Brain Waves Info

5 Types Of Brain Waves
Frequencies: Gamma, Beta, Alpha,

Theta, Delta
It is important to know that all humans display five different types of electrical patterns
or brain waves across the cortex. The brain waves can be observed with an EEG (or an
electroencephalograph) a tool that allows researchers to note brain wave patterns.
Each brain wave has a purpose and helps serve us in optimal mental functioning.
Our brains ability to become flexible and/or transition through various brain wave
frequencies plays a large role in how successful we are at managing stress, focusing on
tasks, and getting a good nights sleep. If one of the five types of brain waves is either
overproduced and/or under produced in our brain, it can cause problems. For this
reason, it is important to understand that there is no single brain wave that is better or
more optimal than the others.
Each serves a purpose to help us cope with various situations whether it is to help us
process and learn new information or help us calm down after a long stressful day. The
five brain waves in order of highest frequency (lowest amplitude) to lowest frequency
(highest amplitude) are as follows: gamma, beta, alpha, theta, and delta.
5 Brain Waves: Frequencies To Understand

Before I get into specifics, it is important to realize that when I refer to a certain brain
wave, I am implying that a particular brain wave is dominant. Throughout the day in
your waking state, your EEG will display all 5 types of brain waves at the same time.
However, one particular brain wave will be dominant depending on the state of
consciousness that you are in.
For example, if you are awake, but have really bad ADHD, you may have more slow
wave (alpha and/or theta) activity than beta waves. During sleep usually there are
combinations of the slower frequencies, but even gamma has been found to be involved
in rapid-eye movement (REM).
Gamma Waves
These are involved in higher processing tasks as well as cognitive functioning. Gamma
waves are important for learning, memory and information processing. It is thought that
the 40 Hz gamma wave is important for the binding of our senses in regards to
perception and are involved in learning new material. It has been found that individuals
who are mentally challenged and have learning disabilities tend to have lower gamma
activity than average.
Frequency range: 40 Hz to 100 Hz (Highest)
Too much: Anxiety, high arousal, stress
Too little: ADHD, depression, learning disabilities
Optimal: Binding senses, cognition, information processing, learning, perception, REM

sleep
Increase gamma waves: Meditation
Beta Waves
These are known as high frequency low amplitude brain waves that are commonly
observed while we are awake. They are involved in conscious thought, logical thinking,
and tend to have a stimulating affect. Having the right amount of beta waves allows us
to focus and complete school or work-based tasks easily. Having too much beta may lead
to us experiencing excessive stress and/or anxiety. The higher beta frequencies are
associated with high levels of arousal. When you drink caffeine or have another
stimulant, your beta activity will naturally increase. Think of these as being very fast
brain waves that most people exhibit throughout the day in order to complete conscious
tasks such as: critical thinking, writing, reading, and socialization.
Alpha Waves
This frequency range bridges the gap between our conscious thinking and subconscious
mind. In other words, alpha is the frequency range between beta and theta. It helps us
calm down when necessary and promotes feelings of deep relaxation. If we become
stressed, a phenomenon called alpha blocking may occur which involves excessive
beta activity and very little alpha. Essentially the beta waves block out the production
of alpha because we become too aroused.
Frequency range: 8 Hz to 12 Hz (Moderate)
Too much: Daydreaming, inability to focus, too relaxed
Too little: Anxiety, high stress, insomnia, OCD
Optimal: Relaxation
Increase alpha waves: Alcohol, marijuana, relaxants, some antidepressants
Theta Waves
This particular frequency range is involved in daydreaming and sleep. Theta waves are
connected to us experiencing and feeling deep and raw emotions. Too much theta
activity may make people prone to bouts of depression and may make them highly
suggestible based on the fact that they are in a deeply relaxed, semi-hypnotic state.
Theta has its benefits of helping improve our intuition, creativity, and makes us feel
more natural. It is also involved in restorative sleep. As long as theta isnt produced in
excess during our waking hours, it is a very helpful brain wave range.
Frequency range: 4 Hz to 8 Hz (Slow)
Too much: ADHD, depression, hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattentiveness
Too little: Anxiety, poor emotional awareness, stress
Optimal: Creativity, emotional connection, intuition, relaxation
Increase theta waves: Depressants
Delta Waves
These are the slowest recorded brain waves in human beings. They are found most often
in infants as well as young children. As we age, we tend to produce less delta even
during deep sleep. They are associated with the deepest levels of relaxation and
restorative, healing sleep. They have also been found to be involved in unconscious
bodily functions such as regulating heart beat and digestion. Adequate production of
delta waves helps us feel completely rejuvenated after we wake up from a good nights
sleep. If there is abnormal delta activity, an individual may experience learning
disabilities or have difficulties maintaining conscious awareness (such as in cases of
brain injuries).
Frequency range: 0 Hz to 4 Hz (Slowest)
Too much: Brain injuries, learning problems, inability to think, severe ADHD
Too little: Inability to rejuvenate body, inability to revitalize the brain, poor sleep
Optimal: Immune system, natural healing, restorative / deep sleep
Increase delta waves: Depressants, sleep
Neurofeedback For ADHD: Is It An Effective Treatment?
Neurofeedback is a practice devised to optimize the electrical activity within a persons

brain a.k.a. adjust their brain waves. It is based on the premise that abnormal electrical
activity in certain regions of the brain may contribute to various psychological
conditions and may compromise mental performance. The goal of neurofeedback is to
correct electrical abnormalities based on specific brain regions.
The practice has become a popular Adderall alternative for those diagnosed with
ADHD. The evidence suggesting neurofeedbacks efficacy for the treatment of ADHD is
mixed and controversial. Some experts consider neurofeedback to be a total sham
intervention, while others consider it a highly-effective standalone and/or adjunct
treatment for those with attentional deficits and hyperactivity.
Suggesting that brain waves play absolutely zero role in the symptoms of ADHD is
relatively short-sighted. Brain wave abnormalities are likely one of many
neurophysiological correlates associated with ADHD; just part of the bigger picture.
That said, it should be hypothesized that by making calculated adjustments to the brain
waves of an individual with ADHD, concentration, attentiveness, and cognitive function
may improve.
Neurofeedback for ADHD: The Research

Using neurofeedback among those diagnosed with ADHD attempts to correct electrical
abnormalities that may be contributing to this disorder. It is known that electrical
activity can alter neurotransmission and influence a persons state of consciousness.
Therefore conducting a QEEG (quantitative EEG) to assess the brain waves of an
individual with ADHD will help a professional get a better understanding of how the
electrical activity may be contributing to reported symptoms.
While it is important to consider the studies of neurofeedbacks efficacy for the
treatment of ADHD, it is also necessary to understand that not all practitioners utilize
the same neurofeedback protocols and practices. Therefore it is difficult to suggest
whether neurofeedback is effective on a large-scale, mainstream basis.
Evidence suggesting neurofeedback may be

effective for ADHD
Below are studies suggesting that neurofeedback is effective or may be effective for the
treatment of ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder).
2014: Researchers conducted a random effects meta-analysis of published randomized
controlled trials (RCTs). These trials compared semi-active control and shamneurofeedback groups to determine whether neurofeedback actually improved ADHD
symptoms. They specifically focused on whether the procedure improved
inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children.
The research incorporated a total of 263 children with ADHD with 146 partaking in
neurofeedback. Based on parental assessments, scores of inattentiveness, hyperactivity,
and impulsivity significantly improved following neurofeedback compared to control

groups. Among teachers, reports of improvement were significant in regards to the
inattentiveness measure compared to controls.
Authors of this meta-analysis concluded that neurofeedback training in children with
ADHD has potential to improve symptoms particularly inattentiveness.
Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230047/
2014: Researchers published a report in 2014 discussing studies of neurofeedback for

the treatment of ADHD. They noted that a meta-analysis in 2009 reported large
improvements in the measures of: inattentiveness and impulsivity associated with
neurofeedback. The researchers note that its difficult to assess neurofeedback for the
treatment of ADHD due to lack of treatment specificity.
While this publication doesnt suggest that neurofeedback is universally effective, it
notes that it can be effective in certain cases. The authors suggest that training
theta/beta and/or SMR should be recommended for future research due to
demonstrated specificity. They note that theres a need for future controlled, clinical
trials with known protocols.
My only problem with this suggestion is that each person with ADHD is different. One
person may have optimal activity at the Cz site, but have suboptimal activity
elsewhere. It is important to consider utilizing a QEEG for individualized treatment
rather than generalizing a neurofeedback template for a large-scale study; the former
would likely have a greater chance of success compared to the latter.
Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24321363
2012: In a 2012 review of literature, researchers sought out studies regarding the
efficacy of neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD. They were able to find 3
systematic reviews along with 6 randomized-controlled trials that were not included in
the reviews. The authors of this review noted that most non-randomized, controlled
trials demonstrated positive results, but evidence for efficacy diminishes significantly in
randomized controlled-trials.
In a comparative analysis of NF with a sham-NF (pseudo-neurofeedback), three

