THE UNIVERSITY OF MALTA

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS & OPERATIONS RESEARCH

STATISTICAL FORMULAE BOOKLET

for
NonNon-Statistics Students

This booklet is not to be removed from the examination room or

marked in any way.

THE UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF MALTA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS & OPERATIONS RESEARCH

STATISTICAL FORMULAE BOOKLET

for
NonNon-Statistics Students

CONTENTS
ALGEBRA ............................................................................................................................4
CALCULUS ..........................................................................................................................5
1. INFINITE SERIES ...........................................................................................................................5
2. DERIVATIVES ...............................................................................................................................6
3. INTEGRALS ...................................................................................................................................6

SETS ......................................................................................................................................8
PROBABILITY ....................................................................................................................9
DISTRIBUTIONS ..............................................................................................................11
1. DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS .........................................................................................................11
2. CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS ....................................................................................................11

STATISTICS ......................................................................................................................12
APPENDIX A: TABLES ...................................................................................................15

ALGEBRA
Factors
a 3 + b 3 = (a + b )(a 2 ab + b 2 )
a 3 b 3 = (a b )(a 2 + ab + b 2 )

Finite Series
n 1

n 1

(a + qd ) = 2 [2a + (n 1)d ];

ar

q =0
n

r = 2 n (n +1);
r =1

r =1

q =0

a (1 r n )
1 r

1
= n (n + 1)(2n + 1);
6

r
r =1

1
= n 2 (n + 1) 2
4

(1 + x ) = 1 + C1x + C 2x + ... C r x + ...x where n is a positive integer

n

(a + x ) = nC r a n r x r where n is a positive integer

n

r =1

De Moivres Theorem
If n is an integer, (cos + i sin ) = cos n + i sin n .
n

If n is a rational number, cos n + i sin n is one of the values of (cos + i sin ) .

n

CALCULUS
1. Infinite Series

Taylors Formula for functions of 1 variable:

n 1

f (x ) = f (c ) +
k =1

f (k ) (c )
f (n ) (z )
k
n
(x c ) +
(x c )
k!
n!

Other Expansions:

x2 x3
xr
+ + ... +
2! 3!
r!
2
3
r
x
x
r 1 x
ln(1 + x ) = x + ... + (1)
+ ... where 1 < x 1
2
3
r
x3 x5
x 2r +1
r
* sin x = x + ... + (1)
+ ...
3! 5!
(2r + 1)!

ex = 1+ x +

* cos x = 1

2r
x2 x4
r x
+ ... + (1)
+ ...
2! 4!
(2r )!

* sinh x =

1 x
x3 x5
x 2r
e e x ) = x + + + ... +
+ ...
(
2
3! 5!
(2r + 1)!

* cosh x =

1 x
x2 x4
x 2r
e + e x ) = 1 + + + ... +
+ ...
(
2
2! 4!
(2r )!

*These series are valid for all finite x .

2. Derivatives

f (x )
n

x
sin x
cosx
tan x
cot x
co secx
ex
loge x ln x
loga x

sinh x
cosh x
uv
u
v

f '(x )

nx n 1
cosx
sin x
sec 2 x
cosec 2x
cos ecx cot x
ex
1
x
1
(lna )x
cosh x
sinh x
uv '+ u ' v
(vu ' uv ')

v2

3. Integrals (Constants of integration are omitted; ln a loge a )

f (x )dx

f (x )

x
sin 1
a

1
a x
1

a +x

1
a +x2
1

ln x +

1 1 x
tan
a
a

x a
sin x
cosx
2

(x 2 + a 2 )) or sinh1 a

ln x +

(x 2 a 2 )) or cosh1 a

tan x

cosx
sin x
ln (secx )

cot x

ln (sin x )

secx

x
ln (sec x + tan x ) or ln tan +
2 4

cosecx

x
ln tan
2

uv
dv
u
dx

uv '+ u ' v
du
uv v dx
dx

Simple integrals
b

k dx = [kx ] a
b

kx n +1
n
kx dx = n + 1

a
a
b

dx = e x
a
b

where k , n and are constants.

