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It lies 137
kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of
Indonesia's Riau Islands. At 704.0 km² (272 sq mi), it is one of the few remaining city-states in
the world and the smallest country in Southeast Asia.
The British East India Company established a trading post on the island in 1819. The main
settlement up to that point was a Malay fishing village at the mouth of the Singapore River.
Several hundred indigenous Orang Laut people also lived around the coast, rivers and smaller
islands. The British used Singapore as a strategic trading post along the spice route.[4] It became
one of the most important commercial and military centres of the British Empire. When it was
occupied by the Japanese during World War II, Winston Churchill called it "Britain's greatest
defeat".[5] Singapore reverted to British rule in 1945. In 1963, it merged with Malaya, Sabah and
Sarawak to form Malaysia. Less than two years later it split from the federation and became an
independent republic on 9 August 1965. Singapore joined the United Nations on September 21
that same year.
Since independence, Singapore's standard of living has increased. Foreign direct investment and
a state-led industrialization drive based on plans drawn up by the Dutch economist Albert
Winsemius have created a modern economy based on electronics manufacturing, petrochemicals,
tourism and financial services alongside the traditional entrepôt trade. Singapore is the 17th
wealthiest country in the world in terms of GDP per capita.[6] This small nation has foreign
exchange reserves of US$171.7353 billion. [7]
The population of Singapore is approximately 4.68 million.[2] The Chinese form the majority of
the population. English is the administrative language of the country.
The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore established the nation's political system as a
representative democracy, while the country is recognized as a parliamentary republic.[8] The
People's Action Party (PAP) dominates the political process and has won control of Parliament in
every election since self-government in 1959.[9]
History
Etymology
The name Singapura comes from the Sanskrit singha ("lion") and pura ("city").[10] According to
the Malay Annals, this name was given by a 14th century Sumatran prince named Sang Nila
Utama, who, landing on the island after a thunderstorm, spotted an auspicious beast on the shore.
His chief minister errorneously identified as a 'singha' or lion.[11] However, recent studies of
Singapore indicate that lions have never lived there (not even Asiatic lions), and the beast seen
by Sang Nila Utama was likely a tiger, most likely the Malayan Tiger.[12][13]
First settlement
The first records of settlement in Singapore are from the 2nd century AD.[14] The island was an
outpost of the Sumatran Srivijaya empire and originally had the Javanese name Temasek ('sea
town'). Temasek (Tumasek) rapidly became a significant trading settlement, but declined in the
late 14th century. There are few remnants of old Temasek in Singapore, but archaeologists in
Singapore have uncovered artifacts of that and other settlements. Between the 16th and early
19th centuries, Singapore island was part of the Sultanate of Johor. During the Malay-Portugal
wars in 1613, the settlement was set ablaze by Portuguese troops.[15] The Portuguese
subsequently held control in that century and the Dutch in the 17th, but throughout most of this
time the island's population consisted mainly of fishermen.
Colonial rule
Statue of Thomas Stamford Raffles by Thomas Woolner, erected at the location where he first
landed at Singapore. He is recognized as the founder of modern Singapore.
On 29 January 1819, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles landed on the main island. Spotting its
potential as a strategic geographical trading post in Southeast Asia, Raffles signed a treaty with
Sultan Hussein Shah on behalf of the British East India Company to develop Singapore as a
British trading post and settlement, marking the start of the island's modern era. Raffles's deputy,
William Farquhar, oversaw a period of growth and ethnic migration, which was largely spurred
by a no-restriction immigration policy. The British India office governed the island from 1858,
but Singapore was made a British crown colony in 1867, answerable directly to the Crown. By
1869, 100,000 lived on the island. [16]
The early onset of town planning in colonial Singapore came largely through a "divide and rule"
framework where the different ethnic groups were settled in different parts of the South of the
island. The Singapore River was largely a commercial area that was dominated by traders and
bankers of various ethnic groups with mostly Chinese and Indian coolies working to load and
unload goods from barge boats known locally as "bumboats". The Malays, consisting of the local
"Orang Lauts" who worked mostly as fishermen and sea-farers, and Arab traders and scholars
were mostly found in the South-east part of the river mouth, where Kampong Glam stands today.