studies all found no significant differences. That said, it was suggested that the training
protocols utilized may have been suboptimal for all participants. Researchers from this
review conclude that based on the available evidence, neurofeedback does produce brain
wave changes, but its efficacy for ADHD is limited based on differing protocols.
They report that the long-term electrical changes as a result of neurofeedback are
sustained. They suggest that neurofeedback is a valid intervention for ADHD, but the
evidence supporting its therapeutic efficacy is limited. It was also suggested that more
research needs to be conducted in regards to specific types of neurofeedback training
that are utilized.
2012: A study published in 2012 highlights the need to tailor neurofeedback treatment
to an individual rather than use a generalized protocol. Researchers analyzed various
EEG biomarkers and conducted a pilot study in attempt to personalize neurofeedback
treatment. They hypothesized that by personalizing treatment based on observable
biomarkers, treatment outcomes improve.
A total of 21 patients with ADHD were treated with neurofeedback, but prior to the
treatment, they had undergone a QEEG (quantitative EEG). This allowed researchers to
determine individualized EEG biomarkers that may be causing their symptoms. Posttreatment effects on inattentiveness (ATT), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and
comorbid depressive symptoms were evaluated.
The effect size was reported as 1.78 for ATT (inattentiveness) and 1.22 for
hyperactivity/impulsivity. It was noted that those receiving SMR training exhibited
increases in N200 and P300 brain wave amplitudes. This pilot study demonstrated the
importance of personalizing neurofeedback treatment based on individual QEEG
readings. Perhaps this is why most of the research on neurofeedback is muddied; the
researchers arent personalizing treatment based on QEEG and are solely using the
same (usually SMR/theta) protocol for everyone.
2011: A study with 35 children that had been diagnosed with ADHD analyzed the effects
of neurofeedback training. The children were ages 6 to 14 years old, consisting of 26
boys and 9 girls. Researchers utilized a theta/beta protocol for neurofeedback along
with a separate form of EMG biofeedback designed to improve forehead muscle
relaxation.
A total of 18 participants were assigned to receive neurofeedback and the remaining 17
served as a control group (receiving the EMG biofeedback). Both the neurofeedback
group and the control group engaged in a total of 30 training sessions. Baseline
symptoms were documented with psychological, behavioral, and psychometric rating
scales; parents and teachers were involved in the ratings.
Both groups experienced reductions in theta/beta ratios following the 30 sessions.
Parental ratings noted significant improvements in ADHD symptoms, specifically
inattentiveness was reduced significantly among those that had received neurofeedback
training compared to the control group. Furthermore, neurofeedback significantly
improved attention and reaction time based on psychometric measures.
That said, there was no evidence suggesting that neurofeedback training improved
measures of hyperactivity or impulsivity. In other words, this study is suggesting that
children diagnosed with ADHD characterized primarily by inattentiveness may benefit
more than those with a greater degree of hyperactivity or impulsivity. This study
implies that some children with ADHD could derive modest benefit from neurofeedback
training.
2009: Researchers noted that neurofeedback has been utilized since the 1970s in
attempt to reduce symptoms of ADHD. They note that many practitioners question
whether neurofeedback is an evidenced-based treatment or an unproven intervention
for ADHD. The researchers performed a meta-analysis and selected studies of
neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD.
They mentioned that all studies measuring pre and post symptoms of ADHD
discovered a significant effect of neurofeedback on symptoms. Specifically, they noted
that large effect sizes were reported in the reduction of impulsivity and inattention,
while a moderate effect was reported for the reduction of hyperactivity. Authors of this
meta-analysis stated that the clinical effects of neurofeedback for the treatment of
ADHD can be considered clinically meaningful.
It was noted that neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD can be classified
(AAPB/ISNR) as Efficacious and Specific (Level 5) with greatest benefit in improving
inattentiveness and impulsivity. While it may not be as effective in reducing
hyperactivity, it still was suggested to provide moderate improvement. This evidence
was based off of 3 randomized studies that implemented a sham neurofeedback
control group all suggesting neurofeedback is effective.
2009: A relatively moderate sized study compared the effects of neurofeedback training
with that of a computerized attention skills training program for the treatment of
ADHD. A total of 102 children (ages 8 to 12) diagnosed with ADHD participated in the
study. The children were assigned to either 36 sessions of neurofeedback training or 36
sessions of the computerized attention skills training within two four week blocks.
The neurofeedback group received one block of theta/beta training and a second block
of slow cortical potential (SCP) training. ADHD symptoms were assessed pretreatment, during treatment, and post-treatment with scales such as: the German
ADHD rating scale and the FBB-HKS both of which were completed by parents and
teachers. Results as indicated by parent and teacher ratings suggested that the children
receiving neurofeedback experienced significant improvement compared to the control
group.
This study suggests that neurofeedback training among children diagnosed with ADHD
is superior to a placebo. While researchers didnt know the specific effects of
neurofeedback treatment, they suggested that it should be considered an effective
intervention for those with ADHD.
2006: A study from 2006 suggested that 30 sessions of neurofeedback can improve
attention, intelligence, and behavior among children with ADHD. This study
incorporated neurofeedback training with a theta-beta protocol and slow cortical
potentials (SCPs). A total of 38 children were included in the study; 19 of which
received theta-beta neurofeedback and the other 19 of which received slow cortical
potential (SCP) neurofeedback.
All children received 30 initial neurofeedback sessions, with a follow-up training session
approximately 6 months after their 30th session. Participants were analyzed prior to
the neurofeedback (at baseline) with measures of: attention, intelligence, and
behaviors. The researchers noted that both groups were successful at voluntarily
regulating cortical activity (e.g. self-regulation) in accordance with specific tasks and
conditions.
In other words, they were able to shift their brain activity to an ideal state of functioning
to match an assigned task. Both groups were noted to increase IQand attentional
measures results didnt differ between groups. Parent and teacher reports highlighted
significant behavioral and cognitive improvements. The effects of neurofeedback
training remained after 6 months, suggesting that multiple neurofeedback protocols
(theta-beta or slow cortical potential) can significantly improve ADHD symptoms.
2005: An extremely small-scale study consisting of 12 children with ADHD analyzed

the effects of neurofeedback training on ADHD symptoms. All of the children had been
diagnosed with ADHD based on the ICD-10 and were aged between 7 and 13.
Symptoms were assessed with the WISC-R, QEEG scans, and Conners questionnaire for
parents and teachers.
All children participated in 5 months of neurofeedback training with 2 sessions per
week. The protocols were documented as Biograph/ProComp 2.0. Following the 5
months of neurofeedback training, the children showed significant changes in their EEG
patterns particularly increased activity within the 16 to 20 Hz range (beta waves) and
decreased activity in the 4 to 8 Hz range (theta waves).
Researchers noted that children experienced significantly higher scores on the WISC-R
following treatment. They also were reported as taking better notes in school,
experiencing improved social adaptability, and having higher self-esteem. It was
concluded that neurofeedback is a good treatment for children with ADHD, especially
due to the fact that it is non-invasive.
2004: Many non-pharmaceutical treatments for ADHD remain ineffective, but

evidence in support of neurofeedback for symptom reduction is promising. In 2004,
researchers published a review of evidence analyzing neurofeedback for the treatment of
ADHD. They noted that in controlled trials, the short-term effect of neurofeedback were
equal to those produced by psychostimulant medication.
It was suggested that neurofeedback improves measures of attention, impulsivity, and
hyperactivity with no adverse effects. In addition, abnormal electrocortical activity
normalized among those engaged in neurofeedback, whereas those receiving
psychostimulants fail to correct electrocortical abnormalities. Authors noted that
neurofeedback appears to be a promising non-pharmaceutical treatment for ADHD.
2003: In 2003, researchers published a study comparing the efficacy of neurofeedback

to a psychostimulant for the treatment of ADHD. Specifically, a total of 34 children
diagnosed with ADHD were set to receive either: 3 months of neurofeedback training
OR methylphenidate. A total of 22 children participated in neurofeedback, while 12
received methylphenidate.
The neurofeedback administered was considered SMR (12 to 15 Hz) or beta (15 to 18
Hz). Results from the study showed that both neurofeedback and methylphenidate
significantly improved all measures according to the Test of Variables of Attention.
They also improved speed and accuracy on a D2 Attention Endurance Test.
Behavioral improvements were also reported in both groups by teachers and parents
(according to the IOWA-Conners Behavior Rating Scale). Authors suggested that
neurofeedback was effective in improving certain symptoms of ADHD in children and
may be a viable alternative treatment to pharmaceutical drugs.
Evidence suggesting neurofeedback may be

ineffective for ADHD
Below are studies suggesting that neurofeedback is an ineffective intervention for the
treatment of ADHD.
2014: In 2014, a study was published analyzing the effect of neurofeedback compared
with standardized interventions to enhance neurocognitive functioning among
adolescents with ADHD. Researchers set up a study involving a total of 45 individuals
engaged in neurofeedback plus standardized treatment for ADHD and compared them
with 26 individuals undergoing solely standardized treatment. All participants were
aged between 12 and 24 years and had been diagnosed with ADHD via DSM-IV criteria.
The participants undergoing neurofeedback completed 37 sessions over 25 weeks. The
type of training was considered theta/sensorimotor (SMR) on the Cz site of the brain.
Outcomes were measured with various neurocognitive tests such as the D2 Test of
Attention, Digit Span backward, the Stroop Color-Word Test, and the Tower of London.
The study lasted from 2009 to 2012.
Evidence suggested that processing speed had improved among both groups (NF +
Standardized treatment group and the standalone Standardized treatment group).
Neither group experienced significant improvement in higher executive functioning.
This study suggests that neurofeedback provides no additional value compared to
standard treatments. The results indicate that theta/SMR at the Cz site may not
improve neurocognitive performance among adolescents with ADHD.
2013: In 2013, researchers conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled

