Professional Documents
Culture Documents
in
Complete Computer
Guide for Bank
Exams
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Computer is an electronic device that manipulates data, accepts and stores the input
data for further use, processes the data and produces the output data in required
format.
HISTORY
Speed, Reliability and Storage are the parameters on which the power of the
computer is judged.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
First Generation (1946-1959)
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TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. PC (Personal Computer) or Micro Computer: A PC can be defined as a small, relatively
inexpensive computer designed for personal use. Personal computer is referred to as a
micro computer, a computer that uses a microprocessor for its processing. PCs are used in
Businesses for word processing, a desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and
database management applications. The most popular use for personal computers at home
is for playing games and surfing the Internet. Market for personal computer is extending
very fastly.
2. Mini Computer: The use of mini computers has become less popular. It was designed to
perform specific tasks. It is a midsize computer. Personal computers have replaced mini
computers.
3. Mainframe: Main Frame computers are expensive and large sized. Mainframe computers
has time sharing and Multi tasking Techniques due to which it is capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. A specific type of environment is
required for the working of the computer.
4. Super Computer: They are very powerful, expensive as well as the fastest computers.
Supercomputers are used for the applications that require large amounts of mathematical
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FUNCTIONAL UNITS
1. Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU): ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations like Addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison. It is a part of execution unit.
2. Control Unit (CU): Control unit controls the operations for all parts of computer. It does not
perform any data processing operations. It gives command to transfer data from the input device
into memory and from memory to ALU. It performs various functions
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Machine cycle
Processor SpeedProcessor speed is measured in megahertz (Mhz) or in gigahertz. Processor speed is affected by
system clock rate. The rate of an electronic pulse is used to synchronize processing.
Components of Computer
INPUT Devices: The data into computer is entered through the Input devices. It translates the data
into computer understandable form. Below are the examples of the Input devices1. Keyboard-The keyboard is the most common and popular input device.
Usually Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys keyboard
is also available for Windows and Internet.
Computer Keys
-Typing Keys: Includes letter A-Z and digits 0-9.
-Numeric Keypad: It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set
of 17 keys.
-Function Keys: Arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. Each function key has unique
meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
-Control keys: Provide cursor and screen control. Includes Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page
Down, Control (Ctrl), Alternate (Alt), Escape (Esc).
-Special Purpose Keys: These are Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
2. Mouse- Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It has two buttons called left and right button
scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it
cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
*Pointing Device-Any human interface device which allows a user to input spatial data into a
computer.
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Non-Impact Printer - These printer prints the characters without striking against the ribbon and onto
the paper is called Non-impact Printers. These printers print a complete page at a time. They are also
called as Page Printers.
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers:
Laser Printer
Ink-jet Printers
3.Data Projectors- It projects the image onto a wall screen. Watching a movie in a theatre is an
example of projector.
4. Speaker- It gives you the same output from your computer.
5. Headphones- They are similar to speakers, they are worn on to ears.
6. Floppy disk- Floppy disk is used to record information. The information recorded can be used
later.
COMPUTER MEMORYComputers internal storage area which holds the data and instruction during processing is called the
Computer Memory. Both programs and data are stored in the binary form. The memory is divided
into large number of small parts called cell. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies
from zero to memory size minus one. The memory of computer is measured in Byte, Kilobyte,
Megabytes and Gigabytes.
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Types of Memory
1. Primary Memory
When the data is entered into a computer, it gets stored in the Primary memory. Primary Memory
holds the data and instruction on which computer is currently working and the intermediate results.
When power is switched off it lost all data this happens due to its limited capacity.
-It is also known as main memory. It is also known as the temporary memory.
-It is volatile memory as the data is lost when the computer is switched off.
-It is faster than Secondary memory.
The two basic kind of Primary Memory are:
1. RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
All the active data and programs are stored in RAM so that they are easily available and accessible by
the CPU.
It is volatile which means it lost its data when the power is switched off.
