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Bryn O'Callaghan
_____ www.longman.c
AN ILLUSTRATED
HISTORY OF THE
USA
'"
Longman
Set in 10 /1 2 pi Bembo
Printed in Ch ina
EPC/17
ISB N 0 582 74921 2
Ackno wledgement s
'0
11"".
The"quo'anon on
by M . Shulim""n .
plJolt'l: .. ph,
'0'~I',,,dll"" co p ytll(h,
1' . 4 Th,' M""ol'"hu" Ilol " """ 111 of A". G il', "I' 1'''' po 11t Ilol 0 ' 1(' " . 1~_J; I' 5
Th. Huff" /" 1/,,,,,. "". 40. by C h. , les M .
" fr. ,. 1'11'/. A"",,, C.n",
M",~"",. h It ' Wo"h : p. 7
Th ' llcn vrr 1'1Ih hc L,b ra,y . W"" "," I [i, w , y
I)ep. m " enl , 1'''''''''1:hy K. ,l llod", ",; p. 7 ( II) 1/" ,.1" I"di"" I'M/"I,h. 1'/74
M" re Kii", r1r r. b v, ll Ilol " "''' '''. Kl. ",.. h l'>11s, 0,"1:""; 1'. III.it' 1:";,&"""
/); ",,,,,,j,,.~ A",,,ir4, by ( :h,isn." Km hl:. o / ~ .1 13 X 4711"111 ,
N' 'J",,,I I(.II.., i,t, (hlo : 1', ') T lll"(;" "10:'" ColI,:c' io" . N,.... y ",k: 1" 1U
U,, " ,oJ SUt l'<( :.p". I I I' ,t o ,i..1S<KI<" y; p. 11 h " m "1"1" ,~ ,,',y ~I A,." ,,. b)'
l o " i, I lr tm , 1' " bh, h, ,J by Til ,,'" Boo ks. 1\17(,: p. 12 J. III"'WW"Yo,k '" ...." l'ou "J ..i,,,, l'ho'o'; p. 1.l T hr C "" l\rl Co lI..<lI<'". New y", k; f
14 (i) 1" ' penal T" b. " o L" " " rJ : p. 1 ~ ( II) 1''' ''' '''1:by 1(,<'1 ... 0.1 S.:hl,,,,hl.
N ' '''''1J1(;""I(uph ... s.,.- ,y; p. 17 Pr lf t N ' ..... .k. Am, ,, .." 1',,""'''': 1'.
111 (i) T hr Tho ma< (oile, ", I" " i,,,,.. o f A m..,i,ao I l" ,o , y .,,0.1 An. Tol....
Ok "h"n"; 1'. 11\ {II) 'Co"n",y ofThr N' ....- yo,k I ll" o " e. l S.lCit-ty'. N,w
Yo , k : p . l\O J L.CO r ..rn' . 'uch"",sof7b. lIay V,Il. It... O b I" : p. :!ll(l )
hom I I,,' M)' 4j ,h. /'n.t'i,. !ipt"'l-'''K flr"p l... P"bh,hc-d by Macdo " . ld l\: Co.
{Pub h, ""n) Limn nl. 1'17f>; PI' 20-21 Libn'y Cornr:;" y o f l' h' ladd pIJia; p .
2:! o""jr/
I ~ Mort Kti"",ln . H. m mn C al ..... N' .... Y" , k : p. 2.l
The"M"''''I'''I ".n Ilol"..... 01 of Art . Gifl o fEdIl" W,lh. ,,, . noJ ,Ik lll ""
Chr)'Skt (;", ", h. 1'.If,,); p, 24 C ou n n yoh hr 1I.0y.l O"U' M> M "S<'tJ m .
T or on ' o . C.n
: p, 26 m 'Co""n y o flhr John Ca nr, Ilm w o lI bra , y al
B, o""o Unl<'~n"y ; p. 26 (11) The"Gn"gnC.oIlc-c'Uon . N...... y o ,k : p. 27
The"M"'ropoltUll MuS<'tJ m of An . Gil; of Ilol .. 11....... 11 s.!\~ . 1'Il~): p. 211 G, II
of lkla J W..d anoJ II J udo.! W..d . C.oIkttion of,hr Alb. n y In, u." . r o f
1I,,,,,, y . noJ An; p. ~ Tbr(,n,,~ Colltion. N rw Yo , k : 1" 3u li..,Ji,,~
n./>rr'"""",, "; I...J~. T.. 110,T ,""l" . 1'175, Mo n K'-'"" k t . l'nkral
1..11 Nan" " . 1M, nM>na l. N..... York ; p. 31 Lo".......c;"aud,,": p. 32 New
Yor k SUIf " ', " .. ..-.[ A,X"iouon . Coop<"f'MO""n ; p . 33 "'o n, Ii"" ...... /' .....J
rn
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1M 1.',," ,.1 !iw... b~' t) . II. (l"C.II.!'=h.n. Pubh, hrd by l "" I\"1Jn, 1''''''-,: p. 34
1"'"""'"
o f Art . G,f, " f Edl:" W,lh. m. noJ !krnia:The"Me" " l"'liu " . ..
G.."'""h . 1%3: p..V.I'",.., N~wa,k 's Arn"";~a" 1'..-llIr",; p, 37 Woo",'''''
M "S<'tJ m . 11. " 1<-,,,,11... O klahon,,; p. Jl:! Cou"n ) of.",," hodr 1, 1." .1
IIl"o' Kal S<K.... ~' .; I'. .l'l Thr G ,.nl('" CoIItIOn. " .."" Yo,k : p. ~"hom .i
Jlul<>ry
R.,.IdoI;,. by J- 11'.... (),,',.h.on and M., k II . l) Il1<-. Pu bh,hc-d
by l'r rtl,K....lbll h K. , IWot,; p . 41 1'",,, N........ k . An,..n c."I'..-.,,' n ; p. 42
Sn' Ill,1 T'''rJ J~ lfr ..,...... b)' Alf,<'dJa cob M,n er . Jo.hn All ~l "S<'tJ m .
amah . Nd>.., b : p . 431'..." N, ,,,. .k. Am<T Kan I'..-.u'n; rp . .....--w. Tbr
GU" II'" CollNt""'. N...... yo,k : p . 4S DrrJ s."u. bl ' l ou .. S<:hulu~. o le.
C.<>U""')' of , hr M" """n Il... onul So<io<:r~' ( N'll: no. S- 12l',E): p .\0 110,
{'"tkot ........JN..,I"",J. h\' C h",lC'S T. Wrbbn . C ,nt,,,,,.ll An ~lo ..... m; p. 50
IInrn"nn lllll" o" I" ", ,,,,, Com p."~ ; p. 52 Annt ~. " . Il. o w n M,I" ., y
CoIINt"",. IIm ....n Un"....." l l, b, ., y: 1', 53 Foror.-u ~""..-. N . ",..-"I..
~n'. : 1" S~ Ik ll ma" " 11 1" h ",, I'I<~ "'" Con'p.n y; p. 51, Th .. G " "l( er
CoIINt;"". N ..w Y",k : I' S7 Iklll11a"" :1 1"h",,1 '..-, ,,,~ Coml" "y; 1'1'. ';1\.
5\0 1',' ''' N,".,k" Am,.,-iea" Pino''''; 1" 60 Th, G ,,/d..., Sr '
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1' 0" ..1..,. , ,,Hr.., i,,,, 0 1 ,Ill"
p. /,1 ThorTho "' ''' (,,1"'
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l l1t,s. A",,,,, C. rI,' MIN ''''' ' . F" " Wnrr h; 1'. f,l ( II) The (;'."1:'"
C"lk" 'i ol1. New y o , k: p , (,5 TIl<' Th om .. G il..,,....
of Am"i"."
1Ii, w , y . " d Art , '1',,1-.. O kl, h" ,, ; 1'. 67 I'el<" N,' w. , k " A", en ... "
I',ft " n" : 1'. f,H 'I'll..
Co lk ..ti" " . Ne ..... y " , k: 1'. (,') '; ", ill",,,,;. ,,
I" " i" " io'" A" th,o po l"l: i". 1( :" "....'io,, (pho'" "". S5,U1H): r . 711
1'" pperf"lI1I UJ'1;1" 71 1l"1l1l1."" 11 1"lt" ,, I' KlUCO' C""'p. lly: 1'1'. 72~ 74 Tl l<'
G" "I:'" Colln tl''' '. Ne w Y" ,k ; 1" 76 l'i"' '' ''I''-,j",.lo ,nlo ,,: p . 77 The
C"" I(" C"I1""ft"". N, " Y",k; p. 7l:I (D Ik ll " ",,,,IH ,, Ir,, ,, 1',,'1"'"
COlllp . n y: p. 711 (JI) (:1,/1n""I1.... l\O lJ.b)" (;"" " 1:" Wnlq' Ik llnw, .
IllII2 - 1'125, T h., l ", A"l(dn CU"llfy MU""" Il1 .. f All . l'" Anl(d " CO""'I
1'" ",1 , : p. ,. ) (D Ik'll nu n" ll lllh on PK' ''''' Comp.,,)'; p . Ill) (Ii) The
G,.nlo:r' C"lk,,,,,,, . Ne"" Yo,k ; p. 112 Th, Sink. by " u l>.,,, K".,h k r , Thor
ll. xan,J. 1l( :oml"" y In' .: 1'1" f4 . 1\(, lIn'm.""/ II "I",,, I'K,u,~Comp. ny;
p. lI7 Pa" .".. C. " . l Co m "" " ion . Mi. m i; p . llII T ",,,,...,,"fl hr Im pe, ..1
Wa, MuS<'tJ m . Lon don (U",. ,[): 1', I\') The"N.,w Yo,k I'ubl ", lIb.., v ; p . ~ I
ThrG .. nl\n C <>ll""on. N....... Yo,k; p. 91 T ' " <lrn ol", hor In' J'<'"al W..