study to determine the efficacy and safety of neurofeedback in children diagnosed with
ADHD. The study spanned from 2008 to 2012 and consisted of 41 children ages 8 to 15
years old. Researchers measured ADHD symptoms at baseline (pre-treatment), during
treatment, and following the study.
A total of 22 children participated in a neurofeedback treatment, while the remaining 19
children were assigned to receive a sham (placebo) neurofeedback. Both the
neurofeedback group and the sham-neurofeedback group participated in 2 sessions per
week for a total of 30 sessions. The ADHD symptoms were determined by the ADHD
Rating Scale IV, with the CGI-I (Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement) scale being
utilized as a secondary measure.
Results suggested that ADHD symptoms improved over time in both the neurofeedback
group and sham neurofeedback group according to both the ADHD-RS-IV and the
CGI-I. No significant neurofeedback side effects were observed and it was considered
safe. The authors of the study concluded that EEG neurofeedback was not superior to a
placebo for improving ADHD symptoms among children diagnosed with the condition.
2013: A pilot study compared the effect of 30 neurofeedback sessions with a stimulant
medication to treat ADHD symptoms. The study consisted of 32 ADHD patients ages 7
to 16 with no history of medication usage. The patients were randomized to receive
either neurofeedback or pharmaceutical treatment; with an even split of 16 participants
in each group.
Prior to treatment, ADHD symptom severity was assessed with 2 scales both of which
contained parent and teacher forms. Neurofeedback training spanned between 7 and 11
months and the same 2 scales were utilized to assess symptom severity. The primary
measure was the 18 symptoms of ADHD based on the DSM-IV criteria.
Results suggested that outcomes were significantly different between the 16 patients
receiving pharmaceutical treatment compared to the 16 receiving neurofeedback.
Specifically, those taking the medication experienced statistically significant
symptomatic improvement compared to those engaged in neurofeedback. Researchers
concluded that the research supports usage of pharmaceutical drugs to treat ADHD, but
not neurofeedback.
Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3779016/
2012: Researchers published a report in 2012 suggesting that standardized treatments

are only effective for 33% of children with ADHD and a large number of children refuse
treatment. They note that a viable alternative to medication may be neurofeedback.
Authors of this publication note that since 2012, data from 8 randomized-controlled
trials (RCTs) of neurofeedback have been published.
They note that the mean effect sizes were: 0.42 for ADHD measures, most notably 0.56
for inattentiveness and 0.54 for hyperactivity/impulsivity. This report notes the fact
that benefits from RCTs hasnt been observed in the blinded studies that have been
conducted. Authors suggest that most neurofeedback research lacks: double-blind
testing, large sample sizes, and randomized participant selection.
Based on the research, how should you

interpret the efficacy of neurofeedback for
ADHD?
Research highlighting (or suggesting) the therapeutic efficacy of neurofeedback for the
treatment of ADHD is nearly double the amount suggesting its inefficacy. That said, the
research is limited in that no large scale clinical trials have been conducted. Results
from most studies suggest that neurofeedback is likely to produce some degree of
benefit.
While the quality of the studies conducted is far more important than the number of
studies conducted, many of the studies suggesting neurofeedbacks efficacy for ADHD
have incorporated larger samples and randomized designs than those suggesting a lack
of therapeutic efficacy. Multiple meta-analyses suggest that utilizing neurofeedback
compared to a pseudo-neurofeedback sham yields clinically significant results for the
treatment of ADHD.
Studies suggesting that neurofeedback is ineffective are limited in terms of sample sizes
and the fact that they utilize a generalized training protocol rather than one tailored to
the individual. No meta-analyses to date suggest that neurofeedback is likely to be
ineffective for the treatment of ADHD. At this time, most evidence suggests that proper
neurofeedback training is likely to yield (at least some) benefit.
Whether the benefit should be considered clinically significant remains unknown and
warrants further research. Various studies have determined that neurofeedback
training significantly: reduces inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It also
has been found to increase intelligence and reduce reaction time. To imply that
neurofeedback is ineffective or does nothing is relatively short-sighted and
unscientific; it is known that the practice produces lasting changes to the brain waves.
Nonetheless, further research is warranted to confirm the preliminarily touted (or
speculative) efficacy of neurofeedback, especially in larger trials. While many
researchers want to test generalized training protocols (e.g. SMR/theta training), this
strategy should be considered suboptimal. A more effective neurofeedback training
strategy is to personalize sessions based on pre-treatment QEEG recordings
the evidence seems to support QEEG neurofeedback as well.
Due to the fact that each case of ADHD is different, it should not be concluded that a
one size fits all neurofeedback training approach will provide clinical benefit for
everyone; neurofeedback training should be individualized. Not everyone with ADHD
will have the same electrocortical activity and may not need the same protocol (at the
same neural site) as others. At this time, it is logical to conclude that the evidence
supporting neurofeedbacks efficacy for the treatment of ADHD outweighs evidence
suggesting against its efficacy.
Note: Some believe that neurofeedback can be utilized as a standalone treatment for
ADHD, while others think it may be better suited as an adjunct intervention. The
efficacy of neurofeedback for ADHD may also be due to other factors stemming from
individual variation such as: age, type of training, and/or ability to understand the
training process.
Potential Benefits of Neurofeedback for

ADHD
Below is a list of potential benefits that you may derive from neurofeedback if you have
ADHD.
Attention span: Most studies documenting the efficacy of neurofeedback for

individuals with ADHD have found it effective for improving attention. In some studies, the
measure of inattentiveness improved more substantially than hyperactivity or impulsivity.
The attentional improvements may result from uptraining faster frequencies (beta waves).
Blood flow: It is possible that neurofeedback training alters blood flow to the brain.
Perhaps the training increases blood flow to certain regions (e.g. prefrontal cortex), which in
turn improves concentration. There are forms of biofeedback known to increase blood flow
(i.e. HEG), but neurofeedback may have similar effects.
Brain wave regulation: Neurofeedback can teach you how to consciously shift your
brain waves. In other words, the training teaches you how to produce more beta waves for
tasks requiring more cognitive horsepower. If you have ADHD, the ability to regulate brain
waves improves efficiency of brain functioning and helps you adapt based on environmental
demands.
Concentration improvement: Many individuals with ADHD are unable to

concentrate because their brain is producing too many theta waves. Without neurofeedback
training, their brain runs on unconscious autopilot, increasing theta rhythms whenever the
person attempts to concentrate. Theta waves are associated with sleep and day-dreaming
resulting inbrain fog. Neurofeedback can teach a person how to decrease (downtrain) theta
when they need to concentrate and increase beta waves.
Hyperactivity reduction: The symptom of hyperactivity is generally reduced

following neurofeedback training. Researchers speculate that reduced hyperactivity may be
a byproduct of a structured learning platform that neurofeedback provides. Additionally,
training certain frequencies (e.g. beta) may correct certain hyperactive tendencies as a result
of altering arousal.
Intelligence boost: One study found that individuals experienced a boost in

intelligence following neurofeedback training. Most measures of intelligence are associated
with complex thinking and may require beta waves for optimal performance. Since
individuals with ADHD often lack beta waves, they may fail to express their full potential in
regards to intelligence.
Less reliant on medication: There have been reports suggesting that those engaging
in neurofeedback often become less reliant on their ADHD medications. Someone taking a
psychostimulant may notice that after they engage in neurofeedback, they no longer need
their medication to focus or perform. By correcting electrical abnormalities, individuals
may not require as much pharmaceutical treatment.
Neurotransmission: Electrical activity (brain waves) in the brain may influence

neurotransmission. High levels of CNS stimulation are associated with increases in beta
frequencies and production of stimulatory neurotransmitters like dopamine,
norepinephrine, and epinephrine. By increasing faster brain waves, a cascade effect of
increased CNS stimulation and production of stimulatory neurotransmitters may occur
further reducing ADHD symptoms.
Reduced impulsivity: It can be speculated that some cases of impulsivity may be

linked to deficient fast-wave activity. Adequate beta waves help a person think before they
act rather than engaging in impulsive behavior. By correcting excess slow wave activity,
impulsivity may be replaced with conscious thinking before acting.
Why its difficult to interpret research of

neurofeedback for ADHD
Its difficult to research neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD because study
designs are inconsistent as is the type of neurofeedback conducted. In addition, it
cannot be assumed that SMR/theta training protocols will be effective for all cases of
ADHD; yet most researchers only test this protocol. Failing to account for
individualized differences based on pre-training QEEG recordings is a recipe for poorer
outcomes.
ADHD evaluation: When testing neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD, it is

important to evaluate ADHD symptoms with the same scale. A good scale to utilize is the
ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). A considerable amount of research differs in terms of the
scales utilized, which may influence outcomes. Interpreting results based solely upon
parent ratings and/or teacher ratings is not necessarily helpful.
Participants: Most participants involved in neurofeedback training for the treatment of

ADHD are children. Many reports have suggested that success rates with neurofeedback
increase with age. In other words, those that are younger children may have less success
with neurofeedback training than those who are older. The age variation of participants
may skew the results of a study indicating greater efficacy of those who are older. This
may be due to the fact that neurofeedback requires some effort younger children may be
unable to consciously learn the process.
Sample sizes: Most studies analyzing the efficacy of neurofeedback for the treatment of
ADHD have small or modest sample sizes. There is a need for studies with large-scale
samples to better understand the efficacy of neurofeedback for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorders.
Training protocols: There is significant variation in the neurofeedback protocols

utilized for the treatment of ADHD. While the most common protocol administered is the
SMR/theta some studies incorporate beta/theta training. It is also unknown as to whether
the neural location of neurofeedback training differs among the studies; it likely does. Both
the brain waves and the neural site for training necessitate consistency to interpret
results.
Study designs: Ideally, studies should be randomized, double-blind, and placebocontrolled. Unfortunately the research of neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD is
limited and most studies werent designed this way. Some studies that found neurofeedback
effective were not randomized and others were not placebo-controlled. Its more difficult to
interpret the efficacy when the designs may be flawed.
Types of neurofeedback: There are different types of neurofeedback utilized for the
treatment of ADHD. Some are designed to help you learn how to consciously regulate brain
waves, while others are designed to enhance the efficiency of your nervous system.
Examples include: fMRI neurofeedback, QEEG neurofeedback, and NeurOptimal.
Why neurofeedback is likely to help those

with ADHD
Although the evidence is inconclusive regarding the efficacy of neurofeedback for the
treatment of ADHD, neurofeedback training is very likely to provide benefit. The reason
neurofeedback is beneficial for those with ADHD is due to the fact that it addresses
abnormal electrocortical activity (brain waves). Utilizing a QEEG, a professional can
determine electrocortical abnormalities that may be contributing to various ADHD
symptoms.
For example, it is common among those with ADHD to produce excessive theta waves
when they attempt to concentrate and decreased beta waves. This leaves a person with
slowed cognitive function, inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity; they are stuck
in a day-dreamy state. It is also thought that the brain waves may influence
neurotransmission and blood flow throughout the brain.
By correcting one component in a complex (individualized) manifestation of ADHD, it is
thought that symptoms should improve. The degree of symptomatic improvement will
be subject to significant individual variation based on the specific neurofeedback
training (brain wave protocol and neural sites) and number of sessions. The correction
of brain wave abnormalities in certain regions has potential to (at the very least) reduce
some ADHD symptoms.
Correction of brain wave abnormalities via neurofeedback should not be thought of as a
cure for ADHD, but may serve as a sustainable long-term non-pharmaceutical treatment
for some individuals. Clearly certain people will get better results with neurofeedback
than others, but most will derive marginal benefit from working with a competent QEEG
neurofeedback practitioner.
Will neurofeedback cure your ADHD?