RAM can hold only small amount of data.
It is also known as read and write memory.
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Optical disk
In an optical disk, data are arranged in a spiral groove on starting from the centre of
the disk.
The different types of optical disk use different materials and methods to absorb and
reflect the light.
Disk Format
Tracks- A track is a circular ring on one side of the disk and each track has a number.
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Flash memoryThey are solid state devices that read and write data electrically, instead of magnetically.
The devices like digital cameras, digital camcorders and cell phones use compact flash,
smart media or another flash memory card.
USB driveThey are known as flash drive, flash pen, thumb drive, key drive and mini- USB drive.
They are small in size and can plug into a USB port on the computer.
They have storage capacities from 8GB to 1GB.
Optical cardsA chip on this type of card holds information like health records and other auto repair
records.
They can hold more data than the smart cards as they dont need to do any processing.
MEMORY UNITS
The data is stored in the storage unit. The storage capacity is expressed in terms of
Bytes.
Following are the main memory storage units:
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Physical Components:-
are:1. Microprocessors
2. Memory Devices
3. Motherboard
Microprocessor- The CPU, ALU and memory is contained in a single silicon chip known as the
Microprocessor. It is located on a large circuit board, known as the motherboard. The
microprocessor is very small in size.
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SOFTWARE
Software is a set of instructions that guides computer to process its job. Computer software
cannot be touched. The functions like controlling the hardware, performing computations,
human interactions etc, are performed by computer software.
Types of software: A. System Software
B. Application software
C. Utilities Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
System software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control and extend the processing
capabilities of the computer itself. Operating System, Compiler, and Interpreter etc are the examples
of system software.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software is a setoff programs designed for a particular application.
Examples of Application software are: Microsoft word, Microsoft Excel, Railway reservation
software.
UTILITIES SOFTWARE
This software is requested by other application programs. Example of utility software- Antivirus etc.
Hardware
Hardware is the part of computer that can be seen and felt by touching. The other computer
equipments are called peripherals. Printer, Modems, scanners etc are the examples of hardware.
OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is a set of programs which performs various types of functions to manage and
organize files.
Operating system acts as a link between the software and the computer hardware.
It is specialised software that controls and monitors the execution of all other
programs that reside in the computer, including application programs and other
system software.
Common Operating System: MS DOS, Windows XP, Windows 7, UNIX, LINUX.
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Process Management
Memory Management
Input/Output Management
Information management
User interface
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Ctrl +Function
key
F1
Go to next field
F2
Move text or
graphics
Switch to print
preview view
Copy text
F3
F4
Repeat a find or go to
Close the window action
Exit word
F5
Display the Go
To dialog box
F6
Go to the next
pane or frame
Go to the next
window
Go to the previous
pane or frame
F7
Show the
spelling dialog
box
F8
Extend a
selection
Shrink a selection
Run a Macro
F9
Update the
selected fields
Insert an empty
field
Switch between a
field codes and its
result
F10
Maximize the
document
window
Display a shortcut
menu
F11
Lock a field
Go to the next
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F12
Field
Description
Ctrl +N
Ctrl +O
Ctrl +W
Ctrl +S
Save a document
Ctrl +P
Alt +Ctrl +I
Alt +Ctrl +P
Ctrl +F
Ctrl +H
Ctrl +G
Ctrl +Z
Ctrl +C
Ctrl +X
Ctrl +V
Ctrl +F9
Shift +Enter
Ctrl + Enter
Ctrl + A
Ctrl + D
Shift + F3
Ctrl + B
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Ctrl + I
Ctrl + 1(One)
Ctrl + 2
Ctrl + 5
Ctrl + 0(zero)
Ctrl + E
Ctrl + J
Ctrl + R
Ctrl + L
Ctrl + M
Ctrl + T
Ctrl + Q
Ctrl + Del
Ctrl + Backspace
Ctrl + End
Ctrl + Home
Ctrl + Alt + 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3
Alt + Ctrl + F2
Shift + Insert
Paste
Ctrl + Shift + F6
Alt + Shift + D
Alt + Shift + T
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Inserts link
Ctrl + Shift + F
Ctrl + Shift + *
MICROSOFT EXCEL
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Structure: The structure of a function begins with the function name, followed by an
opening parenthesis argument for the function separated by commas and a closing
parenthesis.
