) Cell wall is absent
(ii) Chloroplasts are present (ii) Chloroplasts are absent

(iii) Large vacuoles are
present and occupy a
large portion of the cell
(iv) Centrosomes are absent (iv) Centrosomes are present
Plant Cell
(v) Lysosomes are absent
2.
Animal Cell
Human Cheek Cell
6.
7.
8.
9.
(v) Lysosomes are present
3. Nerve cells are long and have projections because

they have to convey the messages from one part of
the body to the another part of the body.
4. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance present in cells.
It occupies the space between the cell membrane
and the nucleus. It has several different structures
called cell organelles which perform the various life
functions.
5. A cell grows and then divides into two, increasing
the number of cells. This process is called
cell division. The cells resulting from the cell division
of a parent cell are called daughter cells. The
daughter cells resemble the parental cell in a number
of characters. Daughter cells grow to their maturity
and divide again. New cells are required in our body
not only for growth but also for replacement of old
worn out or damaged cells.
6. (a) Cell membrane : This is also called as the
plasma membrane. It is a very thin layer covering
the cell. There are very tiny holes in the cell
membranes.
The cell membrane or the plasma membrane
performs the following functions:
(i) It protects the cell.
(ii) It provides shape to the cell.
(iii) It allows materials to enter and leave the cell
through the tiny holes.
(b) Chromosomes: Nucleoplasm contains certain
thread-like structures called chromosomes.
These carry genes which are responsible for
the passage of traits from one generation to
another.
3.
G. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(iii) Vacuoles are either

absent or very small and
few in number
The structural and functional unit of life is called cell.

Robert Hooke discovered the cell.
Shapes of cells are round, cuboidal, cylindrical etc.
Multicellular organism.
Amoeba, paramoecium and bacteria are unicellular
organism.
Ostrich egg is the largest cell and PPLO (Pleuropneumonia like organism) is the smallest cell.
Cell division.
Suicidal bag is the other name of lysosome.
Bacteria.
17
3. Vacuole
4. Nucleus
Down
1. Cell wall
2. Ribosome
3. Mitochondrion 4. Golgi body
Quiz Questions
1. (b)
2. (b)
Play & Learn

Across
1. Chromosome 2. Microscope
8. REPRODUCTION AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (a)
9. (c)
10. (d)
1. F
2. T
3. F
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
C. 2. Thyroxine
3. Regulate sugar metabolism
4. Ovary
5. Testosteron
D. a. (A) II, (B) V, (C) III, (D) IV
E. 1. Reproduction
2. Human beings
3. Viviparous
4. Gamets
5. Y Chromosome
6. Endocrine glands
7. Pituitary gland
F. 1. The production of new individual from the parents of
the same species is called reproduction.
2. The haploid cell produced for reproduction is called
gamete.
3. The new cell formed after the fusion of an ovum by a
sperm.
4. The method of reproduction in which a single
organism is able to reproduce one or more of its own
kind by itself is called asexual reproduction.
5. Estrogen infemales and Testosterone in males.
6. Pituitary gland.
7. Male and Female
8. Sperm and Ovum (egg).
G. 1. Name various organs of reproductive system of
human male and female
Male
Female
A. A pair of testis
I. A pair of ovaries
B. Vas deferens
II. Oviducts
C. Penis
III. Uterus
IV. Vagina
2. In some species, both types of gametes exist in the
same individual. These organisms are called
hermaphrodites or bisexual. e.g., Earthworms,
Leeches.
3. All living organisms live for a certain period of time.

In order for any species to continue, it must produce
young ones of its own kind. Reproduction is one of
the fundamental attributes of a living organism
through which it is able to produce more of its own
kind.
4. Animals and humans body needs certain chemicals
for proper growth and development. These chemicals
are called Hormones.
H. 1. Secondary sexual characters in males
(i) Deepening of voice.
(ii) Muscles Development
(iii) Growth of pubic hair and hair on face and other
parts of the body.
Secondary sexual characters in females
(i) Enlargement of breasts.
(ii) Development of hips.
(iii) Growth of pubic hair.
(iv) Voice becomes shrill
(v) Beginning of menstrual cycle
(This cycle occurs after 28-30 days every month)
Sex of a child is determined by chromosomes present
in the sperm.
2. Each human cell contains a nucleus which has 23
pairs of chromosomes. In human gamete 22 pairs
are same in male and females, but the last pair (23rd
pair) of chromosome is different and responsible for
sex in human.
In males, the sex chromosomes are XY, one X
chromosome and one Y chromosome.
In females, the sex chromosomes are of XX
chromosomes.
Half of the fathers gametes (sperm) carry X
chromosomes and other half carry Y chromosomes.
All the mothers gametes carry only X chromosomes.
(i) W hen a sperm carrying X chromosomes
fertilises an egg, the child will be female (XX).
(ii) W hen a sperm carrying Y, Chromosomes
fertilises an egg, the child will be male (X)
3. Endocrine system includes different endocrine glands
present in the body which secrete hormones which
18
control various life processes like growth,

development, sugar metabolism.
Two reproductive hormones are testosterone in male
and estrogen in female.
4. Population control is important to keep the size of a
family small and keep the body of mother and children
fit and healthy. With repeated pregnancies health of
the mother is affected. Children of a large family do
not get proper nutrition, education and attention from
parents at home. Papulation control can be done with
knowledge and advise on methods of birth control.
5. External fertilisation takes place outside the body
of male and female individuals. They liberate their
gametes in water. Examples : fish and frog.
Internal fertilization: takes place inside the female
body. The male discharges gametes inside the
females body. Example : human, cattle, cat and dogs.
6. Mainly there are three factors which are responsible

for population growth in India.
(i) Reduction of death rate
(ii) Desire for sons
(iii) Traditional faith, Economic reasons and lack of
education.
7. (a) Fertilisation: When the sperm (from male
partner) and ovum (from female partner) fuse
together, a new cell (called zygote) is formed.
The process of fusion of the sperm and ovum
(egg) is called fertilisation of the egg.
(b) Unisexual organism: The organism which
shows two types of sexes that is male and female
separately is known as unisexual organism. Male
individual produces sperm gamete. Female
produces female gamete ovum (egg). For e.g.,
cat, cockroaches.
Quiz Question
(c) The male hormone secreted from testis is
testosterone.
Play & Learn
1. Pancreas
2. Thyroid
3. Pituitary
4. Testis
5. Ovary
UNIT-III (THE WORLD OF THE LIVING)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
An animal cell
A plant cell
19
B. (i) (c)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b)
C.
D.
Gland
Hormones Secreates
Function
1. Pituitary
Growth hormone
It controls the activity of other glands. It is master gland
2. Thyroid
Thyroxine
It regulates the metabolic rate and growth
3. Adrenal
Adrenaline
It prepares the body to fight or run fast when needed
4. Pancreas
Insulin
It regulates sugar metabolism
5. Ovary
Estrogen
It controls the secondary female sexual characteristics
6. Testis
Testosterone
It controls the secondary male sexual characteristics.
PAPER PEN TEST-3

10. Population control is important to keep the size of a
family small and keep the body of family members fit
and healthy. It can be done by adopting birth control
methods.
11. Nerve cells are long and they have projections because
they have to convey the message from one part of the
body to the another part of body.
OR
1. (i) (b)
(ii) (c)
2. Yes or No Type
(i) Yes
(ii) No
3. (i) cloning
(ii) Reproduction
4. Cell nucleus
5. 1. (B)
2. (A)
3. (D)
4. (C)
6. Pituitary is master Endocrine gland.
7. Largest cell is ostrich egg and Smallest is bactrium
mycoplasma.
8. WCU : World Conservation Union.
WWF : World Wide Fund.
9. (a) Hormones are the chemicals which are needed for
the proper growth and development of animals and
human body.
(b) Cells multiply for the growth of body and for
replacement of old worn out cells.
9. FORCE
A plant cell
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page No-114
1. The shape of metal changes
2. Pull force is applied on the rope when water is drawn
out of well.
3. When tomato or boiled potato is crushed shape of
tomato and potato changes.
4. When we open our tiffin box we pull it
When we shut the box we push it
5. 1 (c), 2 (d), 3 (e), 4 (b), 5 (a)

Text Book Page No-119
(i) Elastic force
(ii) Muscular force
(iii) Gravitational force
(iv) Electrostatic force
(v) Magnetic force
20
H. 1. Force generally denotes push or pull. It can be
defined as an external agent which changes or tends
to change the state of rest or uniform motion of a
body or changes the direction of body or deforms
the body.
Effects of force are:
(i) A force can make an object move from its
position of rest
(a) A player can move a football by kicking it.
(ii) A force can stop motion. For example a speeding
vehicle stops by the force of friction of the
brackes.
(iii) A force can change the speed or direction of
motion for example, a moving bicycle starts
moving faster if more force is applied on its
paddles.
(iv) A force can bring about change in directions, for
example, length of the rubber band increases
when a stretching force is applied to it.
2. Example of
(a) Muscular Force:
(i) Lifting of school bag
(ii) Pushing friend to make him or her fall.
(b) Gravitational Force:
(i) Falling of fruits from a tree.
(ii) Ball dropped from a height.
(c) Frictional Force:
(i) Rolling ball stops after some time due to
friction.
(ii) Applying brake on a vehicle is a frictional
force which stops the vehicle.
(d) Electrostatic force:
(i) Tiny bits of dry paper are pulled by the rubber
comb.
(ii) A rubbed balloon can stick to a wall.
3. (a) A bullock can make a cart move
(b) A speeding ball can be stopped by applying force
(c) A moving bicycle starts moving faster if more
force is applied on its paddles
(d) A moving car changes direction when force is
applied to the steering.
(e) Kneaded floor changes into round chapatties by
applying force.
4. Friction
(a) It is the force acting between two surfaces in
contact and tending to oppose motion.
(b) It is a contact force.
(c) It deaccelerate or decreases the speed of the
body.
(d) It is a opposing force
Gravity
(a) It is the force with which the Earth attracts all
objects towards itself.
(b) It is a non-contact force.
(c) It accelerates or increases the speed of the body.
(d) It is an attracting force.
A. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (a)
1. True
2. False
1. False
2. True
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. Yes
3. No
C.
Non-contact Force: Iron nails attracted towards a
magnet from a distance.
D. 1. (i)
2. (h)
3. (k)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (g)
7. (e)
8. (c)
9. (f)
10. (d)
11. (j)
E. 1. Elastic force
2. Downward
3. Weight
4. Opposite
5. Force
6. Shape
7. Pull, Push
8. One Newton
9. 9.8 Newton
F. 1. Force is an influence which tends to change the state
of rest or uniform motion of a body or changes the
speed and direction of a moving body or deforms a
body.
2. Two effects of force are:
(i) Force can make an object move from its position
of rest.
(ii) Force can bring change in the direction of moving
objects.
3. S.I. unit of force is Newton.
4. Pulling or stretching a spring from both the ends is
an example of elastic force.
5. Metals like Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
G. 1. (i) When we strike a striker during playing the game
of carrom.
(ii) When we throw a ball while playing cricket.
2. Four effects of force are:
(i) Force can make an object move from its position
of rest
(ii) Force can stop or slow down the moving objects.
(iii) Force can make a moving object move faster
(iv) Force can bring change in the direction of moving
objects.
3. (a) Contact force: When force is applied physically
through a direct contact between the two bodies,
it is called contact force.
(b) Non-contact Force: When force is applied
without a direct physical contact between the
objects, it is called non-contact force.
4. When a rubber band is stretched it changes its size
and shape.
5. Friction helps in walking
Friction helps in writing on a paper.
6. Mud reduces friction on the road, so we may slip
when we walk on the muddy road.
21
Quiz Questions
1. Yes
2. No
3. (b)
Think and Tell
1. Due to less friction.
2. (i) Push
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Push
Object move
Change of shape
Change of shape
Change of shape
and (viii) move faster
Play & Learn