SETS

X \Y = X Y c
X (Y Z ) = (X Y ) Z = X Y Z
Associative laws
X (Y Z ) = (X Y ) Z = X Y Z
X (Y Z ) = (X Y ) (X Z )
Distributive laws
X (Y Z ) = (X Y ) (X Z )
c
(X Y ) = X c Y c

De Morgans laws

c
(X Y ) = X c Y c

PROBABILITY
Probability Laws

For two events A and B

P (A B ) = P (A) + P (B ) P (A B )

If two events A and B are mutually exclusive then the probability that A or B occur is

P (A B ) = P (A) + P (B )

If two events A and B are independent then the probability that A and B occur is

P (A B ) = P (A).P (B )

If P (B ) 0 then the probability that event A occurs given that event B occurs is

P (A B ) =

P (A B )
P (B )

Permutations and Combinations

The number of permutations in which r objects can be selected from a set on n distinct objects is
n

Pr =

n !
(n r ) !

The number of combinations in which r objects can be selected from a set of n distinct objects is

Cr =

n!
r ! (n r ) !

Discrete variable X with probability

distribution function
P (X = x )

Continuous variable X with

probability density function
f (x )

Cumulative distribution function F (x )

F (x 0 ) = P (X x 0 ) = P (X = x )

x0

F (x 0 ) = P (X x 0 ) =

x x 0

f (x ) dx

Expectation of X, E (X )
E (X ) = = xf (x ) dx

E (X ) = = xP (X = x )
Expectation of g (X ) , E g (X )

E g (X ) = g (x ) f (x ) dx

E g (X ) = g (x )P (X = x )
Variance of X, Var (X )

Var (X ) = (x ) f (x ) dx
2

Var (X ) = (x ) P (X = x )
2

Alternatively, Variance of X, Var (X )

Var (X ) = E X E (X )

) = E (X ) E (X )
2

Covariance of X and Y, Cov (X ,Y )

Cov (X ,Y ) = E X E (X ) Y E (Y )

= E (XY ) E (X )E (Y )
Correlation coefficient of X and Y, Corr (X ,Y ) = XY

XY =

Cov (X ,Y )
Var (X )Var (Y )

If X is a discrete random variable with probability mass function P (X = x ) then

P (X = x ) = 1
If X is a continuous random variable with probability density function f (x ) then

f (x ) dx = 1

10

DISTRIBUTIONS
1. Discrete Distributions
If X has a Poisson distribution with probability distribution function P (X = x ) then for x = 0,1, 2,...
P (X = x ) =

x e

E (X ) =

x!

Var (X ) =

If X has a Binomial distribution with probability distribution function P (X = x ) then for

x = 0,1, 2,..., n
n x

P (X = x ) = nC x p x (1 p )

E (X ) = np

Var (X ) = np (1 p )

If X has a Geometric distribution with probability distribution function P (X = x ) then for x = 1, 2,...
x 1

P (X = x ) = p (1 p )

1
p

E (X ) =

Var (X ) =

1 p
p2

2. Continuous Distributions
If X has an Exponential distribution with probability density function f (x ) then for x > 0
E (X ) =

f (x ) = e x

Var (X ) =

If X has a Standard normal distribution with probability density function f (x ) then for < x <
f (x ) =

1
2

1
x2
2

E (X ) = 0

Var (X ) = 1

If X has a Normal distribution with probability density function f (x ) then for < x <
f (x ) =

1 x 2

exp

2
2

If X is normally distributed with mean

E (X ) =

and standard deviation

Var (X ) = 2

, then Z =

is normally

distributed with mean 0 and standard deviation 1.

11

STATISTICS
For a population of size N:
Mean =

1
N

Variance 2 =

xi

1
N

(x )

Standard deviation = Variance

For a sample of size n:

1
n

Mean x =

Variance s 2 =

xi

1
n 1

(x x )

Standard deviation s = Variance

Skewness =

Kurtosis =

xi x
( n 1)( n 2 ) i =1 s
n

n ( n + 1)

3 ( n 1)
xi x

( n 1)( n 2 )( n 3) i =1 s ( n 2 )( n 3)
2

Summary of grouped data

For a sample of size n grouped into k classes:

Mean x =

1
n

Variance 2 =

fi x i

1
n

f (x x )

Standard deviation = Variance

Sampling Theory

1.