Charts: Charts are the pictorial representation of worksheet data.
Area chart: An area chart emphasises the magnitude of change over time.
Column chart: A column chart shows data changes over a period of time.
Bar chart: It illustrates comparisons among individual items.
Line chart: It shows trends in data at equal intervals.
Shortcut Keys
Shortcut keys
Description
F2
F5
F7
F11
Create a chart
Ctrl +Shift+;
Ctrl+;
Alt+Shift +F1
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Shift+F5
Ctrl+A
Ctrl+B
Ctrl+I
Ctrl +K
Insert Link
Ctrl +U
Ctrl +5
Ctrl+P
Ctrl +Z
Ctrl + F9
Ctrl+ F10
Ctrl +F6
Ctrl+Page Down/Ctrl+Page
Up
Move to the next / previous worksheet in current workbook.t
Ctrl + Tab
Alt+ =
Ctrl +
Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected
Ctrl + Shift + !
Apply the Number format with two decimal places, thousands separator, and minus sign (-)
for negative values.
Ctrl+Shift+$
Ctrl+Shift+#
Apply the Date format with the day, month, and year
Ctrl+Shift+%
Ctrl+Shift+@
Apply the Time format with the hour and minute, and indicate A.M. or P.M.
Ctrl+y
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Microsoft PowerPoint
The application software that can create professional slides is called Presentation Graphics software.
OperationPowerPoint presentation consists of a number of individual pages or slides.
Slides may contain text, graphics, movies or other objects.
Powerpoint facilitates the use of consistent style using templates.
Presentation can be printed or displayed live on a computer and navigated through at the command
of presenter.
Components of slidesTitle- A descriptive heading to identify a slide.
Subtitle- A brief message or description of the slide.
Drawing Objects-Drawing objecys include Autoshape, curves, lines, word art etc.
Clipart and pictures- Pictures and graphics are available in MS office suite.
Slide- It shows slide and its contents.
Slide sorter- It displays the entire set of slides on screen, so that you can check the order and
completeness of the presentation
Slide show- It displays the presentation of slide at a time in sequence
Animations and Transitions- Transitions are the special effect that introduce a slide in a slide show.
Animations are special sound or visual effects that can be added to the text
Description
Ctrl + A
Ctrl + C
Copy
Ctrl + P
Ctrl + S
Save
Ctrl + V
Paste
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Cut
Ctrl + Z
F5
Select all text from the cursor to the start of the active text box
Selects all text from the cursor to the end of the active text box
Esc
Ctrl + A
Ctrl + B
Ctrl + D
Ctrl + F
Ctrl + G
Ctrl + H
Ctrl + I
Ctrl + M
Ctrl + N
Ctrl + O
Ctrl + T
Ctrl + U
Ctrl + V
Paste
Ctrl + W
Ctrl + Y
Home
End
Ctrl + Home
Ctrl + End
Page Up
F7
Spell check
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Types of Virus1. Macro Virus- Macro virus harms the documents which use macros such as word processing and
excel spreadsheet documents. A macro virus is written in macro language.
2. Companion Virus- A virus that creates a new file with same existing filename.
3. Virus hoax- A computer virus hoax is a message, can be a false e-mail warning the recipients to
forward it to everyone they know.
4. Computer prank- It is a prank related to either the software or the hardware of computers.
5. WORM- A computer worm is a computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other
computers. It mostly uses a computer network to spread itself. Unlike a computer virus, it does not
need to attach itself to an existing program.
