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Chapter 4: Heat
SPM 2015
CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1
Thermal Equilibrium
Heat
Object 1
Object 2
Heat
where
l0
l100
l
l l 0
100C
l100 l 0
= temperature to be calculated
= length on scale at 0 C
= length on scale at 100 C
= length on scale of temperature to be measured
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Physics
4.2
Chapter 4: Heat
SPM 2015
Heat capacity:
Q = mc
where Q = heat energy [J]
m = mass [kg]
c = specific heat capacity of the material [J kg-1 C-1]
= change in temperature [C]
4.2.1 Applications
Water is used as a coolant in car engines because
Specific heat capacity is large,
Easily obtained and cheap,
Does not chemically react with the materials in the
engine.
Cooking utensils (woks, pots) are usually made of material with low specific heat capacity to ensure
temperature increases quickly when heated.
Handles are made of material with high specific heat capacity and are poor conductors.
Clay pots are made of clay with high specific heat capacity and are poor conductors. When removed
from heat, the soup inside the pot will continue to boil as heat is still being received from the pot.
4.3
Q = mL
where Q = heat energy [J]
m = mass [kg]
L = specific latent heat [J kg-1]
Latent heat of
vapourization
Latent heat of
fusion
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Physics
Chapter 4: Heat
SPM 2015
Q = mc
LIQUID
Q = mL
SOLID +
LIQUID
SOLID
Q = mc
Q = mL
Q = mc
Temperature
LIQUID
+ GAS
GAS
Boiling point
Melting point
Time
GAS
LIQUID
+ GAS
LIQUID
SOLID +
LIQUID
Q = mc
Q = mL
Q = mc
Q = mL
Q = mc
Temperature
SOLID
Condensation point
Freezing point
Time
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Physics
Chapter 4: Heat
SPM 2015
When calculating the amount of heat needed to change the state and temperature of an object, remember to
take into account the different stages of heating as shown in the graph above.
Example:
To calculate the amount of heat needed to heat ice at 0 C to water at 25 C:
Amount of heat needed =
mL
Heat needed to
change ice at 0 C to
water at 0 C
mc
Heat needed to
change water at 0 C
to water at 25 C
When calculating the exchange of heat, remember to take into account the different stages of heating for
each side of the equation.
Example:
Ice 0 C is added to hot water 90 C. To calculate the final temperature, x C:
Amount of heat absorbed by ice = Amount of heat released by hot water
mL
+
mc
=
mc
Heat needed to
change ice at 0 C
to water at 0 C
Heat needed to
change water at 0 C
to water at x C
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Page 4 of 6
Physics
4.4
Chapter 4: Heat
SPM 2015
Gas Laws
Note: For all gas law equations, the temperature involved must be absolute, i.e. in Kelvin
T = + 273
where T = temperature [Kelvin]
= temperature [C]
Capillary tube with a mercury column trapping some air in it. Given that the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm
Hg, to calculate the pressure of the air in the tube:
P1V1 = P2V2
P
PV
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Physics
Chapter 4: Heat
SPM 2015
T (K)
V
V1 V2
T1 T2
where V = volume of the gas [m3]
T = temperature of the gas [K]
(C)
For a gas of fixed mass, the pressure is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature if the volume is constant.
PT
T (K)
P1 P2
T1 T2
PV
k
T
P1V1 P2V2
T1
T2
END OF CHAPTER
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