DETERGENTS

DEFINITION: Detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning

properties in dilute solutions."
MATERIALS: raw materials are soap noodles, sodium silicate, Linear Alkyl Benzene
Sulfonic Acid (LABSA), Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), palm stearin, sodium
sulphate, Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES).
Process:

Types of detergent
Types of detergent
There are three main classes of detergent. These are distinguished by the charge on
the
hydrophilic part of the molecule.
Anionic
The hydrophilic part of the molecule has a negative charge often found as
sodium salts
Common general purpose cleaners
Often alkaline in solution
Non-ionic
Have no charge on the hydrophilic part of the molecule solubility is conferred by
hydrogen bonding
milder cleaning action
rarely used on their own
Cationic and amphoteric
the hydrophilic part of the molecule has a positive charge
Amphoteric surfactants have both negative and positive charged regions
not generally used as cleaning agents
can act as biocides

Environmental effects: Detergents can have poisonous effects in all types of aquatic
life if they are present in sufficient quantities, and this includes the biodegradable
detergents. All detergents destroy the external mucus layers that protect the fish
from bacteria and parasites; plus they can cause severe damage to the gills. Most
fish will die when detergent concentrations approach 15 parts per million. Detergent
concentrations as low as 5 ppm will kill fish eggs. Surfactant detergents are
implicated in decreasing the breeding ability of aquatic organisms.
Detergents also add another problem for aquatic life by lowering the surface tension
of the water. Organic chemicals such as pesticides and phenols are then much more
easily absorbed by the fish. A detergent concentration of only 2 ppm can cause fish
to absorb double the amount of chemicals they would normally absorb, although
that concentration itself is not high enough to affect fish directly.

http://sstweb.tees.ac.uk/external/U0000504/Notes/SciHome/DetergentTypes.pdf
https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?
products_id=11828
http://lets-cleanandsanitize.blogspot.com/2012/07/factors-affectingeffectiveness-of.html
http://www.nuansakimia.com/en/palm-fatty-acid-distillate-pfad.html
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02678806

These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that

are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate
(of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to calcium and
other ions found in hard water.
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid is the largest-volume synthetic surfactant
because of its relatively low cost, good performance, the fact that it can be dried to
a stable powder and the biodegradable environmental friendliness as it has straight
chain.
Soap Noodles are made from vegetable oils, such as palm oil, coconut oil or olive
oil, and/or animal fats (tallow). These are 'saponified', usually using sodium
hydroxide, to form a salt of the fatty acids
Sodium Silicate is used in detergent auxiliaries such as complex sodium disilicate
and modified sodium disilicate. The detergent granules gain their ruggedness from
a coating of silicates
Palm stearin is the solid fraction of palm oil that is produced by partial
crystallization at controlled temperature
'sodium sulphate acts as a filler and enables the adjustment of the active matter
in the detergent to the concentrations required.
sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) is an anionic detergent and surfactant found
in many personal care products. It is an inexpensive and very effective foaming
agent
sodium tripolyphosphate serves as a "builder," industrial jargon for a water
softener. In hard water, detergents are deactivated. Being a highly charged
chelating agent, TPP5 binds to dications tightly and prevents them from interfering
with the sulfonate detergent.
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is made from refining crude palm oil. It
produces Vitamin E which has large purposes in many fields.