6. Trojan horse- A Trojan horse is a generally non-self-replicating type of code which when executed,
causes loss or theft of data, and possible system harm.
Creeper-1971
Elk cloner-1982
The Morris Internet worm-1988
Melissa-1990
I Love You-2000
Code red-2001
Nimade-2001
SQL slammer-2003
Blaster-2003
Sasser-2004
Anti-Virus Software- Antivirus software is a computer software used to prevent, detect and remove
malicious software from computer. It is also known as Antivirus and anti-malware.
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Networking and InternetA network is a group of two or more computer systems connected together. The communication
between two or more computer systems connected together is called computer networking.
There are many types of computer networks, including: local-area networks (LANs) , MANs, WANs.
The local area network is designed to operate over a small area such as an office, building or
groups of building.
A LAN connects network devices over a short distance.
LANs are easy to design and troubleshoot.
In LAN, all terminals are connected to a main computer called server.
LAN network is owned and managed by a single person or an organization.
LAN machines are connected by a single cable.
Types of LAN
Star LAN
In star LAN, all the stations are connected to a single computer.
The information after passing through its central station proceeds to its final destination.
If one node fails, the system connectivity is not affected.
Ring LAN
Point-to-point link is used to connect the cables.
There is no central station, so the data passes through its adjacent nodes to reach its final
destination.
If there is failure in a single node, the whole connectivity suffers as data passes through each
node to reach its destination.
Bus LAN
There is a single communication line.
There is no repeater.
Fault diagnosis is difficult.
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Types of WAN
Public Networks
The Networks owned and runned by telecommunication authorities and are made available
to individual user or organization.
Example-PSTN,PSDN,VAN,ISDN
PSDN connects public and private mail system to have electronic mail services with other
firms.
High reliability, high quality communication, cost effective usage is the features of PSDN.
Private Network
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Network ToplogiesTopology refers to the layout of connected devices. There are two possible ways to connect the
devices1. Point to point connection
2. Multipoint connection
The meaning of topology indicated that the way in which a network is laid out. Two or more devices
connected to a link, two or more links form a topology.
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Tree Topology
Mesh Topology
More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above basic topologies.
Bus Topology
The bus topology is usually used when a network is small, simple.
In a bus topology, there is a single cable with no active electronics to amplify the signal. In bus
topology, when one computer sends the signal, all the computers in the network receives the
information.
The speed of bus topology is slow as only one computer can send the message at one time. A
computer must wait until the bus is free. The bus topology requires proper termination at both the
ends.
Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each computer is connected to the next computer, with the last one connected to
the first one. The messages flow around the ring in one direction. There is no termination because
there is no end to the ring. Some ring networks do token passing. A short message token is passed
around the ring until the computer wishes to send the information to another computer.
Every device in a ring topology has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes. All messages
travel through a ring in the same direction (which can either be "clockwise" or "counterclockwise").
A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.
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Star Topology
In star topology, there is one central computer to which all the other computers in the network are
connected. All the cables run from the computers to a central location where they are connected to
a device called hub.
Each computer on a star network communicates with a central hub that resends the message either
to all the computers or only to the destination computer. An active hub generates the signal aand
sends it to all computers connected to it. This type of Hub is called multiport repeater.
The network in our homes uses the star topology. A star network connects with a central connection
point called a "hub node" that may be a network hub , switch or router . Devices typically connect to
the hub with Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
A star network generally requires more cable as compared to the bus topology. But if there is a
failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's network access and not the
entire LAN.
Tree Topology
A tree topology is the variation of a star. As in stars, nodes in a tree are linked to a central hub that
controls the traffic to the network.
Not every computer plugs into the central hub. But most of them are connected to a secondary hub
which in turn is connected to a central hub. The central hub is an active hub which contains
repeater. The repeater amplifies the signal and increases the distance a signal can travel
Only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub functions as the root of a tree of
devices. This bus/star hybrid can be approached for future expandability of the network much better
than a bus or a star alone.