Newton
Gravity
Muscular
Direction
Shapes
Spring
Elastic
Magnet
Friction
10. FRICTION
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-128
1. Friction is the force which acts along the two
surfaces in contact and opposes the motion of one
body over the other. It is always in the direction
opposite to the direction of motion.
2. Nature of the surface of two bodies in contact
affects the force of friction. This can be shown by
the following example:
Take a ball. First roll it on the well polished floor.

Then on a concrete road and then on a grassy
ground and lastly on a sand bed. We will see that
ball covers longest distance on the well polished
floor and shortest distance on the sand bed.
This concludes that more the surface is rough or
uneven, more is the friction. More the surface is
smooth less is the friction.
3. Properties of friction are :
1. Friction is produced only when one body is
made to move upon another body.
2. It always tries to prevent movement and tries
to stop the body.
3. It wears off the surface of contact of two bodies.
4. It is always in the direction opposite to the
direction of motion.
4. 1. Static
2. Sliding
3. Rolling
5. We can show this by an activity. Take a rectangular
wooden block with a hook on one side. Attach a
spring balance to this hook. Place this block on a
smooth table top. Note the reading on spring
balance. Now apply a little force on the block by
pulling the spring balance towards the right side till
22
the block just starts sliding at a steady speed. Note

the reading again. This is the magnitude of sliding
friction. Now repeat this activity with the similar
wooden block having wheels. Note the reading on
spring balance. This is the magnitude of rolling
friction. This reading of rolling friction is much less
than the reading of sliding friction.
Text Book Page-131
1. Aeroplanes and ships are given the special shape
to offer minimum amount of friction while moving
through air and water respectively. It is called
streamlined shape.
2. Meteors are shooting stars which are stone like
objects that enter earths atmosphere from space.
3. Some meteors disappear before reaching the
surface of the earth because meteors enter the
earths atmosphere with a very high velocity, so
the friction due to air is extremely high. The heat
generated due to the friction of air is so large that
they usually get evaporated before reaching the
surface of the earth.
Text Book Page-133

1.
(i) Helpful
(ii) Helpful
(iii) Troublesome
(iv) Helpful
(v) Troublesome
(vi) Troublesome
(vii) Troublesome
(viii) Helpful
(ix) Helpful
2. Advantages :
(i) Friction helps us in walking and running
(ii) Friction helps us in writing and making
drawings
3. Disadvantages :
(i) The soles of the shoes wear out because of
the continuous friction.
(ii) Tyres of vehicles wear out due to constant use.
It is because of the continuous friction between
tyres and roads.
Text Book Page-136
1. Lubricant is a material which reduces force of
friction, when applied between the two surfaces in
contact.
2. (i) Machine oil (ii) Ball bearings
A. 1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (d)
9. (a)
10. (c)
11. (b)
1. True
2. False
3. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Right
3. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
3. Yes
C. Decrease friction
D. (i) b
(ii) d
(iii) e
(iv) a
(v) c
E. 1. Friction
2. Rough, Smooth
3. Hands, Feet
4. Friction
5. Reduced
6. Increase
7. Reduce
8. Streamlined shape
F. 1. (i) Friction is produced only when one body is
made to move upon another body.
(ii) It is always in the direction opposite to the
direction of motion
2. (i) Sliding friction (ii) Rolling friction
3. Aeroplanes and ships body is streamlined to
reduce the friction to minimum.
4. On a greasy pole friction between our hands and
pole decreases due to the presence of grease so
it is difficult to climb.
5. Old and smooth tyres are discarded because they
become smooth by repeated use so friction is
reduced between the road and tyres and there is
the risk of skidding of the vehicle
G. 1. Friction is the force which acts along the two

surfaces in contact and opposes the motion of one
body over the other.
OR
Friction is the force that slows down or keeps them
from moving.
2. While moving on a smooth well-polished floor
wearing brand new shoes we slip on the floor due
to very less friction between the floor and the soles
of the shoes.
3. The players may slip on the surface due to less
friction because smooth surface reduces friction.
4. Eraser gets smaller and smaller because it wears
out as it is used repeatedly.
5. Heat shield protects the space ship from fiery
temperature it experiences while reentering the
earths atmosphere with a great speed. This causes
heat build up due to friction with air, so a heat shield
is required to protect the space ship.
6. Treads (grooves) on vehicle tyres increase friction
and provide a better grip to vehicles on road and
prevent them from skidding.
7. By using sand papers friction increases which
makes the surface of walls and doors smooth to
be painted again.
H. 1. The main cause of friction is the presence of
irregularities (peaks and valleys) on the two
surfaces in contact. It can be explained by the
following example:
When a book is placed on a table, the actual contact
between the table and the book is made at a much
smaller number of points, that is, at the peaks only.
Since the entire load of the book falls on such points
23
only, the book presses the table very hard at these

contact points. The peaks and valleys of the
surfaces of book and table top interlock. When the
book is made to slide on the table, these interlocked
points try to hold the book and hence oppose the
motion.
ball by chewing and with the help of tongue.

Saliva then acts as a lubricant, helping us to
swallow this ball of food.
4. A matchstick lights up due to friction against the
side of matchbox when we strike it. This can
destroy houses when catches fire. A tyre of wheel
has rough surface to have more of a friction.
If there is no friction the vehicle will skid. Friction is
necessary for carrying out day to day activities
because without this force we cannot set the bodies
in motion or stop the moving bodies. On the other
hand, friction wastes energy, brings about wear and
tear and slows down motion.
Thus, we can say that friction is a necessary evil
as without it, we cannot do our day-to-day activities
and with it we lose energy, speed, etc.
5. (a) Spikes on the soles of shoes help to increase
friction and grip and prevent slipping.
(b) Due to less friction.
(c) So that we do not slip on the floor.
(d) because oily surface is smooth and reduces
friction between the pen and sheet of paper.
(e) because banana peel is smooth and reduces
friction.
6. Friction due to air is much smaller than the friction
due to liquid. This can be shown by the following
example :
2. There are three types of friction :

(i) Static
(ii) Sliding
(iii) Rolling
(i) Static friction : When we apply a force on a
body to make it move and it does not move
the force applied is balanced by the force of
friction. Thus, the force of friction in static
(stationary) situation is self adjusting. Such
force of friction is called static friction
(ii) Sliding friction : The force of friction acting
between the two surfaces when one of them
just slides over the another with a uniform
speed is called sliding friction.
(iii) Rolling friction : When a body is placed over
the other bodies like roller or a wheel and is
allowed to move this is called rolling friction.
e.g., suitcases and travelling bags are provided
with small wheels which help in easy
movement of suitcases and travelling bags.
3. (a) Walking : When we walk, there is friction
between our foot (or the sole of our shoe) and
the ground. This prevents us from slipping.
(b) Writing : When we write there is friction
between our pen and the paper which prevents
the pen from slipping on the paper.
Also if there is no friction, we will not be able to
hold a pen vertically. It is friction that opposes
slipping and helps us to hold the pen.
(c) Chewing the food : While chewing food saliva
helps to soften our food. Food is rolled into a
Air
Ball
Ball
Water
Take plasticine and make two equal sized balls of

it. Now take two jars. Fill one jar with water and
keep another jar empty. Drop one plasticine ball in
one jar and another in second jar at the same time.
We will observe that in the first jar having air, the
ball reaches the bottom first than in case of second
jar which is filled with water.
Quiz Questions
1. To increase friction which holds the cup on the
soccer.
2. Frictional force
3. True
4. (i) Pulled
Think and Tell
If sole of our shoes is without groves, there will be
less friction between the sole and the ground, so we
will slip on the floor.
24
11. PRESSURE
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-143
1. Because pointed needle puts large pressure on a
very small area of cloth.
2. A sharp heel has a small area in contact with the
ground, so it exerts a greater pressure and would
have a deeper impression while an elephant has a
flat foot which exerts less pressure on larger area
so it makes lighter impression.
3. The skies are long and flat which reduce the
pressure on the snow and we can move over the
snow easily.
4. All cutting and piercing tool have sharp points or
blades so as to put large pressure on very small
area which makes it easy to cut and pierce.
5. Because wide wooden sleepers provide less

