Student Name: ________Simon Hagos___________________

Student Number: ________ 7767295 ___________________

Partners Name and Student #: _ Patrick Ding and 7426216____
Demonstrator's Name: ___Philip Dumouchel_______________

PLEASE NOTE:

If ANY of the above information is UNCLEAR or not provided, your grade

will NOT be recorded!!

Lab Day (circle):

Lab Week (circle):

Tues aft

Tues night Wed

Thurs aft

Thurs night

Fri

Laboratory Report Form

Experiment 6.

Acid/Base Titrations
Checklist:
o Raw Data Sheet written in pen, signed by
TA and attached
o Report Form completed in pen (or typed) and
attached
Students Initials _____

Data Tables
Table 1. Formation of a stock solution of NaOH
Volume of concentrated NaOH
solution (mL)

8.75

Concentration of concentrated
NaOH solution (M)

6.0

Volume of stock solution after

dilution (mL)

495

Approximate concentration of
stock solution (M)

0.106

Table 2. Standardization of Stock Solution of NaOH

Data

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Concentration of Standard
Acid solution (M)

0.100

0.100

0.100

Volume of Standard Acid

solution (mL)

23.00

23.00

21.30

Volume of stock solution of

NaOH (mL)

22.20

22.10

20.00

Concentration of stock
solution of NaOH (M)

0.104

0.104

0.107

Average Concentration of
stock solution of NaOH (M)

0.105

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Table 3. Determination of the Concentration of an Unknown Acid

Data

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Sample Number of Unknown

Acid

Volume of Unknown Acid

solution (mL)

23.00

23.00

23.00

Volume of stock solution of

NaOH (mL)

13.65

13.40

13.45

Concentration of stock
solution of NaOH (M)

0.105

0.105

0.105

Concentration of Unknown
Acid Solution (M)

0.0314

0.0306

0.0307

Average Concentration of
Unknown Acid solution (M)

0.0309

Observations (all parts of the experiment):

The standard acid (HCl), concentrated NaOH solution, stock solution,
phenolphthalein (indicator), and the unknown diprotic acid #2 were all transparent
(colorless) solutions. However, juice #1 appeared to be clear with a hue of light green
when looking off white paper. The acids and the juice used in this experiment resulted in
titrations that were slightly pink. Adding drops of the indicator did not change the color
of the acidic solution in the Erlenmeyer flask.
However, while adding each drop of stock solution of NaOH, at points the solutions
in the Erlenmeyer flasks turned a light, slightly pale pink color (appearance reflecting off
a white sheet of paper). When swirling, at the point where the clear solution appeared to
be slightly pink but still absolutely colorless, each successive drop cautiously occurred at a
more gradual drop before reaching the equivalence point with 1 drop turning the whole
solution pink. At the end of the experiment when cleaning other apparatus, a white salt
residue formed on one of the graduated cylinders.
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Table 4. Determination of the Mass Percentage of Acid in a

Juice
Data

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Sample Number of Juice

Volume of Juice (mL)

23.00

23.00

23.00

Volume of stock solution of

NaOH (mL)

16.70

17.80

17.90

Concentration of stock
solution of NaOH (M)

0.105

0.105

0.105

Concentration of acid in
Juice (M)

0.0482

0.0452

0.045

Average Concentration of
Acid in Juice (M)

0.0461

Density of Juice (g/mL)

0.9988

Molar Mass of acid in Juice

(g/mol)

192.13

Mass Percent of Acid in

Juice (%)

0.887

Report FormPage 4

Sample Calculation: (Part 1)

1.

Approximate concentration of stock solution

Sample Calculation: (Part 2)

2.

Exact concentration of stock solution:

3.

Average concentration of stock solution:

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Sample Calculation: (Part 3)

4.

Concentration of Unknown Acid:

5.

Average concentration of unknown acid:

Sample Calculation: (Part 4)

6.

Concentration of acid in juice:

7.

Average concentration of acid in juice:

8.

Mass percentage of acid in juice:

Report FormPage 6

Discussion (in space provided):

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the concentration of a juice,
stock (diluted NaOH) solution, and an unknown acid through the process of an acid-base
titration, where the acid is neutralized with a solution of base of known concentration. The
equivalence point in a reaction is when the # of moles of added OH - equals the initial # of
moles of H3O+ present and if a clear solution is gradually going through color change (from
transparent to light pink), and a very strong tint of pink suddenly appears visible, the end
point of the titration has occurred and the titration has gone unfortunately past the
equivalence point. The diluted NaOH solution had to be prepared using an acid of known
concentration and then the solution could be used in the volumetric titration process to
determine the unknown acid samples concentration. Next, a juice sample had to be
titrated in order to determine the concentration and the percent mass of acid in the juice.
Sources of error inherent in the experiment could be the misjudging of the
phenolphthaleins color near the titrations end point due to how delicate and slow the
occurring color change is, which would decrease the value of the concentration because for
example, when calculating the stock solutions concentration, as the volume of base added
increased, the concentration inversely decreased. Another source of error includes a
common parallax error where when a volume is read at an angle where the burettes scale
is not viewed upon from a perpendicular position, affecting the reading/measurements
obtained, most likely as well decreasing the value of a concentration if the volume of base
needed to reach the equivalence point is beyond that point. As well, an obscured source of
error is when drops independently from on the sides of the burette due to the rapid
release of the liquid.
In addition, the actual volume cannot be determined at times during the titration
when air in the stopcock obstructs the titrants flow. Although proper and immaculate
cleaning techniques such as hot water and distilled water sequentially were administered,
if dirty glass not cleaned, or burette was not rinsed with the transferred solution after
being completely rinsed with distilled water, the substance that is being titrated could
become slightly more diluted. Moreover, contaminated solutions are a source of error that
would occur if the burette transferring two different solutions was not rinsed with
distilled water.
There is a factor of 1000 in the formula to determine the mass percent of acid in
the juice because using dimensional analysis, the overall units of the formula is (mL/[L x
1000]) x100%. Evidentially, it acts as a conversion factor turning the density that was
g/mol to g/L as a result, cancelling out the molarity of the acid in the juice units (mol/L).
Moreover, regarding whether it matters what volume of concentrated NaOH was used in
the beginning, it is irrelevant because the exact concentration can still be calculated since
the volume and concentration of the standard acid its titrated against (HCl) is known.
Further, the concentration of the NaOH is determine before its used in order to
determine the unknown acid #2s concentration.
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Conclusion: (4 sentences. Please note that the values you state as your
results in this section will be used to determine your grade out of 5 for the
results. Please include your unknown acid number and your juice name in this
section.)
The average concentration of the stock solution, unknown acid #2, and acid in juice
#1 respectfully, are 0.105M, 00309M, and 0.0461M. The molar mass of the acid in juice
#1 was determined to be 192. 13 g/mol. As a result, the mass percent of acid in juice #1 is
approximately 0.887%.

Report FormPage 8