The European settlers, who were few then, settled around Fort Canning Hill and further upstream
from the Singapore River. Like the Europeans, the early Indian migrants also settled more inland
of the Singapore River, where Little India stands today. Very little is known about the rural
private settlements in those times (known as kampongs), other than the major move by the post-
independent Singapore government to re-settle these residents in the late 1960s.
World War II
During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Malaya, culminating in the Battle of
Singapore. The ill-prepared British were defeated in six days, and surrendered the supposedly
impregnable fortress to General Tomoyuki Yamashita on 15 February 1942. The surrender was
described by British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill as "the worst disaster and largest
capitulation in British history."[17] The Japanese renamed Singapore Shōnantō (昭南島?), from
Japanese "Shōwa no jidai ni eta minami no shima" ("昭和の時代に得た南の島"?), or "southern
island obtained in the age of Shōwa", and occupied it until the British repossessed the island on
12 September 1945, a month after the Japanese surrender.[18]
The name Shōnantō was, at the time, romanized as "Syonan-to" or "Syonan", which means
"Light of the South".
Independence
The Downtown Core at dusk, the civic and business district of Singapore.
Singapore became a self-governing state within the British Empire in 1959 with Yusof bin Ishak
its first Yang di-Pertuan Negara and Lee Kuan Yew its first Prime Minister. It declared
independence from Britain unilaterally in August 1963, before joining the Federation of
Malaysia in September along with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak as the result of the 1962 Merger
Referendum of Singapore. Singapore left the federation two years later after heated ideological
conflict between the state's PAP government and the federal Kuala Lumpur government.
Singapore officially gained sovereignty on 9 August 1965.[19] Yusof bin Ishak was sworn in as the
first President of Singapore and Lee Kuan Yew remained prime minister.
While trying to be self-sufficient, the fledging nation faced problems like mass unemployment,
housing shortages, and a dearth of land and natural resources. During Lee Kuan Yew's term as
prime minister from 1959 to 1990, his administration tackled the problem of widespread
unemployment, raised the standard of living, and implemented a large-scale public housing
programme. It was during this time that the foundation of the country's economic infrastructure
was developed; the threat of racial tension was curbed; and an independent national defence
system centring around compulsory male military service was created.
In 1990, Goh Chok Tong succeeded Lee as Prime Minister. During his tenure, the country
tackled the impacts of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 2003 SARS outbreak, and terrorist
threats posed by Jemaah Islamiyah after the September 11 attacks. In 2004, Lee Hsien Loong,
the eldest son of Lee Kuan Yew, became the third prime minister.[20] Amongst his more notable
decisions is the plan to open casinos to attract more foreign tourists.
Government and politics
Parliament House
Singapore is a parliamentary democracy with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary
government representing different constituencies. The bulk of the executive powers rests with the
Cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister, currently Lee Hsien Loong. The office of President of
Singapore, historically a ceremonial one, was granted some veto powers as of 1991 for a few key
decisions such as the use of the national reserves and the appointment of judiciary positions.
Although the position is to be elected by popular vote, only the 1993 election has been contested
to date. The legislative branch of government is the Parliament.
Parliamentary elections in Singapore are plurality-based for group representation constituencies
since the Parliamentary Elections Act was modified in 1991.[21]
The Members of Parliament (MPs) consist of either elected, non-constituency or nominated
Members. The majority of the Members of Parliament are elected into Parliament at a General
Election on a first-past-the-post basis and represent either Single Member or Group
Representation Constituencies (GRCs).
The elected Members of Parliament act as a bridge between the community and the Government
by ensuring that the concerns of their constituents are heard in the Parliament. The present
Parliament has 94 Members of Parliament consisting of 84 elected Members of Parliament, one
NCMP and nine Nominated members of Parliament.
• Elected Members, In Group Representation Constituencies, political parties field a team
of between three to six candidates. At least one candidate in the team must belong to a
minority race. This requirement ensures that parties contesting the elections in Group
Representation Constituencies are multi-racial so that minority races will be represented
in Parliament. Presently there are 14 Group Representation Constituencies and 9 Single
Member constituencies.
• Non-Constituency Members,This is to ensure that there will be a minimum number of
opposition representatives in Parliament and that views other than the Government's can
be expressed in Parliament.
