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Sampling
Sampling theorem
Spectrum of sampling signals
Anti-aliasing pre-filter
Ideal pre-filter
Practical pre-filter
Analog reconstruction
Ideal reconstructor
Practical reconstructor
1. Introduction
A typical signal processing system includes 3 stages:
x(t)
Sampler
t=nT
x(t)
11010
111 xQ(n)
110
101
100
011
010
001
000
3. Sampling
Sampling is to convert a continuous time signal into a discrete time
signal. The analog signal is periodically measured at every T seconds
Example 1
The analog signal x(t)=2cos(2t) with t(s) is sampled at the rate Fs=4
Hz. Find the discrete-time signal x(n) ?
Solution:
x(n)x(nT)=x(n/Fs)=2cos(2n/Fs)=2cos(2n/4)=2cos(n/2)
n
x(n)
-2
Example 2
Consider the two analog sinusoidal signals
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1
x1 (t ) 2cos(2 t ), x2 (t ) 2cos(2 t ); t ( s)
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These signals are sampled at the sampling frequency Fs=1 Hz.
Find the discrete-time signals ?
Solution:
1
71
7
) 2cos(2
n) 2cos( n)
Fs
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4
1
2cos((2 ) n) 2cos( n)
4
4
1
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1
x2 (n) x2 (nT ) x2 (n ) 2cos(2
n) 2cos( n)
Fs
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4
x1 (n) x1 (nT ) x1 (n
F2=1/8 Hz
F1=7/8 Hz
Fs=1 Hz
4. Aliasing of Sinusoids
In general, the sampling of a continuous-time sinusoidal signal
x(t ) A cos(2 F0t ) at a sampling rate Fs=1/T results in a
discrete-time signal x(n).
The sinusoids xk (t ) A cos(2 Fk t ) is sampled at Fs , resulting
in a discrete time signal xk(n).
If Fk=F0+kFs, k=0, 1, 2, ., then x(n)=xk(n) .
5. Spectrum Replication
(t nT )
Se
j 2 Fs nt
where Sn
1
1
1
j 2 Fs nt
(
t
)
e
dt
(
t
)
dt
T T
T T
T
1 j 2 Fsnt
Thus, s(t ) e
T n
1
x (t ) x(t ) s(t ) x(t )e j 2 nf st
which results in
T n
1
Taking the Fourier transform of x (t ) yields X ( F ) X ( F nFs )
T n
10
Fs/2 Fmax
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6. Sampling Theorem
For accurate representation of a signal x(t) by its time samples x(nT),
two conditions must be met:
1) The signal x(t) must be band-limited, i.e., its frequency spectrum must
be limited to Fmax .
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Fmax
Fs
Biomedical
1 KHz
2 KHz
Speech
4 KHz
8 KHz
Audio
20 KHz
40 KHz
Video
4 MHz
8 MHz
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Then
F [ Fs / 2, Fs / 2]
otherwise
X a ( F ) X ( F )H ( F ) X ( F )
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Example 3
The analog signal x(t)=cos(20t) is sampled at the sampling
frequency Fs=40 Hz.
a) Plot the spectrum of signal x(t) ?
b) Find the discrete time signal x(n) ?
c) Plot the spectrum of signal x(n) ?
d) The signal x(n) is an input of the ideal reconstructor, find the
reconstructed signal xa(t) ?
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Example 4
The analog signal x(t)=cos(100t) is sampled at the sampling
frequency Fs=40 Hz.
a) Plot the spectrum of signal x(t) ?
b) Find the discrete time signal x(n) ?
c) Plot the spectrum of signal x(n) ?
d) The signal x(n) is an input of the ideal reconstructor, find the
reconstructed signal xa(t) ?
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Remarks: xa(t) contains only the frequency components that lie in the
Nyquist interval (NI) [-Fs/2, Fs/2].
sampling at Fs
ideal reconstructor
x(t), F0 NI ------------------> x(n) ----------------------> xa(t), Fa=F0
sampling at Fs
ideal reconstructor
xk(t), Fk=F0+kFs-----------------> x(n) ---------------------> xa(t), Fa=F0
The frequency Fa of reconstructed signal xa(t) is obtained by adding
to or substracting from F0 (Fk) enough multiples of Fs until it lies
within the Nyquist interval [-Fs/2, Fs/2]. That is
Fa F mod( Fs )
Digital Signal Processing
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Example 5
The analog signal x(t)=10sin(4t)+6sin(16t) is sampled at the rate 20
Hz. Find the reconstructed signal xa(t) ?
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Example 6
Let x(t) be the sum of sinusoidal signals
x(t)=4+3cos(t)+2cos(2t)+cos(3t) where t is in milliseconds.
a) Determine the minimum sampling rate that will not cause any
aliasing effects ?
b) To observe aliasing effects, suppose this signal is sampled at half its
Nyquist rate. Determine the signal xa(t) that would be aliased with
x(t) ? Plot the spectrum of signal x(n) for this sampling rate?
