Bhotikasastramu

3.
4.
(political
Economy
5.
*3*
0.
&*
Character)
1-
jo'gaw
fasbo
o
CRfo
(Plot)
rfrfw
less
oa^dS5 *t*{5-
MANUAL
OF
Physiography
In ZCelugiu
BY
M.
NARASIMHAM
Demonstrator
B. A.,
of Physics,
Madras Christian
College.
Printed at the Jyotishmati Press
1911
Price, Rs. 1-8-0
First Edition 3000 Copies.
Copy Right.
-i
&
^fc
^
^ p^
LX
*^
OO
1
fj
^.x
oJ,
tS
a
C*J
r
^
Ow
L70*
oS
1911
.
X-8-0.
<?>
eo.
S3.
PREFACE.
This book has been written at the request of the

"Vijnana Chandrika Mandali."
The first difficulty that meets any one, who attempts to write a book on a scientific subject is the
want
of suitable Vernacular words for scientific terms.

has been lessened to me to some extent by the
This
Physics and Chemistry in Telugu, published by this
Mandali. So far as these sciences are concerned, I
have followed the terms used already; only in two or
three cases I coined words, which to me appear more
For example, the word
simple, clear and suggestive.
"# "has been used to denote both Force and Energy,
two terms, which have distinct meanings in English;
I have preferred to use "wasfc>" for Energy, retaining
the word Cc rj" to stand for Force. And similarly the
Telugu Physics above referred
and
to, for Temperature, I have changed to "<r|xe$
have used it in that sense, throughout the book.
word "^^x3"used
in
Rao Bahadur K.Viresalingam VJyotissastra Sangraha" has also supplied me with some suitable
terms in the portion of the book dealing with Astronomy, though here also I had to use one or two words
not used by him.
and Physical Geography I

had to rely on myself entirely. I used words which
are already current in our language and coined in
Regarding
Geology
VI
*.
4.
Jl
In a
few instances
retained the English
of this book
am mainly inand
preparation
Thornton's "Elementary Physiography
rjni
Besides
"Physiography for Beginners."
S;r.::::or/s"
have consulted with profit Ball's Astronomy,

the--,
and Rao
Gc:,:e's Geology and Physical Geography
Elements of Astronomy in
K.
I
atudjr
Viresalingam's
take this opportunity of offering my grateful

t ha:iks to M. R. Ry. V. Venkataraya Sastri, the wellf
Sankrit and Telugu Scholar and proprietor of

the "Jvotishmati Press" for the kind way in which
he has brought it out within the short space of two
months, putting up with the constant changes I made
In the mutter, for revising the manuscript and gene-
knA\n
fnr making
rallv
o this
*
more correct and
All suggestions for the
arc
useful.
improvement
of this
book
\\trlconie-
4 Sunkuram Chetty St,

George Town, Madras.
January
3911.
J-
M. Narasimham.
rt>
>
CONTENTS.
Sir
73*
&
bo.
xxix
(Introduction)
1300
(Physics)
"
i
(Matter: Its General Properties)

1.
qoiacRSS^JtXJW^^TTÔ^^WO
><
>*.
jj
2.
^3^K^
3.
*&n&3tf?c&>ex!
4.
^5*e
ii.
v.
...
...
(The Three Classes)
..*
...
...
(Properties)
c
g5S^Mo (General
sse-&c3fe^
Properties)
(Extension)
...
(Weight)
$6c&g
(Divisibility)
v%8$$* (Inertia)
(The Three States)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
eîsge^ (Inpenetrability)
^rtfa
iv
..
(Matter)
dr^n'S
i.
...
X
o*
^'
""
I:
(Solids,
.
^^&*>c
Liquids and Gases)
!j$Dtftf ^ce>o
^^"^
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
(Solids and their Properties)
^*Sj^3^3655^B5yx>
855j*rot3tf;&>
...
(Change
of
Size)
...
Sd^SS'gjjsfc* (Elasticity)
j^s5^ s5oDoo(Liquids
|^55êxD,
...
...
...
and their Properties)9
-^r-c^^vo (Gases)
...
...
12
(Space,
Time and Mass; their Measurement).