Mo..... m . Lond"": p , \02 T hr Gunl:CT Colknion. N~w Yo ' k : p . \fa (O Thr
Eqllil.lbk l,fe A""un S<Kit-t~' o ff hor U";lrJ S..."', 1" \OS
Ikolrn."" IHull "n l'Ift ",., Com p.o~; p. 9b Thr G,an!,=r' CoIknlOf1 . N......
y o,k ; p , 'n Ikt' ",. " n/ll " h"" 1'I,,"r.. Company: p. ')'I TM & ,,/. Of
I" "" . ~ , 1\0511 . .\11lTf K'-'n<lk,. rol lNtion o fT1M>..... l lo.>n,...l1 y. J, .:
p. 1'" Thr C;.. n!,=~' Coil",,,,,,. N' .... York ; p . lUI Iktl nu n llil/" lton
IWlI'" C""'I"")": p. iU2 'Co,,"n)' o f T = .........., V. lky AlI,horn y; 1', 1U5
N "",.I Arch",,,, . W.. h ",~,on I>C; p . IUf, m I'oppe,fo'o ; 1'. 11 ~.( Il)
From R"""" r/, ..",,11M I '~"rd Sl4'lJ. by I>.B . O C.lIal:h.n . l'o bh'hc-d b~'
Lon!:"..". 1''''''-,: p . 1IJ71' "p rnfo'0 ; p . 10K
I l.. ,jIl1~ 1',,,,,,,,, L, b..,,;
p . I r ~l { l) Ito l>.,,, 1 1. ,d l11 ~ I' inll'" Libra,y: p. 1m (", T oph .m P""",,,
Sour""; 1" 111 (O N~",' , ,,f , h,, Wo,ld ; p . 113m U Pll lk"".." n
New ' pho " ,,: p. 113 (II) R" I>.,,, !lum L,b,.,y: p. liS
U I'[ l lk"",ann
N, w, pl" " " . : p. 11S (II) I k"n illi~ l' howllnph y; p. 117 m C.m"a I' , n , :
p. 117 ( II) U I'JlI I,n " .."" N~w'plm.o.;p . 1111 U I' I/ Jk"rrunn Nrw,phow,;
p. 11'1U I' ll lkmn .lln N" " ' l'h ",,,,: p. I:!lJ11.01>.,,, 11>,,1"'1( I ',n u,~ l ,b, ..y;
p. 121 Itul", ,, 11. ,.1"' 1:l',eou ," l,b, ..)'; p . 122 C.mrr> 1',,,,, ; p. 12.1
W.~' l,"d I'" bll,h {"(. L" "i ,..d: 1" 124 Th 'J. AliI" C.,h I'ho, oh b,..)'; 1'. 124
(D T h" 1h ''''h ,,,,,, I.ib.., y; p . 125 Th e Ilo , d ' i",," L,b.. ,y: 1" 12/,
UI'li1kt"".1I11 N "w'l'hoto': p. 128 C.II1.,UI',.,,,: p. 12'1 (Tl C. m e.. I" e" :
1" 12'J (Il ) 1'''1'1..." Pin "" So",,,,,; p. UllT"l'h.m l' KlU" Sou , e..: 1'. H I
SOllth AI1I ... i<' JI< 1'1<" "''' ' ; 1" 132 C' l11e ,. I',,,, ; 1', l.l.l U I' l/ lkll 11l. " "
N"w,pl " " o , : 1'.1 34 r " nk Spooner l' iClo" . ; 1'. 135 U Il/ lI..IlItl .n"
New 'pl"" ",: p. Uf, To " y Swn, Worldwid, ; p. 137 (T) <:.111<'. 1',....; I'
137 (II) Mri )<1,ul,l". l la",bo'ger> Li" ,i, rJ : p..1Jl:! Itol>.,,, Ib ,<I " '1: I' " ." "
L,b.., y: p . L\'i S~II:U'" 1I",I,JII111. 1957; A' eh""'" M,n V .n d..r Roh , .nd
I' h' hp John" ",; I'ho 'Ol:' .ph b y Ell. S'oll~r. 1'/511; Lr n ' by J..... ph E
Sr'I\"'" (" S.,,,,h..- .
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Cour phol 0 ltr .rh. b y ' {To p u fl) Thr G,.n~er Col1"t"... . N...... Yo,l<;
{Top M ,<ld k ) An"" S K. B,own M, h..,y C"U""on, lI",w" Univr .."y
l ihrary; {Top 1I.'l(h"
r .,. ' II, n lirnil<'d: {Mam' Th, G... "I(.... ColknlOf1 .
N...... y",k; (l k ,,,,, n, uf' ) 1I.0b0:rt Ih'dmg Pi",,,,r Lib, .. y; (110" ,, 111 Riltht )
1'",,, N,,,,..k, Am..,iu" I' i"'" , n
""X
ron Wonh
P icl ,," Collf<'f ;on by : s.""", I I",kini o n_RoIf.. (pI lOT( lSE EKERS)
Dnip by: Sylvia T..,
CO NTE N TS
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N EW WO HL D
T h c, first Americans
Ex plo rers fro m Europe
Virg inian beginnings
Pur itan New Eng land
Coloniallife in Am erica
T he roots o f revolution
Fighting fO T independence
H
12
\6
20
24
2H
N EW NATION
12 Th l , er-n Wa r
t 3 Rcconsrruction
.12
3(,
40
44
50
54
14
15
16
17
18
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
HH
9.2
W,
1()()
104
lOS
11 2
S UP EU POW EU
28
29
30
31
32
33
II ()
120
1 2~
12H
\.12
\.1(,
I ~o
In d e x
141
A NEW WORLD
1
TH E FIR ST A M ER I CA NS
islan ds d ose to th e m ainland ofludia. For this reaso n
he called the friendly, brown-s kinned people who
greeted him "los Indios" - Indians.
In f~([ . Colum bus was 11()( ncar Ind ia. h w as not till'
edge o f Asia that he had reached. but islands offthe
sho res o f a new co ntinent. Europeans wou ld soon
name th e new cont inent Am erica. but for lTlan y years
th ey wc nr on calling its inh abitants Indi ans. Only
recently have these first Am ericans been described
m o re cccurarcly as "native Americans" o r
Amcrindians.
There were mallYdiffc rrn r g ro ups of Amerindian s.
T hose no rth of Mexico , ill w hat is no w the U nited
States and Canada. w ere scatte red across the
g rasslan ds and fo rests in separate g ro ups called
"mbcs. " These rribcs followed very diffe rent wa ys
of life. SOI11l' we re hun ters. so me we re farm ers.
So me wert' peaceful. o thers wa rlike, They spo ke
o ver three hundred separate languages. so me of
w hich we re as diff erent fro m o ne ano ther as En gli...h
is from Chinese.
"i,'",,,"'.
1 T il l. r Ills',
A,\ILIlJCANS
Thl' Butl~lo HUll! by CIr,,,lt l .\1, R" slClI.i"'t rr"J "m s /",,"i,r.~
b"ff"I,'.
A NEW WOIllll
Amrn'"diarr
up r~s.
Potlatches
The "potlatch" was a popular clrl' m o ny amongst
the w ealthy Pacific coast tribes of North America.
The w ord means ' g ift giving. " A modern potlatch
is a kind o f party at which g uests arc gl\TIl gi fts,
but the o rigin al po tlatc h cere mo nies went much
fur the r. A ch ief or head of a family m ight give
2
EXPLOR ERS FR O M E U R OP E
If you ask "Who discovered A mcrica>", rh c answer
that yo u wi ll usually TCCtjW is "Christopher
Columbus." But did he? We hav e seen th at th e Asi;lIl
an rc sro rs of the Amcri udi.ms arrived in Allll'r ic:I long
bcto n- Co lu m bus . Was Colu mbus rhcncx t ro
arrive?
1 ~')2
All these stories have th eir suppo rte rs, But only ill
the case of th e Vikings haw m od ern sc hol.u-s fo und
tirm evide nce to su ppo rt th e old legends. III th e 19611s
archaeologists unco vered traces of Viking
scrrlcm crus III bo th Newfoundland ami New
Eng land.
In Newfoundland rhc archaeologists fo und rhc
fou ndat ions o f hut s bu ilt in Viking SIYk. They also
fou nd iro n nails and the weight . or "who rl," fro m a
spindle. These objects we re Im portant pieces of
ev idence rhar th e Vikings had indeed reac hed
A New
w o m.
10
---,"
PAC IFIC OCE AN
. . 1.
'!'
_
~_
3
VIRGIN I AN B E G I N NI N G S
I.
,".
:\11 th rough rh..., nigh t the storm b lew rhc th ree small
ships northwards. For ho urs th ctrig IHn lcd sailors
suuggk-d with wet ro pes and SIUP l'lllg C,lIlYJS sails .