Mesh Topology
In mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. The
dedicated link carries traffic only between two devices.
The messages sent on a mesh network can follow any of several possible paths from source to
destination. Some WANs , most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.
A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full mesh.
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Internet
The Network of interconnected network which enable users to share information is called internet.
A computer that has an access to an Internet can collect information from a vast array of servers
available.
Most of the information on the internet is inter-linked with the hyper text documents and other
resources from which a user can access it.
With the help of web browser a user typically sends and receives information. Other interfaces like
e-mail, online chat, file transfer and file sharing can also be used to share information.
The movement of information on the internet is managed by interconnected computer networks
that share information by a standard TCP/IP protocol.
Internet is network of networks connected together to share information all over the world.
Internet consists of millions of private ,public, academic, business and government networks that are
connected by copper wires, fibre optic cables, wireless connections.
Internet is a way in which computers communicates and shares information.
It is worldwide collection of networks.
Internet Services
E-mail-Electronic mail is the most popular network services. The internet enables user to
exchange data and communicate with the help of electronic mail. Simple mail transfer
protocol (SMTP) protocol is a protocol used for sending an email and for receiving it is Post
office Protocol (POP3).
Chat
Chat is a form of exchanging messages by typing. Online chat refers to any kind of
communication over the Internet that allows a real-time transmission of text messages from
sender to receiver. Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other participants
to respond quickly.
Video Conferencing
Video conferencing allows users to exchange video information over the internet. It includes
an audio teleconference facility. Videoconferencing (VC) is the conduct of a videoconference
by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more users to communicate
with each other by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions.
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PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) - PPP is a data link protocol which is used to establish a
connection between two nodes. It can provide connection authentication, transmission
encryption, and compression.
PPP is used over many types of physical networks which include serial cable, phone line,
trunk line, cellular telephone, specialized radio links, and fiber optic. PPP is also used over
Internet access connections. Internet service providers (ISPs) have used PPP for customer
dial-up access to the Internet, since IP packets cannot be transmitted over a modem line on
their own, without some data link protocol.
WWW- The World Wide Web (WWW, W3) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
which are accessed with the help of Internet. It is commonly known as the Web. The pages
on the internet are called web pages which are accessed with the help of a software
application known as web browser. Web pages may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia components, as well as web navigation features consisting of hyperlinks.
Gopher- The Gopher protocol is a TCP/IP application layer protocol for distributing,
searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet. The Gopher protocol was strongly
designed as an alternative to the World Wide Web in its early stages. But then HTTP took
over as a dominant protocol.
Wais- Wide Area Information Servers or WAIS is a clientserver text searching system that
uses Information Retrieval Service Definition and Protocol Specifications for Library
Applications to search index databases on remote computers.
Mosaic- Mosaic is the first graphical web browser. Mosaic is a web browser due to which
the World Wide Web became popular. It was a client for earlier protocols such as FTP,
NNTP, and gopher. Mosaic was named for its support of multiple internet protocols. Mosaic
was the first browser to display images with text instead of displaying images in a separate
window.
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Hypertext- Hypertext is text with references (hyperlinks) to other text which the user
can immediately access. The hypertext pages are interconnected by hyperlinks. Hypertext is
the underlying concept defining the structure of the World Wide Web, with pages often
written in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). It enables an easy-to-use and flexible
connection and sharing of information over the Internet.
Wireless LAN- A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a wireless computer network
which connects two or more devices using a wireless distribution method within a limited
area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building. The users have the
ability to roam around, still be connected to the network.
FTP (File transfer Protocol)- FTP is used to exchange files over the internet which
supports TCP/IP protocol. In FTP transfer, there are two computers involved-one server and
other one client.
Internet Protocol Suite- IPS is the set of protocols that helps internet and
commercial networks to run.It is also called TCP/IP protocol suite.TCP/IP are the most
important protocols for transmitting data over the Internet. They are the two most
important protocols- Transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)
Web Server- A web server is a program that uses client/server model and Hypertext
transfer protocol. Every website on the internet contains a website which must have a web
server program. Apache and Microsofts Internet Information Server (IIS) are the examples
of two leading web server.