The random variable z =

x x

has an approximate standard normal distribution, where:

For an infinite population:

x =

For a finite population:

x =

12

N n
N 1

2.

p p

The random variable z =

has an approximate standard normal distribution, where:

p (1 p )
n

p =

3.

The random variable z =

(x1 x 2 ) x1x 2
x1x 2

has an approximate standard normal distribution,

where:

12

+ 2
n1
n2

x1x 2 =

4.

The random variable z =

(p1 p2 ) p1p2
p1p2

has an approximate standard normal distribution,

where:
p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
+
n1
n2

p1p2 =

5.

The random variable t =

x x
has a t distribution with v = n 1 degrees of freedom, where:
sx
sx =

s2 =

1
n 1

( x x )

i =1

where s 2 is the sample variance.

6.

The random variable t =

( x1 x2 ) x x
1

s x1 x2

has a t distribution with v = n1 + n2 2 degrees of

freedom, where:
1 1
s x1 x2 = s p +
n1 n2

s p2 =

( n1 1) s12 + ( n2 1) s22
n1 + n2 2

where s p 2 is the pooled variance and s12 and s2 2 are the two sample variances.

7.

2 =

8.

2 =

( n 1) s 2
2

has a chi-square distribution with v = n 1 degrees of freedom.

(Oi Ei )

i =1

Ei

has an approximate chi square distribution with v = n 1 degrees of

freedom.

13

s12
9.

F=

s22

12

has an approximate F-distribution with v1 = n1 1 and v2 = n2 1 degrees of freedom.

22

Having observations of a independent groups with m1 , m2 , , ma

10. Analysis of Variance:

mj

replications, where m =

m j is the total number of observations, T j =

j =1

k =1

total and T =

is the grand total, then:

j =1

T2
m

( )

V=

jk

jk

VB =

1
T j
mj

T2
m

Vw = V VB
11. The equation of the least-squares line is y = mx + c where:

m=

x y x y
i i

x i 2

x i

12. The sample correlation coefficient r is:

n
r=

14

x y x y
i i

x i

x i n

yi

2

yi

jk

is the jth row

APPENDIX A: TABLES

Areas Under The Standard Normal Curve from 0 to z

z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0
0.0000
0.0398
0.0793
0.1179
0.1554

1
0.0040
0.0438
0.0832
0.1217
0.1591

2
0.0080
0.0478
0.0871
0.1255
0.1628

3
0.0120
0.0517
0.0910
0.1293
0.1664

4
0.0160
0.0557
0.0948
0.1331
0.1700

5
0.0199
0.0596
0.0987
0.1368
0.1736

6
0.0239
0.0636
0.1026
0.1406
0.1772

7
0.0279
0.0675
0.1064
0.1443
0.1808

8
0.0319
0.0714
0.1103
0.1480
0.1884

9
0.0359
0.0754
0.1141
0.1517
0.1879

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.1915
0.2258
0.2580
0.2881
0.3159

0.1950
0.2291
0.2612
0.2910
0.3186

0.1985
0.2324
0.2642
0.2939
0.3212

0.2019
0.2357
0.2673
0.2967
0.3238

0.2054
0.2389
0.2704
0.2996
0.3264

0.2088
0.2422
0.2734
0.3023
0.3289

0.2123
0.2454
0.2764
0.3051
0.3315

0.2157
0.2486
0.2794
0.6078
0.3340

0.2190
0.2518
0.2823
0.3106
0.3365

0.2224
0.2549
0.2852
0.3133
0.3389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.3413
0.3643
0.3849
0.4032
0.4192

0.2438
0.3665
0.3869
0.4049
0.4207

0.3461
0.3686
0.3888
0.4066
0.4222

0.3485
0.3708
0.3907
0.4082
0.4236

0.3508
0.3729
0.3925
0.4099
0.4251

0.3531
0.3749
0.3944
0.4115
0.4265

0.3554
0.3770
0.3962
0.4131
0.4279

0.3577
0.3790
0.3980
0.4147
0.4292

0.3599
0.3810
0.3997
0.4162
0.4306

0.3621
0.3830
0.4015
0.4177
0.4319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.4332
0.4452
0.4554
0.4641
0.4713