A t tls t. ;h &1\\' 1I COIOTld th e eastern ski ...,s . th e st o r m
(;)111\.' to an end. Men-dro p ped to rh...' ,it'd:".
exha usted. Some fell asleep . Exerted sho uts aw o ke
them . "Laud! Laud !" The sailors rush ed to thc, sides
ofth.. , ship s. Thcrcc ar last. W :IS rhc lau d f( J T which
they h.td heen scarchin g -. Vir ginia. It w as the
morning Ill' Apri l 2(, in till' vca r \(l07.
"
.--,-,
A. p,'rtrai r c:f
P~ ca l,,"' It1_, .
p arlllt'd
J"ritrJ:
lier l'i., il III
L"nJ,,,,.
A N I,w WORLD
14
T he Viq~ inia Company never m ade a profit. U y 161-lit had ru n out of money. T he English go ver nmen t
put an end to the Company and nu de itself ro:sponsiblc for the Virg:inia co lo nists. There we re still \"Cry
few of till' Ill . Fierce Amerindian attack s 1Il 1622 had
destroyed sever al scnlcm cn ts and killed over 350
culonisrs . Our o f nearl y 10.11011 scnlcrs sent o ut since
1(>4 17. a 1(,2-1- n" IlSlIS shoe..-cd onl y 1.275 sur vrvors.
VIR(;INl.H" BH-: I NN IN (; S
15
4
PU R ITAN N E W E N G L A N D
"Pilgrims" aTC people who make a journey fo r
rd i~iolls reaso ns. Bur fo r Arn ericaus th e word has a
spec ial meaning. T o th em it means a small RWUP of
English m en and women w ho sailed ;l(TO S,> the
Atlant ic Ocean in rhc p:ar 1620. The g roup's
me m bers ca me (0 be called the Pilgrims because they
we nt [0 America to find r eli g IOU S freedom.
So nwtimcs Americans call them th e Pi lgrim Fath ers.
T h is is b..-causc thcv sec them as th e m o st im portant
ofthe founders of the futu re U nited Su rC'S o f
America.
"
A NE W W ORL D
'"
-\ I' U Il IT ,\ N
Nrw
E ro;CLAro;1l
Thanksgi vi ng
Evcr v year 011 the four th T hu rsda y in November
Am ericans celebrate a holiday called T han ksgiv ing. The firs t people to celebrate this {by WtT{'
the Pilg rim s. In November. 161 1. they sat down
to cat together and to gi ve th anks to God fo r
ena bling them to survive the hard sh ips of their
first Yt'Jr III Amern-a.
'"
5
C O L ON IAL LIF E I N A M E RI C A
By th e year 1733 the English owned thi rteen ~<:para (c
co lonies alo ng the Atlantic coas t o f North Amer ica.
T h c- colo nies st retched fro m New Ha mpsh ire III the
north to Georgia in th e so uth. Most peo ple divid ed
rhcm iTHO three main g ro ups. Each g rou p had its
OW II w ay o fl ifc and character.
In the f ar no rth w as th e N ew England g rou p.
centered 0 11 M assachu setts. Since rhc"tim e of the
Pilg rim s the peo ple of New En gland had spread
inlan d and along the coast. Most w en.' sm all farmers
or craftsm en. working the stony so il an d governing
th em selves in sm all (ow ns and villages.
ML
>
. 1.
.-5-
T
A;LA~TJC
aCEA"
I'i"'"lSenl'<lbetore
Lid 1650
~ Senled belween
M E.
N.H.
M A SS.
R.I.
N.Y.
CONN .
PA .
20
. ..h inc
N ........Ilam psbire
N.J.
DEL.
MO.
N .C .
C o nnt in n
S.C.
GA .
VA .
N cw Jtn.<:>
Ot-b ....arcMaryb nd
Virgini.1
North Ca rolina
Soulh Carolina
G.:o rgia
5 COl.(lN I A. L u e IN AMERIC A
"
II'
"
/..1
I"
n k r ( ."tl r
A Ne w W OItIIJ
22
5 C O LU N IAL L I H . IN A ."lLRI CA
2J
6
TH E R O OTS OF R EV OLU TI ON
In the: eighteenth cen tury Britain and Prance fough t
several m aj or wars. T he struggle betwee n th em
W l '!H
(, T ill,
n oo n
01 REVO L U T IO N
26
(, T ill. HOOTS OF
H EVOLFIION
T he Brit ish reply to this " BOSlOlI Tea Part y" was to
pass a set oflaws to pu nish Massachusett s. Col onis ts
soon began calling these laws the " Intolerable Acts."
Boston har bor was closed to all trade until the tea
w as paid for . More soldiers were sent there to keep
order. T he po wer s of the colo nial assembly of
Massachusett s wac greatly reduced.
27
7
FI GHT IN G FO R I N D EP E N D E N C E
O n the night of Ap ril 18. 1775. 700 British soldiers
m arched silently out o f Bosto n. Their order s we re to
.scizc w eapons and am m unitio n that rebellious
colo nists had stored III Conco rd. a nearb y [O\ ",T I.
13m th e colo n ists w e re warne d th at th e so ld iers were
co rning. Sig nal ligh ts were hung fro m th e spire o f
Bosto n's ralles r church and rwo fast ride rs, Paul
Revere and Willia m Dawt"S.jum pcd m ro thei r
sad dles and galloped o ff wi th the n ew s.
IN COXG RESS,
JULY
4,
'716.
29
.' "11,,,,,
.-Imn;("" gOln,,1
Heard
u ddi".1: lilt lJ<-dudtion of
In.kpm<knu ,,, his " ""ps.
"
31
A NEW NATION
8
FORMIN G T HE NEW NATION
T he T reaty of Paris had recognized the U nited States
as an in de pend ent nation. B'Jt it wa s not one natio n
n tt p..l.iMit slrnbo.,ls "flht Ilt'U' rut;"" ..\liss l.i /lnt r h<,ld. fI,,
" ' " 'jl.l.( .mJpl"'N lh. I.m"' U'Tt"lh ofv;a,,'Y" 11 Gr,"g.
I f "shi.,.~r.m 's IIro1<l. Thr .1 ",..,;(,... ('<I.ek flits ",crnr"J.
32
1'1
New
N.\TlON
The Constitution gave the U nit ed Sta res a " fede ral"
system of govern me nt. A federa l system is on e in
which the power 10 rule IS shared . A cen tral. o r
federal, autho rity has so me of it and till' rest is in the
hand s oflocal autho rities ill th e separate regions tha t
m ake up the co un try.
F O Il ."II N G Til E
.'-..
~~
' j)
THE JUOIC IA J
BRANCH
,_ H _.
/
--'""
CONGRESS
S ec.etaries appoi nt ed b~
t he P reSident
V ice -P resid e nt
- elect ed ..... it h
t he Pre s ident
THE PRESIDENT
Eleel
Tnr l l ruCIIl rr
~'vrn""n!' .
.1".r ntu
Elect --1
33
A NEW NATION
''rfJide,,(
Wa,hini("ton
rf l'i fwi ug the
troop, at Fori
Cr""I>n-I~ "d,
M~ ryl~"d duri".!!.
fh e IYhi,kcy
Rt""m<'ll.
34
JS
9
Y EARS OF GROWTH
o n the newcomers' farms and settle me nts. T he
sc rrlcrs struck back. so me times des troying entire
Amerindian villages.
The new government o f the United Sta tes tried at
first to keep the peace by making treaties with rhc
A merindians. It also rried ro m ake su re th at settlers
treated th em fairl y. A law of1 787 called th e
N o rt hw est O rdinance said that th e Amerindians '
" lands and property shall never be taken fro m thcm
wi tho ut their consent; and in their property, rights
and libert y they never shall be invaded o r disturbed. "
9 YE""~ Ot GROWTH
O ld Hickory
T he first six Presidents of rhc Un ited Stares we re
all from rich families. Also. all of them came from
lo ng-settled states along the Atlantic coast. Then,
in 1828. a different sort of President was elected.
His name was Andrew Jackson and he had been
born into a poor family on rhc w'estern frontie r.
Jackson had commanded the American army at
the Bank of New Orleans in 1814. By 1828 he
was a rich lando..... ner. Bur frontier far mers always
felt that he was one of them and called him " Ol d
Hi cko ry." Hickory is a part icularl y tou gh kind of
wood that grows in American forests.
Jackson was one of the foun ders of the Democratic
Party. lie said that governme nt sho uld be organized to benefit " the great bod y of the United
States- the plant er , the farmer, the mechanic and
th e laborer." Ir was the votes of such people tha t
made him President in 1828 and then again in
1832.
37
A N t.w
NA TION
3R
T ilt
(<'I{'lII
') Y I' A~ 5 IH G II O W TH
Tilt A ma ir,m .<hip C0I1S1illl!iOIl ~r",rI<i".I! tl,,- tJ,i f;$!l .<!lip Ja\'J
31)
or
[11
1803
40
111
wt.s r
10 11110 I' Al I H C
.,
A N EW NATION
42
Wagon trains
43
44
II
MIssouri ter rito ry. \vhich was part of the Louis iana
Purchase. Southern ers argued th at slave labo r sho uld
be allowed in Mi sso uri an d all t he othe r lands that
fo r med pan of the Louisiana Purchase. Bo th
abolitionists and o ther northerners objected stro ngly
to this. N orth ern farm ers moving west di d not wa nt
to find thcmscl vcs competing fo r land ag ams r
so uthe rne rs who had sian's to do their w ork for
th em. Eventually the two sides agreed on a
co m pro mise. Slavery would be permi tted in the
Mis souri and Arkansas territories bur banned III lands
to th e west and north of M issouri.
