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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Inverters are the power electronic circuit, which converts the DC
voltage into AC voltage. The DC source is normally a battery or output of the controlled
rectifier. The output voltage waveform of the inverter can be square wave, quasi-square
wave or low distorted sine wave. The output voltage can be controlled with the help of
drives of the switches. The pulse width modulation techniques are most commonly used
to control the output voltage of inverters. Such inverters are called as PWM inverters.
The output voltage of the inverter contain harmonics whenever it is not sinusoidal. These
harmonics can be reduced by using proper control schemes.
Inverters can be broadly classified into two types. They areVoltage Source Inverter (VSI)
Current Source Inverter (CSI)
When the DC voltage remains constant, then it is called voltage inverter
(VSI) or voltage fed inverter (VFI). When input current is maintained constant, then it is
called current source inverter (CSI) or current fed inverter (CFI). Sometimes, the DC
input voltage to the inverter is controlled to adjust the output. Such inverters are called
variable DC link inverters. The inverters can have single phase or three-phase output.
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are several advantages to this approach whencompared with the conventional power
conversion approach.
The smaller voltage steps lead to the production of higher powerquality
waveforms and also reduce voltage (dv/dt) stress onthe load and the electromagnetic
compatibility concerns.Another important feature of multilevel converters is that
thesemiconductors are wired in a series-type connection, whichallows operation at higher
voltages. However, the series connectionis typically made with clamping diodes, which
eliminatesovervoltage concerns. Furthermore, since the switches are nottruly series
connected, their switching can be staggered, whichreduces the switching frequency and
thus the switching losses.
One clear disadvantage of multilevel power conversion is the higher
number of semiconductor switches required. It should be pointed out that lower voltage
rated switches can be used in the multilevel converter and, therefore, the active
semiconductorcost is not appreciably increased when compared with the twolevelcases.
However, each active semiconductor added requiresassociated gate drive circuits and
adds further complexity to theconverter mechanical layout.
Another disadvantage of multilevel power converters is that the small
voltage steps are typicallyproduced by isolated voltage sources or a bank of
seriescapacitors. Isolated voltage sources may not always be readilyavailable, and series
capacitors require voltage balancing .To some extent, the voltage balancing can be
addressed by usingredundant switching states, which exist due to the high numberof
semiconductor devices. However, for a complete solutionto the voltage-balancing
problem, another multilevel converter may be required .
1.2
NECESSITY
In recent years, industry has begun to demand higher power conversion
equipment,which now reaches the megawatt level. Controlled ac drives in the megawatt
range are usually connected to the medium-voltage network. Today, it is hard to connect
a single power semiconductor switch directly to medium voltage grids (2.3, 3.3, 4.16, or
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6.9 kV). For these reasons, a new family of multilevel inverters has emerged as the
solution for working with higher voltage levels
In excising system multiple bridges are used which in turn increases
the no of switches, and assymetrical supply sources. The supply sources used in each
bridge is doubled for each bridge.The inverter design is difficult to construct and robust
in operation. In single-phase multilevel inverters, the most common topologies are the
cascaded, diode-clamped, and capacitor clamped this types are conventional multilevel
inverter .In practice, bulky transformers either of low or medium frequency are usually
necessary. Difference in the ratings of the switches used is also a major drawback of the
existing topologies.
So a new multilevel inverter topology named reversing voltage
topology is used in this project to reduce the
number of componentscompared to
1.3
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the project is to design and implement a new multilevel
inverter with reverse voltage topology.
To reduce the number of switching devices.
To reduce the total harmonic distortion of the output waveform.
To obtain a 7 level output waveform with approximates a sine wave.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
topologies
of
multi-level
inverter
system
have
beenintroduced in the recent past [2]. The main topologies arediode clamped inverter
system [3], flying capacitor invertersystem and Cascaded H-bridge inverter system ,
[8]in order to generate a high voltage waveform using lowvoltage devices. Each of these
topologies has a differentmechanism for providing the required voltage levels. But
thenumber of main switches of each topology is equal.Comparing with respect to the
other components, for instance,DC-link capacitors having the same capacity per unit,
diodeclamped inverter has the least number of capacitors among thevarious multi-level
inverter system topologies but requiresadditional clamping diodes. Flying capacitor
inverters havethe largest number of capacitors required but need noclamping diode. H
bridge inverters require isolated voltagesources but need no clamping diodes.