• Nominated Members, up to nine Nominated Members of Parliament (NMPs) was made
in 1990 to ensure a wide representation of community views in Parliament. Nominated
Members of Parliament are appointed by the President of Singapore for a term of two and
a half years on the recommendation of a Special Select Committee of Parliament chaired
by the Speaker. Nominated Members of Parliament are not connected to any political
parties.
The Istana, the official residence and office of the President of Singapore
Politics in Singapore have been controlled by the People's Action Party (PAP) since self-
government was attained.[22] In consequence, foreign political analysts and several opposition
parties like the Workers' Party of Singapore, the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) and the
Singapore Democratic Alliance (SDA) have argued that Singapore is essentially a one-party
state. Many analysts consider Singapore to be an illiberal or procedural democracy than a true
democracy. The Economist Intelligence Unit describes Singapore as a "hybrid regime" of
democratic and authoritarian elements.[23] Freedom House ranks the country as "partly free".[24]
Though general elections are free from irregularities and vote rigging, the PAP has been
criticised for manipulating the political system through its use of censorship, gerrymandering,
and civil libel suits against opposition politicians. Francis Seow, the exiled former Solicitor-
General of Singapore, is a prominent critic. Seow and opposition politicians such as J.B.
Jeyaretnam and Chee Soon Juan claim that Singapore courts favour the PAP government, and
there is no separation of powers.[25]
Singapore has a successful and transparent market economy. Government-linked companies are
dominant in various sectors of the local economy, such as media, utilities, and public transport.
Singapore has consistently been rated as the least corrupt country in Asia and among the world's
ten most free from corruption by Transparency International.[26]
Although Singapore's laws are inherited from British and British Indian laws, including many
elements of English common law, the PAP has also consistently rejected liberal democratic
values, which it typifies as Western and states there should not be a 'one-size-fits-all' solution to a
democracy. There are no jury trials. Laws restricting the freedom of speech are justified by
claims that they are intended to prohibit speech that may breed ill will or cause disharmony
within Singapore's multiracial, multi-religious society. For example, in September 2005, three
bloggers were convicted of sedition for posting racist remarks targeting minorities.[27] Some
offences can lead to heavy fines or caning and there are laws which allow capital punishment in
Singapore for first-degree murder and drug trafficking. Amnesty International has criticised
Singapore for having "possibly the highest execution rate in the world" per capita.[28] The
Singapore government argues that there is no international consensus on the appropriateness of
the death penalty and that Singapore has the sovereign right to determine its own judicial system
and impose capital punishment for the most serious crimes.[29]
Geography and climate
Singapore Botanic Gardens, a 67.3-hectare (166 acre) Botanic Gardens in Singapore that
includes the National Orchid Garden, which has a collection of more than 3,000 species of
orchids.
Singapore has on-going land reclamation projects with earth obtained from its own hills, the sea-
bed, and neighbouring countries. As a result, Singapore's land area grew from 581.5 km²
(224.5 sq mi) in the 1960s to 704 km² (271.8 sq mi) today, and may grow by another 100 km²
(38.6 sq mi) by 2030.[30] The projects sometimes involve some of the smaller islands being
merged together through land reclamation in order to form larger, more functional islands, such
as in the case of Jurong Island.
Under the Köppen climate classification system, Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate with
no distinctive seasons. Its climate is characterized by uniform temperature and pressure, high
humidity, and abundant rainfall. Temperatures range from 22 °C to 34 °C (72° to 93 °F). On
average, the relative humidity is around 90 percent in the morning and 60 percent in the
afternoon. During prolonged heavy rain, relative humidity often reaches 100 percent.[31] The
lowest and highest temperatures recorded in its maritime history are 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) and
37.8 °C (100.0 °F) respectively. The highest wind speed recorded was 150 km/h (93 mph) on 26
May 2007. June and July are the hottest months, while November and December make up the
wetter monsoon season. From August to October, there is often haze, sometimes severe enough
to prompt public health warnings, due to bushfires in neighbouring Indonesia. Singapore does
not observe daylight saving time or a summer time zone change. The length of the day is nearly
constant year round due to the country's location near the equator.
About 23 percent of Singapore's land area consists of forest and nature reserves.[32] Urbanization
has eliminated many areas of former primary rainforest, with the only remaining area of primary
rainforest being Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. A variety of parks are maintained with human
intervention, such as the Singapore Botanic Gardens.