Neurofeedback is unlikely to cure you of your ADHD especially if your ADHD is
rooted in genetics. If you developed ADHD as a result of suboptimal lifestyle choices
(e.g. diet, behavior, sleep, etc.) neurofeedback training may correct brain waves
caused by poor choices. The correction of these brain waves may result in you making
better lifestyle choices and ultimately healing from your exogenously-induced ADHD.
That said, regardless of whether your ADHD was inherited or induced by complex
factors, neurofeedback has potential to alleviate symptoms to a significant extent. Some
people will find the treatment more beneficial than others. The severity of ADHD,
factors influencing its manifestation, and type of neurofeedback may dictate whether
you experience significant benefit, moderate benefit, or no benefit at all from training.
Brain waves are just ONE (potential) component of ADHD
It is important to remember that brain waves are just one neurophysiological
manifestation of ADHD. Sometimes it is helpful to target brain wave abnormalities,
while other times it may be futile or dangerous. Determining whether to engage in
neurofeedback is a personal decision and should be based heavily on QEEG recordings.
Should an individual have a significantly abnormal QEEG recording neurofeedback
training may provide substantial benefit. However, if a persons QEEG appears
relatively normal, pharmaceutical interventions such as psychostimulants may provide
more benefit. For other individuals, it may be helpful to target both brain waves via
neurofeedback and simultaneously address neurochemicals via pharmaceutical
treatment.
Assuming that ADHD is caused solely by brain waves fails to understand the complexity
of the condition. ADHD is likely to have significant heritable genetic influences as well
as epigenetic influences. Understand that correcting overt brain wave abnormalities
with neurofeedback could be helpful, but may not completely ameliorate symptoms in
every case.
Are all neurofeedback interventions the

same for ADHD?
Not all neurofeedback protocols for ADHD should be the same. In other words, you
shouldnt go to any practitioner that fails to conduct a QEEG prior to treatment. While
certain frequencies and training sites are safer than others, you dont want to guess
whats going on under the hood without actually looking.
In order to improve your treatment outcome, youll want to work with a professional
that conducts a QEEG. This will show exactly whats going on with your brain waves
when your eyes are open and when your eyes are closed. Think of a QEEG as a
persons unique brain wave signature. If you have ADHD, theres a chance that your
QEEG may be similar to that of another person with ADHD but this is not guaranteed.
There are many different types of ADHD, each characterized by specific brain waves
activity in specific regions. Therefore, not all neurofeedback treatment should be the
same for every person with ADHD. Your treatment may involve uptraining (increasing)
SMR and downtraining (decreasing) theta, while another persons may involve
uptraining gamma or downtraining type-2 beta.
Gamma waves: Individuals deficient in gamma waves may experience cognitive deficits
and/or retardation. The less gamma activity a person has, the more difficult it is for them to
process information. Some individuals with ADHD may have deficits in the gamma band
and may benefit from uptraining gamma frequencies.
Beta waves: Many people with ADHD are deficient in various beta frequencies. By
increasing these frequencies, the persons ability to focus improves. That said, in rare cases,
a person may have excess beta waves (type-2) in certain regions as a result of hyperarousal.
This hyperarousal may result in poor attentional capacity and cognitive function.
Theta waves: A majority of those diagnosed with ADHD produce excess theta waves.
These theta waves result in less conscious thinking, more impulsive reacting, and promote
inattentiveness. Those who are inattentive and prone to daydreaming may have too much
theta, particularly in the prefrontal cortex making it impossible to concentrate.
Can neurofeedback reduce tolerance of

ADHD medications?
Some neurofeedback practitioners have suggested that proper neurofeedback training
has been noted to reduce the need for ADHD medications. In other words, these
practitioners tell their patients that they may require less of their medication to
function. When the patient takes their normal dose, they may report feeling a more
significant jolt almost as if their tolerance had been reduced.
Despite claims that neurofeedback reduces tolerance, this isnt very believable.
However, it is believable that more potent responses occur with medication treatment.
These are likely to stem from the fact that alteration of brain waves among those with
ADHD may naturally increase stimulation, focus, and production of certain
neurotransmitters.
This increased stimulation, focus, and production of stimulatory neurotransmitters
leads to an increased jolt from a psychostimulant or other medication. Its unlikely
that the persons tolerance had been reduced and more likely that their neurofeedback
training is having a synergistic effect with the medication.
Have you used neurofeedback to treat ADHD?
If youve engaged in neurofeedback to treat ADHD, feel free to share a comment below
documenting your experience. What was the degree of symptomatic improvement
following the neurofeedback sessions? To help others get a better understanding of your
situation, mention whether a QEEG was conducted prior to treatment, the brain
region(s) targeted, and the brain waves that were uptrained or downtrained.
Delta Brain Waves: 0 Hz to 4 Hz
Delta brain waves oscillate between 0 Hz and 4 Hz (cycles per second) and are regarded
as the slowest brain waves that humans can produce. They are typically produced during
the deep stages of sleep (stage 3 and stage 4) and are involved in regulating unconscious
bodily processes such as heart beat regulation, kidney functioning, and digestive
functioning.
It is thought to help the body with healing and is thought to release various hormones
including human growth hormone (HGH) at various frequencies. There are many
benefits associated with having optimal delta wave functioning. These include: getting a
better nights sleep, boosted immune system functioning, as well as increased empathy.
Delta waves are typically generated in the right hemisphere of the brain and are linked
to our subconscious and unconscious processes. Younger kids tend to have more delta
activity and as we age delta activity becomes increasingly sparse even during sleep.
While you are in a delta state of functioning, you have no conscious awareness.
Delta Brain Waves: What do they do?

Delta waves are the lowest in regards to frequency, but are the highest in amplitude of
all brain waves. They are primarily involved in unconscious processes and help us get
the deepest, restorative sleep possible. Unless you are a child and/or have severe ADHD,
you likely will not experience any delta activity while you are awake. Below is a list of
some experiences, conditions, and hypotheses related to delta brain waves.
Advanced healing: The delta brain wave rhythm is known to be very restorative. This
is the primary state of consciousness that you enter during the deepest stages of sleep. Delta
waves help restore bodily and rejuvenate the mind. If you are injured whether its physically
or mentally, delta is the brain wave that helps restore your body back to its natural
homeostasis.
Anti-aging: It has been suggested that delta waves actually release various hormones
that promote slower or anti-aging processes within the body. These hormones that help
restore the body include: DHEA as well as melatonin. It is unclear as to how much delta
waves help with anti-aging. Obviously if these hormones are released from delta production,
they may help restore the body and prevent a stress response from taking over.
Deep sleep: When you enter your deepest sleep, delta activity slows down your
metabolism and helps restore both your mind and body. Among individuals that deal with
chronic stress, the delta state may not be reached. Thus the stressed out individuals may
wake up and they wont feel restored at all. This is the slowest wave sleep and is often
referred to as SWS or slow wave sleep among researchers.
Empathy: People that have a deep sense of empathy for others tend to produce slower
brain waves during empathetic states. They may producetheta waves in addition to very
slow delta waves. It is the slow brain wave activity that allows individuals to really get a
sense of others emotions and relate to the person based on how they are feeling.
GHB production: Delta waves tend to increase the production of gammahydroxybutyric acid a naturally occurring substance in the central nervous system of
humans. It has neuroprotective properties and is thought to help protect cells from hypoxia
and other damage.
Growth hormone (HGH): Some have suggested that HGH (human growth hormone)
is released at certain frequencies in the delta range. This means that while you sleep, your
body is able to enter a state of relaxation which is the ideal state for the secretion of HGH.
Some would argue that deep delta sleep is the best way to promote natural release of HGH
by the pituitary gland.
Immune system: Ever notice when you get sick and sleep you typically feel better the
next day? This is because when your body and mind relax in the deepest levels of delta sleep,
your immune system functioning improves. Most people do not notice improvements in
recovery from a sickness during the daytime, they notice after a full nights sleep. This is
because the delta waves play a huge role in immune system functioning.
Intuition: When you have a gut reaction to a certain event or experience, it is typically
an automatic or unconscious response from your body. If you are able to trust your
intuition, it means that you trust your bodys natural response. This is primarily a result of
slow wave activity in the theta and/or delta range.
Learning disabilities: If a persons brain is producing large quantities of delta activity

while they are awake, they may experience learning disabilities or ADHD. The delta
frequency range may make it extremely difficult for an individual to focus. It has been found
that individuals with various types of brain injuries tend to produce delta during waking
hours making it extremely difficult for the individual to perform conscious tasks.
Unconscious mind: Delta waves are linked with the unconscious meaning responses
that cannot be consciously controlled. Bodily functions that are regulated unconsciously
include the beat of the heart, breathing, kidney function, digestion, etc. Every process that is
unconsciously regulated is associated with delta activity.
Delta Brain Waves Research