pressure of train on the ground.
So railway lines do not sink into the ground.
Text Book Page-147
1. Because water exerts upward force (buoyant
force) on the objects immersed in it and pushes
the things to the surface.
2. Depth.
3. Equal
Text Book Page-152
1. The force exerted by the atmosphere on unit area
is called atmospheric pressure.
2. Barometer
3. Less
4. 76 cm
5. At point D.
A. 1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (c)
1. False
2. True
3. False 4. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Wrong 3. Right
4. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes
C. Barometer
D. 1. C
2. A
3. D
4. B
E. 1. More
2. Pascal
3. Pressure
4. Lesser
5. Area
6. Pressure
7. Manometer
8. Barometer 9. Area
10. Increases
11. Liquid
F. 1. The rear wheels of a tractor are very wide so as to
increase the area due to which pressure on the
wheels is reduced and they do not burst.
2. Buoyant force depends upon two factors :
(i) Depth of the liquid : The more the depth more
will be the buoyant force. As we push a thing deep
inside the liquid, liquid will push it upwards with the
great force.
(ii) Density of the liquid : Denser liquid always
exerts more upthrust. Greater the density of the liquid
it will push the things upwards with greater force.
3. As we go at high altitudes atmospheric pressure
decreases and inside pressure of our bodies
becomes so high that our bodies may burst. This
is the reason that cabins of aeroplanes flying at
high altitudes are pressurised so that the bodies
of persons travelling may not burst.
4. Mercury is used in barometers because it is a very
heavy liquid and therefore, the atmospheric
pressure can only support a column of mercury
about 76 cm. This is convenient as glass tubes of
this size can easily be made and handled.
5. When we suck a straw we swallow some of the air

from the straw. This makes the pressure of air
inside the straw less than the pressure of the air
outside. So, the outside air pushes the lemon soda
into the straw.
G. 1. Walls of dams are thickened near the base than at
the top so as to withstand the huge pressure of
water.
2. The one end of drawing pin is kept wide so as to
put force on large area and the other end is very
sharp so as to put the effect of pressure on a very
small area. This helps the pin to penetrate the
wooden board easily.
3. The bucket of water appears to be lighter when it
is under water because water exerts an upward
force (buoyant force or upthrust) on the bucket
which pushes the bucket in upward direction.
4. When water is filled in the dropper, the pressure
inside and outside the dropper remains the same.
As the bulb of dropper is pressed it exerts pressure
on the water and due to this increased pressure
water comes out of the dropper.
5. It takes less time to cook vegetables in a pressure
cooker because of the pressure of water vapours
inside the steaming pressure cooker which cooks
the food faster.
6. The atmospheric pressure at a place is due to the
weight of the air above it. As we go at higher
altitudes the air becomes less dense. Therefore
the pressure decreases as we go higher above
the sea-level. Thus, the atmospheric pressure
decreases with increasing altitude.
7. The astronauts wear specially designed space
suits. In the space there is no air so pressure inside
the body of astronauts is higher than outside the
body. Their bodies may burst. So to avoid this,
astronauts wear specially designed space suits.
25
we add more water in the test tube the rubber

membrane bulges more.
(ii) The density of the liquid : The greater the
density the greater the pressure.
This can be explained by the following activity :
8. A camel has broad feet. The weight of the camel is

spread over the large area covered by its feet. Thus,
the pressure exerted by its body on the sand is less.
9. The bodies of fish flow at a very high pressure
inside the sea. When they are brought upto the
surface of sea, the pressure outside suddenly
decreases. Due to this difference in pressure their
bodies burst open.
10. (i) Effect of force is increased by increasing area
of contact. e.g., straps of school bags are made
wide.
(ii) Effect of force is decreased by decreasing area
of contact. e.g. This principle is used to make
the tip of sewing needle sharp.
11. At high altitudes air becomes less dense so
atmospheric pressure decreases. Due to the
pressure of blood and other fluids inside the body
of mountaineers blood vessels burst. That is why
mountaineers suffer from nose bleeding.
H. 1. Pressure is the force applied per unit area.
Force
Pressure =
Area
(a) The lesser the area of contact of a given body,
the more is the pressure exerted by it, for
example, when a nail is hammered, the force
of hammer falls on a very small area of wood
or wall due to the pointed tip of the nail. This
creates a large pressure which penetrates the
nail into wood or wall easily.
(b) The more the area of contact of a given body
the lesser is the pressure exerted by it.
For example a camel has broad feet. The weight
of the camel in spread over the large area covered
by its feet. Thus the pressure exerted by its body
on the sand is less due to which the camel can
easily walk on sand.
2. Liquid pressure depends on the two factors :
(i) The height of the liquid column : The greater
the height, the greater the pressure.
This can be explained by the following activity :
Water
Mustard oil
Take two identical glass test tubes. Tie thin

rubber membranes to the lower ends of both
the tubes. Now pur water in one tube and
mustard oil in the second tube. So that the
heights of the liquid columns are equal in both
the tubes. We will observe that the rubber sheet
bulges out more in the second tube containing
denser liquid, mustard oil, than the tube
containing water.
3. (i) The tip of a sewing needle is made sharp, so
as to put large pressure on a very small area
of cloth.
(ii) Army tanks are provided with a continuous
steel belt over the wheels so that the weight of
the heavy tank falls on large area of belt and
exert less pressure on the ground and tanks
do not sink into it.
4. Liquid Pressure:
The pressure exerted by the liquids is called liquid
pressure. It is measured with the help of the
apparatus called manometer.
Tie a balloon to the lower end of a test tube.

Hold the tube vertically and pour some water
into it. We will see that the rubber membrane
of balloon bulges out. Now add more water.
The rubber membrane bulges more. Again if
Fig. Measuring liquid pressure at different depths

Measuring Liquid Pressure The Manometer
26
A manometer is a simple device used to measure

liquid pressure.
It has a U-shaped glass tube which is fixed to a
wooden board having a scale. The U-tube is filled
with coloured water such that its limbs are half filled.
One end of the U-tube is open. The other end is
fixed to a rubber tube which in turn is connected
to a thistle funnel. This improvised apparatus is
called as manometer.
Take this apparatus and cover the mouth of thistle
funnel with a tight thin rubber sheath taken from a
balloon.
If you press the rubber sheath lightly with your
fingers, the pressure on it increases. Due to this
the water level in limb A will go down and in limb B
will go up. You can read the difference in water
levels on the scale. This is a measure of pressure
exerted on the rubber sheath.
5. The force exerted by the atmosphere on unit area
is called atmospheric pressure. It can be
measured with the help of an instrument called
barometer.
6.
7.
8.
It consists of long and thin tube filled with mercury
and closed at one end. The open end of the tube is
placed in a small trough full of mercury. The
pressure exerted by air on the mercury of trough is
able to hold certain height of the mercury column.
9.
When the air pressure is low, the mercury will move

down, and when the air pressure increases the
height of the mercury column increases. We can
measure the pressure by the weight of mercury
column in mm of Hg. At sea level it is 760mm of
Hg.
Note : At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is
760 mm of Hg and is taken to be equal to 1
atmospheric pressure, i.e., 760 mm of
Hg = atmospheric pressure at sea level.
Divers : The pressure exerted by water inside the
deep sea is very high, which is enough to crush
the human body. That is why deep-sea divers have
to wear special suits. These suits can with stand
such high pressures and prevent their bodies to
crush.
Mountaineers and spacemen :
The atmospheric pressure reduces as we go at
higher altitude. Since, the air becomes less dense
the air pressure is very low. At such heights the
pressure exerted by the blood in our body is much
higher than the outside pressure. This can cause
blood vessels to burst, which can lead to problems
like bleeding from the nose. At that height the
amount of oxygen in the air is also not sufficient
for us to breathe. That is why mountaineers and
spacemen have to wear special suits.
Snow shoes are flat having large area which reduce
the pressure on the snow. So we can walk on snow
easily and our feet do not sink in the ground.
Six or eight wheels are preferred for heavy vehicles
so that the weight of heavy vehicles falls on large
area and they do not sink in the ground.
The water of sea contains salt. This denser water
exerts a lot of buoyant force which makes it easy
to swim in the sea than in river water which does
not contain any salt or has very less salt.
Quiz Questions
1. Mercury is used in barometers because it is a very
heavy liquid and therefore, the atmospheric
pressure can only support a column of mercury
about 76 cm. This is convenient as glass tubes of
this size can easily be made and handled.
2. (b) Decreases
3. True
4. By an Italian Scientist Terriceilli in 1643.
Think and Tell

1. Liquids exert pressure in all directions. So if there
are holes or joints in the water pipes, water comes
out of them due to very high pressure inside.
2. The ink in fountain pen leaks at higher altitudes,
because at higher altitudes the air pressure inside
the ink tube of pen is higher than the air pressure
outside the tube of pen.
27
12. SOUND
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-166
1. Loudness, pitch, quality.
2. a violin string; a guitar string;
flute air column; cymbals body;
piano reeds; tabla stretched skin;
gong body; a flying bee wings;
veena string; a girl vocal cord
3. Loudness is the characteristic of sound that helps
us to differentiate between a loud sound and a feeble
sound. It depends on the amplitude of vibrations.
4. Pitch is that characteristic of sound by which we can
distinguish between different sounds of the same
loudness. It depends on the frequency of vibration.
5. Pitch.
Text Book Page-170
1. Because moon has no air.
2. Astronauts communicate through wireless sets using
radio waves. This is because radio waves can travel
even through vacuum.
3. metal rod, water, air.
4. Talking to each other at home, sound of our breathing,
ringing of telephone, ticking of clock.
5. because sound needs a medium to travel.
6. In solids. Because in solids, molecules are closely
packed together due to which sound is transferred
easily from one particle to another.
7. The water gets splashed due to the vibrations of
tuning fork. This concludes that sound produced by
tuning fork is due to the vibration of its prongs.
Therefore sound is produced by the vibrating objects
or bodies.
8. False.
Text Book Page-171
1. Ear
2. Ear drum
3. Ear canal
4. It can tear the eardrum.
Text Book Page-175
1. (a) String
(b) Skin
(c) Air column
(d) Prongs
(e) body
(f) Diaphragm
(g) Wings.
2. Pleasant sound is produced by regular vibrations and
unpleasant sound is produced by irregular vibrations.
3. The persistence of unwanted sound or loud noise in
the environment which sometimes has harmful
effects on human health and well being is termed as
noise pollution. In homes noise is produced by the
cooler, air conditioner, washing machine, mixer,
utensils, television, etc.
Text Book Page-159