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Proxy Server- A proxy server is a computer that allows a computer network to allow an
indirect network connections to other network services. A proxy server can also serve as a
firewall. A user connects to proxy server than requests a connection file which is available
on another server. The proxy server provides the resource by connecting to the specific
server.
Text
Graphics- GIF, JPEG, PNG formats
Audio-MIDI or WAV formats
Hyperlinks
Macromedia Flash
Dynamic Webpage- Dynamic web pages contain dynamic content like images, text
etc. This can change/ move without web page being uploaded.
Home Page- Home page is the first page of the website. It is also called the main page of
the website.
Uniform Resource Locator-A uniform resource locator is another name for website
address. A uniform resource locator is used with HTTP, is a specific character string that
constitutes a reference to a resource. Most web browsers display the URL of a web page
above the page in an address bar. E.g. The URL of Google search engine is www.google.com
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Web Addresses- A Web address, or domain name, is an address where a website can
be found. It's how you'll express yourself through email or your website and it's what
customers think of when trying to find you.
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Payroll calculations
Budgeting
Sales analysis
Financial forecasting
Managing employees database
Maintenance of stocks etc.
Banking
Banking is totally dependent on computer.
Banks provide following facilities:
Almost all the banks today provides Internet Banking
Insurance
Insurance companies keep the records up-to-date with the help of computers. Computer is widely
used by the insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms.Insurance companies are
maintaining a database of all clients with information showing
Education
The computer provides a lot of facilities in the education system.
The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education).
CBE includes control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.
The graph of number of computer students studying computers has rapidly increased.
Marketing
In marketing, uses of computer are following:
Advertising At Home Shopping
Health Care
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Diagnostic System
Lab-diagnostic System
Patient Monitoring System
Pharma Information
Surgery
Engineering Design
Military
Computers are majorly used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military is employing
computerised control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are:
Missile Control
Military Communication
Military Operation and Planning
Smart Weapons
Communication
Communication means sending a message which can be in the form of text, video or an image. Some
main areas in this category are:
E-mail
Chatting
Usenet
FTP
Telnet
Video-conferencing
Government
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Budgets
Income tax department
Computerization of voters lists
Computerization of driving licensing system
Computerization of PAN card
Weather forecasting
Computer TerminologiesActive Server Pages (ASP): A standard for scripting server side web pages.
Active Cell: The cell in MS Excel with dark boundary is called the active cell.
Analog: Describing a system particularly an electronic device that uses a continuous physical
quantity to represent information.
API (Application Programming Interface): It is a set of tools for building software applications. A
good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks .A programmes
then put the building blocks together
Back-up File: A copy of all the files created as a safety precaution in case any harm occurs to the
original.
BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): An easy to use High Level language
which is now replaced by improved version of Microsoft Visual Basic.
Blind Carbon Copy (BCC): In e-mail, a copy of message that is sent to one or more persons without
the knowledge of other recipients.
Bit: Basic unit of computer which has two values 0 and 1.
Byte: One byte is a collection of 8 bits.
Basic Input /Output System (BIOS): It handles the start up operations and low-level control for
hardware .Also known as ROM BIOS.
Boot Loader: It reads the main portion of the operating system form secondary memory.
Boot: An initiating automatic routine that is read into RAM when a computer is first turned on. This
provides the necessary environment for subsequent loading of all or part of the operating system,
software application etc. It prepares the computer for use. The process of starting a computer is
called boot and restarting is called warm boot.