The Mi sso uri Compro mise, as it was called. did no t
end the di sput es bet ween North and So ut h. By th e
early 1830s another angry argu ment was gomg o n.
This tinu- the argument began over im po rt d uties.
N orth ern states favored such d ut ies beca use they
protected their young industries aga inst th e
co m petition offoreign manu factu red goods.
Southern stares o pposed them because so utherne rs
relied upon fo reign manufacturers for both
necessities and luxuries of ma ny kinds. Im po rt duties
would raise the prices of such goods.
During th e argument about import d uti es a southern
polit ical leader named J oh n C. Calhou n raised a
muc h more S~T10US q ues tio n. H e claimed th at a state
had th e right to disobey any fede ral law if the state
believed that the law would harm its int erest s. This
NOR TI I ....x n
xo u ru
45
A Nlw
NATI ON
46
Eli Whiwry'sfortollgill.
I I NOll r II AN Il S O UT H
47
A NE\'i
NATION
1)",,1Sr,'I1,
4H
II
H arriet Tubman
Th e mo st famous "conductor" on the U nde rgrou nd Railro ad v....as a young black woman
named H ar riet Tubman. She w as born in 1821 and
grew up as a slave 011 a plantation in Ma ryla nd.
In l R49 she esca ped to Philadelphia and joined
the Under ground Railroad. Although she could
neither read nor w r-ite, Har riet Tubman had grear
abilities as an orga nizer. Over the next ten yea rs
she made nineteen tri ps int o slave states and led
more than 300 me n. women and children to
freedom. On her early trip s she led thc fugi tives to
safety in such no rthern cities as N ew York and
Philadelphia , When the Fugitive Slave Aet o f
1850 made those cities unsafe. she led the peop le in
her carl' to Canada.
49
- - 12 -
Oil
c""rrJtT~1r u>lJitn.
50
12 T HE CIVIL W .~R
A NE\'i N.'\TlON
52
L cr 'j J"ffmJ(r/Q
~/ ..\ pp('''l.1/ld_~
( ;"mt
ill / X65 .
".."i"JiJri"llris
WII/CmP",ary poli"f"'.~ .
53
13 - RECONSTRUCTION
next mornutg . Mel! and women wept in the streets
when they hear d the n ews. T he po et J ames Rus sell
Lo w ell w rote: "Never befo re that startled April
mornlllg d id such m ulti tudes o f m en shed tears for
the death of one th ey had never see n, as if with him a
friendly pr esence had b een taken fro m th eir lives ."
Lincoln was succeed ed as Pr eside nt by his Vice
President. An d rewJ oh nso n. T he big gest problem
the n ew Presid en t faced w as how to de al with the
de feate d South. Lin co ln had m ade no secre t of his
o wn ideas ab out th is. Only a few w eeks be fo re his
death he had begun his second term o f office as
Presid en t. In his inaugural address he had ask ed the
American peop le to help hi m to " bind up the na tio n 's
wou nds " and rebuild th eir war-battered ho m elan d.
54
o Captain! m y C aptain!
W ah W hitman is perhaps th e mOSI famo us Ame rican poet o f th e nineteenth cent ur y. D uring the
Civil War he worked in mil itary hospitals, helping
[0 rake care of wounded soldiers. Whitm an w as a
g n:ar admi rer of Linco ln and in 1B65 he exp ressed
55
A Nsw
NATION
13
Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1896 the Supre me Coun announced its decision
in a case called Ph'ssy v. Ferguson, It ru led that th e
Constitutio n allowed separa te facilities and serv ices
to be prov ided lor black and white peo ple. so lo ng
as the facilities and serv ices we re of eq ual qu ality.
The Plessy v. Fe~~lls~l " decision m ade racial seg rcgario n a legal put of th e Am erican w ay of life fo r
m o rt' th an half a cent ur y.
Sou thern stat es im med iately bega n making separate but lIIu'qrl<,1 pro visio n fo r blacks. They passed
law s t o enforce scg rcga no n ill' every possible
aspe ct of life - pu blic transportation, thea ters,
hotels. caring places. parks. schools.
The " separate but eq ual" decisio n reached in
Pless}' v, Fcrouson wa s at last overt urned by
another Supreme Court decision in 1954. In th e
case of Brown v, T opeka. the Supreme Court ru led
th at it was impossible fo r black child re n to receive
an equal education in seg reg ated schools. It
o rdered that all publi c schools in the U nited States
should be o pened to child re n of all races.
This 195-1 decis io n to aba ndo n Pless}' v. j-:ergllsf.l/l
was a land m ark in the blac k C iv il Rights movement o f the I950s. It m ark ed th e beginnin g o f a
campaign to end all fo rm s of legally enfo rced
scg rcga no n III American life.
,7
YEARS OF GROWTH
- - 14 -MINERS, RA ILROA DS AN D CATT LE ME N
In March 1848, a gro up of w or kmen w as buildin g a
saw mill beside a strea m in Ca lifo rnia for a landovvncr
nam ed John Sutter. O ne day the forem an ill cha rge o f
t he workers saw gol den specks glittering ill till'
wa te r. Picki ng up a handful of black gravel from the
bed of the strea m. he looked more closely, It was
go ld!
T he fo rem an rushed to te ll Sut ter . Before long the
news of his discovery was swcc pmg throu gh
C aliforni a. Uy the middle of the summer a go ld rush
had beg un. The governor o f Ca liforn ia repo rted to
Washi ngton that " mills arc lying idle. fields of w heat
arc 0Pt'll to cattle and horses, hou ses vacan t and
farms going to was te" as men and w omen from all
5<
14
5')
TI,~ .(~ldCll
;pil:r
<CTn"""yolf
Pr""""'''''r ",'m,.
-r~;lr.lold
T h c StJmpcdc' by
FrrJm c
...hid, has
burr j""rrprJ,J by
Jig/,III I"g,
On the trail
George D uffield was a covvboy. In 1866 he drove a herd of 1,000 Lon ghorn
cattle no rt h from T exas. T he extracts below arc fro m his dia ry:
MayS
June 2
May}4
Junel9
- -
15 -
"I
The first hom esteader s often qua rreled wit h cattleme n, The different ways in w hich the two groups
used the land made trouble between t hem almost
cert ain. C arrie ranchers and cowboys complained
[hat homesteaders were bloc king the cat tle trails
and said tha t their ploughed fields we re a was te of
good grazing land. H omesteaders became angry
w hen their crop s we re eaten or trampled upon by
[he ranchers' cat tle. They began to bu ild bar bed
w ire fences aro und their land to stop this. T his
made the catt lemen eve n more ang ry, especially if
the land tha t was fenced off included a strea m tha t
their cattle depended upo n for drinki ng wa ter.
One cowboy pur the cattleman 's point o f vic,v in
these words:
' Those javhawkcrs [thieves] would ta ke up a
claim right where the herds wa tere d and cha rge us
fo r water. They would plant a crop alongside the
tr ail and plow a furrow around it for a fence, and
then when the cattle got into their w heat or their
garden patch, tht'y would come ou t cussing
[cur sing) and waving a shotgun and yelling fo r
da mages. And the cattle had been coming through
there w hen they were still growing pumpkins
[vege tables] in Illinois,"
In some places peo ple we re killed in " range wars"
as both catt lemen and homesteaders used guns to
protect thei r inte rests . It too k years for the two
groups to learn to liv c peacefully side by side.
("wboy .
63
Y EA RS
O F l.RO\I/T11
land s.
Barbed w ire fences meant that prairie farmers
co uld pl ant crops knowing that stray ing canlc
wo uld not tr ample and cat th e growing plants.
They could b reed better animals kn owing that
stray bull s co uld not m ate w ith th eir cows. Thev
couid m ark off th eir bound aries to av o id q ua rrels
with neigh bors.
Glidden's in ventio n cha nged the face of the G reat
Plain s. By th e end of th e cen tu ry thousands of
mil es of ba rbe d wire fences had divided the open
prame into a patchwork o f sepa rate farms and
fields.
also carried aw ay th e fanners' crops. This m ade it
poss ible fo r th e far m ers to sell rhcir pr oduce in fara\vay places . Befo re th e end o f th e nineteenth ccnrurv
w heat grown o n rhc Great Plains of North Am enca .
was feedin g millions of people, not on ly 111 th e
U nited Sta tes but tho usand s o f m iles away III
Europe.
Bu t p rairie farm ers still had proble m s. The
I Iomcstcad Act ga vc rhcm lan d.. bu r it failed to give
th em a sure living. On th e well-watered land s cast of
the Mississippi a farmer could easily sup po rt a fa m ily
on a homest ead of 160 acres. O n th e rain- star ved
Great Plains no farmer cou ld m ake a liv ing from a
farm o f th at size. Hi s crops of wh eat were to o sm all:
his animals were too hungry.
Pr airie far me rs worked ha rd to su rvive. "lhev
plou g hed up an d planted more lan d. Bill if d~e rains
failed . the sun burned up their crops and th e p rame
wind s blew away their d usty top soil. leaving the
6-l
l"tlloU'Jlom"
,\'d li""..1P..n,_
65
H> 'rue
CriJ//'T'Sl A st SI,md.