Economy
Singapore has a highly developed market-based economy, which historically revolves around
extended entrepot trade. Along with Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, Singapore is one of
the Four Asian Tigers. The economy depends heavily on exports refining imported goods,
especially in manufacturing. Manufacturing constituted 26 percent of Singapore's GDP in
2005.[33] The manufacturing industry is well-diversified into electronics, petroleum refining,
chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences manufacturing. In 2006, Singapore
produced about 10 percent of the world's foundry wafer output.[34] Singapore is the busiest port in
the world in terms of tonnage shipped.[35] Singapore is the world's fourth largest foreign exchange
trading centre after London, New York City and Tokyo.[36]
Singapore has been rated as the most business-friendly economy in the world,[37][38] with
thousands of foreign expatriates working in multi-national corporations. The city-state also
employs tens of thousands of foreign blue-collared workers around the world.
An RSAF CH-47SD lands aboard USS Rushmore during Exercise CARAT 2001
The Singapore Armed Forces, the military forces of Singapore, takes charge of the overall
defence of the country. It comprises three branches: the Singapore Army, the land force, the
Republic of Singapore Air Force, and the Republic of Singapore Navy, the navy.
The Singapore Army is one of the three services of the Singapore Armed Forces. It is headed by
the Chief of Army (COA), currently Major General Neo Kian Hong. The Army focuses on
leveraging technology and weapon systems as "force-multipliers". It is currently undergoing the
transformation into, what it calls a 3rd Generation fighting force.[57]
The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF), the air force branch, guards the airspace of
Singapore. The RSAF was established in 1968 as the Singapore Air Defence Command. It
operates from four air bases. It also operates its aircraft in several overseas locations in order to
provide greater exposure to its pilots. The main aircraft found in its fleet includes F-16 Fighting
Falcons, CH-47 Chinook and C-130 Hercules.
The final branch, the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN), is the navy of the Singapore Armed
Forces, responsible for the defence of Singapore against sea-borne threats and protection of its
sea lines of communications. Operating within the crowded littoral waters of the Singapore
Strait, the RSN is regarded as one of the best in the region.[58] The RSN operates from two bases,
Tuas Naval Base and Changi Naval Base, and has a large number of vessels, including 4
submarines, 6 frigates, and 4 amphibious transport docks. All commissioned ships of the RSN
have a prefix RSS, which means Republic of Singapore Ship.
Singapore Police Force
The Singapore Police Force (SPF) is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and order in
the country[59]. Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police, it has grown from an 11-
man organisation to a 38,587 strong force. It enjoys a relatively positive public image,[60] and is
credited for helping to arrest Singapore's civic unrest and lawlessness in its early years, and
maintaining the low crime rate today.[61] The organisation structure of the SPF is split between
the staff and line functions, roughly modelled after the military. There are currently 15 staff
departments and 13 line units. The SPF is headquartered in a block at New Phoenix Park in
Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Police officers typically respond to calls in rapid-deployment vehicles known as the Fast
Response Car. They have been staunch users of Japanese-made saloon cars since the 1980s for
patrol duties, with the mainstay models in use being the various generations of the Mitsubishi
Lancers, Mazda 323s, Toyota Corollas & Subaru Impreza.
Religion in Singapore
religion percent
Buddhism 42.5%
No religion 14.8%
Christianity 14.6%
Islam 13.9%
Taoism 8.5%
Hinduism 4%
Others 1.6%
The ownership of Pedra Branca, an outcrop of rocks, is currently disputed between Singapore
and Malaysia
• The Singapore-occupied island known as Pedra Branca in Singapore and as Pulau Batu
Puteh in Malaysia (names mean "White Rock" in Portuguese and "White Rock Island" in
Malay respectively), located 24 nautical miles (44 km) off the east coast of Singapore
with a land area of 2,000 m² (2,392 sq yd) (the island also comprises Middle Rocks
which are two clusters of rocks situated 0.6 nmi (1.1 km) south of Pedra Branca, and
South Ledge, a rock formation which can be seen only at low tide). Both countries have
staked a claim on the island and have been unable to settle the dispute between
themselves. The case was heard at the International Court of Justice in 2007, with both
parties presenting their case. It is expected that the court will deliver its judgment in
September 2008.[78]
• Relocating the Singapore station of Malaysia's Keretapi Tanah Melayu from Tanjong
Pagar to Bukit Timah (see Malaysia-Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990) and moving
Malaysia's immigration checkpoint from the railway station to the Causeway
• Not allowing laid off workers, employed in Singapore shipyards in 1998, to receive their
Central Provident Funds (CPF) contributions, which are estimated to be RM2.4 billion.
