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10.1109/TPEL.2015.2429593, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
1
AbstractThis paper proposes an inductors coupling technique to cancel input current ripples of a quasi-Z-source inverter
without adding any additional components. This means the
suppression of input filters that are used to protect voltage
sources, and this whatever the voltage boost factor value. This
cancellation property is made possible by a suitable coupling of
the two existing quasi-Z-source inductors according to mathematical condition. The considered system in this paper is an electric
drive system composed of a motor fed by the proposed coupled
quasi-Z-source inverter. An experimental prototype to validate
both the theoretical and simulation analyses has been developed.
The results have validated the proposed coupling strategy and
show that it does not degrade the global efficiency of the system.
K,D i
L1
vs
DC-source
voltage
C2
L1
Iinv
C1
vC2
vC1
vDC
iL2 L2
Z-source inverter
Motor
I. I NTRODUCTION
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2
vC2
C2
iL1
L1
vs
DC-source
voltage
1
vDC
=
vs
1 2d
(2)
1d
vs
(3)
vC1 ' vC1 =
1 2d
d
(6)
1d
vs ' vC1
vL1 '
(8)
1 2d
v =v
L2
C1
Thus, one obtains that for u = 1, vL1 ' vL2 . The same
mathematical description is made by considering the second
sequence for which u = 0. One has:
vL1 = vs vC1
(9)
vL2 = vC2
Iinv
K,D iL2 L2
vC1 C
vDC
1
diL2
diL1
+M
= vs + vC2 u vC1 (1 u)
L1
dt
dt
di
di
L2
L1
L2
+M
= vC1 u vC2 (1 u)
dt
dt
(1)
dv
C1
C
=
i
u
+
i
(1
u)
I
(1
u)
1
L2
L1
inv
dt
C dvC2 = i u + i (1 u) I (1 u)
2
L1
L2
inv
dt
M represents the mutual inductance. By averaging the two
first equations in (1), the elevating ratio of CQZSI is given by
(2) noting vDC = vC1 + vC2 :
Motor
vL1 '
vs ' vC2
1 2d
v = v
L2
(10)
C2
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3
iL1 =
L2 M
iL2
L1 M
(12)
iL1
vL1
air
lz
iron
vL2 l1
e1
e2
l2
e3
l3
iL2
Fig. 3. Geometry of the considered magnetic core.
l
1
material A
(14)
with l the length of the circuit in meters, material the permeability of the material (air or iron) and A the cross-sectional
area of the circuit in square meters. From this concept and the
analogy with electrical circuit, one has on the assumption that
<iron ' 0:
n1 iL1 = <air1 1 + <air2 (1 2 )
(15)
n2 iL2 = <air3 2 + <air2 (2 1 )
(16)
n2 <air2
1 =
iL2
n1 (<air2 + <air3 )
+
iL1
n1 <air2
2 =
iL1
(<
+
<
)
air2
air3 (<air1 + <air2 ) <air2
n2 (<air1 + <air2 )
iL2
+
(<air2 + <air3 ) (<air1 + <air2 ) <2air2
(17)
From an electrical circuit point of view, the total fluxes 1 and
2 through the primary and secondary sides of the inductors
are given by:
1 = n1 1 = L1 iL1 + M iL2
(18)
2 = n2 2 = L2 iL2 + M iL1
From (17) and (18), one finally obtains the expressions of the
inductances L1 , L2 and the mutual inductance M :
L1 =
(19)
n1 n2 <air2
(21)
M=
(<air2 + <air3 ) (<air1 + <air2 ) <2air2
The mathematical equality (13) is finally geometrically given
by:
<air2
n2 =
n1
(22)
<air1 + <air2
From the definition (14) of magnetic reluctance, (22) gives a
condition on the turns numbers n1 and n2 :
A2 e 1
n1 = 1 +
n2
(23)
A1 e 2
with A1 = l1 lz and A2 = l2 lz . By considering symmetrical
commercialized ferrite cores, with l1 = l3 = l22 and e1 =
e2 = e3 the above condition becomes:
n1 = 3 n2
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(24)
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10.1109/TPEL.2015.2429593, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
4
3 n22
(25)
L2 =
4 <air1
(26)
M = L2
L1 = 9 L2
(27)
Description
Value
vs
source voltage
DC-bus voltage
inductors
capacitors
PM-motor power
65 V
100 V
230 H
680 F
< 500 W
vDC
L1 = L2
C1 = C2
P0max
(a) with n1 = n2 .
