Sensors

In-Sight vision sensors

Tilt Sensor

Potentiometer 1

Has an adjustable resistance

Rotary potentiometer
Linear potentiometer
Use as a position sensor

Potentiometer 2

Terminal B Wiper Terminal A

Terminal B Wiper Terminal A

Rotary Potentiometers

Linear Potentiometer

Breadboard 1

Breadboard 2

How to Insert a Component into a

Breadboard

Button/Switch

Symbol

Switches 1
SPST switches (Single Pole, Single Throw )

SPDT switches

Switches 2
DPST switches

DPDT switches

Switches 3
SP(n)T switches

(n)P(m)T switches

Limit Switch
NC
NO
COM
SPDT limit switch

Limit Switch
NC
NO

Relays
Relays are electrically
actuated switches
Mechanical relay

Mechanical relays
Reed relays
Solid-state relays

Miniature relay

A relay consists of an
electromagnetic coil and one
or more pairs of contacts
Reed relay

Solid-State relay

Mechanical Relays
Designed for high currents
Typically from 2A to 15A

Relatively slow switching

10ms to 100ms
Contact switch

Common Symbols for Relays

Single Pole, Single Throw

Notes About Relays

To make a relay change states, the voltage
across of its magnetic coil should be at least
within 25 percent of the relays specified
control voltage rating (Vc 0.25Vc)
Sudden changes in current will create
voltage spike, to avoid this is to use
transient suppressors

Electromechanical Relay

Relays with BS2

Using an NPN transistor to drive a relay

Reed Relays

Designed for moderate currents

Typically from 500mA to 1A

Moderately fast switching

0.2ms to 2ms

Solid State Relays

Wide range of current ratings
from a few A to 100A
SSR

Extremely fast switching

1 to 100 ns

Solid State Relay with AC

Extremely caution with 120V AC !!

Photoresistors
Light sensitive resistors
Resistance decreases when light
intensity increases

Symbol

Photoresistor: How It Works

Simple Light Meter

Light Sensitive Voltage Divider

Light Activated Relay

RC Circuit
R
+

Vi

C V
o

Vo ( s )
1

Vi ( s ) RCs 1
RC is time constant,

Photodiode
Transforms light energy to
electric current
Very linear
More sensitive than
photoresistor

Symbol

Photodiode: How It Works

Photodiode Applications

Phototransistor

The base lead of a BJT is replaced

by a light sensitive surface

Phototransistor

Photo FET

Phototransistor: How It Works

Phototransistor Applications

Tachometer

Optoisolators 1

Closed Pair

Optoisolators 2

Slotted Pair

Reflective Pair

Optoisolators 3

Integrated Optoisolators

InfraRed
Light that has lower frequency than red light
Application

Night-vision goggles
IR temperature sensor
Object detection
Distance determination

IR Transmitter

Heat Shrink Tube

IR LED

IR Receiver

IR Detector

DS1620
Digital thermometer
Provides 9-bit
temperature readings
Temperature range from
-55oC to 125oC
Acts as a thermostat

Detail Description

DS1620 with BS2

AD592
Analog temperature sensor
Provides an output current
proportional to absolute temperature
Temperature range from -25oC to
105oC
Acts as a thermostat
Extended out away from the
recording instruments

Temperature Probe with AD592

The part needs to be
protected before being
inserted into liquid

AD592 with BS2