1.
Age affects delta: In general, the younger an individual is, the more likely they are to
have higher amounts of delta. As we age, delta activity tends to significantly decline.
Newborn babies tend to have a lot of slow wave activity simply because their brains have not
developed enough to facilitate conscious thought. As the infant continues to grow and their
brain evolves, delta activity is reduced, and their brain waves tend to speed up to greater
frequencies. Delta is a dominant brain wave among infants. Delta waves tend to decline
during adolescent years by about 25%. In the elderly / senior citizens, they may not produce
any delta activity even during sleep it may be entirely absent from the EEG.
2.
Disorders: Individuals with brain functioning problems may have irregular delta
activity. For example, in some cases of ADHD, brains of individuals are producing
abnormally large quantities of delta and theta waves when they should be producing
faster beta waves. Other problems including paranomnias involve delta irregularities. Sleep
walking and sleep talking tend to occur while delta production is high. Additonal diseases
and disorders in which delta plays a role include: diabetes, Parkinsons and schizophrenia.
Various brain injuries may result in an individual producing excessive delta brain waves
making concentration and learning extremely difficult.
3.
Gender differences: On average, females have been shown to have more delta wave
activity than males. This holds true across all species of mammals, but noticeable differences
do not typically appear until early adulthood (e.g. 30s or 40s in humans). Men tend to
show significantly more restricted delta wave activity than females. Some hypothesize that
this may be in part due to the fact that men tend to have larger skull sizes.
4.
Production: Delta waves typically are found in the thalamus or in the cortex. During
sleep, delta waves tend to be dominant in the right hemisphere of the brain. Delta waves are
also thought to be dominant in the thalamus to help coordinate reticular formation. Lesions
to the brain are thought to disrupt delta production.
Alpha Brain Waves: 8 Hz To 12 Hz
Alpha brain waves are considered slower brain wave activity with oscillations that
range from 8 Hz to 12 Hz (cycles per second). The alpha wave is typically produced by
the right hemisphere of the brain, but often is synchronized across both right and left
hemispheres on an E.E.G. Specifically, alpha waves are observed as being generated
mostly from the occipital lobe during drowsiness and sleep.
Individuals that relax with closed-eyes tend to exhibit more alpha wave activity. In fact,
the alpha range typically becomes dominant when a person closes their eyes and focuses
on relaxing. When you open your eyes, alpha wave activity becomes reduced. Many
researchers believe that alpha activity is linked to drowsiness, relaxation, and boosted
mood. Think of the alpha brain wave as playing an important role in helping people
calm down. It bridges the gap between our waking state and our sleeping state.
Types of Alpha Brain Waves
The alpha range contains a few different types of specific alpha waves. All types of alpha
waves play an important role in our sleep-wake cycle.
1.
Occipital Lobe: This is the most widely researched type of alpha activity. Scientists
have found that alpha activity increases significantly during states of relaxation and while
our eyes are closed during periods of rest. In this state we are not asleep, but our brains are
relaxed and thoughts are slowed. The activity is centered in the occipital lobe and most
agree that it is produced by this region of the brain.
2.
REM Sleep: During our rapid-eye movement sleep, there is an appearance of alpha
waves. This activity tends to be produced by the frontal-central region of the brain.
Researchers currently arent sure of the purpose of alpha production during REM sleep, but
some hypothesize that they are just normal and may indicate slightly increased arousal.
Some think that alpha activity may have an inverse relationship to REM sleep pressure.
3.
Slow-Wave: The other type of alpha waves observed are during slow brain wave sleep.
This is sometimes referred to as the alpha-delta state. The activity can be observed across
the anterior-posterior region of the brain. Some believe that this may indicate a slightly
wakeful period during deep sleep.
Alpha Brain Waves: What do they do?

Most people associate alpha brain waves with calmness and relaxing with our eyes
closed. Others believe that they are a natural cure for anxiety and stress. Some
researchers even think that alpha activity at 10 Hz may be linked to states of relaxed
peak performance. In any regard, below are some effects of dominant alpha activity.
Balanced mood: Individuals that are depressed as a result of being over-stressed

could feel an antidepressant effect when their alpha activity increases. Alpha activity
specifically in the right hemisphere of the brain has been shown to boost mood. Some
people also experience a more balanced mood when they increase their alpha waves.
Calmness: Most people associate the alpha range with feelings of calmness. People that
are stressed have a diminished ability to produce these waves. When we are at our calmest
with our eyes closed and are idly relaxing, this is when we experience alpha as a dominant
brain wave state.
Creativity: It has been hypothesized that alpha activity is linked to increases in

creativity. Since it is produced predominantly by the right hemisphere, it is thought that it
may enhance artistic ability as well as creative problem solving skills. Sometimes when we
relax, we experience aha moments this is a result of the alpha wave. It is creative,
relaxed, problem solving which gives us a different perspective.
Daydreaming: If you close your eyes or daydream a lot, this may be evidence of alpha
increases. Most adults tend to be very focused and task-oriented. Alpha is more common in
younger children that tend to daydream a lot and have difficulties focusing. In some cases, it
is even linked to ADHD if the increased alpha is accompanied by other slow wave activity
(e.g. theta).
Decreased focus: During the alpha brain wave state, many individuals have poorer
focus and concentration. It has been shown that the greater the amount of alpha activity, the
more likely someone is to make a mistake. Studies have shown that when someone makes a
mistake, alpha activity increases an average of 25%. In other words, the person is on auto
pilot or too idle to perform a certain task. When alpha decreases, attention and focus
increase. Therefore, alpha is not ideal for critical thinking and/or detail-oriented, technical
work.
Flow state of mind: It has been thought that the 10 Hz alpha wave is key in a flow
state of consciousness. A state of flow is characterized by being calm and focused at the same
time. In other words, the saying mind like water holds true. It is able to go with the flow
without getting overly aroused or being idle. This is considered a happy medium between
the fast paced beta waves and the drowsy theta waves.
Immune system: Some have hypothesized that our immune system benefits from
increasing alpha waves. This in part has to do with the fact that relaxation can help our
bodies recover from the toxic effect of stress. It is known that stress can cause all sorts of
health problems, so it is no wonder that relaxing (in the alpha range) helps boost the
immune system.
Peak performance: Despite the fact that the 40 Hz gamma wave has been linked to
peak performance, so has the 10 Hz alpha wave. It is hypothesized that a synchronized 10 Hz
rhythm across both hemispheres may play a role in helping people achieve a relaxed state of
peak performance. There have been studies conducted involving basketball players and
golfers and when they missed a shot (basketball) and/or hit a bad shot (golf), they
experienced spikes of beta activity. When they sank a free throw or hit a good shot, they
maintained alpha activity.
Positive thinking: This isnt the high-energy, excitement-type, positive thinking of the
beta range. However, when people experience alpha increases it is linked to having a more
optimistic outlook on life. People tend to be calm and think fairly positive with dominant
alpha. Think of this as the opposite of rapid-negative stressful or angry thoughts.
Problem solving: For thinking outside the box, some would argue that the alpha range
is what helps. Individuals sometimes get so stressed out that all they do is keep thinking and
ruminating about possible solutions, but can never solve their problem. Sometimes it helps
to simply slow the mind down and then the solution appears easily and naturally in the
alpha state.
Relaxation: Anytime you feel deeply relaxed, you are experiencing alpha brain waves.
Think of times right before you go to bed and transition into sleep. Your eyes are closed, you
are relaxing and you experience a sense of calmness. If you like to lay out in the sun and tan
and experience a sense of relaxation while lying with your eyes closed, this also provides an
alpha boost.
Serotonin: When we relax, our body is able to naturally produce more serotonin. It is
hypothesized that alpha may release more serotonin and thus increase our ability to relax,
stay calm, and ward off stress.
Slower visual acuity: Since alpha activity decreases when people are fully awake with
eyes open, it is linked with slower visual acuity. In other words, visual processing speed
while you are awake is negatively affected by increases in alpha.
Super learning: Some have argued that increases in alpha contribute to a state of
super learning. Meaning more of our brain is able to absorb information and thus we learn
better. I tend to disagree with this hypothesis based on the fact that alpha activity tends to
decrease focus. There may be some degree of truth to this for certain types of learning if
accompanied by appropriate beta.
Visualization: If you like to close your eyes and visualize, this is the brain wave that
you will experience. Anytime you close your eyes, are relaxed, and visualizing internally (e.g.
minds eye), you will come to learn what the alpha range feels like.
Note: Alcohol and drug abuse can significantly reduce alpha frequency and amplitude.
Thus decreasing the benefits to be had from this particular range. In part this may be
why individuals that abuse drugs and alcohol have a difficult time relaxing once the
high wears off.
Alpha Brain Waves Research
Discovery: German neurologist Hans Berger was the first individual to discover alpha
waves. He did this by measuring electrical activity in the brains of hospital patients with
skull damage. He documented these waves along with beta activity. He found that when
alpha waves decrease and beta activity becomes dominant, we are fully awake. Since he
discovered this wave, they have been referred to as Bergers Wave.
Biofeedback: This is a technique that involves helping people naturally train their
brains to produce certain brain waves. The idea behind it is that you receive feedback
when your brain increases activity of a certain wave. The goal is to eventually learn how
to consciously produce this type of brain wave activity without feedback after multiple
training sessions.
Seizure resistance: Some hypothesize that increasing the amplitude and dominance
of alpha brain waves can help individuals that are seizure-prone. Research in cats
indicates that if alpha activity is trained, they have a greater resistance to seizures.
Whether this holds true for humans is somewhat controversial.
Stress relief: Research has shown that individuals that are stressed out tend to
produce an overabundance of beta waves. Most of these individuals may experience
what is called alpha blocking or blocked alpha activity. Meaning the alpha activity is so
low, that it doesnt allow the individual to lower their level of arousal. In order to
decrease stress, it has been found that training alpha via biofeedback has had some
positive results.
Gamma Brain Waves: 40 Hz to 100 Hz
Gamma brain waves are the fastest documented brain wave activity on an E.E.G.
oscillating between 40 Hz and 100 Hz. Because they are the fastest brain wave
activity, they also have the smallest amplitude on an E.E.G. (electroencephalogram) in
comparison to the other major ranges of brain wave frequencies. Gamma waves play a
role in sensory-binding as well as information processing within the human brain. They
are able to link and process information throughout the entire brain. Individuals with
healthy gamma wave activity have been associated with having increased problem
solving skills, compassion, self-control, and intelligence.
They also play a role in helping us perceive reality and help us with memorization.
Individuals that experience a shortage of gamma wave activity tend to have learning
disabilities, mental retardation, and problems with cognitive functioning. Individuals
that have brain injuries may also experience a shortage of gamma brain wave activity. If
you are a person that has a healthy amount of gamma waves, your brain should be
functioning quite well.
Gamma Brain Waves: What do they do?