1. When we ring the bell of bicycle it vibrates and
produces sound.
2. Buzzing sound of a bee or mosquito is produced by
the vibration of their wings.
3. By vibration of vocal cords sound is produced in
throat.
4. Sound is produced in radio or TV by the vibrations of
diaphragm of a speaker.
(a) Kitchen Sound of utensils, cutlery telephone,
taking to each other.
(b) Garden Sounds of birds and bees, wind,
gardener, squirrels.
(c) School School bell, talking of students,
teachers, telephone.
(d) Market place Horns of vehicles, people talking
to each other, voice of shopkeepers, voice of
hawkers.
Text Book Page-160
1. Frequency.
2. Vibration is defined as the to and fro motion of a body
through the same path about its mean position. The
maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its
mean position on either side is called its amplitude.
SI unit of amplitude is metre (m).
3. Frequency is the number of vibrations made by the
vibrating body in one second. it is denoted by letter (f).
Time period : The time taken by the vibrating body
for one complete vibration is known as its time period.
It is expressed in seconds.
1
1
Frequency =
i.e. f =
T
Time period
4. Number 512 signifies frequency of vibration of the
tuning fork. It means tuning fork produces 512
vibrations in one sec.
Text Book Page-162
1. The audible frequency range of sound is from 20 Hz
to 20,000 Hz.
2. Hertz is the SI unit of frequency.
3. The range ultrasonic vibrations 20,000 to 50,000
hertz.
4. In industry ultrasonic vibrations are used for
homogenising the milk.
5. Ultrasonic vibrations are used for making image of
internal organs of human body and to study the
growth of foetus in mothers womb, in removing
stones from kidneys, for giving relief from pain in joints
and muscles.
Text Book Page-163
1. Increases, Louder, decreases, softer
28
4. Ways of minimising noise are :

(i) The factories should not be in the township areas.
(ii) Vehicles should always be maintained properly
on time.
(iii) Domestic appliances should be lubricated and
maintained timely.
5. (i) String instruments
(ii) Wind instruments
(iii) Reed instruments.
(i) In string instruments like sitar, guitar etc. string

are vibrated by plucking them (in sitar), by striking
them (in guitar) or by playing with a bow (in violin).
In this way sound is produced.
(ii) In wind instruments like flute, shehnai etc., the
air column is set to vibrate by blowing air through
them and thus sound is produced.
(iii) In reed instruments like harmonium, mouth organ
thin strips of metal called reeds are present. Air
is forced through these reeds which vibrates to
produce sounds.
A. 1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (d)
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Wrong
3. Right
4. Right
5. Wrong
6. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
6. No
C. 1. Ultrasonic Inaudible : : Unpleasant Noise
D. 1. (k)
2. (a)
3. (j)
4. (g)
5. (i)
6. (c)
7. (e)
8. (f)
9. (b)
10. (h)
11. (d)
12. (l)
E. 1. Medium
2. Frequency 3. Hertzs
4. Solids
5. Unpleasant, frequency
6. Decibles
7. 120-140
8. Amplitude
9. Frequency
10. 0 10
11. Pitch
12. Sound.
6. The length of vibrating air column decides the

frequency of vibration of an air column.
(i) The shorter the air column, the higher the pitch
of note produced.
(ii) The longer the air column, the lower the pitch
of the note produced.
7. If we shout on the moon, the sound will not travel
because there is no air on the moon.
8. We can raise the pitch of the note of a certain veena
string without changing the length by tightening the
string.
9. This is because sound waves travel very fast in solids.
H. 1. Three properties of sound :
(i) Loudness : The loudness of a sound depends on
the amplitude of vibrations.
(ii) Pitch : The pitch of a sound depends on the
frequency of vibrations.
(iii) Quality (or timbre) : The quality of the sound
depends on which vibrating part produces the
sound and the material of which the part is made.
2. The frequency of vibrations above 20,000 Hz are
called ultrasonic vibrations.
Uses of ultrasonic vibrations :
(i) Ultrasonic vibrations are used for making image
of internal organs of human body.
(ii) Ultrasonic vibrators are used to drive rats and
cockroaches away from godowns.
(iii) Ultrasonic vibrations are given to the patients to
give relief from pain in joints and muscles.
(iv) Stones in kidneys can easily be broken down
into fine grains by making use of ultrasounds.
3. (i) Stringed musical instruments Guitar, Sitar.
(ii) Wind musical instruments Flute, Shehnai
(iii) Percussion instruments Tabla, Dholak.
4. Take a bell jar. Suspend an electric bell inside it with
the help of a rubber band through an airtight cork.
Connect a vacuum pump through another opening
in the jar. Connect the bell to a battery through a key
(push button switch). Initially, the bell jar is full of air.
F. 1. The persistence of unwanted sound or loud noise in

the environment which sometimes has harmful
effects on human health and well being, is termed
as noise pollution.
2. Frequency is the number of vibrations produced in
one second. It is denoted by letter f. The SI unit of
frequency is Hertz (Hz).
G. 1. Sound is produced by four ways.
(i) plucking
(ii) rubbing
(iii) blowing
(iv) beating
2. We cant hear a crows flight because crows wings
do not vibrate rapidly like bees wings.
3. The strings of violin are tightened gradually to raise
the pitch of the note.
4. A vibrating simple pendulum does not produce any
sound because it does not vibrate rapidly.
5. Thickness, length and tension decide the frequency
of vibration of plucked string.
29
stationary body when struck slowly, has less

amplitude. The same body when struck hard has
a large amplitude.
SI unit of amplitude is metre (m).
(b) Frequency of vibration : Frequency is the
number of vibrations made by the vibrating body
in one second. It is denoted by letter f.
Units of frequency : The SI unit of frequency is
Hertzs (Hz). A vibrating body when makes one
vibration in one second, then its frequency is
said to be one hertzs.
(c) Time Period : The time taken by the vibrating
body for one complete vibration is known as its
time period. Time period is expressed in
seconds.
1
1
Frequency =
i.e., f =
Time Period
T
10. The ear consists of three compartments :
Outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The part of ear
which we see outside the head is called outer ear. It
consists of a broad funnel like part called Pinna and
about 2 to 3 centimetres long passage called ear
canal. At the end of the ear canal is a thin, elastic
and circular membrane called eardrum. The eardrum
is also called tympanum.
The sound waves are collected by the pinna of outer
ear. These sound waves pass through the ear canal
and fall on the eardrum. The eardrum starts vibrating
back and forth rapidly.
Now press the switch. The bell starts ringing and we

can hear its sound clearly. Now, pump out the air
from the bell jar by switching on the vacuum pump
attached to it. We will notice that when a vacuum is
created, no sound is heard. Thus, we can say that
sound cannot travel in vacuum.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Noise
Musical sounds
Sound produced by Sound produced by regular
irregular vibrations vibrations which is pleasant
which is upleasant to ears is called a musical
to ear.
sound.
We place on of our ears on a table and ask our friend
to gently tap on the table at a point a metre away
from our ear. Note the sound heard. We will notice
that when we place our ear on the table, we hear the
loud sound. Thus, we can conclude that sound can
travel through solids.
Noise Hazards on :
(i) Ears : Hearing problems and losing ear
sensation.
(ii) Heart : Chances of high blood pressure, high
palpitation and heart attack.
(iii) Problems : Problems related to digestive
system may also occur.
(iv) Personal life : Loss of endurance, fretfulness,
illusion, loss of concentration.
(v) Noise pollution : Birds and cattle leave their
abode due to noise pollution.
Measures to minimize noise :
(i) The factories should not be in the township
areas.
(ii) Domestic appliances should be lubricated and
maintained timely.
(iii) Firecrackers should be banned.
(iv) Functions should be organised indoors.
(v) Vehicles should always be maintained properly
on time.
(a) Amplitude of vibration : The maximum
displacement of a vibrating body from its mean
position on either side is called its amplitude. A
The eardrum then sends vibrations to the middle ear

and then to the inner ear. From there, the signal goes
to the brain. That is how we hear.
We should not put anything (like pin, pencil or pen,
etc.) inside our ears. This is because they can tear
the eardrum. The tearing of ear drum can make a
person deaf. Our ears are very delicate organs. We
should take proper care of our ears and protect them
from being damaged.
Quiz Questions
1. (c) Pitch
3. Tympanum
Solve the Puzzle

Across :
Down :
2. guitar
4. No
30
1. Flute 2. Audible 3. Medium

4. Decible
5. Ultrasound
6. Hertz
UNIT-IV (MOVING THINGS, PEOPLE AND IDEAS)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
Name : Shehnai
Type : Wind instrument
Vibrating Part : Air column
Name : Tabla
Type : Membrane instrument
Vibrating Part : Skin
Name : Veena
Type : String instrument
Vibrating Part : Strings
Name : Sitar
Name : Jaltarang
Type : Ghana vadya
Vibrating Part : Water column
Name : Drum
Vibrating Part : Skin
Name : Flute
Vibrating Part : Air column
Name : Mridargam
Name : Bugle
Vibrating Part : Membrane and Vibrating Part : Air column
whole body of instrument
Name : Guitar
Name : Harmonium
Type : Reed instruments
Vibrating Part : Thin strips
of metal called reeds
B.
31
Name : Dholak
Vibrating Part : Membrane and
whole body of instrument
C.
Structure of human ear
PAPER-PEN TEST-4
1.
2.
3.
(i) (c)
(i) True
(i) 760 mm
(ii) Infrasonic
4. Air column
5. 1. E
2. D
6. Hertz
7.
8.
9.
10.
(ii) (d)
(ii) True
3. C
4. B
11.
5. A
OR
Opposite to the direction of moving car.
Wooden sleepers
Refer Ans. of Q.5. (LUR) page-28
Gravitational and frictional forces.
Refer to Ans. of Q.2, Think & Tell Page-27
Spring Balance
OR
Refer to Ans. of Qs. H(1), Page-24
13. CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-184
1. Because water being a good conductor of electricity
makes a connection between the electrical appliances
and our body resulting in flow of current and giving
us an electric shock.
2.
Conductors
Insulators
(i) Materials which
(i) Materials which do not
allow electric
allow electric current to
current to pass
pass through them.
through them.
(ii) For example :