Languages
Official sign showing Singapore's four official languages: English, Mandarin, Tamil, and Malay.
The national language of Singapore is Malay for historical reasons, and it is used in the national
anthem, "Majulah Singapura". The official languages are English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil.
English has been promoted as the country's language of administration since its independence.
The English used is primarily based on British English, with some American English influences.
The use of English became widespread in Singapore after it was implemented as a first language
medium in the education system, and English is the most common language in Singaporean
literature. In school, children are required to learn English and one of the three other official
languages. Public signs and official publications are in English, although there are usually
translated versions in other official languages. However, most Singaporeans speak a localised
hybrid form of English known as Singlish ("Singapore English"), which has many creole-like
characteristics, incorporating vocabulary and grammar from Standard English, various Chinese
dialects, Malay, and Indian languages.The second-most common language in Singapore is
Mandarin with over seventy percent of the population having it as a second language.
Culture
Singapore is a mixture of an indigenous Malay population with a third generation Chinese
majority, as well as Indian and Arab immigrants with some intermarriages.[79] There also exist
significant Eurasian and Peranakan (known also as 'Straits Chinese') communities.
Cuisine
Enjoying Singaporean cuisine. Hawker centres and kopi tiams are evenly distributed.
diffusion in Singapore, with a fusion of Chinese, Indian, Malay and Tamil influences. In
Singapore's hawker centres traditionally Malay hawker stalls selling halal food may serve halal
versions of traditionally Tamil food. Chinese food stalls may introduce indigenous Malay
ingredients or cooking techniques. This continues to make the cuisine of Singapore a significant
cultural attraction.
Local foods are diverse, ranging from Hainanese chicken rice to satay. Singaporeans also enjoy a
wide variety of seafood including crabs, clams, squid, and oysters. One such dish is stingray
barbecued and served on banana leaf and with sambal or chili.
Amongst locals, popular dishes include bak chor mee, mee poh, sambal stingray, laksa, nasi
lemak, chili crab and satay. All of which, can be found at local hawker centres around Singapore.
Performing arts
PSA Keppel
Singapore is an aviation hub for the Southeast Asian region and a stopover on the Kangaroo
route between Australasia and Europe. Singapore Changi Airport has a network of 81 airlines
connecting Singapore to 185 cities in 58 countries. It has been rated as one of the best
international airports by international travel magazines, including being rated as the world's best
airport for the first time in 2006 by Skytrax.[93]. The airport currently has three passenger
terminals. There is also a budget terminal, which serves budget carrier Tiger Airways and Cebu
Pacific. The national carrier is Singapore Airlines (SIA). The government is moving towards
privatising Changi airport.
Singapore is linked to Johor, Malaysia via the Johor-Singapore Causeway and the Tuas Second
Link, as well as a railway operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu of Malaysia, with its southern
terminus at Tanjong Pagar railway station. Frequent ferry service to several nearby Indonesian
ports also exists.
A C751B train at Eunos MRT Station on the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, one of three
heavy rail passenger transport lines in Singapore.
Domestic
The domestic transport infrastructure has a well-connected island-wide road transport system
which includes a network of expressways. The public road system is served by the nation's bus
service and a number of licensed taxi-operating companies. The public bus transport has been the
subject of criticism by Singaporeans, the majority of whom are dependent on it for their daily
commuting. Since 1987, the heavy rail passenger Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) metro system has
been in operation. The MRT has been further augmented by the Light Rail Transit (LRT) light
rail system, adds accessibility to housing estates. Established in 2001, EZ-Link system allows
contactless smartcards to serve as stored value tickets for use in the public transport systems in
Singapore.
More than 2.85 million people use the bus network daily, while more than 1.5 million people use
either the LRT or MRT as part of their daily routine.[94] Approximately 945,000 people use the
taxi services daily.[94] Private vehicle use in the Central Area is discouraged by tolls implemented
during hours of heavy road traffic, through an Electronic Road Pricing system. Private vehicle
ownership is discouraged by high vehicle taxes and imposing quotas on vehicle purchase.