Recent research has involved the introduction of novel converter
topologies andunique modulation strategies. However, the most recently usedinverter
topologies, which are mainly addressed as applicablemultilevel inverters, are cascade
converter, neutral-pointclamped(NPC) inverter, and flying capacitor inverter. There are
also some combinations of the mentioned topologies asseries combination of a two-level
converter with a three-levelNPC converter which is named cascade 3/2 multilevel
inverter. There is also a series combination of a three-level cascadeconverter with a fivelevel NPC converter which is namedcascade 5/3 multilevel inverter .
Some new approaches have been recently suggested such as the
topology utilizing low-switching-frequency high-powerdevices . Although the topology
has some modification toreduce output voltage distortion, the general disadvantage of
this method is that it has significant low-order current harmonics.
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It is also unable to exactly manipulate the magnitudeof output voltage due to an adopted
pulsewidth modulation.
There is also another topology which requires more switchesthan the
proposed topology for the same number of levels .Some of the proposed topologies suffer
from complexities ofcapacitor balancing . In, the capacitor values usedin the topology are
proportional to the load current, and as theload current increases, a larger capacitor
should be selected.In, the capacitor voltage will affect the output voltage
whenmodulation index reaches near its extreme values, i.e., zeroor one. [3]
The proposed topology in this project is an overview of a new multilevel
invertertopology named reversing voltage (RV). This topology requiresless number of
components compared to conventional topologies.It is also more efficient since the
inverter has a componentwhich operates the switching power devices at line
frequency.Therefore, there is no need for all switches to work in highfrequency which
leads to simpler and more reliable control ofthe inverter. [1]
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CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
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3.2.1.1 AC SUPPLY
The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down
transformer from 230Vto 12V and 4 diodes forming a bridge rectifier that delivers
pulsating dc which is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of about 470F to 1000f.
3.2.1.2 RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC),
which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only
one direction, a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as
components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made
of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.
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The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating
D.C.
3.2.1.3 FILTER
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until the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is
varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at its
output .
This is the main part of the proposed system. It consists of ten high power
switches, which can be operated both in high frequency and low frequency regions. The
switches used here are MOSFETs which have fast switching characteristics. Among the
ten switches six of them take part in level generation process while other four will work
as the polarity generation process. The desired 7 levels are generated from the level
generation part and they are fed into the polarity generation part to reverse its polarity if
needed.
by
Microchip
Technology
to
identify
itssingle-chip
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Multilevel Inverter
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The rest of the pins are mandatory pins these should not be used to connect input/output
devices.
Pin 1 is MCLR (master clear pin) pin also referred as reset pin.
Pin 13, 14 are used for crystal oscillator to connect to generate a frequency of about
20MHz.
Pin 11, 12 and31, 32 are used for voltage supply Vdd(+)and Vss (-).
It is
used
to provide 9
MOSFET
Switches of the inverter. Driver amplifies the voltage from microcontroller which
is 5volts. Also it has
MOSFET
is
an
damage to
prevented. The driver circuit forms the most important part of the
hardware unit because it acts as the backbone of the inverter because it gives the
triggering pulse to the switches in the proper sequence. The diagram given above gives
3
4
TLP250
6
5
100E
FR 107
SW1
G 1
2
7
IC
IN4007
D22
LED
2
GND
560E
1K
2
1
2
220E
3
1K
CK100
18V ZENER
V1
+
1000uF/25V
(230-12)V
1
2
2N2222
Pulse
0.1uF
LED
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3.2.1.7 CRO
3.2.1.8 WORKING
The single phase Ac supply is given to a step down transformer and
therefore 230 V is step down to 12V ac. These are then fed into a bridge rectifier and
filter circuit so that a 12V dc supply is obtained at its output. Another step down
transformer of 230/12v is placed for providing supply for the driver circuit. The driver
circuit will amplifies the voltage from microcontroller which is 5 V. The microcontroller
is supplied by using a 230/9V step down transformer .Since microcontroller works on 5V
supply a 7805 voltage regulator is used to power the controller.
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The step form of seven levels of the output waveform is obtained by the
equation 2(N+1) where N is the number of dc sources. So by increasing the number of
sources the level can also be increased. Here three dc sources of 5 V is used in the circuit.
Fig 3.3.2 indicates that for generating the 0 level output only the switches 2,3,5 are turned
on and in the polarity generation part the switches 7 and 10 will be in the on position. For
obtaining the 5 v output level one of the dc source is active in the circuit and the
switches 2,3,5,7,10will be in the ON position.