r
12.
&>yc~2o;6
13.
r)ê;# (Measurement
*e)etx>
...
-tfestftfiâd
15.
^rfr*a0 (Measurement of
16.
^k&^*;&
..
of
Length)
Measure^j
14.
("Square
\
Volume)
(The Metric Unit)
17.
-TT'^'êjip'êxj
(Measuring glasses)
19.
Têj^Ss^^^ (Measurement of
Time)
20.
(^$s5g-o^S;
21.
-zr>ioêj^
|jv-^ (The
(Mass and
Gramme)
its
...
13
...
13
.,
14
...
16
...
17!
...
19
...
20
measurement)
...
...
21
28
XI
o
(Density and Specific Gravity)
...
ir*o\x$ (Density)
23.
er-tfeSsfcoxeifc
(Specific Gravity)
(By the help

Sensitive Balance)
ii.
tf#sfcg?cBofc
...
24
...
26
of a
...
28
e<Ss5w^ (Bythe help of the
Specific Gravity bottle)
...
29
...
31
...
33
i^
(Motion, Inertia and Force)

25.
-tfvX&z
26.
...
(Motion)
j5b
(Inertia); tf^gk&itotfê^ 5&r^&3 (Newton's

First Law of
...
, 34
Motion)
27.
tf
...
- (Force)/
...
,..
'
^8.
^gio^bô^xi'e;^
of
.29.
5a
l.
ôn.^doo
Motion)
...
(Newton's Second
...
^j^^tx-^fc (Measurement of Force)

^Sg'âSipjjS'K
C9â
(Gravitation)
^Srâs^^rti^^ssba (The Law
of
36
Law
..,
37
...
88
...
39
Gravitation) 41
Xll
*
3"
32. K8so
83.
34.
35.
...
(Weight)
of Forces)
*_So2#tf (Resultant
tfed&X'&a^ (Circular Motion)
5S5^2gs5tfui5
sScrgksfc
Law
of
s5^3x>
(Newton's
...
42
*..
44
...
45
Third
--
Motion)
45
lo
(Work and Energy)

36.
& (Work)
87.
Do^sstol?*^'*
38.
we)^ (Energy)
--
Different Kinds of
of
39.
Z3we3r-^>i5ex)
40.
<xxu^&> (Energy of Heat)
41.
O<5fcgs^w5fc>
(Forms
(Electrical
42.
Tr'T^xfiBg'aejiSM
48.
W^SM^SO -sr-^^M^^
Work)
...
...
49-
50-
Energy)
...
Energy)
(Chemical Energy)
(Energy
is
...
51
...
51
...
5^
Indestructible)
54-
44.
fr^rf-Sao? (What
45.
i&sS&o,
&&&
is
...
Heat)
and
(Heat
Temperature)
...
55"
...
55
t
46.
47.
48.
x e^s5cr>o6ôo (Effects of
...
Heat)
A-^ssEosSorf Ke>oK-)wgr*-c5aw (Expansion by Heat)
..
^S^sy^gi^sSoo (Expansion of Solids)
&||;&o3fo;5
5T
5T
ST
Xlll
49.
50.
.51.
^sSsfr'Jsr-gS^-tfsfc)
*pdfe>e)
of
(Expansion
^g^-tf^ (Expansion
&&<r~?2$s&>ex)5
...
60
of
...
61
Gases)
cTs"e^(D inferences
and Their
2.
Liquids)
of
Temperature
...
Measurement)
^^tTsSj'^cj&oâboex) (Thermometers)
(Their Construction)
^?5bfT
^bfc3
gg
...
64
Determination
of the Freezing
Point)
ibtD
,.
...
65
(Determination of the
...
Boiling Point)
...
66
(Graduation; Centigrade and Faranheit