0.4345
0.4463
0.4564
0.4649
0.4719

0.4357
0.4474
0.4573
0.4656
0.4726

0.4370
0.4484
0.4582
0.4664
0.4732

0.4382
0.4495
0.4591
0.4671
0.4738

0.4394
0.4505
0.4599
0.4678
0.4744

0.4406
0.4515
0.4608
0.4686
0.4750

0.4418
0.4525
0.4616
0.4693
0.4756

0.4429
0.4535
0.4625
0.4699
0.4761

0.4441
0.4545
0.4633
0.4706
0.4767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.4772
0.4821
0.4861
0.4893
0.4918

0.4778
0.4826
0.4864
0.4896
0.4920

0.4783
0.4830
0.4868
0.4898
0.4922

0.4788
0.4834
0.4871
0.4901
0.4925

0.4793
0.4838
0.4875
0.4904
0.4927

0.4798
0.4842
0.4878
0.4906
0.4929

0.4803
0.4846
0.4881
0.4909
0.4931

0.4808
0.4850
0.4884
0.4911
0.4932

0.4812
0.4854
0.4887
0.4913
0.4934

0.4817
0.4857
0.4890
0.4916
0.4936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.4938
0.4953
0.4965
0.4974
0.4981

0.4940
0.4955
0.4966
0.4975
0.4982

0.4941
0.4956
0.4967
0.4976
0.4982

0.4943
0.4957
0.4968
0.4977
0.4983

0.4945
0.4959
0.4969
0.4977
0.4984

0.4946
0.4960
0.4970
0.4978
0.4984

0.4948
0.4961
0.4971
0.4979
0.4985

0.4949
0.4962
0.4972
0.4979
0.4985

0.4951
0.4963
0.4973
0.4980
0.4986

0.4952
0.4964
0.4974
0.4981
0.4986

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.4987
0.4990
0.4993
0.4995
0.4997

0.4987
0.4991
0.4993
0.4995
0.4997

0.4987
0.4991
0.4994
0.4995
0.4997

0.4988
0.4991
0.4994
0.4996
0.4997

0.4988
0.4992
0.4994
0.4996
0.4997

0.4989
0.4992
0.4994
0.4996
0.4997

0.4989
0.4992
0.4994
0.4996
0.4997

0.4989
0.4992
0.4995
0.4996
0.4997

0.4990
0.4993
0.4995
0.4996
0.4997

0.4990
0.4993
0.4995
0.4997
0.4998

3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.4998
0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000

0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.4999
0.5000
15

Percentile Values (tp) for Students t Distribution with v

Degree of Freedom (shaded area = p)