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COMPUTER ABBREVIATIONS
A
ALU : Arithmetic Logic Language
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
AI: Artificial Intelligence
ALGOL: Algorithmic Language
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information and Interchange
ATDML : Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing
B
BASIC: Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BIOS: Basic Input Output System
BCC: Blind Carbon Copy
BINAC: Binary Automatic Computer
Bin: Binary
Bit: Binary Digit
C
CAD: Computer Aided Design
D
DBA: Data Base Administrator
DBMS: Data Base Management System
DVDROM: DVD Read Only Memory
DVDRW: DVD Rewritable
DVR: Digital Video Recorder
DNS: Domain Name System
DOS: Disk Operating System
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E
EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
E-Commerce: Electronic Commerce
EDP: Electronic Data Processing
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
EOF: End Of File
EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EXE: Executable
EEPROM: Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
E-Mail: Electronic Mail
F
FAX: Far Away Xerox/ facsimile
FDC: Floppy Disk Controller
FDD: Floppy Disk Drive
FDMA : Frequency Division Multiplexing Access
FLOPS: Floating Operations per Second
FORTRAN: Formula Translation
FS: File System
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
G
GB: Gigabit
GB: Gigabyte
GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
GUI : Graphical User Interface
H
HDD: Hard Disk Drive
HDTV : High Definition Television
HTML: Hyper Text Mark-up Language
HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HLL: High Level Language
I
IC: Integrated Circuit
IM: Instant Message
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J
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group
K
Kb: Kilobit
KB: Kilobyte
KHz: Kilohertz
Kbps: Kilobit Per Second
L
LAN: Local Area Network
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
LDU: Liquid Display Unit
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LIS: Large Scale Integration
LISP: List Processing
LPI: Lines per Inch
LLL: Low Level Language
M
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
MAP : Mobile Application Port
MAPI: Mail Application Programming Interface
Mb: Megabit
MB: Megabyte
Mbps : Mega bits per second
MCB : Memory Control Block
MCR : Magnetic Card Reader
MMS: Multimedia Message Service
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character reader
MIDI : Musical Instrument Digital Interface
MIME : Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
MIPS: Million Instructions per Second
MOPS: Millions of Operations per Second
MPU: Micro Processor Unit
MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group
N
NIC: Network Interface Card
NETBIOS : Network Adapter Basic Input Output System
NFAR : Network File Access Routine
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O
OAIS : Open Archival Information System
OLTP : Online Transaction Processing
OMR: Optical Mark Reader
OMAP : Open Multimedia Application Platform
OOP: Object Oriented Programming
OSS: Open Source Software
P
PAP : Password Authentication Protocol
PC: Personal Computer
PCM : Pulse Code Modulation
PDA: Personal Digital Assistant
PDN : Public Data Network
PDP : Packet Data Protocol
PDF: Portable Document Format
PING: Packet Internet Gopher
POS: Point Of Sale
POST: Power on Self Test
PNG: Portable Network Graphics
PPM: Pages per Minute
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol
PIN : Personal Identification Number
PRISM : Parallel Reduced Instruction Set Multiprocessing
PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory
PSDN : Packet-Switched Data Network
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
R
RAM: Random Access Memory
RARP : Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
RDBMS: Relational Data Base Management System
RIP: Routing Information Protocol
RTF: Rich Text Format
RTCP : Real Time Control Protocol
S
SDRAM : Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SGML : Standard Generalized Markup Language
SIM: Subscriber Identification Module
SLIP : Serial Line Internet Protocol
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
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T
TB: Tera Bytes
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
U
UDMA : Ultra Direct Memory Access
UIML : User Interface Markup Language
ULSI: Ultra Large Scale Integration
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer
UPS: Uninterrupted Power Supply
URI: Uniform Resource Identifier
USB: Universal Serial Bus
V
VAR: Variable
VDU: Visual Display Unit
VOIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol
VGA: Video Graphics Array
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integrated
VRAM : Volatile Random Access Memory
VRML : Virtual Reality Modelling Language
VSAM : Virtual Storage Access Method
W
Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access
WWW: World Wide Web
WAN: Wide Area Network
WCCP : Web Cache Control Protocol
WORM: Write Once Read Many
WML : Wireless Markup Language
WSDL : Web Services Description Language
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Some Important programming languages1. FORTRAN- FORTRAN was derived from Formula Translating System. It is a general-purpose,
important programming language. This language is appropriate for the numeric
computation and scientific computing. This language was originally developed by IBM in the
1950s for scientific and engineering applications.