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Multilevel Inverter
For obtaining 10V output step level two of the dc sources will be active and
the switches 2,6,5,8 and 9 will be active. For generating the 15 V level three of the dc
sources will adds up its voltage and the switches 1,5 ,7 and 10 will be active and
therefore desired output level is generated .Similarly for generating the negative polarity
output voltage levels the switches 8 and 9 will be ON in the polarity generation part of
the circuit .
The ON and OFF period of the switches are controlled by generating pulse
signals by PWM technique.Fig 3.3.2.1 shows how the delay time and on period are
calculated. Here there are 12 states for completing one cycle of the wave. So the total
time required for completion one cycle is equal to .02s. So for one switch the time period
is .02/12 which is equal to .00166s.there for the ON percentage is calculated by
(.0016/.02)*100 which is equal to.8333%.
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Resisitor 1 k
Buffer Ic wCD4050
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Multilevel Inverter
Zener diode
3.3.4. 2 LM7805
18
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Multilevel Inverter
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3.3.4.5 IN4007
Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier
or full wave rectifier. The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes
available in the market are as follows: Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003,
IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of
50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp.
3.3.4.6 RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an
electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the
current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law: V = IR Resistors are used as part of
electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as
well as resistance wire (wire made of a high resistivity.
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CHAPTER 4
PROJECT PLAN
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: 7v-35v
Current rating
: 1A
IRF840 MOSFETs are used since it can withstand currents upto 8A.
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SL NO:
1
2
3
4
5
6
SCHEDULE OF WORK
MONTH
Project selection
August
Design of circuit
August
Basic introduction to MATLAB
August - September
Simulation
September - October
Further improvements in circuit design
December-January
Hardware implementation
February
Table 1 Schedule of the project
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COMPONENT NAME
COST(in Rs)
Bridge rectifier-5Amps
98
MOSFET IRF840
26
2 pin PTP
CONTROLLERS
5
PIC16F877A
250
AC socket
40
Bridge rectifier 1 A
52
35
10
11
Reset switch
12
DRIVER BOARD
13
Diode IN4007
14
Capacitor
15
16
17
Resistor 1k
18
IC MCT2E
34
19
Buffer IC WCD4050
65
20
Zener diode
21
750
22
870
23
Transformer 230/12V
220
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24
50
TOTAL
2534
Table 2 prototype cost
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CHAPTER 5
CURRENT STATUS OF THE PROJECT
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CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS
4. Power grid
Grid-tied inverters are designed to feed into the electric power distribution
system. They transfer synchronously with the line and have as little harmonic content as
possible. They also need a means of detecting the presence of utility power for safety
reasons, so as not to continue to dangerously feed power to the grid during a power
outage.
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5. Solar
A solar inverter is a balance of system (BOS) component of a
photovoltaic system and can be used for both, grid-connected and off-grid systems. Solar
inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including
maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
6. HVDC
With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage
DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a
static inverter plant converts the power back to AC. The inverter must be synchronized
with grid frequency and phase and minimize harmonic generation.
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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In this project, a new inverter topology has been proposed which has
superior features over conventional topologies in terms of the required power switches
and isolated dc supplies, control requirements, cost, and reliability. It is shown that this
topology can be a good candidate for converters used in power applications such as
FACTS, HVDC, PV systems, UPS, etc. In the mentioned topology, the switching
operation is separated into high- and low-frequency parts. This will add up to the
efficiency of the converter as well as reducing the size and cost of the final prototype. In
this phase of the project the feasibility of the prototype model has been designed using
MATLAB and the desired output level of seven levels for a resistive load of 100 ohms
is obtained.
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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
[1] EhsanNajafi, Member, IEEE, and Abdul Halim Mohamed Yatim, Senior Member,
IEEE,Design and Implementation of a New Multilevel Inverter Topology, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 59, NO. 11, NOVEMBER
2012.
[2] K. Jang-Hwan, S.-K. Sul, and P. N. Enjeti, A carrier-based PWMmethod with
optimal switching sequence for a multilevel four-leg voltagesource inverter, IEEE
TRANS. IND. APPL., VOL. 44, NO. 4, PP. 12391248,JUL./AUG. 2008.
[3] X. Yun, Y. Zou, X. Liu, and Y. He, A novel composite cascade multilevel
converter, IN PROC. 33RD IEEE IECON, 2007, PP. 17991804.
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