16

v
1
2
3
4

t.995
63.66
9.92
5.84
4.60

t.99
31.82
6.96
4.54
3.75

t.975
12.71
4.30
3.18
2.78

t.95
6.31
2.92
2.35
2.13

t.90
3.08
1.89
1.64
1.53

t.80
1.376
1.061
.978
.941

t.75
1.000
.816
.765
.741

t.70
.727
.617
.584
.569

t.60
.325
.289
.277
.271

t.55
.158
.142
.137
.134

5
6
7
8
9

4.03
3.71
3.50
3.36
3.25

3.36
3.14
3.00
2.90
2.82

2.57
2.45
2.36
2.31
2.26

2.02
1.94
1.90
1.86
1.83

1.48
1.44
1.42
1.40
1.38

.920
.906
.896
.889
.883

.727
.718
.711
.706
.703

.559
.553
.549
.546
.543

.267
.265
.263
.262
.261

.132
.131
.130
.130
.129

10
11
12
13
14

3.17
3.11
3.06
3.01
2.98

2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.62

2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.14

1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76

1.37
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.34

.879
.876
.873
.870
.868

.700
.697
.695
.694
.692

.542
.540
.539
.538
.537

.260
.260
.259
.259
.258

.129
.129
.128
.128
.128

15
16
17
18
19

2.95
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.86

2.60
2.58
2.57
2.55
2.54

2.13
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.09

1.75
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.73

1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33

.866
.865
.863
.862
.861

.691
.690
.689
.688
.688

.536
.535
.534
.534
.533

.258
.258
.257
.257
.257

.128
.128
.128
.127
.127

20
21
22
23
24

2.84
2.83
2.82
2.81
2.80

2.53
2.52
2.51
2.50
2.49

2.09
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.06

1.72
1.72
1.72
1.71
1.71

1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32

.860
.859
.858
.858
.857

.687
.686
.686
.685
.685

.533
.532
.532
.532
.531

.257
.257
.256
.256
.256

.127
.127
.127
.127
.127

25
26
27
28
29

2.79
2.78
2.77
2.76
2.76

2.48
2.48
2.47
2.47
2.46

2.06
2.06
2.05
2.05
2.04

1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.70

1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.31

.856
.856
.855
.855
.854

.684
.684
.684
.683
.683

.531
.531
.531
.530
.530

.256
.256
.256
.256
.256

.127
.127
.127
.127
.127

30
40
60
120

2.75
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.58

2.46
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.33

2.04
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.96

1.70
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.645

1.31
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29

.854
.851
.848
.845
.842

.683
.681
.679
.677
.674

.530
.529
.527
.526
.524

.256
.255
.254
.254
.253

.127
.126
.126
.126
.126

( ) for the Chi-Square

2
Percentile Values p

Distribution with v Degrees of Freedom

(shaded area = p)