(ii) Examples are :
silver, gold, acids
leather, cotton, mica,
iron, tap water etc.
paper, wood , plastic,
distilled water etc.
3. Conductors : Aluminium, steel brass, moist air, Tap
water.
Insulators : mica, plastic, rubber, dry air, distilled
water.
32
A. 1. (a)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (b)
7. (d)
1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Wrong
3. Right
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
3. No
C. 2. Salty water : Good conductor
D. 1. Electrolytes
2. Acids and bases and salt
3. Chemical, chemical
4. Liquid
5. Electroplating
6. Non electrolyte 7. Electrolyte.
E. 1. Flow of charges is called electric current.
2. Materials which allow electric current to pass
through them are called conductors. e.g. iron, gold,
etc.
3. (i) We should not touch electric wires and
switches with wet hands.
(ii) We should wear rubber gloves.
(iii) We should use tester.
(iv) We should wear rubber slippers.
4. We can find with the help of a tester whether the
electric current pass through a particular material
or not.
5. CFLs i.e., compact fluorescent light bulbs are good
for saving energy but they contain mercury which
is highly poisonous. So they should be disposed
safely.
(i) They can be recycled
(ii) Retailors should start free take back
programme and then recycle it.
F. 1. Chemical effect of electric current : When
electric current is passed through certain liquids
or solutions that conduct electricity, chemical
changes occur. This is called the chemical effect
of electric current.
The chemical decomposition of a liquid or solution
while passing an electric current is called
electrolysis. The liquid or solution that breaks up
during electrolysis is called electrolyte. An
electrolyte when dissolved in water or when melted
produces ions. These ions are free to move
throughout the solution. The positively charged ions
are called cations and the negatively charged ions
are called anions.
2. Electroplating : The process of coating a thin layer

of one metal over another by electrolysis is called
electroplating. This is usually done to make the
object more attractive, or to prevent it from rusting.
It is used to make chromium coating, silver coating
or gold coating on ornaments, utensils and many
other articles. Steel is electroplated with tin, to make
containers for storing food. Tin is an inert metal
and so is less reactive than iron. kitchen gas
burners, car parts like bumpers and door handles,
handle bars of bicycle, bath taps and towel rails
etc. are coated with a thin silvery layer of chromium.
G. 1. Iron, copper are good conductors of electricity.
2. Wood, Plastic.
3. To check the distilled water Rajesh should do the
following activity : He will take distilled water, a
beaker, tester, bulb, battery and copper wire.
He will take some distilled water in the beaker and
will use the tester to test the conductivity of distilled
water.
If the bulb of the tester does not glow that means it
is distilled water. Because distilled water is a very
pure form of water and does not conduct electricity.
4. When electric current is passed through certain

liquids or solutions that conduct electricity chemical
changes occur. This is called the chemical effect
of electric current.
5. The process of chemical decomposition of a
solution or liquid on passing an electric current is
called electrolysis.
6. A substance which produces ions in a solution is
called electrolyte.
7. Refer to Ans. Qs. 2. Let us Revise, Page-32
8. We will dissolve some crystalsof copper sulphate
in some water taken in glass jar. Now, we will take
the iron spoon and copper rod. We will pass the
current in the circuit by closing the switch. We will
dip iron nail and copper rod in the solution. After
some time we will see that the portion of the iron
spoon dipped in the solution gets coated with a
layer of copper.
33
9. Electricians wear rubber sandals or shoes or rubber

hand gloves while working because rubber is an
insulator and protects them from getting electric
shock.
Quiz Questions
1. (c)
2. (b)
UNIT-V (HOW THINGS WORK)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
B.
C.
S.No.
Conductors
Insulators
1.
Silver
Cotton
2.
Gold
Rubber
3.
Aluminium
Plastics
4.
Iron
Mica
5.
Brass
Wood
6.
Steel
Paper
PAPER-PEN TEST-5
1.
2.
(i) (c)
(i) False
5. Liquid
(ii) (a)
(ii) False
3. (i) Non-electrolyte (ii) Electrolytes

4. Cations
Compass Needle
shows deflection (Yes/No)
Conductor/Insulator
1. Tap water
Yes
Conductor
2. Lemon juice
Yes
Conductor
3. Milk
No
Insulator
4. Distilled water
No
Insulator
5. Vinegar
Yes
Conductor
34
6. Cotton, wood.
9. Refer to Ans. of Qs-1, Let us Revise Page-32

10. Refer to Ans. of Qs-E (1), G(1), Page-33
11. Refer to Ans.of Qs-G (9), Page-34
OR
In metals current flow by the movement of electrons
from one place in that metal to another place. While
in liquids current flows by the process of ionic
conduction that is by the movement of ions (charged
particles) within the liquid.
OR
Yes.
7. (a) The process of chemical decomposition of a
solution or liquid on passing an electric current.
(b) A substance which produces ions in a solution.
8. LEDs are more useful because LED glows even
when a small electric current flows through it.
14. RAIN, THUNDER AND LIGHTNING

LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-198
They repel each other.
1
2. It gets negatively charged.

3. Because comb gets electrically charged when rubbed
against dry hair.
A. 1. (b)
2.
4. (a)
5.
1. False
2.
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2.
C. Static electricity
D.
S.No.
(c)
(b)
4. Beneficial phenomena of lightning.

(i) Lightning helps in the fixation of the
atmospheric nitrogen into plant nutrients.
(ii) Lightning helps in formation of ozone from the
atmospheric oxygen.
5. Damaging effect of lightning
1. When lightning strikes a building or tree, it can
set them on fire.
2. Lightning can burn and cause death of living
beings.
H. 1. When two bodies are rubbed against each other
they acquire equal and opposite change. We can
explain it as follows :
(i) When we rub a glass rod with silk it aquires a
positive charge. At the same time, the silk cloth
acquires an equal negative charge.
3. (c)
True
Wrong
3. Right
Piece of Paper
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
E. 1. Charged body
2. Repel, Attracts
3. Equal, Opposite
4. Benjamin Franklin, Storm
5. Earthing
6. Thunder.
F. Wrong Word
Replaced Word
1. Repel
Attracts
2. Negatively
Positively
3. Iron
Copper or Aluminium
4. Small
Tall
5. Attracts
Repel
G. 1. Rapid flow of charge through the air between the
two oppositely charged clouds is called lightning.
2. Inflated balloon sticks to a wall because it gets
electrically charged by rubbing against dry hair.
3. Lightning conductors are the device used for
protection of high rise buildings.
35
(ii) Ebonite on rubbing with wool gets a negative

charge whereas the wool gets an equal positive
charge.
2. Refer to Ans. of Qs. H(1) page-33
ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun and

protects the living organisms on the earth.
4. Electric charge is the movement of electrons in
conductors.
5. Rapid flow of charge through the air between two
oppositely charged clouds is called lightning.
Lightning takes place when two clouds of positive
and negative static charge, approach each other.
The bad conductor air becomes a good conductor
of electricity. A large quantity of electric charge flows
rapidly from one cloud to the other through the air.
An intense spark of electricity is seen in the sky
called lightning.
3. Lightning is useful in the following ways :

(i) Lightning helps in the fixation of the
atmosphere nitrogen into plant nutrients.
(ii) It helps in the formation of ozone from the
atmospheric oxygen.
Electric discharge during lightning results in the
formation of ozone (O 3) from Oxygen (O2)
Ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere absorbs
6. A lightning conductor consists of long thick metal rod/strip having sharp spikes at its upper end. The spikes
pointing towards the sky are fixed at the highest points of the building. The lower end of the metal rod/strip is
connected to a large copper (or alluminium) plate which is buried deep inside the earth. This is called earthing.
When a highly charged cloud passes over a tall building, it induces an opposite charge on the spike. This charge
quickly flows to the earth through the copper rod/strip. Thus the lightning discharge is prevented and the building
is saved from damage.
Quiz Questions
1. (d)
2. (a), (b) (Both)
Think and Tell Lightning travels faster than sound.
Play & Learn

(i) Thunder
(ii) Lightning
(iii) Electrons
(iv) Protons.
36
15. LIGHT
LET US REVISE
Text Book Page 206
1. Luminous bodies : The bodies which emit light
are called luminous bodies. Eg. sun, stars, burning candle, a glowing electric lamp, etc.
Non-luminous bodies : The bodies which do not
emit light are called non-luminous bodies.
e.g. Table, earth, moon etc.
2. Moon is not considered as a luminous body
because it does not have light of its own. So does
not emit light.
3. (a) The image formed due to regualr reflection is
sharp and clear.
(b) The image formed due to irregular reflection
is not sharp and clear.
4. Regular reflection : A reflection which is shown
when a light falls on smooth surface such as mirror
or a highly polished surface like shiny stainless steel.

The advantage of this type of refelction is that
image formed is sharp and clear.
Text Book Page-211
1. (i) Dispersion : Splitting up of white light into its
seven colours is called dispersion.
(ii) Spectrum : The band of seven colours obtained
when white light undergoes dispersion.
2. Newton
3. When white light is passed through an equilateral
prism it splits into seven colours. This is called
dispersion. The reason for the dispersion of white light
is that a prism is formed by the combination of water
and mirror. This breaks up the light into its colours.
4. VIOLET, INDIGO, BLUE, GREEN, YELLOW,
ORANGE, RED (VIBGYOR)
5. Candela
A. 1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (c)
8. (d)
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Right
3. Right
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. No
3. No
C. (i) Eyelids (ii) Convex lens
D. A (b) (ii)
B (a) (iii)
C (d) (i)
D (c) (iv)
E. 1. Luminous
2. Luminous, non-luminous
3. Reflects
4. Incidence, reflection
5. Multiple reflection
6. 7, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
7. Braille
8. angle
F. 1. When white light passes through an equilateral
prism it splits into seven colours (VIBGYOR). This
is called dispersion of light.
2. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from
one substance or medium to another. In figure the
light rays passes from air to glass and go back to
air. The bending is caused by the differences in
density between the two substances.
Air
Glass
Air
3. The order of colours is Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green,

Yellow, Orange, Red.
4. Cornea, Iris, pupil, Eye lens, retina, yellow spot,
blind spot.
G. 1. Examples of refraction :
(i) A pencil in a glass of water looks broken at
the point of intersection of water and air.
(ii) The bottom of the glass filled with water looks
shallower then the real.
(iii) Mirage effect : In summers the air above the
roads gets heated up and become thinner. Due
to which the road looks like a sea from distance.
This happens due to the refraction of light.
2.
37
3. It is very important to take care of our eyes because

eyes are the organs of sense of sight which is most
important.
4. (i) In case dirt or insect get in the our eyes, if we
rub then they can be damaged. So we should
wash the eyes with clean water or consult the
director.
(ii) It we read or watch television or do work on
computer for long hours, it may affect our eyes.
(iii) Our eyes can also be affected if we read in a
moving bus or train or in a dim light.
5. An iris regulates the amount of light entering the
eye through the pupil.
6. A person suffering from night blindness can see
during the day time but can not see at night in dim
light. It occurs due to the deficiency of vitamin A.
was developed by the scientist Louis Braille in 1820.

