Contents

Abstract

● Introduction

● Origin of the name Zigbee

● Characteristics

● Architecture
Physical layer
Media access control layer
Network layer
Security layer

● Comparison between the wireless standards

● Applications

A new twist on, "I've fallen and I can't get up”

“The bugs this system catches aren't in software”
“Home to homeowner: "The toilet is leaking."

1
 ● ZIGBEEF
● Conclusion
● References
ABSTRACT
ZigBee is a low-power wireless
technology, rewriting the wireless
sensor equation. It is a secure
network technology that rides on
top of the recently ratified IEEE
802.15.4 radio standard.
It is designed to interact
with the remote controlled devices,
which are put under a single
standardized control interface that
can interconnect into a network
.Once associated with a network, a
ZigBee node can wake up and
communicate with other ZigBee
devices and return to sleep.
o INTRODUCTION
Zigbee’s key technical features
include three license free frequency
bands-2.4GHz, 868MHz,
915MHz ;multiple channels ;up to
100mts range; CSMA-CA channel
access; low power, long battery life;
supporting up to 255devices per
network.
Zigbee is used in home security
systems where wireless sensors are
easily installed than sensors that
need wiring. The same is true in
industrial environments, where
wiring typically accounts for 80%
of the cost of sensor installations.
And then there are applications for
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sensors where wiring isn't practical
or even possible. ZigBee promises
to put wireless sensors in everything
o ORIGIN OF THE NAME ZIGBEE
The network name comes from the
zigzagging path a bee (a data
packet) takes to get from flower to
flower (or node to node). The
technique that honey bees use to
communicate new-found food
sources to other members of the
colony is referred to as the ZigBee
o CHARACTERISTICS
from factory automation systems to
home security systems to consumer
electronics.
Principle. Using this silent, but
powerful communication system,
whereby the bee dances in a zigzag
pattern, they are able to share
information such as the location,
distance, and direction of a newly
discovered food source to her
fellow colony members.
• Low cost — Extends wireless to
virtually any sensor
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 • Low power consumption — Ideal
for battery operation
• Small size, light weight — Easy
to integrate
• Ease of implementation
• Reliable data transfer
• Appropriate levels of security
o ARCHITECHTURE
ZigBee stack architecture follows the
standard Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) reference model,
ZigBee's protocol stack is structured in
layers. The first two layers, physical
(PHY) and media access (MAC), are
defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
• Direct sequence spread spectrum
— Fast acquisition time
• Range- 50m typical (5-500m
based on environment)
• Multiple topologies- star, peer-
to-peer, mesh
• Data rates of 250 kbps (@2.4
GHz), 40 kbps (@ 915 MHz),
and 20 kbps (@868 MHz)
The layers above them are defined by
the ZigBee Alliance.
The model has five layers namely
1. Physical (PHY) layer
2. Media access control (MAC) layer
3. Network (NWK) and security
layers 4. Application framework
5. Application profiles
4
 ZigBee
Application Framework Device
Object
Applicatio Applicati

ZPUI
n Object on (ZDO)
240
[On Endpoint
Object 1
[On Endpoint 1] [On Endpoint 0]
240]
APSDE-SAP APSDE-SAP APSDE-SAP
Securi

APSME-SAP
APSSE-SAP

ty Application Support (APS) Layer

Servic
e NLDE-SAP

Provid

NLME-SAP
NLSE-SAP

er Network (NWK) Layer

MCPS-SAP MLME-SAP

Medium Access Layer (MAC)

Layer
PD-SAP PLME-SAP

Physical (PHY) Layer

Figure : ZigBee Stack Model

 PHYSICAL LAYER:

ZigBee-compliant products operate 915MHz (10 channels), and 20Kbps

in unlicensed bands worldwide, at 868MHz (1 channel). The
including 2.4GHz (global), 902 to transmission distance is expected to
928MHz (Americas), and 868MHz range from 10 to 75m, depending
(Europe). Raw data throughput rates on power output and environmental
of 250Kbps can be achieved at characteristics. Like Wi-Fi, Zigbee
2.4GHz (16 channels), 40Kbps at uses direct-sequence spread

