General Physics I (22101) : Chapter 4

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Instructor : Dr. Iyad SAADEDDIN

2)

Position Vector

Ch. 4: Motion in Two Dimensions

Position, velocity and acceleration vectors

2D motion with constant acceleration

Projectile motion

Position of an object in 2D is described by its position

vector r

r is drawn from origin to

the position of the object
at a given tim e.

Displacement vec
tor:

r rf ri

r xi y j
x x f xi
y y f yi

Since ?r occurs in time interval ? t

r
average velocity v
t
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4)

Velocity

Acceleration

If ? t decrease until ? t0
We will have Instantaneous
velocity (velocity)

v v xi v y j

r dr
v lim

t 0 t
dt

vx

Speed

v v v 2x v 2y

Average acceleration

v v f vi
a

t
t f ti

dx
dy
, vy
dt
dt
Instantaneous acceleration

v dv
a lim

t 0 t
dt

Acceleration can
cause a change in
the magnitude or
the direction of the
velocity of an object,
or both.

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Example

Example

is given The position of a particle moving in the xy- plane

by
r (t ) 2t 2 i 3tj
wherer is in meter and t is in seconds. For the particle find:
a) the average velocity in the time interval t=2s and t=4s
b) The speed of the particle at t=3s
c) The acceleration at t=3s

Solution

r rf ri r(4) r( 2) 2( 42 )i 3( 4) j 2 (22 )i 3( 2) j
a) v

42
42
t t f t i

(32 8 )i (12 6) j
(12i 3 j ) m / s
2

dr

v
(
t
)

4ti 3 j v ( 3) 4(3)i 3 j 12i 3 j m / s

b)
dt

speed v 12 2 32 153 12. 37 m / s

c) a d v 4 m / s 2 at any time (constant acceleration)

dt

7)

Two Dimensional Motion With

Constant Acceleration

Use 1D equations but replace scalars with

vectors
Use the superposition principle

Break down each vector to its components

Calculate each component independently

v f v i at
1
r rf ri v it at 2
2

r xi yj

v v i v j
x

a ax i ay j

8)

Two Dimensional Motion With

Constant Acceleration
The 2D equations c an be splitted by components like
for example velocity eqn.

v f v i at
v x f v x i a xt
v y f v y i a yt
And also for posi tion eqn.

1
r vit at 2
2

1
x vxit a xt 2
2
1
2
y v yi t ay t
2

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Example

Example

A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with an initial velocity having an

x component of 20 m/s and a y compon ent of -15 m/s. The particle
moves in the xy plane with an acceleration in the x direction only (a x=
4.0 m/s2). Find

Solution:
We have v xi =20 m/s, vyi =-15 m/s, ax
=4.0 m /s 2, and ay = 0.

A) v xf v xi a xt (20 4t )m / s

A) The components of the velocity vector at any

v yf v yi 15m / s (a y 0)

time and the total velocity vector at any time.

v f vxf i v yf j ((20 4t )i 15 j) m / s

B) Calculate the velocity and speed of the particle at

t = 5 s.

B) v f (t 5) (20 4(5))i 15 j (40i 15 j ) m / s

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12)

Projectile Motion

The object has an initial

velocity, vi and is launched
at an angle, i.
Two assumptions:

Free-fall acceleration (g)

is constant
Air resistance is neglig ible

Then the trajectory (path) of the projectile is a parabola.

The velocity changes magnitude and direction
The acceleration in the y-direction is constant (-g).
The acceleration in the x-direction is zero.

Projectile Motion
vxi vi cos i
vyi vi sin i
Well analyze projectile
motion as a super position of
two independent motions ( x
and y directions):
Constant velocity motion in the
horizontal direction (x)

vxf v xi constant

x vxt

Free-fall motion in the vertical

direction (y)

v yf vyi gt
y v yi t

1
2

gt

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Projectile motion

Projectile motion

Assume the projectile is launched with initial velocity vi at an gle ?i, if the
maximum hight is h and the horizontal range is R. Determine a) h
an d b) R

Assume the projectile is launched with initial velocity vi at an gle ?, if the

maximum hight is h and the horizontal range is R. Determine a) h
an d b) R

a) h is in y-axis ay = g

b) R is in x-direction ax=0

;to find h we use

R vxit B vi cos (2t A )