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Example 7
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H (F )
(dB)
H ( F0 )
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Example 6
A sound wave has the form
x(t ) 2 A cos(10 t ) 2 B cos(30 t ) 2C cos(50 t )
2 D cos(60 t ) 2 E cos(90 t ) 2 F cos(125 t )
This signal is prefilter by an anlog prefilter H(f). Then, the output y(t)
of the prefilter is sampled at a rate of 40KHz and immediately
reconstructed by an ideal analog reconstructor, resulting into the final
analog output ya(t), as shown below:
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Example 7
Determine the output signal y(t) and ya(t) in the following cases:
a)When there is no prefilter, that is, H(F)=1 for all F.
b)When H(F) is the ideal prefilter with cutoff Fs/2=20 KHz.
c)When H(F) is a practical prefilter with specifications as shown
below:
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Review
Hot ng ca b ly mu l tng?
Hin tng chng ln?
Tnh cht lp ph?
Pht biu nh l ly mu?
Hot ng ca b khi phc l tng?
Ti sao phi dng tin lc/hu lc?
Hot ng ca b tin lc l tng/thc t?
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Homework 1
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Homework 2
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Homework 3
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Homework 3
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Homework 4
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Homework 5
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Homework 6
36
Homework 7
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Homework 8
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Homework 9
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Homework 10
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Homework 11
Cho tn hiu ng vo tng t x(t) = 3cos103t 4sin104t (t: s) i qua
h thng ly mu v khi phc l tng vi tn s ly mu Fs = 8 KHz.
a) Vit biu thc ca tn hiu sau ly mu x[n]? Xc nh gi tr mu
x[n=2] ca tn hiu sau ly mu.
b) C hay khng 1 tn s ly mu khc (Fsb 8 KHz) cho cng kt qu
tn hiu sau ly mu x[n]? Nu khng, hy chng minh. Nu c, hy
ch ra 1 tn s ly mu khc .
c) V ph bin ca tn hiu sau ly mu trong phm vi tn s t 0 n
10 KHz.
d) Xc nh biu thc ca tn hiu sau khi phc.
e) Xc nh biu thc ca tn hiu sau khi phc trong trng hp dng
thm b tin lc thng thp thc t c bin phng trong tm [-4 4]
KHz v suy gim vi tc -1@0dB/decade bn ngoi di thng.
Digital Signal Processing
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Homework 12
Cho tn hiu ng vo tng t x(t) = 2 4sin6t + 8cos10t (t: s)
i qua h thng ly mu v khi phc l tng vi tn s ly mu
la chn Fs = 7,@ KHz.
a) V ph bin ca tn hiu ng vo x(t).
b) V ph bin ca mt tn hiu chng ln (aliased signal) vi
x(t).
c) V ph bin ca tn hiu sau ly mu trong phm vi tn s t
0 n 10 KHz.
d) Tm gi tr mu x[n=2] ca tn hiu sau ly mu.
e) Xc nh biu thc (theo thi gian) ca tn hiu sau khi phc.
f) Tm iu kin ca tn s ly mu khi phc ng tn hiu ng
vo x(t).
Digital Signal Processing
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Homework 13
Cho tn hiu ng vo tng t x(t) = 14sin23t + 3sin14t (t: ms) i qua
h thng ly mu v khi phc l tng vi tn s ly mu Fs = 8 KHz.
a) Tm gi tr mu x[n=4] ca tn hiu sau ly mu?
b) Xc nh biu thc ca 1 tn hiu chng ln (aliased signal) vi tn
hiu ban u x(t)?
c) V ph bin ca tn hiu sau ly mu trong phm vi tn s t 0 n
8 KHz?
d) Xc nh biu thc ca tn hiu sau khi phc?
e) Xc nh biu thc ca tn hiu sau khi phc trong trng hp dng
thm b tin lc thng thp thc t c bin phng trong tm 4 KHz
v suy gim vi tc -4@dB/decade bn ngoi di thng?
f) Xc nh 1 tp gi tr thch hp (A, B, FA FB) ca tn hiu ng vo
x(t) = AsinFAt + BsinFBt
(t: ms) tn hiu sau khi phc (khi
khng dng thm b tin lc) y(t) = 2sin2t (t: ms)?
Digital Signal Processing
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Homework 14
Cho tn hiu ng vo tng t x(t) = 1 2cos6t + 3sin14t (t: ms) i qua h
thng ly mu v khi phc l tng vi tn s ly mu Fs = 8 KHz.
a) Tm gi tr mu x[n=2] ca tn hiu sau ly mu?
b) Xc nh biu thc (theo thi gian) ca 1 tn hiu chng ln (aliased signal) vi
tn hiu ban u x(t)?
c) V ph bin ca tn hiu sau ly mu trong phm vi tn s t 0 n 8 KHz?
d) Xc nh biu thc (theo thi gian) ca tn hiu sau khi phc?
e) Xc nh biu thc (theo thi gian) ca tn hiu sau khi phc trong trng hp
dng thm b tin lc thng thp thc t c bin phng trong tm 4 KHz v
suy gim vi tc -6@dB/decade bn ngoi di thng?
f) Tm iu kin ca chu k ly mu Ts sao cho tn hiu sau khi phc (khi khng
dng thm b tin lc) ging tn hiu ban u x(t)?
g) Tm tn s ly mu Fs ln nht c th sao cho tn hiu sau khi phc (khi khng
dng thm b tin lc) l tn hiu mt chiu khng i. Xc nh gi tr mt
chiu khng i ny?
Digital Signal Processing
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Homework 15
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