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Shinkansen track is standard gauge, extremely level, with welded rails to reduce vibration.
Japan was the first country to build dedicated railway lines for high speed travel. Because of the
mountainous terrain, the existing network consisted of 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge lines,
which generally took indirect routes and could not be adapted to higher speeds. Consequently,
Japan had a greater need for new high speed lines than countries where the existing standard
gauge or broad gauge rail system had more upgrade potential.
Early proposals
The popular English name bullet train is a literal translation of the Japanese term dangan ressha
(弾丸列車), a nickname given to the project while it was initially being discussed in the 1930s.
The name stuck due to the Shinkansen locomotive's resemblance to a bullet and its high speed.
The "Shinkansen" name was first formally used in 1940 for a proposed standard gauge
passenger/freight line between Tokyo and Shimonoseki, using steam and electric locomotives
with a top speed of 200 km/h (124 mph). Over the next three years, the Ministry of Railways
drew up more ambitious plans to extend the line to Beijing (through a tunnel to Korea) and even
Singapore, and build connections to the Trans-Siberian Railway and other trunk lines in Asia.
These plans were abandoned in 1943, as Japan's position in World War II worsened. However,
some construction did commence on the line; several tunnels on the present-day Shinkansen date
to the war-era project.
In 1957, Odakyu Electric Railway introduced its Romancecar 3000 SE service, setting a world
speed record of (145 km/h or 90 mph) for a narrow gauge train. This train gave designers the
confidence they could build an even faster standard gauge train, as the first Shinkansen, the 0
Series, and built on the success of the Romancecar.
Construction
Series of Shinkansen
Shinkansen 700T train on a test run on the Taiwan High Speed Rail in June 2006.
N700: The Newest Model
• Passenger Trains
○ 0 Series
○ 100 Series
○ 200 Series
○ 300 Series
○ 400 Series (Mini-Shinkansen)
○ 500 Series
○ 700 Series
○ 700T Series (Taiwan High Speed Rail, a.k.a. Taiwan Shinkansen)
○ N700 Series
○ 800 Series
○ E1 Series (Max)
○ E2 Series
○ E3 Series (Mini-Shinkansen)
○ E4 Series (Max)
• Experimental Railed Trains
○ 1000 Type
○ 951 Type
○ 961 Type
○ 962 Type
○ 500-900 Series (WIN 350)
○ 952/953 Type (STAR 21)
○ 955 Type (300X)
○ E954 Type (FASTECH 360 S)
○ E955 Type (FASTECH 360 Z)(Mini-Shinkansen)
• Maglev Trains:
○ LSM200 - 1972
○ ML100 - 1972
○ ML100A - 1975
○ ML-500 - 1977
○ ML-500R - 1979
○ MLU001 - 1981
○ MLU002 - 1987
○ MLU002N - 1993
○ MLX01 - 1996
○ MLX01-901 - 2002
• Maintenance Trains
○ 911 Type Diesel Locomotive
○ 912 Type Diesel Locomotive
○ DD18 Type Diesel Locomotive
○ DD19 Type Diesel Locomotive
○ 944 Type (Rescue Train)
○ 921 Type 0 Numbers (Track Checking Car)
○ 922 Type (Doctor Yellow Set T1, T2, T3)
○ 923 Type (Doctor Yellow Set T4, T5)
○ 925 Type (Doctor Yellow Set S1, S2)
○ E926 Type (East i)(Mini-Shinkansen)
The Shinkansen fare system is integrated with Japan's low-speed intercity railway lines, but a
surcharge is required to ride the Shinkansen. Here, an ordinary ticket from Tokyo to Takamatsu
is coupled with a Shinkansen surcharge ticket from Tokyo to Okayama, allowing use of the
Shinkansen from Tokyo to Okayama and use of local lines from Okayama to Takamatsu. For
trips exclusively on one Shinkansen, the ordinary fare and Shinkansen surcharge may be
combined on one ticket.
Originally intended to carry passenger and freight trains by day and night, the Shinkansen lines
carry only passenger trains. The system shuts down between midnight and 06:00 every day for
maintenance. The few overnight trains that still run in Japan run on the old narrow gauge
network that the Shinkansen parallels.
• Tōkaidō Shinkansen and Sanyō Shinkansen
Nozomi (のぞみ)
Hikari (ひかり)
Hikari Rail Star (in Sanyo area only) (ひかりレールスター)
Kodama (こだま)
• Tohoku Shinkansen, Yamagata Shinkansen and Akita Shinkansen
Hayate (はやて)
Yamabiko, Max Yamabiko (やまびこ)
Nasuno, Max Nasuno (なすの)
Aoba (discontinued) (あおば)
Komachi (Akita Shinkansen) (こまち)
Tsubasa (Yamagata Shinkansen) (つばさ)
• Jōetsu Shinkansen
Toki, Max Toki (とき)
Tanigawa, Max Tanigawa (たにがわ)
Asahi (discontinued), Max Asahi (あさひ)(discontinued)
• Hokuriku Shinkansen (Nagano Shinkansen)
Asama, Max Asama (あさま)
• Kyūshū Shinkansen
Tsubame (つばめ)
Speed records
km/h
Train Location Date Comments
(mph)
200 1000 Type Odawara test track, now part 31 October
(124.3) Shinkansen of Tōkaidō Shinkansen 1962
256 1000 Type 30 March Former world speed
Odawara test track
(159.1) Shinkansen 1963 record for EMU trains.
286 951 Type 24 February Former world speed
Sanyō Shinkansen
(177.7) Shinkansen 1972 record for EMU trains.
319.0 961 Type Oyama test track, now part 7 December Former world speed
(198.2) Shinkansen of Tōhoku Shinkansen 1979 record for EMU trains.
325.7 300 series test 28 February
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
(202.4) train 1991
352.0 Class 952/953 30 October
Jōetsu Shinkansen
(218.7) test train 1992
425.0 Class 952/953 21 December
Jōetsu Shinkansen
(264.1) test train 1993
426.6 Class 955 (300X) Tōkaidō Shinkansen 11 July 1996
(265.1) test train
443.0 Class 955 (300X)
Tōkaidō Shinkansen 26 July 1996
(275.3) test train
Gallery