Y EA RS 01' G R O WTl I
Gh()$1
n,m.......
Thfr":ffllMJ,"fB;~
F"", ..,
1I'""" Jt J K " u .
W",,,,,/rJ }(u rr .
7U
.' r
'.
.' II
t-
'f'
i
Sirti".~
Rull .
71
17 -
I N V E N T O R S AND I N DU S T RI E S
I II I H7(1 Presid ent U lysses S. Grant tr aveled to
' I'hiladd phu to o pen ,1 special ex hibi tion. The
cxh ibiriou wa s called t he Ce nte llnial Exp ositio n. It
had been o rp;anized to cclcbrnrc the U nited St ales'
hund red th bir th da y as all indcpcndvnr natio n by
sho w ill!; so me of its achievements .
72
T h omas Edison
Amcricans hav e always been proud o f thei r abilit y
to find prac tical solutions to practica l problems .
Dunng the nin eteenth century th ey developed
thO US:U Il,h. of produets to m ake life easier. safer or
more enj oyable fo r peo ple. Barbed W in.' IS one
example. rhe sewing machine is another.
Up [ 0 till' mid dle of the nineteenth cClUur y the
inventors of such pr od ucts oft en had little scientific
knowledge. Their inventions were based Oil practical " know- ho w." So lon g- as the in ventions
wo rked. evcryone was satisfied.
Many tun developme nts, however. called fo r all
understanding of basic scientific principles in, lor
exa m ple. clccrricirv. m agn et ism and che mis try .
On e man above all o the rs showed J. ll ability to usc
such kn o wl edge to solve everyday problems . H is
name W ;IS T ho m as Alva Ediso n .
Edison was born in IlH7 and died in 193 1. He
made 1110re th an a tho usand o riginal invcnrions.
Edison's labora to ry co nta ined cvery m aterial and
chemica l th at was then kno wn . \Vcarin g a long,
whitt, chem ist' s coa t, his finger s stained by chcrmcals and his hair ditty w ith oil and d ust, he would
work for days without caring o r sleeping when he
was clos e to solving a problem .
Some of Edison's sayi ng s became almost as we ll
kn o wn as his inventions. "There is no su bstitute
fo r hard work" was one o f th em . Somcnmcs he
took this p rinciple too far. On th e day he go t
m arried . for exam ple, he for got his brid e and
spen t the ni ght working in his laboratory.
Edison had his greatest success in m aking practical
use of electricity, In 1878 he formed the Edison
Electric Light Company. lie had a d ear co m mercial aim - to captu re from gas the huge market for
lighting homes, streets and places o f work.
TI" .",.!!
EJiH'" i" I,j,
la"'-".l l"')'.
73
V LA U \ o - (;U nW IIi
17
7S
Leaving home
Leo n Stem 's mo ther was ho rn in a sm all village in
Lithuania. At the ag e of eig ht y-six she still
rem em bered vividly th e da y in 1908 tha t she left
he r village and set offfor Ame rica as an immig rant:
" 1 reme m ber it clearly. The whole village
tu rn ed o ut to wave us gocdbv and w e ' v ere all
sitt ing III the cart w ith our little bundles o n our
laps and o ur shawls aro und our sho ulders. I w as
exc ited a little bit, but mostly rathe r m iser able and
frightened . As the car r got to th e en d of rhc villag e
stree t [ could see th e g ro up of village rs w h o w ere
w avi ng us goodby wa s ge tt ing sma ller an d sma ller,
bu t I kept my eyes fixed o n m )' m o ther in the
fro nt of th at lit tle g ro u p. I didn' t tak e my eyes off
her .. . Then , just befor e the cart turned the
co rn er and I lost sight of th em , I saw my mo ther
faint and fan to th e g ro und cr yin g an d wee ping .
and I sa'v th e rest of the grou p bend o ver her to
pick he r u p, and I tri ed to ge t o m of the cart and
run bac k to her and stay w ith he r. Bur the othe rs
w ith me in th e cart sto p ped me and held onto m e.
An d the cart turned ebc co rner. And I w as
w eeping and strug gling and th ey wert' ho ld in g
me. And I never saw my m ot her again ."
77
Y E A~ S OF G ROWTIl
T he C lill"l )w"Il",, - oI poli"li...( /holl sll""'$ t"~ sl,,,,, (" "J il;""s ill ,,!lid,
IS 'tnr.
(;0 1 IlI,N
D OOR
mo vements called for the overt hrow of capitalism tha t is. the pri vate o w ne rship o f factories. nu nes
and other m eans of productio n - and its replacem ent by a new so cialist economic sys tem .
M ost American workers rej ected such revolut ionary ideas. T hey w ere not inte rested in destro yin g
the existing eco no m ic sys te m: th ey sim ply w anted
to ma ke it w o rk more effect ively for their benefit.
Wha t th ey warned W3S 3 bigger share of the
wea lth the y helped to produce, Gc mpcrs called
this " bread and hurter unionism." He believed
th at union s sho uld co ncern themselves w ith the
day - to-day w elfare of their membe rs, not wi th
poli tics. Revolutions would not wi n a bcn cr life
for w orking people. he said. 13mpract ical demands
for higher wages. sho rte r w orking hours and safer
working: conditions would.
Y EARS
OF
G RO WTIl
82
19
83
- - 20 -
.!\:..
# /
Th.. M ..
1I1"
txp/<H1;'lt
i ll
II" ,"""
Monroe's Doctrine
In the early nineteent h century most of Central
and South America, or Latin America, was rule d
by Spain. In the 1820s these Spanish colon ies
rebelled.
Th e Spanish government asked the great powt'rs
o f Europe to help it to defeat the rebels. When
Am er icans heard this the y we re alarmed. T hey did
not wa nt the ar mies and navies of pow erful
Eur opean natio ns m their part of the wo rld, T he
rebel Span ish colonies we re the United States'
nearest neighbors. A mericans felt that it was
important to their country's safety to make sure
that no foreign enemies gamed influen ce in them.
In lH23 Presi de nt Monroe warned European
nations nor to interfere in Latin America n affairs.
" T he American continents arc hencefort h not to
be cons ide red as subjects for future colon ization
by European powers," Monroe told C ongress.
" We should cons ide r any attem pt on their part to
extend their system to any portio n of this hemisphere [half o f the worldj as dangerous to our
peace and safety."
Monroe 's statement came to be caned the " Monroe
Doctrine," It became one of the mos t im portant
ideas in American fo reign policy.
85
YEA RS O f C uo w r u
Sp.." jj !l
(; m .-r.. 1 T ,..I
86
20 AN A),H.~I(;i\N E.\olPIR E
Dollar Diplomacy
In economic and bus iness affairs th e United States
has long been strongly inremarionalisr. American
forei gn po licy has often tr ied to provide b usinessmen w ith fresh opportunities. In the early years
of the twentieth century, for example. the industr ial nations of Europe were di viding the trade
of C hina between them. T o ensure that Americans
also profited from this rich new market the U nited
States' government worked to ensure freedom of
trade in China by persuading other natio ns to
accept a policy called the "Open Doo r. "
The close relatio nship between A merican foreign
policy and American business Inte rests has shown
itself in other w ays. Political leaders have sometimes enco uraged American bus inesses to inv est
abroad as a \vay of strengthen ing the poli tical
position of the United States. T his happened in
the early 1900s, when President Taft favored a
policy kn own as "Dollar D iploI113CY." T his encouraged A mericans to inves t in areas that w ere
strategically important to the Un ited States , such
as Latin Am erica.
TWENTIETH CENTURY
AMERICANS
- - 21 - -
WAR A N D A PEA C E
TAKE UP THE
SWORD OF JU5TICB
21 A
vessels.
~'
. . .....-... ... ..
;..\
V@WJ
U.S A
Zimmermann' s telegram was intercep ted and decod ed by British ag ent s. On February 24, w he n
Americans w ere already ang ry at German y fo r
sta rting submarine attack s agai n, the British gave
Wilso n a copy of the telegr am . Wilson w as
fur io us. He told th e new spapers. People who
wanted to keep the U nited States out of th e wa r.
and those w ho favored Ger m any, said that th e
telegr am w as a forgery. a Briti sh trick. Bu t their
efforts to claim rhar th e story was untrue coll aps ed
when Z immermann him self said: " It is tru e. "
T he Z im merman n telegram tu rn ed Ameri can
opinion m ore stro ngly in favo r of the Allies. This
was especially true m the previo usly un interested
w estern pa rts of th e co un tr y. T hese we re the very
areas that would have bee n threaten ed m ost if
Z im me r mann's plan had worked.
""
Victory Won by ChilJt' Holild " , polinwll" (t'lcbrol't II,t mJ 4111t Fim
WorfJ ffa .
90
:!\
- -
22 - -
T HE R OARIN G T WE N TI E S
m ade hund reds of th ousands of refr igerator s.
vacuum cleaners, stoves and rad ios.
The United Sta tes becam e the first natio n in history
to build its w ay of life on selling vast quantities of
goods that gave o rd inar y peo ple easier and m o re
enjo yable lives. T hese "consum er goods" poured o ff
the asse m bly lines of big new facto ries. Bet ween
1IJ I9 and 1929 such mass -production factories
do ubled th eir output.