...
..
Thermometers)
66
.x
csL
..
4.
__
...
Thermometer)
ii
etsfc&-|Scsfo "ôo^)^-û^5ir"^'2>x)
&\^sfr3>g3x>
a
56.
^bs3^r*ôdbri$^
70
...
(Minimum
...
...
Thermometer)
55.
...
(Method
...
...
71
TPtrrftfnabDcSaog'i.
U^ ^tS.^^b^'rfb^'^b
...
72
**
Thermometer)
p,,
57. tf^SSpSsSW ?CyoX^KSaxS&i^d;5bg'R!fo^*^bta
*'0
5ft.
70
...
of using
^ns^^g^ccosSb^^go ft^rdB&sS^r*ab
Exception to the General
59. ,drfcfce>
7ft
u
"9?&
ortS&a
&S^ffafcw,
(Water
Rule)
X
9odX^&
is
an
...
(Changes
78
xv
*o.
Heat; Latent Heat)
of State produced by
Kcxj^sfr-ê
60.
<fr&
61.
dr*Tn*;
89
.76
of Heat; Spceific
(Quantity
'"
Heat)
62.
wcg* (Latent
63.
A^T^^^sfo^Tô^sSB
64.
&3S530&dS&*fc>
65.
^-|Sc3^C3D^êx)
TT
77
81
heat)
74
6*9
(Evaporation
of
...
Water)
84
(Conduction)
-sr>*>
i^xT-6^
ii.
86
(Convection^
(Radiation
...
87
lo
(Light.)
r^=urt555b3
67.
lla
TOti'oJCAaej
axx3^35_S^s5bo
Waves
(Light
...
ô%r^\cs (Umbra and Penumbra)
^cxfr;
"Suofoa& iiGos5)ejDT'^"
o *-*
70.
^S-o-'sS
71.
CJ^SSM
(j6&ow"3o
Sj<2îj>? 3sSb?<ii^b?
oJ
...
(Reflection)
i^b;6 (How
the
Image
89
90
...
69.
88
Travel
...
in Straight Lines)
68.
...
...
(Radiation)
92
92
is
Formed)
94
"
72.
73.
74.
Îsêu&i (Refraction)
...
...
-sSiâba
...
...
(Prism)
StfwtfN^g'fp.tfrtaw
...
(Analysis of Sun's Rays)
(Synthesis)
...
96
99
101
...
102
XV
76.
tfbV&ocS
^S^rX^we)ie;^ ^^^^^^sSbS3S\cS5oaj5x;
(Colours of
104-
77.
sStfojgejtfortowo
78.
ec&^k-odakex) (Magnets)
79.
^ssêx)- sfc$o j(Poles and the Neutral Line) 109

â&^ôelig jSr'côc (Magnetic Needles)
HQ
...
9mm
112
Brctf(^Sa*i&> (Magnetic Field)
n>aÊ
Earth
also
is
-^^-^g w^-^ô^-^fThe
Bodies)
...
(Magnetism)
80.
81.
...
s%<
t Qg
s
82.
a
83.
84.
85.
huge Magnet)
...
87.
88.
llft
eas-ôdQl^g (Magnetic Declination)

wcxs-^ô^^
^ (Magnetic Dip)
_,
117
TpOKwasa^^) (Mariner's Compass)
...
32O
s5
(Electricity)
86.
\3'$$3X (Introduction)
...
>
^KcaSciSog^ (Frictional Electricity)
$wo<g&;
2xx)r9^^c^D (Positive
Electricity)
& Negative
..,
89.
Nonconductors
of
Electricity^
ny
xv
9a ,*^Sr.tfn<*g* (Current Electricity)
**:>> (Changes produced by
91.
c
tD
*****
Electricity)
(Magnetic Changes)
(Chemical Changes)
II.
iii.
Thermal Changes
...
130
131
131
(Chemistry)
andMechanical
(Elements, Chemical Compounds
Mixtures)
^^^s^^^rPhysicai and
92.
cal
Chemj.
...
Changes)
(Elements and
93.
-
94.
95.
Compounds)
e5^^^w;e^"l3-?l^^w(Metalsand Non-metals)
TT"^^^
^^
136
(Mechanica
SDOÂDCXJ.
137
...
Mixtures and Chemical Compounds)
^>ssjo^ws6aa,
CO
CO
(Oxygen; Acids; Bases; and Salts)