FORTRAN dominated the area of programming. It has been in continuous use for over half a
century. It is used in numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational
fluid dynamics, computational physics and computational chemistry. It is one of the most
popular languages in the area of high-performance computing .
2. Cobol
COBOL is an acronym for common business-oriented language. It is a compiled English-like computer
programming language designed for business use. COBOL language is imperative, procedural and,
since 2002, object-oriented. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative
systems for companies and governments.
COBOL is still widely used in applications of mainframe computers, such as large-scale batch and
transaction processing jobs. In modern time, the language is declining its popularity. Various COBOL
programmers are being migrated to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages or replaced with
software packages. Most programming in COBOL is now purely to maintain existing applications.
3. LISP
Lisp is a family of computer programming languages. Lisp is the second-oldest high-level
programming language which is widely used today. Like Fortran, Lisp has changed a great deal since
its early days, and a number of dialects have existed over its history.
Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced
by the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus. It quickly became the preferred programming
language for artificial intelligence (AI) research. As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp
evolved as many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage
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Types of programming language1. First generation programming language- A first-generation programming language (1GL) is a
machine-level programming language. There was no translator to compile or assemble the
first-generation language. The first-generation programming instructions were entered
through the front panelswitches of the computer system.
A first generation language (1GL) is a group of programming languages that are machine level
languages. The instructions were given through the front panel switches of these computers, directly
to the CPU. There was originally no compiler or assembler to process the instructions in 1GL.
The instructions in 1GL are made of binary numbers which is represented by 1s and 0s. Binary
numbers enables machine to understand but it makes it difficult to interpret and learn by the human
programmer.
The main advantage of programming in 1GL is that the code can run very fast and very efficiently,
precisely because the instructions are executed directly by the CPU. One of the main disadvantages
of programming in a low level language is that when an error occurs, the code is not as easy to fix.
2. Second generation programming languageSecond-generation programming languages have the following properties:-The code can be read and
written by a programmer. To run on a computer it must be converted into a machine readable form,
a process called assembly. Secondly, the language is specific to a particular processor family and
environment.
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Third generation programming languageA third-generation programming language (3GL) is way to categorize high-level computer
programming languages. Second generation programming languages, like assembly
languages are machine-dependent. Third generation language are machine independent and
more programmer-friendly. 3GLs feature more abstraction that previous generations of
languages. Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL are early examples 3GL.
C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Pascal, are also third-generation languages, although each of these
languages can be further subdivided into other categories Most 3GLs support structured
programming.
4. Fourth generationA fourth-generation programming language (4GL) is a computer programming language include
support for database management, report generation, mathematical optimization, GUI
development, or web development. Fourth-generation languages have often been compared to
domain-specific languages (DSLs). Some researchers state that 4GLs are a subset of DSLs.
5. Fifth generationA fifth generation programming language (5GL) is a programming language based on solving
problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a
programmer. Most constraint is on based and logic programming languages and some declarative
languages are fifth-generation languages.
Fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the
programmer. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. Prolog,
OPS5, and Mercury are examples of fifth-generation languages.[citation needed]
These types of languages were also built upon Lisp, many originating on the Lisp machine, such as
ICAD. Then, there are many frame languages, such as KL-ONE.
Low level programming languageA low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction
from a computer's instruction set architecture. A low level programming language refers to machine
code or assembly language.
Low-level languages can be converted to machine code without the help of a compiler or
interpreter. The code runs directly on the processor. A program written in a low-level language can
be made to run very quickly and takes very small memory. Low-level languages are simple, but are
considered difficult to use.
High level programming language-
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