In this method, the text is printed on a thick sheet
of paper using special symbols. These symbols
consist of upto six dots, 2 dots horizontally and 3
dots vertically, in a rectangular array.
The dots are slightly raised above the surface of
the paper. A visually challenged (or blind) person
recognises each letter by the position of dots in
each cell and becomes able to read the text printed
in Braille.
For example :
A
5.
Night blindness can be cured by taking good

quantity of vitamin A in our food. Vitamin A is
present in large quantity in milk, cheese, mango,
spinach, carrots, tomatoes, cabbage, cod liver oil.
H. 1. The statements is true because tube light does not
give out heat.
6.&7. Two main defects of vision are myopia and
Hypermetropia.
(i) Myopia (Short-sightedness) : A person
suffering from myopia can see the nearby
objects clearly, but cannot see the far off
objects clearly.
Causes : Myopia is caused by the following
reasons :
(a) Decrease of the focal length of the eyelens.
(b) Elongation of the eyeball, i.e. increase in
the length of the eyeball.
Correction of myopia : myopia can be
corrected by using a concave lens of suitable
focal length.
2.
Take a piece of rubber tube and candle. Light the

candle and fix it on a table. Straighten the narrow
rubber tube and look through it at the flame. The
light coming from the flame is visible. Now coil the
rubber tube and look through it at the flame. The
light coming from the flame is not seen.
This shows that light travels in a straight line.
3.
(i) Image is virtual and erect.

(ii) Image is of the same size as that of the object.
(iii) Image is formed as far behind the mirror as
the object in front of it.
(iv) Image is laterally inverted.
4. A rectangular array of raised dots on the surface

of paper is called a Braille script.
Visually challenged people recognise the letters by
touching. This method is called Braille because it
38
(ii) Hypermetropia (long-sightedness) : A

person suffering from hypermetropia can see
the distant objects clearly, but cannot see the
nearby objects clearly. The long-sighted
persons have difficulty in reading.
Causes : It is caused by the following reasons :
8.
(a) Increase of the focal length of the eyelens.

(b) Shortening of the eyeball, i.e. decrease in
the length of the eyeball.
Correction of Hypermetropia :
Hypermetropia can be corrected by placing a
convex lens of suitable focal length before the
eye-lens.
(i) We should wash our eyes with clean water

three or four times a day.
(ii) We should be careful for our eyes while
playing.
(iii) While reading or watching television we
should blink our eyes from time to tie.
(iv) We should not use computer for long time.
(v) We should not read in a moving bus or train
in dim or bright light.
(vi) If dirt or insect gets into the eyes we should
not rub them. It can harm the eyes. We should
wash our eyes with clean water or consult the
doctor.
Quiz Questions
1. False
2. (b)
3. (a)
16. THE UNIVERSE

LET US REVISE
Text Book Page-221
Text Book Page222
1. The universe is commonly defined as the totality of

every thing that exists, including all space time, matter
energy, plants, stars, galaxies, inter galactic space
and beyond.
1.
2
1
2. The distance travelled by beam of light in one year.

The speed of light is about 3,00,000 km per second.
Ursa major
5
3. Universe is constituted by various objects like Earth

and all heavenly bodies like stars, planets, satellite
and celestial bodies.
2. Milky Way or AKASH GANGA.
SUMMATIVE ASSESSEMENT
A. 1. (a)
2. (c)
4. (a)
5. (a)
7. (c)
8. (c)
10. (d)
11. (a)
True or False Type
B. 1. True
2. True
4. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. No
2. Yes
3.
6.
9.
12.
(d)
(d)
(b)
(c)
C. Mercury
D.
Aib
C ii c
E. 1. Venus
4. Mercury
6. Ursa Major
F. 1. Spiral
3. Mercury
5. Aryabhatta
7. Artificial satellites
9. Satellite, Planet
3. True
3. Wrong
3. No
39
B iii d
D iv a
2. Mars
3. Pluto
5. Halleys comet
7. Satellite
8. Meteors
2. Carbon dioxide gas
4. Saptarshi
6. Milkway or Akash Ganga
8. Natural
10. Constellation
3. (a) Jupiter : Jupiter is the fifth planet of our solar

system. It is the largest planet. Its distance from
Sun is about 778 million km. So it receives much
less light and heat from the sun. It is composed
of dense red, brown, yellow and white clouds of
hydrogen and helium gases. It is like a giant ball
of gas. The peculiar feature of Jupiter is its great
red spot. A faint ring is there around this planet. It
has 39 moons (satellites).
(b) Moon : It is the only natural satellite of our planet
Earth. Compared to other heavenly bodies it is
nearest to earth so it can be seen as the brightest
object in the sky next to sun. Its size is one-fourth
of earths size and gravitational pull is one sixth
that of earth. Its surface is covered with dirt,
craters and mountains and it has no atmosphere
and no water. As it has no light of its own it reflects
a part of light of the sun falling on it. It completes
one revolution around earth in 291/2 days. Due
to this revolution and reflection of sunlight it
appears to change its shape every night. On new
moon day it is not visible, henceforth it increases
and said to be waxing. On full moon day the whole
disc can be seen and henceforth it decreases in
size. This phase is waning. Man first landed on
Moon on July 20, 1969.
(c) Causes of Earthquake : The uppermost layer of
the Earth is made up of blocks of rocks called
tectonic plates. They float on a layer of semi-liquid
rock called mantle. Earthquake occurs whenever
these plates touch or move against each other in
the semi-liquid layer. This causes a sudden
slipping of the position of the earths crust resulting
in vibrations, volcanic activity as explosive
eruption, caused by gas explosion. Following are
the main causes of earthquake :
(i) Volcanic eruption (ii) Folding and falling (iii)
Plate Tectonics (iv) Man-made explosions (v)
Dislocation of the crust.
G. 1. Artificial satellites are man-made satellites which

move around the Earth. It is a man-made machine
that continuously orbits around earth for the purpose
of scientific investigation.
2. Aryabhatta, Chandrayaan1
3. 109 times
4. INSAT Indian National Satellite
5. No, because it has no atmosphere so sound can not
be transmitted.
6. Jupiter
7. Aryabhatta
8. Parsec is bigger than light year.
H. 1. 24 hours
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I. 1.
2.
Mercury
387 Fahrenheit or 233 Celsius.
APPLE Ariane Passenger Pay Load Experiment.
Asteroids are a large number of small rocky bodies
about 1000 km or less diameter which orbit around
the Sun between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter.
Stars twinkle due to atmospheric Refraction, that is,
we view them through a thick layer of moving air in
the earths atmosphere.
The heavenly bodies which revolve around the
planets are called natural satellite. Except Mercury
and Venus, all planets have satellites revolving
around them. Earth has moon as its only natural
satellite.
Clusters of stars in the universe are called galaxies.
The vast, unlimited space around the earth and all
heavenly bodies is known as Universe. It includes
Earth, all the heavenly bodies like stars, planets,
satellites and several other celestial bodies.
Natural satellites are the already existing heavenly
bodies revolving around the planets in a fixed orbit.
It can not be used in TV transmission programmes,
remote sensing, internet like scientific interest as it
is not placed in a geostationary orbit.
Artificial satellites are man-made machines placed
in a particular orbit (Geostationary orbit) so that it
can be used for scientific investigations. It has many
uses in our life like in T.V. transmission, collection of
information about weather, agriculture, defence,
research and many more.
Moving of planets around the sun in a fixed orbit is
known as Revolution, but movement of planet on its
own axis is called Rotation.
Meteors are the heavenly bodies consisting of small
pieces of stones and metallic rocks, But when they
enter the Earths atmosphere they get heated up due
to air friction, Sometimes their remains fall on the
Earths surface. These are called meteoroids.
Half
4.
Crescent
Gibbous
New
moon
Day
Night
Full
moon
Earth
Crescent
Gibbous
Half
Different Phases of Moon
40
5.
Galaxy
6. Safety measures that are to be taken during

earthquake are :
(i) Keep away from high rise buildings.
(ii) One should leave home and move to open area.
(iii) One should hide himself/herself under a table.
(iv) Kitchen gas should be shut off.
(v) If moving in a vehicle, it should be parked away
from the buildings.
(vi) Everybody should help each other according
to need.
Constellation
(a) Clusters or huge

bunches of stars
in the universe is
called galaxy.
(b) Billions of stars
present in a galaxy
(c) Shape of a galaxy
does not resemble
any recognisable
pattern.
(d) There are billions of
galaxies in the sky
(a) Recognisable shapes

formed by group of
stars are called
constellations.
(b) Number of stars are
constant
(c) Shape resembles a
recognisable shape or
pattern of an animal or
object.
(d) Only 88 constellations
are there.
FORMATIVE ASSESSEMENT
Middle orbit : Asteroids, Sun, Satellite, Moon,
Little Bear, Pluto.
Quiz Questions
1. (c)
2. (d)
Outer orbit : Earth, Neptune, Uranus, Revolution

Tsunami.
Play and Learn :

Inner orbit : Venus, Constellation, Jupiter, Heavenly
body, Years, Indian satellite.
UNIT-VI (NATURAL PHENOMENA)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
C.
B.
D. Do it yourself
PAPER-PEN TEST-6
1. (i) (c)
(ii) (d)
2. (i) True
(ii) False
3. (i) Repel, attract (ii) Multiple reflection
4. Dotted line
5. 1. B
2. A
3. D
4. C
6. F-2 at page-37
OR
Refer to Ans. of G (1), Page 35
7. Refer to Ans. of Q. G(4), Page-39

8. Balloon stick to a wall because it gets electrically
charged by rubbing.
9. Refer to Ans. of Q. G(6) Page 37
10. Refer to Ans. of Q. I(3C), Page-39
11. Refer to Ans. of Q. H (4), Page-37
OR
Refer to Ans. of Q. I(5), Page-40
41
17. MANS INTERVENTION IN NATURAL PHENOMENA