The grow th of ind ust ry made- ma ny Ame rica ns wel loff. Mi llio ns earned good wages. Th ou sands
invested mo ney in successful firms so [hat they co uld
sh are in their pro fits. M any bought cars, radios and
ot her new products with their m oney. Often th ey
obtained these goo ds by payin g a small deposit and
ag reeing to pay the rest of the cos t th rou gh an
" instalment plan." T hei r mo n o was "Live now , pay
to m o rr o w " - a to m orro w w hich most w er t'
convinced would be like to day only better , w ith even
more mo ncy swelling thei r wall ets .
22 T uc ROI\ Il I NG
TW'Es TlI.s
AC1i\;ti~ by Th".....u
&nrc" . 'rhc olrTi,t;:i,c,
Itis ,i.... eif.'\mmcoll' socicty in
rhi'1 9!Ol .
C ity
H .JrT
The movies
In the 1920s American movies filled the cinema
screens of the worl d . Most were made III I lollywood , a su burb of the city of Los Ang eles III
Ca liforn ia. Holl yw ood 's big attraction for film makers w as its clean air and plen tiful sunshine.
T he mo vies made the re we re bright and clear. Uy
the 1920s it had beco me the film-m akin g capital of
the w orld.
III
,Ir,"""
95
23 -
~~~
---
/J)
",.:...'
')I
Wall Slrul."., of" m fr,,1 ill (o,ly ()(f,,/tv 1929. 11rjj (on ,,,,,, au,ouly
p,(dicud Ih( j/lJlk m ..r/:(f (rod, 11'''1 ("xuff(d Ilrrcc u'r(b 1..la
96
23 CR .\ SH AND D E P RESSIO N
CAMEL
~tVER
P.... CHEo .. r OM TE D
A nml,/!jlle. UI/employed pN"ple liue "pf "'fo"d ."Ii""s ill "times -"'I''''''', .'\"'Ii Y"rk . ill ,Iwe"rJy 19305.
97
9"
"You walk"
A writer described w ha t it wa s like to be jobless
and ho meless in an Am erican city in th e early
1930s :
"You get shoved out early: you get yo ur co ffee
and sta rt wa lking . A co uple of hours be fore noon
you get in line. You cat an d sta rt wa lking . At
nig ht yo u sleep where you can. Yo u don't talk .
Yo u car what yo u can . Yo u walk . No on e talks to
yo u . You w alk. It's cold, and you sh iver and stand
in d oorw ays or sit III railroad stations. You don't
sec much. You forget . You walk an ho ur and
fo rget where you sta rted from . It is day. and then
it 's night, and then it's day again. And yo u d on't
rem em ber which w as first. You walk. "
23
S,,/dien ~nJ 1"'1;(( ~If~(ki,,( rile "10"",,$ ~""r" {'''''p j" 11'</,";""" ..."
'
99
- -
24 - -
R O O S EVELT'S NEW D EA L
O n a cold, grt'y Saturday in Much 1933. Frank lin D .
Roosevelt roo k the oar h as President of the United
States. For J hun d red days. fro m March 8 to June 16
he scm Congress a flood of pro posa ls for new laws.
The Am cr rcan people had asked for action. In th e
"Hundred Days" Roosevelt g;tvc it [0 th em.
Manv ofrhe new laws set up govctn rncnr
orgJ.llizJrlons called "agencies' to hel p th e na tion to
RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATIO
Rescues Vi ct ims
R e s t o r e s L and t o P r o e r Us e
lUll
TW L N n ETI I
CEN Tu n
A~IIII:lC""SS
Ofl~ ~flJ.I'd.""j
b"ill by th..
T~m'rJj((
I 'allry .-lurh"riry.
24 H U U 5l V EI.-I \
N EW DEA l.-
103
H"
Whcn the Pear l Har bor attack took place, the U nited
States and Japan w ere still at peace, T he United Stares
declared war 0 11 December R. 194 1. Since Germ any
w asj apan 's ally. H itler then declar ed wa r on the
U nited Scan-s. T he wa r in Eur ope and the wa r in Asia
became one wa r. Britain, the Soviet Union and the
U nited States (t he Allies) were the mam count ries on
o ne side. Ge rmany and j apan (the Ax is) were the
main countr ies on the other,
Th e U nited Stares govern ment orga nized the whole
Amer ican eco nom y to w ards winn ing the w ar. It
placed controls on w ages and prices, and Int roduced
high income taxes. Gasoline and some foods were
rationed . Factories stopped producing consumer
goods such as automobiles and wash ing machines.
and started making tanks, bombers and other wa r
103
TWENTIE TH
CH.n:IlY
A ..IlItICASS
IV"",,.,, IMi"j"t I,' b"ild ~;rmlJi dur;tls til.. "uo"d H'orld War,
_.. ..
..,. ....
-,L
26 --
::!(,
109
"
; ; ;: ' : .: ,.;11,
"
, , 1 1"
. I I' ,
.'"
II'
J 11 ,, 11'
II I .
'1/,Ii
11, 11
'"'"'''-'ilt
,',
"
-'" .: .:'
,,-"
___-c-
. 1"" ~_~fS"
,,~ .....
-~""",,,,,::,,:,
.
..7 4J_ 't-,...._
~_v
~.
~_ ~,
.i ,a"""" l!Jut"l'proJrd i" Iilr Brifish pr",5 d" ri",( Ihe II--atng"tr ~ffoJir.
[ 'YrsiJrm .' ix<'1I h"s brm :<I"I>MJ by IIrr.."m pm <'jlllr W,,-,hin~ lOn
P<)SI '~ i"VfitiX"liv"j(tlln,,,Ii$u .
III
27 - -
BLA CK AMERI C A N S
" How should w e p unish Hitler ?" J reporter asked a
yo ung Amer ican black gi rl to w ard s th e end of the
Seco nd World War. "Paint hi m black an d b ring him
over her e. " W;lS her bitter reply . It w as th e result of
bein g tre at ed as a seco nd-class human being -. of
being told no . you can't attend rhis sch ool, hav e this
job. live in thi s hou se. sit o n th is park ben ch. And the
reason? Becau se your sk in is black.
The official term fo r 311 thi s was segregation - th at is.
separating blacks from th e rest of the com m unity and
refusing th em m any of' thc righ ts enj oyed by other
people.
B la ck Americans at war
In 1940 the American army had only two blac k
officers . T he navy had none. That Sep tember th e
U nited States began to draft young me n m ro the
armed forces. Before this, fewer than 4,000 blacks
we re serving in th e American .army , Most were in
support units -diggin g ditches, load ing and unloading ships and trucks, servin g food , Many of
the young black recruits objected to this. "We
want to be soldier s. not ser vants;" the y said.
The entire black co m m unity su ppo rt ed the recruits. So did many wh ites, mcluding Eleanor
Roosevelt. the wife of the President. The system
was changed. O n De cember I , 1941, the American
.army an d air force opened all typ es of positions to
q ualified blacks. Six months later th e navy and the
marine corps d id the same.
D ur ing th e Seco nd World War black combat un its
fought in both Europe and the Pacific. One black
unit in particu lar won great admiration. This was
th e 332nd Fighter Group of th e United States
Arm y Air Force. In th e skies above Fr an ce and
Germ an y its pilots des troyed 261 ene my aircra ft
and wall a to tal of 904 m edals for b raver y. In
M arch 1945, the whole grou p was awarded a
Distingu ish ed Unit Ci tatio n.
T he 332nd Grou p came to symbolize th e stru ggle
of all blacks for equality. Its w ar time achievem ent s helped to end segregatio n in th e American
ar med fo rces. In July 194H, President T ru ma n
ordered "equal ity of treatment an d o ppo rt unity
for all per sons in the Ar me d Forces w itho u t regard
to race. color, religio n o r na tio nal origin. "
RW II' II v, T QPI'k <l the Su prem e Court declared that
segregated schools we re illegal and ordered th at black
children should be allo we d to arrend .any school as
pup ils. In Sept ember 1957, black child ren tried to
enrol at the previ ou sly all w hite high schoo l in Little
Rock , Arkan sas. An angry m ob ga the red to prevent
them . President Eisenh ower sent t roops to enforce
th e Supreme: C o urt decisio n of 1954 an d the child ren
1l0'JGOXERY
"?"
HI.uk1', ISll'I1X' 'S choose ,/,(i, ,,",'II .'(",.' " " ~U"(j
;\f ('m.~{",,,'r y /"',. h"yH>II.
27 l h . A C K A.~I ERI C A N S
Black is beautiful
In the 1960s black America ns began taking new
pride in th eir A frican ancestry. It became fashionable to take Afr ican names, to wea r lo ng African
robes and sh or t African jackets called "dashcks."
Bushy African hairsrv lcs became th e fashion for
black Am erica and we re even adopted by white
youngsters. Before long th e m ost freq uently seen
and heard slo gan in America was the three words:
"Black is beaut iful. "
SUPERPOWER
- -
28 - -
116
Euro pe 's reco very from the Seco nd World War was
pai nfu lly slow . Uy the sum mer of !(U7 tvvo year s had
passed since the last shots w er e fired . Yet m illions of
people we re st ill wit hout w ork . w itho ut decent
ho mes, w ithout sufficie nt food.
2~ CO LO WA R AND K U~lA
C",!{tTrnlr, I'1"5.