The earliest reports of gamma brain waves were from 1964 when scientists recorded the
electrical activity in the visual cortex area of awake monkeys.
Attention: Gamma waves have been documented to help with attention specifically
attentive-focus. Specifically when the brain increases the 40 Hz frequency, various parts of
the brain are able to function with efficiency and unison.
Binding of senses: They bind all the senses together in the brain. In other words, they
help your brain process smells, sights, and sounds simultaneously.
Focus: Individuals with high level mental processing and functioning tend to exhibit
greater gamma activity throughout the brain.
Compassion: In a study with Buddhist monks, it was found that gamma activity
increased when they entered a meditative state of compassion.
Consciousness: The gamma waves throughout your brain help you understand your
environment and dictate your experience of consciousness.
Meditation: Advanced monks have been documented as having increased amounts of

gamma activity. This is a result of their meditative practices.
Mental Processing: Your overall mental processing is influenced by your gamma brain
waves.
Perception: How you perceive reality and how aware you are is directly tied to 40 Hz
gamma activity.
R.E.M. Sleep: Gamma brain waves play an important role in the R.E.M. or Rapid-Eye
Movement sleep stage.
Subjective awareness: Some have suggested that gamma wave activity correlates with
subjectivity. However, this is a claim that is not scientifically supported.
Unity of consciousness: One popular theory suggests that these brain waves
contribute to unity of consciousness. This is just a theory take it with a grain of salt.
Gamma Brain Wave Research

2004: Tibetan Buddhist monks were found to have increased levels of gamma waves as
a result of Transcendental Meditation practices. This evidence was documented by
neuroscientist Sean ONuallain who hooked electrodes up to the brains of eight long
term Tibetan Buddhist monks. In comparison to novice meditators, the experienced

meditators had significantly more gamma activity. This suggests that gamma activity is
trainable in anyone.
2009: Nature published a study in which they successfully induced gamma waves in the
brains of mice. They performed the study using genetic engineering and light to
manipulate nerve cells of the mice. The study concluded that gamma waves were
induced from 25 Hz to 100 Hz, but were most prevalent at 40 Hz. This was the first
study that showed a brain state can be induced via cell group activation.
Neurofeedback For Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): An Effective Treatment?
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder noticeable in childhood characterized by

impaired communication skills and difficulty forming relationships or bonds with
others. Those with autism may lack empathy, dislike physical contact, and may be
especially sensitive to loud noises, bright lights, or certain smells. Currently there is no
cure for autism, and many individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
respond poorly to pharmaceutical treatments.
An intervention that has shown promise in treating symptoms of autism is EEG
neurofeedback. This is a non-invasive technique that focuses on pinpointing
neuroelectrical (brain wave) abnormalities and training an individual to consciously
correct them with feedback. It is thought that by correcting neuroelectrical
abnormalities, many of the severe symptoms associated with autism could significantly
diminish or subside.
Understand that while autism is largely influenced by genetics, various interventions
such as neurofeedback to alter brain waves may help improve communication skills,
learning abilities, and reduce sensory sensitivities. Perhaps the greatest benefit derived
from neurofeedback is that it can have long-lasting effects. Once an individual has
completed enough training, they are able to normalize their brain wave activity at will.
Neurofeedback for Autism Spectrum

Disorder (The Research)
Below is a compilation of the research associated with using neurofeedback to treat
autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Understand that while some studies have
demonstrated efficacy of neurofeedback for the treatment of autism, others have
suggested no significant benefit; the evidence remains mixed.
2014: A pilot study was published in 2014 analyzing the feasibility of neurofeedback as
a treatment for individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A total of
10 children (7 to 12 years old) diagnosed with high-functioning autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) participated in the study. The children were noted as having comorbid
attentional difficulties, and were given a neurofeedback training protocol designed to
improve attention.
Researchers used a checklist to determine whether it was feasible to administer
neurofeedback to those with autism spectrum disorder. They tracked concentration
during exercises, academic tasks, and other behaviors (e.g. vocalizations). They also
utilized positive reinforcement and took breaks whenever necessary to improve
adherence to the neurofeedback training.
Results suggested that it was feasible to utilize neurofeedback training among children
with high functioning autism plus attentional difficulties. They noted that individuals
with motivational deficits had greater challenges and that increased parental support
improved feasibility. This provides small-scale evidence that neurofeedback is a
practical intervention for children with high-functioning autism.
2014: A journal was published in 2014 suggesting that neurofeedback interventions are
helpful for reducing symptoms of those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Researchers discuss that the ability to self-regulate brain waves is associated with
symptomatic improvement, but doesnt address other symptoms. They believe that
many symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are caused by peripheral physiological

activity including: heart rate variability.
Researchers suggest possible benefit of a brain-computer interface that combines both
neurofeedback with biofeedback for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders. With a
brain-computer interface combining the modalities, an individual with autism spectrum
disorder could learn to regulate both neuroelectrical activity along with peripheral
physiological activity (e.g. heart rate variability). Researchers devised a game including
social interactions to provide both neurological and biological feedback.
This interface may simplify training for individuals who were previously engaging in
both neurofeedback and biofeedback separately. In addition, it should be thought that
those who were solely engaging in neurofeedback vs. biofeedback, may derive added
benefit from training the peripheral nervous system.
2014: It is thought that some of the behavioral, social, and communication deficits
among those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) stem from impaired neural
communication. Researchers suggest that neurofeedback training could help improve
neural communication and bolster connectivity between regions. To test this
hypothesis, they administered neurofeedback training to children with autism spectrum
disorder and typically developing children.
The neurofeedback protocol specifically trained individuals to regulate mu rhythms (9
Hz to 11 Hz). Since the mu rhythm is thought to influence the mirror neuron system
(MNS), and those with autism are believed to have dysfunctional mirror neuron
systems, training an individual to modulate mu rhythms could normalize activity
potentially leading to functional behavioral, perceptual, and social benefits.
All participants (autism and typically developing) engaged in 30 hours of neurofeedback
training. Following the training, eyes open and eyes closed EEG recordings were
collected along with a mu suppression index. Degree of improvement was determined
by parental behavioral questionnaires given pre-neurofeedback and post-neurofeedback

training.
Results from this study suggest that neurofeedback training among individuals with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) reduces symptoms, whereas no benefit is attained for
typically developing children. Authors suggest that mu rhythm neurofeedback
training may normalize dysfunctional mirror neuron systems via neuroplasticity,
contributing to the benefit.
2014: A study published in 2014 analyzed the effect of combining EEG neurofeedback
with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for the treatment of autism spectrum
disorder. Researchers suggested that this protocol of combined treatments may be
beneficial due to the fact that TMS has been previously associated with positive
behavioral and electrophysiological effects among individuals with autism. EEG
neurofeedback is a technique that is thought to correct neuroelectrical abnormalities
and ultimately improve functionality among those with autism.
To test this combined treatment of neurofeedback and TMS, researchers gathered 42
participants. All participants were children that had been formally diagnosed with
autism spectrum disorder. Participants were measured in the form of behavior
evaluations and reaction time test with ERP (event-related potential) recordings. A total
of 20 participants were assigned to receive neurofeedback with TMS, while the
remaining 22 were put on a wait list (serving as the control).
Individuals receiving combined neurofeedback with repetitive TMS (targeting the
prefrontal cortex) engaged in a total of 18 therapy sessions. Following the 18 sessions,
behavioral, reaction time, and ERP measures were collected. Results from the study
suggest that the combined effect of neurofeedback plus TMS significantly improves
behavioral and functional outcomes among those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
compared to a control group (those on the waiting list).
2013: Preliminary evidence suggests that targeted neurofeedback is able to decrease

symptomatic severity among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite
preliminary evidence, most studies do not control for nonspecific neurofeedback
effects. In addition, many of the studies failed to differentiate individuals that were
successful in self-regulating neuroelectrical activity from those that were unable.
To improve upon past study designs, a newer study analyzed the effect of neurofeedback
among individuals with autism spectrum disorder. The design was considered
randomized and controlled with measures recorded both pre-test and post-test. This
newer design also incorporated a 6-month follow-up measure.
A total of 38 participants were assigned to receive either: neurofeedback, biofeedback
(skin conductance), or put on a waiting list. The neurofeedback and biofeedback
training was considered similar, and participants were unable to distinguish these two
training modalities. Measures were taken prior to the treatment and analyzed executive
function tasks and QEEG activity (based on 19-channel recordings).
Results demonstrated that over 50% of participants were able to reduce delta
waves and/or theta waves during the neurofeedback sessions; these individuals were
considered successful self-regulators. Among these successful self-regulators, no
significant symptomatic decreases in autism were noted. That said, researchers noted
significant improvement in cognitive flexibility compared to those receiving the skinconductance biofeedback.
It was noted that neurofeedback could improve cognitive flexibility among those with
autism, but may not significantly reduce symptoms. The authors highlighted that no
nonspecific neurofeedback effects were discovered. This was a well-designed study
and found no clear benefit of neurofeedback among those with autism.
2011: Researchers conducted a review of evidence analyzing the efficacy of