v
1
2
3
4

2
x.995

2
x.99

2
x.975

2
x.95

2
x.90

2
x.75

2
x.50

2
x.25

2
x.10

2
x.05

2
x.025

2
x.01

2
x.005

7.88
10.6
12.8
14.9

6.63
9.21
11.3
13.3

5.02
7.38
9.35
11.1

3.84
5.99
7.81
9.49

2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78

1.32
2.77
4.11
5.39

.455
1.39
2.37
3.36

.102
.575
1.21
1.92

.0158
.211
.584
1.06

.0039
.103
.352
.711

.0010
.506
.216
.484

.0002
.0201
.115
.297

.0000
.0100
.072
.207

5
6
7
8
9

16.7
18.5
20.3
22.0
23.6

15.1
16.8
18.5
20.1
21.7

12.8
14.4
16.0
17.5
19.0

11.1
12.6
14.1
15.5
16.9

9.24
10.6
12.0
13.4
14.7

6.63
7.84
9.04
10.2
11.4

4.35
5.35
6.35
7.34
8.34

2.67
3.45
4.25
5.07
5.90

1.61
2.20
2.83
3.49
4.17

1.15
1.64
2.17
2.73
3.33

.831
1.24
1.69
2.18
2.70

.554
.872
1.24
1.65
2.09

.412
.676
.989
1.34
1.73

10
11
12
13
14

25.2
26.8
28.3
29.8
31.3

23.2
24.7
26.2
27.7
29.1

20.5
21.9
23.3
24.7
26.1

18.3
19.7
21.0
22.4
23.7

16.0
17.3
18.5
19.8
21.1

12.5
13.7
14.8
16.0
17.1

9.34
10.3
11.3
12.3
13.3

6.74
7.58
8.44
9.30
10.2

4.87
5.58
6.30
7.04
7.79

3.94
4.57
5.23
5.89
6.57

3.25
3.82
4.40
5.01
5.63

2.56
3.05
3.57
4.11
4.66

2.16
2.60
3.07
3.57
4.07

15
16
17
18
19

32.8
34.3
35.7
37.2
38.6

30.6
32.0
33.4
34.8
36.2

27.5
28.8
30.2
31.5
32.9

25.0
26.3
27.6
28.9
30.1

22.3
23.5
24.8
26.0
27.2

18.2
19.4
30.5
21.6
22.7

14.3
15.3
16.3
17.3
19.3

11.0
11.9
12.8
13.7
14.6

8.55
9.31
10.1
10.9
11.7

7.26
7.96
8.67
9.39
10.1

6.26
6.91
7.56
8.23
8.91

5.23
5.81
6.41
7.01
7.63

4.60
5.14
5.70
6.26
6.84

20
21
22
23
24

40.0
41.4
42.8
44.2
45.6

37.6
38.9
40.3
41.6
43.0

34.2
35.5
36.8
38.1
39.4

31.4
32.7
33.9
35.2
36.4

28.4
29.6
30.8
32.0
33.2

23.8
24.9
26.0
27.1
28.2

19.3
20.3
21.3
22.3
23.3

15.5
16.3
17.2
18.1
19.0

12.4
13.2
14.0
14.8
15.7

10.9
11.6
12.3
13.1
13.8

9.59
10.3
11.0
11.7
12.4

8.26
8.90
9.54
10.2
10.9

7.43
8.03
8.64
9.26
9.89

25
26
27
28
29

46.9
48.3
49.6
51.0
52.3

44.3
45.6
47.0
48.3
49.6

40.6
41.9
43.2
44.5
45.7

37.7
38.9
40.1
41.3
42.6

34.4
35.6
36.7
37.9
39.1

29.3
30.4
31.5
32.6
33.7

24.3
25.3
26.3
27.3
28.3

19.9
20.8
21.7
22.7
23.6

16.5
17.3
18.1
18.9
19.8

14.6
15.4
16.2
16.9
17.7

13.1
13.8
14.6
15.3
16.0

11.5
12.2
12.9
13.6
14.3

10.5
11.2
11.8
12.5
13.1

30
40
50
60

53.7
66.8
79.5
92.0

50.9
63.7
76.2
88.4

47.0
59.3
71.4
83.3

43.8
55.8
67.5
79.1

40.3
51.8
63.2
74.4

34.8
45.6
56.3
67.0

29.3
39.3
49.3
59.3

24.5
33.7
42.9
52.3

20.6
29.1
37.7
46.5

18.5
26.5
34.8
43.2

16.8
24.4
32.4
40.5

15.0
22.2
29.7
37.5

13.8
20.7
28.0
35.5

70
80
90
100

104.2
116.3
128.3
140.2

100.4
112.3
124.1
135.8

95.0
106.6
118.1
129.6

90.5
101.9
113.1
124.3

85.5
96.6
107.6
118.5

77.6
88.1
98.6
109.1

69.3
79.3
89.3
99.3

61.7
71.1
80.6
90.1

55.3
64.3
73.3
82.44

51.7
60.4
69.1
77.9

48.8
57.2
65.6
74.2

45.4
53.5
61.8
70.1

43.3
51.2
59.2
67.3

17

99th Percentile Values for the F Distribution

(v1 degrees of freedom in numerator)
(v2 degrees of freedom in denominator)