5
 spectrum in the 2.4GHz band, with spacing. The 868 and 900MHz
offset-quardrature phase-shift bands also use direct-sequence
keying modulation. Channel width spread spectrum but with binary-
is 2MHz with 5MHzchannel phase-shift keying modulation

Table: Frequency bands and data rates

Spreading Parameters Data Parameters

Frequency Channel
PHY
Band Numbering
Chip Bit Symbol
Modulation Modulation
Rate Rate Rate

868 to 870 300 k 20 20 k

868 to 0 BPSK BPSK
MHz chip/s kb/s baud
915
MHz 902 to 928 600 k 40 40 k
1 to 10 BPSK BPSK
MHz chip/s kb/s baud

2.4 2.4 to 2.0 M 250 62.5 k 16-ary

11 to 26 O-QPSK
GHz 2.4835 GHz chip/s kb/s baud Orthogonal

 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL LAYER

The media access control (MAC) layer large amounts of ROM or RAM. The
was designed to allow multiple MAC was designed to handle large
topologies without complexity. The numbers of devices without requiring
power management operation doesn't them to be "parked".
require multiple modes of operation. The
The MAC provides network association
MAC allows a reduced functionality
and disassociation, has an optional
device (RFD) that needn't have flash nor
superframe structure with beacons for

6
time synchronization, and a guaranteed time-slot mechanism for high-priority
communications

Frame structure: Figure illustrates the four basic frame types defined in 802.15.4:
data, ACK, MAC command, and beacon.

Figure:: The four basic frame types defined in 802.15.4: Data, ACK, MAC command,
and beacon

The data frame provides a payload of
up to 104 bytes. The frame is numbered
to ensure that all packets are tracked. A
frame-check sequence ensures that
packets are received without error. This
frame structure improves reliability in
difficult conditions.
It provides feedback from the receiver to
the sender confirming that the packet
was received without error. The device
takes advantage of specified "quiet time"
between frames to send a short packet
immediately after the data-packet
transmission.

Another important structure for 802.15.4 A MAC command frame provides the
is the acknowledgment (ACK) frame. mechanism for remote control and

7
configuration of client nodes.
centralized network manager uses MAC
to configure individual clients' command
frames no matter how large the network.
Finally, the beacon frame wakes up
client devices, which listen for their
A address and go back to sleep if they don't
receive it. Beacons are important for
mesh and cluster-tree networks to keep
all the nodes synchronized without
requiring those nodes to consume
precious battery energy by listening for
long periods of time.

 NETWORK LAYER

Zigbee’s self-forming and self-healing data reliability. It may also be used to

mesh-network architecture lets data and build large, geographically dispersed
control messages pass from one node to networks with smaller networks linked
another by multiple paths. This feature to form a 'cluster-tree' network.
extends the network range and improves

Mes
h

Star

PAN
coordinator
Full Function
Cluster Tree Device
Reduced Function
Device

The NWK layer supports multiple cluster tree, and mesh, all of which are
network topologies including star, shown in Figure

8
In a star topology, one of the FFD-type
devices assumes the role of network
coordinator and is responsible for
initiating and maintaining the devices on
the network. All other devices, known as
end devices, directly communicate with
the coordinator. In a mesh topology, the
ZigBee coordinator is responsible for
starting the network and for choosing
key network parameters, but the network
 Security layer
Security and data integrity are key
benefits of the ZigBee technology.
ZigBee leverages the security model of
the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC sub-layer
which specifies four security services:
access control—the device maintains a
list of trusted devices within the network
• data encryption, which uses
symmetric key 128-bit advanced
encryption standard
may be extended through the use of
ZigBee routers. The routing algorithm
uses a request-response protocol to
eliminate sub-optimal routing. Ultimate
network size can reach 264 nodes (more
than we'll probably need). Using local
addressing, you can configure simple
networks of more than 65,000 (216)
nodes, thereby reducing address
overhead
• frame integrity to protect data
from being modified by parties
without cryptographic keys
• sequential freshness to reject data
frames that have been replayed—
the network controller compares
the freshness value with the last
known value from the device and
rejects it if the freshness value
has not been updated to a new
value
9
 o COMPARISION BETWEEN THE WIRELESS
STANDARDS

o APPLICATIONS

Potential applications of zigbee include the building automation, industrial, medical

and residential control & monitoring

• A new twist on, "I've fallen and I can't get up”

10
 The figure basically shows a home-
monitoring system for senior citizens.
Zigbee-based sensors keep an eye on
elderly residents living alone and warn
medics about changes in habits that are
potentially serious; It includes a light
switch with a tiny digital camera (left); a
pendant (center) worn around the neck;
and movement tags (right), which can let
the system generate an alert based either on
detected movement or the lack of any
movement.