A. 1. (c)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (b)
5. (a)
1. False
2. False
Right or Wrong Type
1. Wrong
2. Right
C. 2. Air
3. Sun
D. (i) C
(ii) D
(iii) A
(iv) B
E. 1. Land pollution 2. Recycled
3. Deforestation
4. Land
5. Top layer
F. 1. Afforestation
Tree for Tree principal should be adopted. For every
tree that has been felled, a tree should be planted. It
is called afforestion.
2. Deforestion
Felling of trees to fulfil our needs of fuel and timber
is called deforestation.
3. Reforestation
When trees are planted on deforested land it is called
reforestation.
G. 1. Natural resource is anything people can use which
comes from nature. People do not make natural
resources, but gather them from the earth.
2. Wind, water are natural resources occur naturally
within environment that exist relatively undisturbed
by mankind in natural form wood and solar energy
are main types of natural resources.
3. Fossil fuel and Biogas are two kinds of fuels.
H. 1. (i) Forests are the natural habitat of many species
of plants and animals.
(ii) Forests control climate.
(iii) Forest control water flow after rainfall which can
cause flood conditions.
2. Recycle means manufacturing of new product from
the materials we considered as waste. Wood is used
3.
4.
I. 1.
2.
for making paper. Conservation of the paper by

recycling is one way to conserve a tree.
We should use alternative sources of energy to save
fossil fuel. Use of fossil fuel is polluting the
atmosphere and marine life is also disturbed due to
overdrilling of crude oil.
Petrol is overutilised because more and more people
are buying vehicles for their comfort.
Coal is being used as fuel for locomotive power
plantsIf coal and petroleum products are continued to be
used at present rate there would not be any coal and
petroleum left after the end of current century.
Utility of soil.
Soil is a natural body consisting of topmost layers.
Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, humans affect soil
formation. When organic matter decomposes it forms
humus which is a vital component affecting soil
fertility. Humus absorbs water and acts as moisture
reserve that plants can utilise.
Soil benefits different types of crops through its
chemical and biological properties.
To conserve natural resources for coming generation.
Waste management has four stages.
(i) Recycle All those items which can be recycled
like matals, paper should be recycled.
(ii) Reuse All items like plastic, glass, should be
used again and again.
(iii) Reduce The amount of garbage generated
should be raduced to minimum.
(iv) Refuse All those items which pollute
environment are not required and can not be
recycled should be avoided.
4 R Approach
R
Recycle
Quiz Questions
1. (b)
2. (d)
42
R
Reuse
R
R
Reduce Refuse
18. POLLUTION OF AIR AND WATER

LET US REVISE
3. Rain has been made acidic by pollutants like sulphur
dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen oxides (NO2, NO3).
4. There is a layer of ozone gas (O 3) in the upper
atmosphere. It is very important layer that absorbs
most of the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from
the sun. In some places it is found that ozone is getting
depleted due to pollution and ozone holes have been
discovered over Antarctica.
5. CO2, ozone, methane, N2O, H2O, CFCs etc.
6. We can prevent the addition of the smoke in the
atmosphere by following steps :
(i) Plant more and more trees. They are natures
lung and remove harmful gases.
(ii) We should not burn dried leaves, paper or
garbage.
(iii) We should travel by pool only.
(iv) We should encourage use of CNG, add catalytic
converter to our vehicles.
(v) smokeless chulah should be used.
(vi) vehicles should be checked for air pollution
regularly.
7. To prevent air pollution we should follow the
following points.
(i) At Household : An improved smokeless chullahs
should shift to energy sources like LPG, Biogas,
Solar Energy. Solar cooker should be used.
(ii) Automobile : A lead free fuel as CNG should be
used.
(B) Catalytic converter is to be fitted in the exhaust
pipes.
(C) Vehicles should be checked regularly strictly
for air pollution
(iii) Power generation : Less polluting forms of
power generation like solar energy, wind energy,
should be used.
(iv) Industries : Tall chimneys should be fitted. Mills
and factories should not be run in the main cities.
8. Van Mahotsava : In Van Mahotsava we plant lakhs
and lakhs of trees.
9. Pollution from the vehicles can be reduced by
(i) use of efficient internal combustion engines for
complete combustion of fuels.
(ii) lead free fuels like CNG should be used for
running cars, buses, trucks, etc.
(iii) catalytic convertor is fitted in exhaust pipes of
the petrol driven vehicles.
(iv) air pollution checks of vehicles should be done.
Text Book Page-246

1. Air pollution is caused by natural causes
(i) Winds and storms
(iv) CFCs
(ii) Eruption of volcanoes (v) SPM
(iii) Forest fires
(vi) smog (vii) lead
2. Air pollution is caused by human activity
(i) Automobiles
(ii) Industries
3. Common air pollutants are
(i) Carbon monoxide (CO)
(iv) CFCs
(ii) Sulphur dioxide SO2
(v) SPM
(iii) Nitrogen dioxide NO2
(vi) Smog
4. Nitrogen dioxide NO2 is coming out from exhausts of
vehicles.
5. Three gases that cause air pollution are
(i) Sulphur dioxide SO2
(ii) Nitrogen dioxide NO2
(iii) Carbon monoxide CO
6. Three non-biodigradable wastes are
(i) Plastics
(ii) DDT
(iii) Polythene bags
7. The pollutants which remain suspended in the
atmosphere are called suspended particulate matter
(SPM). They are produced by automobiles and can
cause lung diseases.
8. Lead is released when petrol is burnt in automobiles.
It is poisonous and can damage our brain, liver and
kidneys.
9. Cigarette smokers burn tobacco in cigarettes, release
nicotine with its smoke. The nicotine and smoke
irritate the nasal passage of the smoker and causes
lung cancer.
10. The smoke that a factory emits contains large amount
of pollutants like oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, lead
particles and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Text Book Page-251
1. Indoor pollution may be caused by the use of paints,
aerosols, acids for cleaning toilets, sprays perfumes,
deodorants smoking tobacco and many more things.
2. Acid rain can corrode the Taj Mahal. To prevent that :
neighbouring factories should be shifted to some
where else because air is polluted by the processing
of rubber in those factories. Automobiles and chemical
factories are producing pollutants like SO2 and NO2
which are responsible for acid rain which can discolour
or corrode the marble of Taj Mahal.
43
Text Book Page-258

1. Potable
2. Water pollution
3. Waste
4. Control measure
5. Fluorosis
6. Eutrophication, Oxygen
8. Due to pollution of water many diseases like
cholera, dysentery, typhoid are caused.
G. 1. Addition of harmful and undesirable substance in
air is called air pollution.
2. The harmful substances which pollute the air are
called air pollutants.
3. Suspended particulate matter consists of dust and
soot.
4.
pollutants are those that can be
broken down into non-poisonous substances in
nature due to reaction of bacteria and other
microbes. Example - dead plants and animal, grain,
cloth, leather etc.
Non-biodegradable are those materials which
can not be broken down into non-poisonous or
harmless substances in nature by bacteria.
A. 1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (a)
9. (a)
10. (c)
11. (c)
12. (b)
13. (a)
14. (b)
15. (a)
16. (b)
17. (a)
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
Right or Wrong Type
1. Right
2. Wrong
3. Wrong
4. Right
5. Wrong
Yes or No Type
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes
4. No
C. CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
D. (i) (A)
(ii) (D)
(iii) (B)
(iv) (C)
E. 1. Nitrogen, oxygen
2. Smoke ash
3. Pollution
4. SO2 and NO2
5. Pollutants
6. S. P.M. (Suspended Particulate Matter)
7. Fossil fuel
8. Ozone
9. CO2 and Methane
10. Sewage
11. Ques. is wrong
12. Photosynthesis
13. Boiling, chlorination
14. Photosynthesis
15. Alum
16. Both
F. 1. Domestic waste water is called sewage.
2. Lead is harmful.
3. Full form of CFC - Chlorofluorocarbons.
4. Full form of SPMTS - Suspended particulate matter.
5. Aerosol is gaseous pollutant.
6. DDT is non biodegradable.
7. Chemicals and decayed food particles.
e.g., Aluminium foils, DDT, rubber, polythene bags.

5.
(i) Potable water : Water which is free from

germs and impurities and fit for drinking.
(ii) Acid rain : Presence of excessive acid in rain
water is called acid rain.
(iii) Ozone hole : Hole in ozone gas layer in the
upper atmosphere layer due to the increased
level of CFCs in atmosphere is called ozone
hole.
(iv) Greenhouse effect : is the heating up of the
earths atmosphere due to trapping of the suns
heat energy reflected from the earths surface
by gases such as carbon dioxide.
6. Thermal power plants which burnt coal to produce

electricity, smoke and fly ash are the pollutants
released into the atmosphere.
7. The Taj Mahal is facing a threat to its remarkable
beauty by acidic air pollutants from the
neighbouring factories.
8. Some countries banned indoor smoking because
the harmful substance Nicotine which is released
with smoke can harm nonsmokers as well.
9. Water pollution - contamination of water with
harmful toxic substance is called water pollution.
10. The fertilisers entering a waterbody can poison
fishes as well as the animals including human that
eat them.
44
H. 1. (i) Air get polluted by natural as well as human

