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Combustion occurs when fossil fuels, such as natural gas, fuel oil, coal or
gasoline, react with oxygen in the air to produce heat. The heat from burning
fossil fuels is used for industrial processes, environmental heating or to
expand gases in a cylinder and push a piston. Boilers, furnaces and engines
are important users of fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, meaning they are composed primarily of
carbon and hydrogen. When fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide (CO2)
and water (H2O) are the principle chemical products, formed from the
reactants carbon and hydrogen in the fuel and oxygen (O2) in the air.
In actual combustion processes, other products are often formed. A typical
example of an actual combustion process is shown in Figure 1. Fuel has
reacted with air to produce the products shown on the right.
Fuel Efficiency
Fuel efficiency or Fuel Economy is the energy efficiency of a vehicle,
expressed as the ratio of distance traveled per unit of fuel consumed in
km/liter. Fuel efficiency depends on many parameters of a vehicle, including
its engine parameters, aerodynamic drag, weight, and rolling resistance.
Higher the value of fuel efficiency, the more economical a vehicle is (i.e., the
more distance it can travel with a certain volume of fuel). Fuel efficiency also
affects the emissions from the vehicles.
Fuel Consumption
Automobile Pollution
The pollution caused due to the emissions from vehicles is generally referred
to as automobile pollution. The transportation sector is the major contributor
to air pollution. Vehicular emissions are of particular concerns, since these
are ground level sources and hence have the maximum impact on the
general population.
The vehicle obtains its power by burning the fuel. The automobile pollution is
majorly caused due to this combustion, which form the exhaust emissions, as
well as, due to the evaporation of the fuel itself. The chemical reactions
occurring during ideal combustion stages may be represented as follows:
Sulphur Oxides
Combustion of petroleum generates Sulfur Dioxide. It is a colorless, pungent
and non flammable gas. It causes respiratory illness, but occurs only in
very low concentrations in exhaust gases. Further oxidation of
forms
Nitrogen Oxides
Combustion under high temperature and pressure emits Nitrogen dioxide. It
is reddish brown gas. Nitrogen oxides contribute to the formation of ground
level Ozone and acid rain.
Carbon Dioxide
It is an indicator of complete combustion of the fuel. Although it does not
directly affect our health, it is a greenhouse gas which causes global
warming.
Carbon Monoxide
It is a product of the incomplete burning of fuel and is formed when Carbon is
partially oxidized.
is an odorless, colorless gas, but is toxic in nature. It
reaches the blood stream to form Carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the
flow of Oxygen in blood.
Lead
These are tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in gas (soot or smoke).
Particulate Matter in higher concentrations may lead to heart diseases and
lung cancer.
Combustion Analysis
Case study
-Using Transportation Economics for selecting the right part of a trucks fleet
for the right place depending on the reading of the analysis.
Suppose we have three companies, each company has a fleet of different
numbers of trucks and we want to send these trucks to their dealers, the
dealers by their turn have an optimum time for the goods to be delivered.
What we will do here is pretty simple we will detect the most suitable fleet of
trucks to send the right dealer on time. we can use this method for the other
pollutants such as CO2
Companies
Dealers
NOx/hr.
(Sources)
(Demands)
4
137g/hr.
19
7
g
/h
r.
13
6g
/h
19
r.
4g
/h
r.
7.3g/hr.
10g/hr.
20
17 r.
4g/h
g /h
5
9
r.
10
16
136
95
194
174
197
2
0.21
7.3
4
10
6
16
16
10
8
20
And we can use also the least cost method but here we will
change its name a little bit to be least NOx amount in hour for truck
137
136
95
4
197
194
174
8
0.21
7.3
6
16
10
4
10
10
20
Transportation
Economics
Emissions for one liter of gasoline