Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hurricanes
Rima Taher, PhD, PE, M. ASCE
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Contents
Introduction
Hurricanes and Tornadoes
Wind Pressure Distribution on a Building
General Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures
Types of Building Failures
Post-Disaster Investigations
Wind Engineering Research
Wind Design Procedure
Lateral Load Resisting Systems
Structural and Construction Guidelines for the Design of Low-Rise
Buildings
References
2
Introduction
Damages
Damages
Hurricane
Hurricane Sandy
Early Morning, October 30, 2012
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
Environmental Visualization Laboratory
Department of Commerce
www.nnvl.noaa.gov
Image of a Tornado
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
National Climatic Data Center
Department of Commerce
www.ncdc.noaa.gov
5
Positive
Gust effects
Strength of connections
A structure
The
The
The
Uplift Failure
11
Overturning Failure
12
13
Post-Disaster Investigations
Many post-disaster
investigations of major
windstorm events were
conducted over the past two to
three decades.
Failure of siding
15
Eiffel
Aerodynamics
In
In
Boundary
Early research in this area often dealt with low-rise buildings and
gable roofs (Stathopoulos 1979).
10
22
11
1- Moment-Resisting Frames
These frames absorb
energy and resist lateral
forces by flexure and
bending action.
2- Braced Frames
Bracing is used to absorb
the energy by developing
axial tension and
compression in the bracing
elements.
3- Shear Walls
A shear wall resist lateral
loads by developing shear
within its plane. Shear
walls must be properly
placed in a balanced
fashion and should be
continuous to the
foundation. They are often
located around a
buildings perimeter or its
central core.
Shear Wall
24
12
A) Horizontal Grid
26
13
A) Horizontal Grid
- The maximum
negative wind
pressure on a roof
generally occurs near
the ridge. Providing an
opening or some
openings near the
ridge can significantly
help reduce the wind
loads there.
28
14
A- The porch roof is divided into 3 equal panels that are rotated to
make an angle of 40 with the horizontal.
B- The porch roof consists of small vertical panels 6 to 8 inches (15 to
20 cm). The system operates in two positions: closed for normal
conditions and open for hurricane conditions.
Structural
1- Foundation
Elevating a structure on an open foundation
reduces the risk of damage from flooding.
Soil conditions are important for foundation
design. Sand is a common soil type in most
coastal hurricane prone regions. In severe
storms, the scour depth in sandy soils can be
several feet. It is therefore necessary to
increase the penetration depths of piles into the
ground.
30
15
Piles
must be braced to
better resist lateral forces.
Knee or diagonal bracing
could be used.
Horizontal
bracing or
grade beams could also
be used to increase pile
resistance. They consist of
horizontal members
placed around the
perimeter of the home,
and connecting piles at
ground level.
Knee Bracing
31
Diagonal Bracing
Truss Bracing
Truss
16
Plywood
is also
recommended for the
sheathing of exterior
walls and it should
span the total height
from joists to top
plates, covering the
bottom plate for better
resistance against
lateral loads.
Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA)
34
17
Connections
are
generally vulnerable
and a great deal of
attention must be paid
to the design of
various connections.
Connection
failures
can lead to a
progressive collapse.
Use hurricane clips and ties or metal straps to connect the roof
framing to the wall structure.
18
3- Exterior Walls
Siding
5- Masonry Structures
Masonry structures are generally resilient to
damage from strong winds. Special attention
must be paid to certain issues and especially to
roof construction and its attachment to the main
frame. A well-constructed masonry structure with
firm foundations could normally survive floods
better than lightweight wood buildings and earth
structures.
Masonry must be reinforced to provide a stronger
frame, and exterior walls must be connected to
provide continuity.
38
19
The
Connections
Corners
39
The
strength of a masonry
building could be greatly
improved by tying the wall
tops together by a
continuous ring or bond
beam. This ring must, in
turn, be well connected to
the walls, and to the
adjacent roof or floor.
In
20
41
7- Roof Coverings
Tile
42
21
8- Breakaway Walls
Are designed to fail under specific wind and water loads to
allow flood waters to flow and prevent the build up of
hydrostatic pressures which can lead to collapses.
Metal or synthetic screening can be used as well as wood
or plastic lattice.
Breakaway walls can also be designed as solid walls.
43
References
22
Meecham,
Reardon,
Stathopoulos,
Taher,
45
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