96,
188
wfcsS
C*J
'
\
Oxygen)
...
...
xvn
(I
Cu
ts
98.
fi^rasbaex)
99.
v$&$X&> lS^&>
(Its
Preparation)
Properties)
3x>
ctfbo#>
egpaatfsfcaw
of
101.
...
(Salts)
142
...
144
...
146
(The two kinds
ôi&llrt'uo
oxides)
esfosfc-jo
(How
...
the Oxides are
...
Formed)
100.
...
...
..
...
147
...
...
...
149
(Hydrogen)
102.
103.
^2SaR)jzyT6jrtfn^( Hydrogen;
e;ô
105.
e/<io$jb;i5>&>
wv
Preparation)152
(Properties of Hydrogen)
62SsiOj^s&e
104.
its
(Water)
154
...
...
157
Water)
...
159
Atmosphere)
...
161
...
...
162
...
...
163
...
...
163
...
(Composition
-*
of
,/
o
(Nitrogen)
^zrrsStf5So3 (The
106.
-TpBj
107.
^^ (Nitrogen)
308.
6atf
109.
<S$ao(fe:xMt>o
i.
sfcoua
...
(Its Properties)
(Its
rf|dTg)5S
Compounds')
(Nitric Acid)
XVI 11
(Ammonia)
...
165
(Chlorine)
110.
sfr8Siaw
(Chlorine)
111.
fi^d
112.
^8;&toMfrasfce>o
i
ij
^5aex>
(Its Properties)
(Chlorine
&>$;^8?-*&>3
;5-o8tf;&>>G
...
...
169
...
...
170
...
171
Compounds)
(Hydrochloric Acid)
(Chlorides)
172
...
(Carbon)
113.
"^^3
(Carbon)
...
114.
5'^#po2o$#3 (Carbon
115.
<&3$t5 iie?c (Its
...
dioxide)
Properties)
...
...
174
...
176
...
178
i^
(Calcium; Aluminium; Iron; Mercury and Silicon)

116.
117.
$)&';&>
(Calcium)
5p43'ao^r3s&>e>o
...
...
...
179
...
179
(Calcium Compounds)
(Lime)
,..
XIX
ii
iii
yftSgYzâ&fia
tfotf^Tg&tf
118.
we>T*g^ci&tf
119.
st&3
120.
-n>tf<>3x>
121.
2fejtf
...
180
...
...
181
...
...
182
...
...
182
...
...
183
...
...
183
(Calcium Carbonate)
(Lime
Wat'e^r)
(Aluminium)
...
(Iron)
(Mercury)
...
(Silicon)
(Geology)
(Minerals of the Earth)

122.
128.
124.
125.
^-SttSaD
SPJOO;
...
(Introduction)
^^23^300
(Rocks &
^êx)
Minerals)...
...
si^g^?5
$r3ocxDl) ^re)o3
; ^S)^Bs5cr>âaD
(Êlements
^tiwoo
of the Earth & Their
...
189
Proportion)
^s3ej;fc ^(t^ti (Identifying

Minerals)
127.
êT-d-êfcoa
(The Felspars)
128.
Sârs&o
(Quartz)
...
129.
181.
...
(The Chief Minerals)
126.
ISO.
^^
^ggY^Ssfc (Calcium Carbonate)

osS ej35r3^Rock
Salt)
...
...
190
...
192
...
19 4
...
194
mtt
195
XX
<$
o
(Rocks
132.
sirtfexift'e;
Their Classification
rex>i5
3e;e>c:
Unstratified
&
Description)
^yoo^Stratified
and
...
...
195
(Aqueous Rocks)
...
...
197
Rocks)
...
...
197
Rocks)
133.
ae;#
134.
wftê 9we3c(Igneous
135.
-&r5c(&>
136.
5&n>s5tfx& 3ejuo(The Third Class of