DCbus voltage
150
vDC (V)
100
50
0
0.07
0.0701
0.0702
0.0703
iL2 (A)
4
Inductive currents
0.0704
iL1 1A (A)
3
2
1
0.07
(b) with n1 = 3 n2 .
Fig. 5. Finite elements results: flux lines in the magnetic circuit plotted for
the two considered configurations.
0.0701
0.0702
simulation time (s)
0.0703
0.0704
and the inductive currents iL1 and iL2 are presented. The DCmax
bus voltage evolves between two values, vDC
, which represents the DC-bus voltage reference (100 V ) and zero when a
shoot-through zero state is added in the inverter PWM scheme.
In simulation, four shoot-through states are added during the
switching period T = 104 s (see [7] for more details). In
this figure, the currents waveforms are obtained with simple
coupling n1 = n2 . Thus, the inductive currents are equal so as
the high-frequency ripples (about 1 A according to the figure).
In Fig. 7, the proposed coupling strategy is investigated with
respect to condition (24). As expected, this result validates the
input current ripples cancellation (iL1 ). The input current is
thus perfectly continuous and does not contain high-frequency
ripples. A third test in Fig. 8 is conducted and focuses on
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5
DCbus voltage
150
vDC (V)
100
50
0
0.09
0.09
0.0901
0.0901
0.0902
0.0902
0.0903
0.0904
0.0904
Inductive currents
6
iL2 (A)
L1
(A)
3
2
1
0.09
0.09
0.0901
0.0901
0.0902
0.0902
0.0903
0.0904
0.0904
(a) d = 10%.
Speed
DCbus voltage
(b) d = 30%.
Fig. 9. DC-bus voltage and currents for two operating points depending on
the duty cycle d value.
150
C1 = C2
inverter
100
vDC (V)
50
0
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
Alternator
0.36
1000
* (rpm)
500
Inductive currents
0.18
10
0.2
0.22
iL14A (A)
iL2 (A)
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
Motor
0.36
L1= 9 L2
2
0
2
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
simulation time (s)
0.32
0.34
0.36
transient state after a speed step from 500 rpm to 1000 rpm.
The two currents have been shifted for convenience. The result
allows validating the proposed coupling technique even in
transient state. The input current does not have any highfrequency ripples. One advantage of the proposed strategy
using a quasi-Z-source inverter is that it is valid on the entire
range of duty cycle. It does not depend on the boost ratio
vDC /vs . The simulation results in Fig. 9 allow proving this
for two tested duty cycles (d = 10% and d = 30%).
n1=n2
n2
n1=3n2
n2
are built according to the turns numbers in primary and secondary sides (n1 = n2 or n1 = 3 n2 ). The two configurations
are presented in Fig. 11. The typical waveforms of inductive
currents with classical coupling n1 = n2 are given in Fig. 12.
When a shoot-through zero state is added, the DC-bus voltage
equals zero and the inductive currents iL1 and iL2 increase.
These waveforms are obtained by inserting four short-circuits
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6
vDC (100V/div)
vDC (100V/div)
(500 rpm/div)
iL1 (1A/div)
iL2 (1A/div)
iL2 (1A/div)
iL1 (1A/div)
Fig. 12. Experimental results: inductive currents iL1 and iL2 waveforms in
steady state for L1 ' L2 (n1 = n2 ).
vDC (100V/div)
(500 rpm/div)
iL2 (1A/div)
vDC (100V/div)
(500 rpm/div)
iL2 (1A/div)
iL1 (1A/div)
iL1 (1A/div)
Fig. 13. Experimental results: inductive currents iL1 and iL2 waveforms in
steady state for L1 = 9 L2 (n1 = 3 n2 ) and L2 = M .
voltage vDC
generally evolves with the same dynamic as that
of the mechanical speed. Nevertheless, the experimental results
remains interesting and show that the coupling strategy is still
valid.
VII. E FFICIENCY RESULTS ON THE TEST BENCH
It is interesting in this part to study the effect of the coupling
strategy (n1 = 3 n2 ) over the efficiency of the global system.
Note that n2 is always constant in the two configurations and
only n1 is modified (see Fig. 11). With vs = 100 V and
vDC = 180 V , experimental efficiencies are plotted in Fig 17.
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7
vDC (100V/div)
iL1 (5A/div)
iL2 (5A/div)
0.8
0.75
0.7
Efficiency
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
with classical coupling strategy (n1=n2)
with proposed coupling strategy (n1=3 n2)
0.45
0.4
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Mechanical speed (rpm)
1400
1600
1800
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8
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