Zigbee doesn't have the bandwidth to handle video. So light switch / camera
combos deliver still images to a controller. An alert from the pendant or from one
of the tags activates the camera.

The pendant includes accelerometers that detect the forces of a person falling. It
also contains a panic button. The device can send a warning either to a monitoring
company or family member if something is up. It can be programmed to generate
an alert, for example, if a bedroom or refrigerator door hasn't opened by noon

11
“The bugs this system catches aren't in software”

One of the more offbeat applications for Zigbee

sensors is in catching termites. Wireless bait stations are
devised which act as Zigbee nodes. In operation, the
bait stations go into the ground at numerous spots
surrounding a house. Each bait station has a special
sensor that triggers when termites eat at the wood it
contains. The station then signals this activity to a
receiver, which sends an e-mail.
This wireless approach beats the technique now used
on several levels. Existing methods force exterminators to
physically check each station for activity. Termites could
cause severe damage long before evidence of them could
turn up during a periodic inspection. In contrast, the
Zigbee bait stations monitor pest activity 24/7. And
exterminators need not make long trips just to examine
bait stations

“Home to homeowner: "The toilet is leaking."

This type of home automation your pocket or onto a key chain.

system called the Home Heartbeat
system gives homeowners an
awareness of what's going on inside
their house, even if they happen to
be thousands of miles away.
Two key components of the system
are a base station and a Home Key.
The Key is envisioned to go into
When the Key leaves the range of
the base station, it carries with it the
last status of items such as doors,
windows, and lights, as read by
sensors on the Zigbee network.
Homeowners wondering whether
they left the garage door open could
conceivably tell by looking at the
LCD in their Home Key. (However,

12
 the system stops short of asking a
sympathetic neighbor to come over
and rectify the problem.)
The base station is smart enough to
notice if one of the sensors changes
state when the Home Key is out of
range. In this case it can send the
homeowner's cell phone a text
message detailing what's wrong.
8.6 Zigbeef
ZIGBEEF:
Zigbeef is a solution for tracking
cattle. Zigbee sensors give beef
producers the ability
electronically identify
whether their herds are crowded
into chutes, gathered into pens, or
grazing open pasture. Zigbeef radio-
based cattle ear tags offer superior
A variety of sensors have been devised
for the system. In addition to proximity
switches for doors and windows, there
are devices designed to detect leaking
pipes, ac loads, and even remind
homeowners about periodic maintenance
items such as low batteries in smoke
detectors or the need for seasonal gutter
cleaning. One worthy piece of the
system is a water shut-off valve.
reading-range over passive wand-
based tag technology. Producers are
to no longer limited to infrequent
cattle opportunities to scan IDs. Zigbeef
allows identification of each
animal on the range, pen, or
working chute, at virtually any time.
ZigBeef tags use mass-produced,
13
non-proprietary wireless sensor [Refer the greeting preview for the
technologies, offering a proven figure].
solution at an inexpensive price.

o CONCLUSION
Zigbee promises to put wireless
There are many wireless monitoring
sensors in everything from factory
and control applications for
automation systems to home
industrial and home markets which
security systems to consumer
require longer battery life, lower
electronics. Zigbee is a new
data rates and less complexity than
standard that still needs to pass
available from existing wireless
through the circles or rigorous
standards like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
technology critics and establish its
So, there was a need for a standard
own place in the industry. The next
based, interoperable wireless
zigbee challenge will be devising
technology that addresses the
the proposed extension to the
unique needs of low data rate
802.15.4 standard,’4a’ which could
wireless control and sensor based
be based on ultra-wideband (UWB).
networks. In this regard, zigbee was
poised to become the global
control/sensor network standard.

o REFERENCES

1. Electronics for you- November 4. www.zigbee.org

2004
5. www.zigbeef.com
2. Computer networks-by
Tanenbaum 6. www.nuri.com

3. www.zigbeealliance.com

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