Rocks)...
137-
wexj
et5?<^^ fe;ej^?ce;"^2JsS:e(Differences between

these two kinds of Rocks)
...
193
...
of the
138.
139.
Chalk)
ii.
sj,\'^dx
Hi.
"ê^XS (Coal)
tr^cssoag'
n.
e;exj
wj^ttSaex)
...
199
...
...
199
,.,
..
199
-t
200
...
...
...
202
Rocks)
...
...
204
(Chemically formed Rocks)
205
SX^^TTÔO (Lime-stones)
2^^^^
...
...
(Coral)...
s^vSvuc (Inorganic
i.
141.
laforfoâw
199
(The Sub-divisions
Aqueous Rocks)
dtf see* (Organic

Rocks)
i.
140.
ceS^rrAXs3cex
5ejoccio25e)
<y
...
(Igneous Rocks)
...
...
206
..,
...
207
...
...
2 09
XXI
(Volcanoes; Earthquakes
Movements
of the
Earth's Crustj
42.
43.
wogft&w (The External and the
sr'sfretfSowo;
o
Q
Internal Forces) ...
wTUtftfc&fcoo
OL
(Volcanoes)
^
...
...
'
oJ
44.
'SfcotaSs
45.
^tgsxti^&iKv
an
...
^jjô
ssr-cj#ex5
ej^raiiwexs
(Signs of an Eruption)2ig
(Phenomena accompanying
...
Eruption)
._
_.
218
...
4S.
^r'g'osjsêxj
At
220
47.
^nô^^ô^g; ^>D s'^zaifo^wabaoo (Number of

Earthquakes & Earthquake
221
(Earthquakes)
Regions)
8.
.9.
$cp'5''o^^)ej
o^.^^w
^s&gas^rtf^
(Effects of Earthquakes) 221
-cSej^^vc
Earth's Crust
Aa^
0.
Land
i.
in
(Movements
...
^^fe
...
9"^.^
places)
...
2^tf>k (The Rising
some places
j
â)jfeb^
in some
of the
^sSo-ftb
...
**
222
of
**
(Sinking of Land
...
...
224
o
o
Geog aphy)
i
(The Atmosphere)
162.
isSîiw (Introduction)
258.
-7r"SciôfiO
3c3$T-e
(Water-vapour
in
the
226
...
Atmosphere)
164.
^-*rtfraia3M^^>&( Height of theAtmosphere)227
166.
7v->^tf3x>Kej<3o (Air
156.
-sr*cJ^^;$&?Cat>;6# i
167.
158.
^t53o&csbo^3
oê>
7V>i
(Pressure and Density

-<>v&>o&
(Pressure of Air)
(The Barometer)
\3 ~$&svc&o&
f
has Weight)
Heate<3)
161.
162.
168.
Same
...
229
i!^
(Isothermals)
...
333
the Air gets
(How
...
-6^00 (Isobars)
-30-ar-g^
228
-^n-o^^C&o
Place)
...
w^c^êj^bugl^g^s^^Sô^RSb
Temperature with Latitude)
tfsfc^r-tf
...
Higher Altitudes)231
-syc&x^r$&)3o& sfraftêx) (Changes of
&X9;fc sTo^S^doo
rrc5i^j
227
of Air at
Air Pressure at the