SU l' t.RI'OWUl
A irlift to Berlin
By 1948 th e Wes tern Allies were eage r to rebu ild
th e Germ an eco no m y . Without Germ an ind ust rial
production and Co rm an cus tomers fo r their go ods
ot he r Eur o pean natio ns were find ing it ve ry
d ifficult to revi ve their o w n economics. But
before this problem could be so lved, something
had to be done abo ut Germa n money. In 19-18 th is
w as alm ost w orthless. An ordinary factory w o rker
then earned be t wee n 75 and 100 m arks a we ek . One
cig nrcnc would ha n ' cos t twent y-five ma rks .
In J unc 1948, th e Western Allies an no unced that
in their ZO IlL' S th ey we re calling III all the o ld
m o ney and m aki ng a fresh starr w ith IlL'W currt'n cy. T he Russians w ere fur ious. Stalin's Foreign
M inister. M olo to v, had already attacked the
Weste rn plan s to rebuild Germany's ind ust ries.
N o w he complained that th e currency scheme was
a pla n "to co nvert wes tern Germa ny int o a base
for extending th e influence of American imperialism in Europe. "
O n j un e 24, 19-1H, a few days after th e new mo ney
ca me into use, the Russians sto pped all traffic
between w est Ge r man y and w est Berlin . T o start
w it h they m ay have in tend ed sim ply to pers uade
the Western Allies to change their econ o mic
po licies. But soon the y beca m e m ore ambitious.
They block ed all th e TOads, railway lines and
can als bet w een Berlin and th e w estern zones o f
Germany. T heir aim no w was to m ake it impossible fo r th e West ern All ies to su p ply the two
m illio n peo ple living in their secre ts of llerlin w ith
sufficient food and fuel. They ho ped t hat th is
would force the Wes tern tro o ps and officials to
go , leavi ng the city to the Ru ssians.
The leaders of rhc U ni ted Stat es and Britain felt
th at th ey could not accept defeat in this manor .
,
Small KOTt"a1l WOII/ell dlld chilJ'ellfleeJ,om Ihe approM"ill.~ ,\iOrIlo
K ortall army " .< u. s. lroop' aJ"mne I<> Ihe b4/1lrfr,"' l.
- -29 -
BALANCE OF T E R R O R
go 0 11 m aking them. T he fact th at bot h the U ni ted
States and th e Soviet U nion had l-l-bo mb s
determi ned ho w they behave d towards one ano ther
fo r years to come,
T haesame November o f 1952 Dwight D.
Eisenh o wer became Presid ent . American President s
ap poin t a Secrcrarv of State to take cha rge of the
United Sta tes' dealings wi th foreig n count ries.
Eisenh o w er gave this job to J ohn Foste r D ulles.
D ulles w as a m an o f strong 1110 ral co nvictio ns. I lc
gen uinely belie ved tha t co m m un ism was evil.
T rum an, Dulles claimed , had not been rough enough
w ith th e So viet Union. H is own idea was fo r rill'
U nited Sta tes to rake the offensive, Instead o f bei ng
content sim ply to routam commun ism ("a cri nging
poli cy of the fearful." as he called it) the United
Stares sho uld set out to "Iibcrarc" nations al ready
unde r co m mun ist rule, In a broadcast in 1953 he told
th e peoples of eastern Eu rope that they could trust
th e Uni ted States to help rhcm .
nrc If""",b.
T he bomb exploded in a blind ing burst o f g rccll wh ite light. The fireball at its cen ter g rew into a
towerin g pillar of fiamc. A huge, colo red m ushroo m
of poiso no us cloud bo iled hi gh into the sky. It W;IS
N o ve mber 1952. Amcncm scientists tcsnng a new
weapon had blasted J whole uninhabited island o m o f
the Pacific Ocean. They had exploded the firs t
hydrogen. or H- bo m b.
The: II -bo m b was many rimes mere destructive than
the atomic. o r A-bomb. that dest royed Hi ro sh ima .
J ust 011l' H -b o m b had (in" times the d est ructi ve
po w er of all the bombs d rop ped in five years o f the
Secon d World Waf. By 1953 the Russians, too , had
ma de an ll-bo mb. Uy 1957 so had the Uritish . But
only rhc A mericans and the Russians could affo rd [0
120
29 A
B .\L A N C E O f T E ~ ~ () ~
S U P I,Il P O WUl
122
+
_....._.....
, .,.'-",
-. ...
12J
30
T il E VIHNAM YE A ll S
12.')
S C PER PO W UI
Am erican fig hting men grew ang ry and fru strat ed.
They sprayed vast areas of countryside with deadl y
che m icals [0 dest ro y the Vietco ng's supply trails.
T hey bu rne d down villages w hich w ere suspe cted of
sh elterin g Vietco ng soldiers. Uur the fighting we nt
on . It co ntinued even w hen Joh nso n stepped up or
"escalated" the w ar by bo mbing cities in N o rth
Viet nam to try to force the co m munists to m ake
peace.
Film reports of the suffering in Vietnam were show n
all over the w o rld on televisi on . For the first tim e in
hiseo rv people far away from any fi ghtin g w ere able
to Sloe m their o wn homes the ho rr o r and cru elt y of
m odern ' var. Milli o ns began to believe rhar rhc
Am eri cans were cruel and bull ying monste rs.
The w ar caused bitte r disagree m ents in th e U nited
States. C o untless fam ilies los t so ns, .bro thers, and
126
lhr Virm",,,
11"". ill
1I "'lh ;".~lot,
D .C.
30
'ru e VIETN,.."I
Y E,\R S
Bob D ylan
So ngs of protest have played a part in American
life for many years. These have been songs about
the concerns of farmers, miners . co w bo ys. un ion
members. AU have had a common purpose - to
express and to relieve people's feelings on subjects
that are important to them. Th eir w rite rs and
pe rfor mers have sometimes hoped that the songs
might even help to change people's attitudes.
127
31- -
Para
comparlir _
ocaCola
ya f
-- - ~
Reagan a nd th e Sa ndinistas
Nicaragua is a country in Ce ntra l A me rica. In the
1970s it was ruled by a right-wing dictato r named
Somoza, who had close tics with the United
States. Left-wing rebels organized a guerilla ar my
to fight Somoza. The rebels called themselves
Sandinistas, after a guerilla leader named Ces ar
Augusto Saudino. who had fought agai nst the
Ame rican occupation of Ni caragua during the
1920s and 19.30s.
The Sandinisras were suppo rted by peasants,
workers. pri ests and many business peo ple. In
1979 they drove Sornoza from the country and set
up a new government . They promised the people
of Nicaragua land reform. social justice and
democratic govern me nt.
I\'ic~,~J.:u~ "
",ju j/t
In Febru ar y 1990 an election was held in Nicaragua. When the Saudinisras lost , they handed over
power to a new govern ment w hose leader s were
more acceptable (0 the United Stat es and hopes for
peace increased.
129
SUPERP OW ER
American Hispanics
In 1950 the population of the: U nited State s
included fewer than fou r million resident " His panics" - that is. people originating from Spanishspeaking countries. By the mid 1980s this number
had increased to 17.6 million and was still rising
fast . In some pans of the United States , especially
in the South and West, it became more co m mo n
to hear Spa nish being spoken on the streets than
English.
131
- - 32 - A N E N D T O C OLD
" They talk abo ut who los t and w ho wo n . H u m an
reason WO Il. Mankind won. ,. T hese.' words we re
spoken by the Soviet lead er, Khrush che v. after th e
C u ban M issile C risis of1962. P resident Ken ned y felr
the same. Both men knew that for ten d ays the y h ad
been close to bringing death to millions of peo ple.
T hey began work ing ha rd er to m ak e suc h da ngero us
situat io ns less likely.
In Augu st 1 ~63 , th e U nite d State s and the Sov iet
Union sign ed a treat y a g n: c lIlg to sto p testing ne w
nuclear we apo ns in th e at mo sp here o r u nd er w ater .
They also set up a special telephone link bet ween
Wash in g to n and M o sco w. On this "Hotline"
American and So viet leaders cou ld ta lk direc tly to
o m: anot he r. In futu re any d an gero us cri sis would be
dealt w ith more quickly and wit h less risk of
misunderstand ing.
132
W AR?
Prf l idm l Six"".fUffi"Jl. .\f" :<c.. wcili,,,',u a"n'".( hil I'isif I,' II'f S,,,,ifl
{i ll i.." , 1972.
3::!
AN EI'\;1110 CO LD
W AR ?
133
S U P F RPO \t' ER
Henry Kissinger
In 1938 a fifteen-year-old Jew ish bo y was forced
to flee from Ger ma ny w ith his parents in o rder to
escape imprisonmem in one of Hitl er 's concentration camps. The family wen t to live in the
U nited Stares where the boy got a job cleaning
bristles in a shaving-brush factory. H e w as clever
and hardworki ng. however. and we nt on to
become a brilliant student at Harvard Univcrsnv.
Ju st over thirty year s later he became the Secretary
of State of the United Stares. I lis name was Henry
Kissinger.
Kissinger's rise to importa nce bega n when Richard
N ixon became President III 1% 9. He became
Ni xon's personal adviser in all rhc United Sta tes'
deali ngs with the Clost of the world. In 1973
Kissinger officially became Sccrcra rv of State, a
po sition he held until J imm y Carter beca me
President in 1977.
All thro ugh the t'arly and middle 1970s Kissinger
played a central part in shaping American fo reign
poli cy. H e helped to form and direct the Nixon
go vernment's policy 111 the later years o f the
Vietna m WJr . l ie prepared the W3Y for detente
w ith commu nist China . l ie worked to bring peace
between the United States ally Israel and its Arab
neighbors.