neurofeedback as a treatment for symptoms of autism. They scoured various scientific
databases looking for all studies utilizing EEG neurofeedback among those with autism.
Based on the compilation of studies collected, authors noted that the evidence does not
support the efficacy of neurofeedback for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder.
While some studies in this review suggested possible benefit of neurofeedback for
autism spectrum disorder, authors theorize that the benefits may stem from attentional
improvements. Since many individuals with autism have comorbid attentional deficits,
using neurofeedback for ADHD may offer some benefit. The fact that neurofeedback
can improve attention should not be mistaken as an improvement in the core symptoms
of autism spectrum disorder.
Many of the studies incorporated in this review included small sample sizes, were shortterm, and had differential diagnostic criteria. Numerous studies failed to provide an
adequate control intervention, making it difficult to interpret results. Future reviews
would be strengthened by larger samples, longer-term studies, similar measures, and
sufficient control interventions.
2010: Research published in 2010 suggested that core symptoms of autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) may improve with behavior therapy. In addition, there are other
treatments such as pharmaceutical drugs that may improve functionality of those with
autism. However, many treatments are associated with problematic side effects, adverse
reactions, and may worsen certain symptoms.
Using neurofeedback is a relatively safe way to potentially improve symptoms of autism
by altering neuroelectrical activity. Authors note that neurofeedback is considered a
Level 2 treatment in that it is possibly efficacious for those with autism spectrum
disorder. This review highlights a need for future studies with randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled designs.
This review determined that some studies found neurofeedback to be an efficacious
intervention for those with autism. Authors suggest that it is important to understand
the mechanisms by which neurofeedback is changing the brain among those with
autism. They discuss the potential of investigating various other neurotherapeutic

modalities such as HEG neurofeedback.
2010: It is known that the brains of individuals with autism tend to have anatomical
and functional abnormalities. Some experts believe that those with autism tend to
display patterns of hyperconnectivity in certain regions, and hypoconnectivity in others;
these have been confirmed by QEEG readings. It is thought that with EEG
neurofeedback training, some of the regional connectivity issues (hyper and/or hypo)
can be normalized.
This report analyzed the effects of 2 controlled studies determining the efficacy of
neurofeedback among those with autism. Authors of this report sought to understand
whether a symptom-specific approach vs. an assessment/connectivity approach was
more effective among those with autism receiving neurofeedback treatment. Both
approaches were noted as providing significant improvement in symptoms.
However, it appeared as though a connectivity-based neurofeedback approach resulted
in a greater reduction of symptoms as determined by advanced measures (autism
subscales). When individuals in the two studies were matched for symptomatic
severity, the amount of change was significantly greater among those receiving
connectivity-based neurofeedback. This report suggests that it may be better to use a
QEEG and target abnormal connectivity rather than focus on targeting symptoms.
Despite these findings, it should be noted that only two studies were compared. In
addition, no study has directly compared the efficacy of the two neurofeedback
approaches. It appears as though connectivity-based neurofeedback (as guided by a
QEEG) may be superior to symptom-specific neurofeedback for the treatment of autism.
2010: A report published in 2010 highlighted data of neurofeedback training among

150 individuals diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome (AS) and 9 individuals diagnosed
with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The data was collected from clinical research
published between 1993 and 2008. Researchers attempted to determine whether

neurofeedback improved functionality among those with Aspbergers syndrome and
autism.
Authors noted that various publications note that neurofeedback along with biofeedback
may produce better outcomes than either standalone intervention. Individuals received
between 40 and 60 sessions of neurofeedback along with training aimed at
enhancement of metacognition. Those receiving biofeedback typically targeted
respiration, electrodermal responses, and/or hear-rate variability.
The neurofeedback was noted as typically decreasing slow wave activity, usually within
the theta range. In addition, many protocols involved decreasing the spindling of beta
waves, associated with activity between 23 Hz and 35 Hz, while increasing SMR
(sensorimotor) activity between 12 Hz and 15 Hz. Metacognitive training was conducted
to improve social skills, spatial reasoning, comprehension, and mathematics.
Results indicated that individuals improved significantly in attentional abilities (as
measured by the TOVA and IVA). In addition, core symptoms (as measured by the
Australian Scale for Aspergers Syndrome and the DSM-IV), achievement (Wide Range
Achievement Test), and intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scales) all improved. It was
revealed that average increase in IQwas 9 points; this is a substantial change.
Evidence highlighted in this report suggests that neurofeedback may be an effective
intervention for treating symptoms of Aspergers syndrome (AS) and ADHD. Since
Aspergers syndrome is related to autism spectrum disorder, there may be similar
benefit of neurofeedback training derived from individuals with autism. This report
documented the potential of improvement in numerous symptomatic domains.
Does the research suggest neurofeedback is

effective and safe for autism spectrum
disorder?
Most of the research analyzing the effect of neurofeedback for the treatment of autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) has suggested some benefit. That said, a majority of study
designs are questionable and the degree of improvement in core symptoms is subject to
significant variation. At this time, it is impossible to conclude whether neurofeedback is
effective for those with autism spectrum disorder.
Most experts classify neurofeedback as a Level 2 intervention, suggesting that its
possibly efficacious. No studies have reported significantneurofeedback side effects,
suggesting that it is likely a safe intervention. There is evidence suggesting that
neurofeedback is efficacious for those with comorbid attentional deficits (common
among those with autism).
It should be noted that since many individuals with autism spectrum disorder have
abnormalities of neural connectivity (hypo or hyper), dysfunctional mirror neuron
networks, and excess slow brain waves neurofeedback is likely to provide some
benefit. The degree of benefit may be subject to individual variation based on the type
of neurofeedback training, number of sessions, and whether it was utilized in synergy
with another intervention (e.g. biofeedback or behavioral therapy).
Benefits of Neurofeedback for Autism

Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Listed below are some potential benefits associated with using neurofeedback for the
treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Keep in mind that the potential benefits are
subject to significant individual variation and may be a reflection of the specific
neurofeedback protocol or modality utilized.
Brain wave regulation: Those that are trained with neurofeedback are able to selfregulate electrical activity within the brain. Regulating brain wave activity can help reduce
symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder and comorbid conditions. This ability
to consciously modulate brain wave activity is a skill that can be maintained long after
neurofeedback training is complete.
Concentration improvement: Many individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum

disorders struggle with attention deficits. These attention deficits can often be corrected or
mitigated via neurofeedback. Training a person to consciously increase beta waves, while
simultaneously decreasing slow theta waves is often very helpful for improving attention.
Connectivity normalization: Among individuals with autism spectrum disorders,

there is a hypothesized overconnectivity (hyper) and underconnectivity (hypo) of certain
regions. Some evidence suggests that connectivity can be altered with neurofeedback
training. In fact, targeting abnormal connectivity may yield the best results for individuals
with autism.
Less reliant on medications: Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder are
taking medications to treat various symptoms. For example, individuals may be
taking SSRIs to target mood problems and/or psychostimulants to target attentional
deficits. With proper neurofeedback training, a person may be able to reduce the need for
pharmaceutical interventions.
Long term effect: The ability to consciously normalize brain wave activity is often
maintained long after neurofeedback training is complete. Just like it takes many sessions of
trial and error to ride a bike, it can take many sessions of neurofeedback before a person
learns how to regulate their brain waves. Some believe that the skill of normalizing
electrical activity is maintained for months (or years) after neurofeedback training.
Low risk: Using neurofeedback for any condition (including autism) should be
considered low risk. There havent been any reported significant side effects nor adverse
reactions. The only major risk associated with the practice is using a suboptimal or poor
training protocol. A poor training protocol has potential to worsen symptoms rather than
improve them.
Mood improvement: There is some evidence to suggest that neurofeedback may

improve mood as a result of correcting brain waves. (Read: Neurofeedback for depression).
Since it is known that many individuals with autism struggle with comorbid depression and
anxiety, neurofeedback may target these comorbid symptoms.
Neurotransmission: The fact that neurofeedback is associated with brain wave

changes means that it could influence production of neurotransmitters and hormones.
Faster brain waves are associated with heightened physiological arousal and production of
different neurotransmitters than slow waves. It should be thought that neurofeedback may
indirectly influence an individuals neurochemistry.
Non-invasive: Another advantage associated with neurofeedback for autism is that its
non-invasive. The technique involves placing electrodes on the outside of a persons scalp,
thereby measuring brain wave activity. No incisions are required to get an accurate reading
of neuroelectrical activity throughout the cortex.
Targets neuroelectrical abnormalities: Many therapies engineered for autism

spectrum disorder do not address possible neuroelectrical problems. Despite the fact that a
person may ingest pharmaceuticals or supplements designed to alter neurochemistry, these
interventions do not target neuroelectrical activity. With neurofeedback, the neuroelectrical
component of autism can be isolated and targeted during treatment.
Limitations of Research: Neurofeedback for