160.
X"J ^2f^s5:^b
...
...
285
(Variation of
...
237
...
...
288
...
,,,
239
XXI
11
(Winds)
...
zr-cS5bo$e>o
165.
^3^&g5S;tf^^^&^(Land andSea
166.
(Winds)
zp3agw*d5bogex>
(The Trade Winds)
161.
î-^&^c^^
168.
^ê
240
...
...
164.
breezes)24l
...
242
.,.
244
,,.
...
246
.-*
...
247
(The Monsoons)
(The Sea)
169.
170.
-;Cj^
(The Seas)
êrKê>o
23waô250
6s6a^^-5^fo
(Depth of the Sea)
171.
ô&ê^^&&
172.
tfjao^tfote (Colour
17S.
174.
T05S)^5S:i)er*fotfS6?Sb3
Tossis^sswaaa^^.^
âotfi&^&êjtf
Land by action
...
of the
ITd^^bgô
...
Sea)
(Temperature of the Sea)
251
252
252
$<yfc;6& (Disintegration of
of the
Sea)
. ,
(Ocean Currents)
175.
250
*s&^53p^soaex> (The
Ocean Currents)
,,
fc
254
XXIV
176.
ej-o8F
177.
^gs^f" (jS^sjT>oex:(The Pacific
178.
fô^r^^
(3?T^3xex>(The Atlantic Currents)... 257

;&>(# s&o&O
ioj^r5ro;5ooex>
the Indian Ocean)
...
Currents)
(Currents
...
...
258
in
...
259
iS
(The Polar Regions & the Polar

179.
180.
^jfcsfcs^tfsfr^sfc)
ice)
(The Arctic Ocean)
181.
S-^b^n'^ôo
182.
SnsSbsS>5c^saoex)
(The
260
...
'ooT'5oo-u
..261
Ice-
...
foot)
...
263
...
Bergs)
(The Antarctic ocean)
(Ice-
263
...
266
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184.
185.
186.
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192.
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194.
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196.
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197.
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280
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288
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290
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296
297
XXVI
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204.
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...
298
205.
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327
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369
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225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
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37!
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372
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373
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...
375
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371
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3.

Printed at the Jyotishmati Press

Price, Rs. 1-8-0

First Edition 3000 Copies.

This book has been written at the request of the

of suitable Vernacular words for scientific terms.

and Physical Geography I

retained the English

have consulted with profit Ball's Astronomy,

take this opportunity of offering my grateful

Sankrit and Telugu Scholar and proprietor of

more correct and

All suggestions for the

4 Sunkuram Chetty St,

(Matter: Its General Properties)

(The Three Classes)

(The Three States)

Liquids and Gases)

(Solids and their Properties)

and their Properties)9

Time and Mass; their Measurement).

(The Metric Unit)

(By the help

e<Ss5w^ (Bythe help of the

Specific Gravity bottle)

(Motion, Inertia and Force)

(Inertia); tf^gk&itotf^e^ 5&r^&3 (Newton's

^j^^tx-^fc (Measurement of Force)

^Sr^as^^rti^^ssba (The Law

(Work and Energy)

<xxu^&> (Energy of Heat)

(Graduation; Centigrade and Faranheit

57. tf^SSpSsSW ?CyoX^KSaxS&i^d;5bg'R!fo^*^bta

Heat; Latent Heat)

^o%r^\cs (Umbra and Penumbra)

(Analysis of Sun's Rays)

^ss^ex)- sfc$o j(Poles and the Neutral Line) 109

eas-^odQl^g (Magnetic Declination)

TpOKwasa^^) (Mariner's Compass)

^KcaSciSog^ (Frictional Electricity)

(Oxygen; Acids; Bases; and Salts)

(The two kinds

the Oxides are

<&3$t5 iie?c (Its

(Calcium; Aluminium; Iron; Mercury and Silicon)

(Minerals of the Earth)

^s3ej;fc ^(t^ti (Identifying

(The Chief Minerals)

^ggY^Ssfc (Calcium Carbonate)

5&n>s5tfx& 3ejuo(The Third Class of

et5?<^^ fe;ej^?ce;"^2JsS:e(Differences between

(Chemically formed Rocks)

dtf see* (Organic

wogft&w (The External and the

^n^o^^^o^g; ^>D s'^zaifo^wabaoo (Number of

(Effects of Earthquakes) 221

2^tf>k (The Rising

(Pressure and Density

the Air gets

Air Pressure at the

(The Trade Winds)

(Depth of the Sea)

(Temperature of the Sea)

<' V" A^"