v1
v2
1
2
3
4

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

60

120

4052
98.5
34.1
21.2

4999
99.0
30.8
18.0

5403
99.2
29.5
16.7

5625
99.2
28.7
16.0

5764
99.3
28.2
15.5

5859
99.3
27.9
15.2

5928
99.4
27.7
15.0

5981
99.4
27.5
14.8

6022
99.4
27.3
14.7

6056
99.4
27.2
14.5

6106
99.4
27.1
14.4

6157
99.4
26.9
14.2

6209
99.4
26.7
14.0

6235
99.5
26.6
13.9

6261
99.5
26.5
13.8

6287
99.5
26.4
13.7

6313
99.5
26.3
13.7

6339
99.5
26.2
13.6

6366
99.5
26.1
13.5

5
6
7
8
9

16.3
13.7
12.2
11.3
10.6

13.3
10.9
9.55
8.65
8.02

12.1
9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99

11.4
9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42

11.0
8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06

10.7
8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80

10.5
8.26
6.99
6.18
5.61

10.3
8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47

10.2
7.98
6.72
5.91
5.35

10.1
7.87
6.62
5.81
5.26

9.89
7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11

9.72
7.56
6.31
5.52
4.96

9.55
7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81

9.47
7.31
6.07
5.28
4.73

9.38
7.23
5.99
5.20
4.65

9.29
7.14
5.91
5.12
4.57

9.20
7.06
5.82
5.03
4.48

9.11
6.97
5.74
4.95
4.40

9.02
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31

10
11
12
13
14

10.0
9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86

7.56
7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51

6.55
6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56

5.99
5.67
5.41
5.21
5.04

5.64
5.32
5.06
4.86
4.69

5.39
5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46

5.20
4.89
4.64
4.44
4.28

5.06
4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14

4.94
4.63
4.39
4.19
4.03

4.85
4.54
4.30
4.10
3.94

4.71
4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80

4.56
4.25
4.01
3.82
3.66

4.41
4.10
3.86
3.66
3.51

4.33
4.02
3.78
3.59
3.43

4.25
3.94
3.70
3.51
3.35

4.17
3.86
3.62
3.43
3.27

4.08
3.78
3.54
3.34
3.18

4.00
3.69
3.45
3.25
3.09

3.91
3.60
3.36
3.17
3.00

15
16
17
18
19

8.68
8.53
8.40
8.29
8.18

6.36
6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93

5.42
5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01

4.89
4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50

4.56
4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17

4.32
4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94

4.14
4.03
3.93
3.84
3.77

4.00
3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63

3.89
3.78
3.68
3.60
3.52

3.80
3.69
3.59
3.51
3.43

3.67
3.55
3.46
3.37
3.30

3.52
3.41
3.31
3.23
3.15

3.37
3.26
3.16
3.08
3.00

3.29
3.18
3.08
3.00
2.92

3.21
3.10
3.00
2.92
2.84

3.13
3.02
2.92
2.84
2.76

3.05
2.93
2.83
2.75
2.67

2.96
2.84
2.75
2.66
2.58

2.87
2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49

20
21
22
23
24

8.10
8.02
7.95
7.88
7.82

5.85
5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61

4.94
4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72

4.43
4.37
4.31
4.26
4.22

4.10
4.04
3.99
3.94
3.90

3.87
3.81
3.76
3.71
3.67

3.70
3.64
3.59
3.54
3.50

3.56
3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36

3.46
3.40
3.35
3.30
3.26

3.37
3.31
3.26
3.21
3.17

3.23
3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03

3.09
3.03
2.98
2.93
2.89

2.94
2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74

2.86
2.80
2.75
2.70
2.66

2.78
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.58

2.69
2.64
2.58
2.54
2.49

2.61
2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40

2.52
2.46
2.40
2.35
2.31

2.42
2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21

25
26
27
28
29

7.77
7.72
7.68
7.64
7.60

5.57
5.53
5.49
5.45
5.42

4.68
4.64
4.60
4.57
4.54

4.18
4.14
4.11
4.07
4.04

3.85
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.73

3.63
3.59
3.56
3.53
3.50

3.46
3.42
3.39
3.36
3.33

3.32
3.29
3.26
3.23
3.20

3.22
3.18
3.15
3.12
3.09

3.13
3.09
3.06
3.03
3.00

2.99
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87

2.85
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.73

2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.57

2.62
2.58
2.55
2.52
2.49

2.54
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41

2.45
2.42
2.38
2.35
2.33

2.36
2.33
2.29
2.26
2.23

2.27
2.23
2.20
2.17
2.14

2.17
2.13
2.10
2.06
2.03

30
40
60
120

7.56
7.31
7.08
6.85
6.63

5.39
5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61

4.51
4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78

4.02
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32

3.70
3.51
3.34
3.17
3.02

3.47
3.29
3.12
2.96
2.80

3.30
3.12
2.95
2.79
2.64

3.17
2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51

3.07
2.89
2.72
2.56
2.41

2.98
2.80
2.63
2.47
2.32

2.84
2.66
2.50
2.34
2.18

2.70
2.52
2.35
2.19
2.04

2.55
2.37
2.20
2.03
1.88

2.47
2.29
2.12
1.95
1.79

2.39
2.20
2.03
1.86
1.70

2.30
2.11
1.94
1.76
1.59

2.21
2.02
1.84
1.66
1.47

2.11
1.92
1.73
1.53
1.32

2.01
1.80
1.60
1.38
1.00

18

95th Percentile Values for the F

Distribution
(v1 degrees of freedom in numerator)
(v2 degrees of freedom in denominator)