activities.
Air pollution by natural causes :
(a) Winds and storms : With strong winds and
stroms huge amount of dust and sand pollute
the air.
(b) Explosion and eruption of volcanoes. Lot of
gases and particulate matters are released with
lava - result in air pollution.
(c) Forest fires : Huge amount of smoke and ash
are released into air.
Air pollution by human activity :
(a) Automobile : The exhaust emission from
vehicles contain poisonous substances like
sulphur dioxide. Carbon dioxide, lead, nitrogen
oxide cause air pollution.
(b) Industries : Chemical fertilisers and sugar and
cement factories emit large amount of smoke
and pollutants like oxides of sulphur and
nitrogen and lead particles and CFCS which
pollute the air.
(c) Thermal and Nuclear power plants : Thermal
plants release smoke and fly ash, while nuclear
power plants pollute the air by releasing radio
active rays.
(ii) Water pollution is caused by (a) Domestic waste : Discharge of domestic
waste into rivers and lakes which contains
soaps, cleaning agents, decayed food particles
causes water pollution.
(b) Industrial waste : The discharge of toxic
industrial wastes contains toxic chemical, lead
and arsenic which makes river water polluted.
(c) Hospital waste : Contain harmful chemicals
and disease causing microorganism.
(d) Agricultural waste : Fertilisers and pesticides
can poison fish as well as other animals.
2. Harmful Effects of :
Carbon monoxide (CO) : It is main air pollutant.
It is very poisonous. It can slow down our reflexes.
Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) : It is a serious health
hazard. It can damage our lungs by causing
diseases like bronchitis. It also damages the plants
by causing their leaves to dry up, curl and fall off.
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2) : Nitrogen dioxide is
poisonous. It also causes breathing problems. The
exhausts of vehicles and some industries release
this gas. Nitrogen dioxides reacts with oxygen
present in air and form nitrogen trioxide (NO3) which
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
45
when combined with water vapour in air form Nitric

acid (HNO3). Nitric acid dissolves in rain water and
reaches the earth in the form of acid rain.
Types of pollution generated by different types of
vehicles engines are air, noise, land and water.
The amount of CO2 is now increasing due to human
activities. Excess carbon dioxide present in the
atmosphere traps a lot of heat and leads to warming
of the earths surface, hence increased
temperature. This is called global warming. Global
warming can cause melting of ice at the poles.
Because of this the sea level can rise and would
lead to floods.
The natural balance of CO2 in atmosphere is being
disturbed by man. The amount of CO2 is increasing
due to burning of a large amount of fuels and also
due to massive deforestation. The number of trees
which consume CO2 becomes lesser.
CO2 helps in maintaining the temperature of earth.
Excess carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere
traps a lot of heat and leads to warming of the
earths surface, hence increased temperature. This
is called global warming.
(i) Algae bloom : The polluted water enhances
the growth of algae and water hyacinth which
reduces the supply of oxygen and sun light to
the aquatic fauna and flora, resulting in adverse
effects on their growth.
(ii) Acid rain : Acid rain is the rain which has been
made acidic than normal by the presence of
dissolved pollutants such as sulphur dioxide
(SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO2, NO3). These
gases are dissolved in water vapour present
in the air and form corresponding acids like
sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid HNO3.
They ultimately fall as acid rain.
Acid rain can corrode buildings and statues
especially those made with marble and stone.
(iii) Smog : A thick fog like layer in the atmosphere
in winters is called smog. Smog is a
combination of smoke and fog. It is very
dangerous for traffic. Smog contains oxides
of nitrogen and hydrocarbons. It causes
breathing difficulties such as asthma, cough
and wheezing in children.
(i) Burning of fossil fuels : All fossil fuels, on
burning, emit carbon dioxide which is a
greenhouse gas.
(ii) Depletion of ozone layer : Ozone gas layer
(O3) is present in the upper atmosphere. It is
very important for the existence of life on earth

because it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet
radiations coming from the sun.
It is now found that ozone is getting depleted
due to which ozone layer is becoming thinner
and thinner due to the use of certain chemicals.
(iii) Water pollution : Water is most essential
natural resource for plants and animals. Clean
drinking water is also essential for good health
of all living things.
But large number of activities of man are
polluting the water. Polluted water may cause
many diseases like cholera, dysentery, measle,
typhoid.
The polluted water enhances the growth of
algae and hyacinth resulting in adverse effect
on the fauna and flora. Industrial water contains
mercury, cadmium, lead as pollutant. They
cause serious disorders of many kinds.
8. Control measures of air pollution are following :
(i) Improve smokeless chulhas.
(ii) We can shift to smokeless energy source like
LPG, biogas, solar energy.
(iii) We should not burn paper, dry leaves, plastic
bags and garbage.
(iv) (a) In automobiles we should use internal
combustion engines for complete
combustion of fuel
(b) We should use clean fuel like CNG for
running cars, buses, trucks.
(c) Catalytic converter should be fitted in petrol
driven cars.
9. Different methods are used to make water safe

for drinking
(i) by boiling
(ii) by filtration
(iii) by exposing water to ultraviolet rays. Ultraviolet
light act on the water and kills the germs.
(iv) by reacting with chemicals.
Potassium permanganate in put into water. It
kills germs.
Fluoride salt present in water is reacted by lime.
Excess oxide in water causes defects in bones.
Municipal authorities remove all harmful
constituents and makes water safe for use. The
chlorination of water is done by adding chlorine
tablets. It kills disease germs.
10. Ways by which we can help reduce water
pollution.
(i) Do not cut trees, rather plant trees.
(ii) Do not destroy flora and fauna.
(iii) Use triode gradable substance.
(iv) Dont throw waste in water or in your
surroundings.
(v) Waste water should be recycled.
(vi) Use solar cooker and biogas.
(vii) Check on emission from automobiles.
(viii) Industries should be made to follow anti
pollution measure.
(ix) Industries should not be located in residential
areas.
Quiz Questions
1. (c)
2. Potable
2. (b)
3. Smoke
Play & learn
4. Lead
1. Acid Rain
5. Carbon dioxide
UNIT-VII (NATURAL RESOURCES)
FORMATIVE WORKSHEET
A.
Items
Energy Source
Pollutant
Petrol
Lead, Carbon monoxide,

Poison
Nitrogen oxide, Hydrocarbon Smog
Car
46
Effect
Diesel
Smoke
Smog
Coal
Smoke
Smog
Coal
Smoke
Smog
Oil
Sulphur dioxide
Corrosion of machine parts
Truck
Factory
Chullah
Factory
Damage to living and

non living things
B.
4-R APPROACH
Recycle
C.
S.No.
Reuse
Reduce
Refuse
Pollutant
Cause
Harmful effect
1.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Slow down our reflexes
2.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
3.
Oxides of nitrogen
Exhaust of vehicles
domestic activities
Exhaust of vehicles domestic
activities
Exhaust of vehicles, some
industries
4.
Cadmium (Cd)
Industrial waste
Make river water unfit for use
5.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Greenhouse effect
6.
Suspended particulate matter

(SPM)
Exhaust of vehicles, burning

of refuse
Automobiles
7.
Lead
Vehicles
Lung diseases, interferes

with photosynthesis, reduces
visibility
Damage our brain, liver & kidneys
8.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
A.C., refrigerators, shaving

foam, cleaning agents
Ozone hole
D. 1. By boiling.
Bronchitis disease, acid rain

Breathing problem, acid rain
(i) Potassium permanganate a germicide
2. By filtration
(ii) Lime to reduce fluoride salt.
3. By exposing water to ultraviolet rays.
5. Chlorination.
4. By treating with chemicals like :
47
E.
S. No.
Biodegradable Wastes
Non-biodegradable Wastes
1.
Animal bones
Aluminium cans, foils
2.
Animal excreta
Silver foils
3.
Cow-dung
Plastics
4.
Urine
DDT
5.
Paper
Polythene bags
6.
Wood
Rubber
7.
Cloth
Computer floppy
PAPER-PEN TEST-7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(i) Insulator (as options are mistakenly printed)

(ii) Tube light (as options are mistakenly printed)
(i) False
(ii) False
(i) Suspended particulate matter
(ii) Top layer
Wind energy Air
Solar energy Sun
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B
Refer to Ans. Qs. H(1), Page-39
OR
DDT is non-biodegradable pollutant.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
48
(a) Refer to Ans. of Qs.-G(9), page-41.

(b) Refer to Ans. of Qs. H(1), Page-39
Refer to Ans.of Qs. G(4), page-41.
Refer to Ans of Qs. G(7), page-41.
Conservation of Natural Resources are important
because natural resources play an important role
in water cycle, quality of air and soil erosion.
Refer to Ans. of Qs. I(1), Page-39.
OR
Refer to Ans, of Qs. H(4), page-42.

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Science

Teacher's Resource Manual

RACHNA SAGAR PVT. LTD.

3. Materials in Daily Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Materials : Metals and Non-metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Fuel, Combustion and Flame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. Reproduction and Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13. Chemical Effects of Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14. Rain, Thunder and Lightning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16. The Universe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17. Man's Intervention in Natural Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18. Pollution of Air and Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. We can supply water to the crops by :

8. Two weedicides are :

H. 1. Before sowing the crop seeds, the soil of the field

ploughing is called plough. After that levelling is

1. They are not soluble in water. So they are

1. They are soluble in water and are absorbed

4. Excessive use does not harm the soil texture,

4. Excessive use can change the chemical

3. Tremendous increase in the production of food

(ii) Improved crops are developed by heathy

8. Grains should be dried before storage because

atmospheric nitrogen to usable compounds. This is

F. 1. Blue-green algae : Oscillatoria, Anabaena blue

4. Polish contains wax which prevents the growth of

(ii) Bacillus or rod shaped : The bacteria which

1980 and since then it has been diagnosed in other

Solve the Crossword

6. Refer to Ans. of Qs-F(1), page-3

(ii) It can be done with the help of sprinkler.

3. MATERIALS IN DAILY LIFE

Text Book Page-51

non-biodegrable, easy to maintain long lasting and

3. Differences between thermosetting plastic and thermoplastic :

1. Thermosetting plastics are the polymers in which

1. Thermoplastics are long chain polymers with no

there is always a risk of getting burns, especially

Play and Learn

4. MATERIALS : METALS AND NON-METALS

(ii) Metals are generally hard like iron.

2. Graphite and carbon are two non-metals which are

Most reactive metal

G. 1. Sodium does not occur in the free state because it is

2. Gold is found in the free state because it is a noble

2. Metals are used for

5. The only way to prevent an object from rusting is to

3. By using silica gel

5. FUEL, COMBUSTION AND FLAME

Text Book Page-74

The unit of calorific value of a fuel is kJ/g.

dead plants and animals under high temperature,

completely burnt in the presence of pure oxygen

5. (i) Non-luminous zone : The outermost zone of the

6. (i) Fuel : Substance which burns to produce heat

Harder than other plastics and is a good insulator

Hard and highly polished polymer

Strong but flexible; water resistant

Slippery, not affected by heat and does not react chemically

4Fe + 3O2 + 3H2O Fe2O3 +2Fe(OH)3

Ductile, malleable, corrosion,

Light and strong

Iron, Chromium, Nickel