SOllie- people believed rhnr Kissinge r's bo yhood
exper iences in Germ any played an important part
III fo rming his ideas about th e kind o f wo rld he
wanted to shape as Secre tary of State. One nun
w ho knew hun said:
134
32 AN Ev u
o C OLD WAR?
St,..i", It"J<7, .\likl,,,i/ (;,.""',h...., ,j",,,,i"g Pu.;iJ"'t Rtol~" fltJ SqIl,JUJ"ri".( hi, ..i.;it
t.' .\1"_,,-,,..,, 19118.
13S
- - 33 -
33 T IiIO
fo r till' futu re. it bl.:~;111 to rlJ l'l'l socia lly app roved
ideas and WJys ofbcbaviug.
H"isl'rt ,l t y. ,lit
137
138
33 T ill
139
W;l S J
nincnx-nth-cen turya rt is t .
140
IND EX
.-\hilelle eo
abolitionis ts -1-1. -IS, -17
An . ofCo ng re.s :
Ci vil Rights A n (11166) 56
C ivil Rights ACI (l9&J) 110.
114
IIIJ
Wagm'r Ar t (1936) 103
Ada,,,,, P re~ide nt J oh n 35
Adam" SJlllu d 27
Afg hani. , ,,, 133, 135
Afric, and Alri can s 15, -I-I. li-l.
115, 131
Agri cu llll ral Adj ust ment
Admini, tratio n (AAA) H. J
Alabama 8
Abska -l, -Il.-I2
Aldrin , Edward " Buzz" 12 1
Allend e, Presid ent of Chile 130
Alli an ce fm I'rugre,s 131
alphabet agencie s 101. 102
amendm e,," . Con ~ t i t ut iona l
35, 52, 5-1 , 56 . 57, 95
Am erican Federatio n of la bo r
(AI:L)HI
Am er ican Indi an M o vement 69
Ameri canizatio n 136 - 139
Amer ind ian, 4 - 7, 9 . W . 13.
15, 17, 19,22, 25 , .36, 59,
69 -7 1
Apa d ", Amer india ns 5. 70
A pollo pro gr am 121
Appalachian M o un lain s 22, 25,
36, 311, 39
Appo mato x 52, 5-1
Arizrma 5, 4.'
Ar mst ron g. N eil 12 1
arsen al of democracy 103
Arricles of C"nl....d eratio n 32.
33
A. ia and Asians -l, S. 11.2-1.8-1.
105, 117, 124, 125, 131
Atlanti c Oc ean -I, 10, I I. 20,
22, 31, -12.43. 6 1. 62
ren.
.'<}
catt le lO W'" 60
cattle trai ls 60, 6 1
C entenni al Expositio n (11'7(.)
72
Centra l Intell igenc e Age ncy
(CI A) J]O
Cm tral Pacific Railroad 59. (.0
C ham plain, Sam ud de 24
Ch Jrks I, King of Englan d 17
Chu le' to n SO
Ch erokee Amerindians 36 -37
C1w. apeake Bay 11
Chica go 61, 72. 78, 80. 93. 112.
114. U S
Cll i'dg~ 1'rib'me, T ile 55
Ch ile U II. U 1
China and the Ch inese 8, I I.
59. 79. as. S7, 11 i.J. 105, It)').
11'),12 1. 125, 133
C h i.ho!'" T rail (~ )
C h urc hill, Wins to n 106, 116
C ivil Right . movement 57,
112, 1U
Ci v ilian Conser vatio n Corps
(C c q teo. W I
C h rk . Willi,lIll 40, 4 1. 42
C le men c<'au, (; eurgc, '}O
w "l ind ust ry 72, 82, 108
C ody. ButTalo Bill 7 1
C o ld War 116-1 17. 120 - 123 ,
Sm,e 30
".
vz
Comwalli <. Gene ral Lor d 3 1
Conk, I le man 10
COUo" 2 1. -1-1. 46
CO tlO" gin 46
cowboys 60. 61, 63
Crazy H ,, ", c. Ctuerco 67
C ri.,j" TIle 30
141
IN IH .x
D~ y
Dlkm ~
Dr(/".",;,,,, of 'ndtprndrn{<'
(1776) 29. 31. 44
Ix x:b tl m ry An (1766) 27
De Loon. Po nce 10
De m' K" lic Parr y 37, 56, 57,
83, ')!i, W~. 1to
Dcmocranc Ih'pu bli<;m I'l n y
35
Denver 5!i
lkp rl'"i,,,, , Th l',)8 -99, 100 ,
103
D ~ Sm o, f I.'mlndo 10
d,' t"n te 132, I.U, 134
Detroit 112. 114
DudJ,:" Ci lY (~ l , 61
" Dollar Diplomacy" 87
DominiCln Rl'pu blic 85 , 130
" do m ino theory" 125
Dougbs, Se".110 r St<'p hm 47.
"
IJ.>
Edison. ThomlS AI.... 73
Ei"':T1 ho \n r. Gctlt"rl l l nd
Pr C'S iJ Clll Dwi J,:hl D . 106.
1011. W',l. 112. 119. 120. 122.
12.3, 125
e1.-.;-rricily 73
Ellis Isb nd 77. 7!i
Ernll1CipJl ion l' ro<-IJ rnl n o n
(HI62) 51
England and the En glish I I.
12.13,14,15,17, 18, 20
En gb nd, Church 01' ](,
Erin o n, Lei!" S, 9
Eur o p" md Europea ns 4. 5. 9.
10,1 1, If" 1'), 2 1. 22. 24, .19,
62 , 79. 11 1. !!4, 85, 88, 90 , <)1.
104, 116. 117. 119
e"plorers and <'xpIUrJlion 4.
8 - 11.22.40 -41.42
1'1" gUi. David 51
farms and fJrmers 22..Y>H .
41. 62 -M, t>S , 72, 73, SI . S2.
93.97, 98. roo
. 101
"flSl food " 137
F..de..1Emcrgcn cv Itd ici
Adm inisrUl ion (FERA) 100
Fed erl l G"rm l n Re public
(WC'S t Ger mln )') n a. 122
f"d <..1g<l\l'nl IllClll.3J. 45, 57.
8J
I'e,k u lisl Pa rtv 35
F10 rid J 10. 15. '31
1-l2
( ri.."tl}"~bur~
Ad dre<s ( IS1'>3) 53
Gen vsbu rg, I:lJok o f( 11l63) 51
G hosr lhne.:68 . 71
Glidd c:n, j oseph 04
go ld 1, 9. W, 11 .1 2.13.58.61
Com pcrs. Samuel HI
Gorbach~\ . Mik h l lll34. 135
Gl.1nd Ca nyon 10
G rlnd f~l ber clmS<.'S 57
Grln ~<'1"!1 and ( ' rl llg<r laws (04
Grlnl. G.."erll and i'resid"nr
Vl)'sse<S. 51, 52, 72
Gre JI A1lL<'ricJn D<'scrr ..2
G r..al Lakes 74
Gr"ll Plains 6. 40-4.1, ~ x , ~9 .
62 ,63,u" , (K', 72 , 8~
Grn 'nland 'J
Guatemala 130
I bida AfIl\'r india [l' 7
Hl nC<Kk , j o hn 2'J
Harlem 114.115
Hlrpcr s F.:rry Raid ( I H59) -.l8
f1l \\Jii se. lOS, 107
Helm. William Randolph 83
fk'llry VII. King uf England II
Hiroh i,o . F.mpcrorofjapan
105
Hi ros hima. bo mbi ng of(I<)-I 5)
107. 1211
llisp anic Ame riolls 130
H ider. Ado li lU3. 1M. lOS,
116. 134
W-l-
Ir~ l i Ans",
9. I\,
"
;7
]ND EX
Minutem<"T> ~
n.
New
Ncw
New
N .w
"'ew
106
()rq;on "'1. "'2.....~. 51i. 59. (-,6
O reg on l"uil42
Org..ni7Jtion of Amerinn
Stal.,>(O AS) LN
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Sal\U Fe 11
SaulO~a , Bau l" of (ln7) 31
Savannah 52
"<cab w ag" 51",
ScanJ inal"ia 9. 79
Scott. Deed 48
S<:ag ram Buildinlt 1]9
segreg ation. ucial57. 112
Scn~le, United States 34. 83.
91. 110
= llers and 'i('t l1ell1 enl 9. 11.
12.1 3.14.15.1 6-19.21. 22.
23. )(,. 38.41 .42.43.59.
62 - M. 65, 66
"Seven Ci ries ofCold. The" 10
Sherid~ n. Gm eul Ph ilip 66
ShcTtTUn. (;,:neul William T.
.,
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l.J.J
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59.60. 76
Ame rio.. lndcpcn J ....ce
(1775-8J) 28 - 31. 33. 38
Arab- Israeli (1'){,7) 132
Fim Wo rld (1914- 18)
88-91 ,92
French and Ind ian/ S<: vcn
Yea rs (175(,- (, 25. 28. 31
Korean (1950-53) 109 .
117 - 119
Mexican - Am eri can (1R46~) 43
Ydlowswn c I'~ r k 65
Yosemite Park 65
Z.angwill . h rad 7')
Zhou En bi 133
Zi m me rm an tdt.1i:r.am (1917)
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ISBN 0-582-74921-2
Pearson
Education
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