1
h y v yi t A gt 2A ( t A ; time to reach max. hight h)
2

R vi cos (2

t A can be found using

v yf v yA v yi gt A (at max. hight, v yA 0)
0 v yi gt A t A

v yi
g

But v yi vi sin t A

v sin 1 v i sin
hence h vi sin i
g
2 g
g
15)

vi sin
v 2 2 cos sin
) i
g
g

v 2i sin 2
R
g

vi sin
g

The m ax range R max is at angle ?=45 (sin2?=sin90=1)

v 2 sin 2
h i
2g

Rmax

vi2
g

16)

Projectile motion
from R

v 2i sin 2
g

W e can see that the we can have same

range if the projectile is launched at two
different angles so th at
?1+?2=90
ex: 15 and 75 sin30=sin150

Example:
A long -jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20.0 above the
horizontal and at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(A) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction ?
(B) What is the maximum height reached?
Solution: follow exactly same as previous for h and R

v 2i sin 2 112 sin 40

A) R

7.94m
g
9.8
B)

ymax

vi2 sin 2
h
0.722m
2g

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Example

Example
Solution:

Stone is thrown as
shown with

vix vi cos 20 cos 30 17.3m / s

viy vi sin 20 sin 30 10m / s

vi = 20 m/s
i = 30
hbuilding = 45 m

1
1
2
2
4.9t 2 10t 45 0 solve for t

a) y vy it gt 2 45 10t (9.8)t 2
t 4.22s

a) Time t to reach the

ground
b) Speed of stone befor it
strick the ground v f
c) Horizontal distance xf

b) v yf v yi gt 10 9.8 ( 4.22) 31.4 m / s

v xf v xi 17 .3m / s

v B (17.3i 10 j ) m / s

c) x vx t
x f 17.3( 4.22 ) 73m

speed v B 17. 3 10 35.9 m / s

Uniform circular motion

A) consider a mass m forced to
move around a circle of radius r at
constant speed along the curve
(uniform circular motion V only
changes direction)

Examples: weels, disks, motors, etc.

Uniform Circular Motion

Motion in a circular path with constant
radius, r, and constant speed, v.
Velocity does change in direction.
v
Then there is an acceleration.
a
t

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Uniform circular motion:

Centripetal Acceleration

Uniform Circular Motion

v v f v i
a

t
t f ti

From the similarity of

the velocity and radial
vector triangles

v r
v

v r
v
r
r

v r
a
r t

As r ? 0

Centripetal
acceleration, directed
towards the center

2p r is the circumference ( )of the circle (one revolution)

t is the period (time needed to complete one revolution (rev.)
? Ex: find the acceleration at the edge of a weel of radius 35
cm spining at 610 2 rev./min

600rev. ~ 60s
v2
2r
a c , but v
, hence we need
1rev. ~
r

2r 2 (0 .35 m )
v

22 m / s
600 60s

v2
ac
r

60

0 .1s
600

Uniform Circular Motion

Ex: A car traveling at 120km/h rounds a corner with a
radius of 125m. Find the car centripetal acceleration.

v and r are related to each other by the period

2r
2r
arc length r
for 1 full cycle
v
v

time
t

0 .1s
v
(22 ) 2
ac

1400 m / s 2 towards center

r
0 .35
2

Non-uniform circular motion

If Both magnitude and direction of the velocity V changes

non-uniform circular motion

1000m
1h
v 120 km / h (
)(
) 33m / s
km
3600 s

ac

v 2 (33)2

8. 7m / s towards the center

r
125
Non-uniform
circular motion

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Non-uniform circular motion

The object chan ges speed and

direction.

Acceleration has a radial and

tangential component.

Example: for the car passes over a rise, find

magnitude and direction of the total acceleration

a at a r
at

dv
dt

v2
ar ac
r

a at2 a r2

Relative Velocity and Relative

Acceleration
1. Observers in different frame of reference ( )may measure
different displacement or velocities for an object in motion

Relative Velocity and Relative

Acceleration
acceleration

r is position w.r.t. S (fixed frame)

r is position w.r.t. S (moving with velocity vo=constant)

Ex: A Boat Crossing a River

A boat headin g due north crosses a
wide river with a speed of 10 km/h
(VrE ) relative to the water. The water
in the river has a uniform sp eed of 5
km /h (vrE ) due east relative to the
Earth. Determ ine the velocity of the
boat relative to an observer stand ing
on either bank (V bE).

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Relative Velocity and Relative

Acceleration
Ex: A Boat Crossing a River (continue)

vbE 10 j 5i 5i 10 j

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