Autism Spectrum Disorder
There are numerous limitations associated with research of neurofeedback for autism.
The most notable limitation is the fact that most studies analyzing the efficacy of
neurofeedback for autism are small scale. Furthermore, most studies are not welldesigned and arent personalized based on QEEG readings.
Evaluation (Measures): The evaluation of autism spectrum disorder is often subject

to variation between studies. Different scales, subscales, and measures for comorbidities are
used, making it difficult to compare the outcomes from one study to those of another. In the
future, it would be recommended to utilize the same evaluation scales to determine degree
of symptomatic improvement among those with autism.
Individual differences: Most studies fail to account for specific individual differences,
which may skew the results. It would be helpful to know whether participants are highfunctioning, normal-functioning, or low-functioning, whether they are taking medications,
and specific individual differences associated with QEEG recordings.
Modality of neurofeedback: There are many different types of neurofeedback

including: EEG, HEG, and even rtfMRI neurofeedback. While this article focused solely on
understanding the efficacy of EEG neurofeedback for autism, it is important for researchers
to determine differences in efficacy between various neurofeedback modalities. They may
discover that EEG neurofeedback is more or less effective than other specific types.
Participants: Many studies involve different age groups of those with autism spectrum
disorder. It is unclear as to whether individuals of certain ages are more or less likely to
derive benefit from neurofeedback training. Some would speculate that younger ages may
have a tougher time understanding how to engage in the neurofeedback, while others may
believe that results may be less significant among older individuals.
Protocol variation: Due to the significant variation in protocols, it is difficult to

determine the efficacy of neurofeedback for autism. Certain protocols may be more or less
effective than others. For example, some research has investigated the effects of
downtraining (decreasing) slow wave activity in the theta and delta ranges, while other
research focused on training individuals to modulate the mu rhythm. The differences in
brain waves being trained and the neural locations (sites) of training may significantly
influence outcomes.
Sample sizes: Most sample sizes are relatively small-scale, making it difficult to
determine whether results are accurate. Evidence for the use of neurofeedback in treating
autism symptoms is mixed and will remain difficult to interpret until larger-scale trials are
conducted. Studies with hundreds of participants would be preferred over those with
double-digit numbers.
Study designs: Due to the fact that most study designs are not randomized, doubleblind, and placebo-controlled, it is unclear whether neurofeedback is effective for treating
core symptoms of autism. It is difficult to suggest that neurofeedback is clinically effective in
poorer designed studies, despite favorable outcomes. In addition, many poorly designed
studies have small samples, further complicating the interpretation of results.
Synergistic effects: Some studies involve using neurofeedback plus biofeedback,

metacognitive training, and/or transcranial magnetic stimulation. In these studies, it is
unknown whether the neurofeedback is capable of significantly reducing symptoms
compared to the paired treatment. It is possible that: both interventions produce significant
results as standalone treatments, neither intervention produces substantial results as a
standalone treatment, and/or the synergistic effect of multiple treatments are more
substantial than either standalone intervention.
Will neurofeedback cure your autism spectrum disorder?

It is highly unlikely that neurofeedback will cure anyone of their autism spectrum
disorder. That said, there is some reason to believe that a properly engineered
neurofeedback protocol may result in significant functional improvements and a
reduction in core symptoms of autism. Many individuals with autism have
neuroelectrical and connectivity abnormalities within the brain; neurofeedback trains
an individual to consciously correct these.
Understand that EEG solely targets a persons electrical activity it doesnt directly
target neurochemistry, anatomy, or genetics influencing the manifestation of autism
spectrum disorder. Autism is largely thought to be influenced by genetic
polymorphisms and abnormal brain waves is just one of numerous resulting effects
from these genetics. That said, the potential benefit associated with attempting to
normalize brain waves shouldnt be discounted.
Many individuals will likely find that neurofeedback improves specific core symptoms of
autism and various comorbidities. In addition, there is reason to believe that synergistic
benefits may be derived from a combination of neurofeedback with metacognitive
training, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and/or biofeedback targeting the peripheral
nervous system. Due to possible synergistic effects, brain-computer interfaces have
been devised to train EEG neurofeedback with biofeedback (e.g. heart rate variability)
simultaneously.
Are all neurofeedback protocols for autism the same?
No, not all neurofeedback protocols for autism are the same. At this time it is unclear
whether certain protocols offer advantages in terms of efficacy over others. Based on
the research, it is apparent that personalizing treatment based on individual QEEG
connectivity may produce superior outcomes to approaches that simply target
symptoms or specific brain waves.
Most experts would agree that a pre-treatment QEEG is necessary to determine

individual abnormalities. Not everyone with autism spectrum disorders are likely to
have the exact same abnormalities. Therefore personalizing neurofeedback treatment
based on individualized QEEG readings should be optimal; without a pre-treatment
QEEG, a suboptimal training protocol may be utilized and could theoretically worsen
symptoms.
Connectivity targeting: This approach involves pinpointing hypoconnectivity and/or

hyperconnectivity within the brain based on QEEG readings. Abnormally slow or fast brain
waves in certain regions may signify that a region isnt communicating well (or is
communicating excessively) with neighboring regions. Some practitioners have devised
training protocols based off of individual connectivity abnormalities as highlighted by QEEG
readings.
Mu rhythm modulation: Training individuals to modulate mu rhythms (9 Hz to 11

Hz) may improve certain symptoms of autism. Mu rhythms are thought to be connected to
the mirror neuron systems within the brain. Since individuals with autism display abnormal
activation of the mirror neuron system, modulation of the mu rhythm may improve various
core symptoms of the disease.
Beta waves: Some protocols have involved increasing SMR beta, while decreasing beta
spindles. Training of SMR is considered relatively safe and is thought to improve various
aspects of cognition and concentration.
Theta waves: Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder are thought to have
excess theta waves on the EEG. Too many theta waves are associated with ADHD and may
result in significant brain fog. In fact, they may also contribute to depressive moods and
emotional instability. Therefore downtraining (decreasing) these waves could be helpful for
those with autism.
Have you used neurofeedback for autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

If you (or someone you know) has used neurofeedback for autism spectrum disorder,
feel free to discuss the experience in the comments section below. Mention the number
of sessions conducted, duration of the sessions, and whether any substantial
improvement was noted. If improvement was noted, how was it measured (e.g. what
scales were used)?
To help others get a better understanding of the experience, discuss the specific type of
neurofeedback training (e.g. mu rhythm modulation) and note whether other
interventions were simultaneously utilized (e.g. medications, therapy, biofeedback).
Realize that differences in efficacy of neurofeedback may be subject to significant
individual variation and are likely influenced by the specific protocol devised by a
neurofeedback practitioner.

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5 Types Of Brain Waves

Frequencies: Gamma, Beta, Alpha,

5 Brain Waves: Frequencies To Understand

Frequency range: 40 Hz to 100 Hz (Highest)

Too much: Anxiety, high arousal, stress

Too little: ADHD, depression, learning disabilities

Optimal: Binding senses, cognition, information processing, learning, perception, REM

Increase gamma waves: Meditation

Frequency range: 8 Hz to 12 Hz (Moderate)

Too much: Daydreaming, inability to focus, too relaxed

Too little: Anxiety, high stress, insomnia, OCD

Increase alpha waves: Alcohol, marijuana, relaxants, some antidepressants

Frequency range: 4 Hz to 8 Hz (Slow)

Too much: ADHD, depression, hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattentiveness

Too little: Anxiety, poor emotional awareness, stress

Optimal: Creativity, emotional connection, intuition, relaxation

Increase theta waves: Depressants

Frequency range: 0 Hz to 4 Hz (Slowest)

Optimal: Immune system, natural healing, restorative / deep sleep

Increase delta waves: Depressants, sleep

Neurofeedback For ADHD: Is It An Effective Treatment?

Neurofeedback is a practice devised to optimize the electrical activity within a persons

Neurofeedback for ADHD: The Research

Evidence suggesting neurofeedback may be

and impulsivity significantly improved following neurofeedback compared to control

2014: Researchers published a report in 2014 discussing studies of neurofeedback for

In a comparative analysis of NF with a sham-NF (pseudo-neurofeedback), three

2005: An extremely small-scale study consisting of 12 children with ADHD analyzed

2004: Many non-pharmaceutical treatments for ADHD remain ineffective, but

2003: In 2003, researchers published a study comparing the efficacy of neurofeedback

Evidence suggesting neurofeedback may be

2013: In 2013, researchers conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled

2012: Researchers published a report in 2012 suggesting that standardized treatments

Based on the research, how should you

Potential Benefits of Neurofeedback for

Attention span: Most studies documenting the efficacy of neurofeedback for

Concentration improvement: Many individuals with ADHD are unable to

Hyperactivity reduction: The symptom of hyperactivity is generally reduced

Intelligence boost: One study found that individuals experienced a boost in

Neurotransmission: Electrical activity (brain waves) in the brain may influence

Reduced impulsivity: It can be speculated that some cases of impulsivity may be

Why its difficult to interpret research of

ADHD evaluation: When testing neurofeedback for the treatment of ADHD, it is

Participants: Most participants involved in neurofeedback training for the treatment of

Training protocols: There is significant variation in the neurofeedback protocols

Why neurofeedback is likely to help those

Will neurofeedback cure your ADHD?

Are all neurofeedback interventions the

Can neurofeedback reduce tolerance of

Delta Brain Waves: 0 Hz to 4 Hz

Delta Brain Waves: What do they do?

Learning disabilities: If a persons brain is producing large quantities of delta activity

Delta Brain Waves Research

Alpha Brain Waves: 8 Hz To 12 Hz

Alpha Brain Waves: What do they do?

Balanced mood: Individuals that are depressed as a result of being over-stressed

Creativity: It has been hypothesized that alpha activity is linked to increases in

Gamma Brain Waves: 40 Hz to 100 Hz

Gamma Brain Waves: What do they do?

Meditation: Advanced monks have been documented as having increased amounts of

Gamma Brain Wave Research

term Tibetan Buddhist monks. In comparison to novice meditators, the experienced

Neurofeedback For Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): An Effective Treatment?

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder noticeable in childhood characterized by