v1
1
v2
1 161
2 18.5
3 10.1
4 7.71

10

12

15

20

24

30

40

199
19.0
9.55
6.94

216
19.2
9.28
6.59

225
19.2
9.12
6.39

230
19.3
9.01
6.26

234
19.3
8.94
6.16

237
19.4
8.89
6.09

239
19.4
8.85
6.04

241
19.4
8.81
6.00

242
19.4
8.79
5.96

244
19.4
8.74
5.91

246
19.4
8.70
5.86

248
19.4
8.66
5.80

249
19.5
8.64
5.77

250
19.5
8.62
5.75

251
19.5
8.59
5.72

252
19.5
8.57
5.69

253
19.5
8.55
5.66

254
19.5
8.53
5.63

5
6
7
8
9

6.61
5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12

5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26

5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86

5.19
4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63

5.05
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48

4.95
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37

4.88
4.21
3.79
3.50
3.29

4.82
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23

4.77
4.10
3.68
3.39
3.18

4.74
4.06
3.64
3.35
3.14

4.68
4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07

4.62
3.94
3.51
3.22
3.01

4.56
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94

4.53
3.84
3.41
3.12
2.90

4.50
3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86

4.46
3.77
3.34
3.04
2.83

4.43
3.74
3.30
3.01
2.79

4.40
3.70
3.27
2.97
2.75

4.36
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71

10
11
12
13
14

4.96
4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60

4.10
3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74

3.71
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34

3.48
3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11

3.33
3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96

3.22
3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85

3.14
3.01
2.91
2.83
2.76

3.07
2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70

3.02
2.90
2.80
2.71
2.65

2.98
2.85
2.75
2.67
2.60

2.91
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53

2.85
2.72
2.62
2.53
2.46

2.77
2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39

2.74
2.61
2.51
2.42
2.35

2.70
2.57
2.47
2.38
2.31

2.66
2.53
2.43
2.34
2.27

2.62
2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22

2.58
2.45
2.34
2.25
2.18

2.54
2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13

15
16
17
18
19

4.54
4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38

3.68
3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52

3.29
3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13

3.06
3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90

2.90
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74

2.79
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63

2.71
2.66
2.61
2.58
2.54

2.64
2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48

2.59
2.54
2.49
2.46
2.42

2.54
2.49
2.45
2.41
2.38

2.48
2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31

2.40
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23

2.33
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16

2.29
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.11

2.25
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07

2.20
2.15
2.10
2.06
2.03

2.16
2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98

2.11
2.06
2.01
1.97
1.93

2.07
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88

20
21
22
23
24

4.35
4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26

3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40

3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01

2.87
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.78

2.71
2.68
2.66
2.64
2.62

2.60
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.51

2.51
2.49
2.46
2.44
2.42

2.45
2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36

2.39
2.37
2.34
2.32
2.30

2.35
2.32
2.30
2.27
2.25

2.28
2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18

2.20
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11

2.12
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03

2.08
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.98

2.04
2.01
1.98
1.96
1.94

1.99
1.96
1.94
1.91
1.89

1.95
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84

1.90
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.79

1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73

25
26
27
28
29

4.24
4.23
4.21
4.20
4.18

3.39
3.37
3.35
3.34
3.33

2.99
2.98
2.96
2.95
2.93

2.76
2.74
2.73
2.71
2.70

2.60
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55

2.49
2.47
2.46
2.45
2.43

2.40
2.39
2.37
2.36
2.35

2.34
2.32
2.31
2.29
2.28

2.28
2.27
2.25
2.24
2.22

2.24
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.18

2.16
2.15
2.13
2.12
2.10

2.09
2.07
2.06
2.04
2.03

2.01
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.94

1.96
1.95
1.93
1.91
1.90

1.92
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.85

1.87
1.85
1.84
1.82
1.81

1.82
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.75

1.77
1.75
1.73
1.71
1.70

1.71
1.69
1.67
1.65
1.64

30
40
60
120

4.17
4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84

3.32
3.23
3.15
3.07
3.00

2.92
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60

2.69
2.61
2.53
2.45
2.37

2.53
2.45
2.37
2.29
2.21

2.42
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.10

2.33
2.25
2.17
2.09
2.01

2.27
2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94

2.21
2.12
2.04
1.96
1.88

2.16
2.08
1.99
1.91
1.83

2.09
2.00
1.92
1.83
1.75

2.01
1.92
1.84
1.75
1.67

1.93
1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57

1.89
1.79
1.70
1.61
1.52

1.84
1.74
1.65
1.55
1.46

1.79
1.69
1.59
1.50
1.39

1.74
1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32

1.68
1.58
1.47
1.35
1.22

1.62
1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00

60 120

19