LECTURE 3

WATER DEMAND

WATER DEMAND
Drinking water must be wholesome (free from toxic chemicals,
pathogens) and palatable (aesthetic- free from turbidity, color,
odour etc.)
Any disease will have a source, a causative agent, a vehicle for
transmission and a receiver. The vehicle may be air, water, or
personal contact. The agent could be a bacteria, virus or
protozoa. The turbidity in water generally shields the
pathogens.
Ground water though comparatively free from pathogens
contain minerals or dissolved salts such as nitrates, lead, iron,
sulphates, carbonates, etc.

CONSUMPTION OF WATER

Domestic
Industrial
Municipal
Commercial
Fire fighting
Live stock
Leakages

DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND

This includes the water required in private buildings for drinking, cooking,
bathing, lawn sprinkling, gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.
Amount of domestic water consumption per person shall vary according to the
living condition of the consumers.
IS code infact lays down a limit on domestic water consumption between 135225 l/h/d.
In a developed and effluent country like U.S.A ., usually goes as high as 340l/h/d.
Total domestic water consumption usually amounts to 50-60% of the total water
consumption.
Domestic (Indian)
lpcd
lpcd
lpcd

a). Population upto 10,000(rural) -------------

70 -100

b). Population 10,000 50,000(semi- urban) ------- 100 -500

c). Population above 50,000(urban) ---------------- 250 - 400

MINIMUM DOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTION (ANNUAL AVERAGE )

USE

INDIAN TOWNS AND CITIES

WITH FULL FLUSHING SYSTEMS
AS PER IS1172-1993

WEAKER SECTION AND

LIG COLONIES IN SMALL
INDIAN CITIES AND
TOWNS

CONSUMPTION IN LITRES PER HEAD PER DAY (l/h/d)

Drinking

Cooking

Bathing

75

55

Washing of clothes

25

20

Washing of utensils

15

10

Wahing and
cleaning of
residences

15

10

Lawn watering and

gardening

15

Flushing of water
etc.

45

30

200

135

Total

INDUSTRIAL WATER REQUIREMENTS

The industrial water demand varies with the number and type of industries in the city .
Industrial cities ,per capita water requirement may be as high as 450 l/person/day as
compared to the normal industrial requirements of 50 l/person/day.

INDUSTRY

UNIT

WATER KL/ UNIT

Automobiles

Vehicle

40

Kilolitre

122-170

Fertilizer

Tonne

60-200

Leather (tanned)

Tonne

40

paper

Tonne

200-400

Steel

Tonne

200-250

Sugar

Tonne

1-2

Textile

Tonne (goods)

90-140

Petroleum refinery

Tonne(crude)

1-2

distillery (alcohol)

INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERICAL WATER DEMAND

The water requirement of institutions such as hospitals, hotels, restaurants, schools,
colleges, railway stations, offices, factories, etc.
On an average, a per capita demand of 20l/head/day is usually considered to be
enough to meet such commerical and institutional water requirements.
Type of institutional or
commerical establishment

Average water consumption

in l/head/day

Offices

45-90

Hospitals

450(per bed)

Hostels

135

Schools

45-90

Restaurants

70 l/seat

Factories

45l/seat

Theatres

15l/seat

FIRE FIGHTING
Fire fighting requires sufficient quantity of water, so as to throw it over the fire at
high speeds . The quantity of water required extinguishing fires should be easily
available and kept always stored in storage reservoirs.
Fire hydrants are usually fitted in the water mains at about 100 to 150m apart and
firefighting pumps are immediately connected into them by fire birgade personnel.
These pumps throw water at high pressure in the order of 100-150kN/m^2.
High rate of water consumption during a fire considerably affects the design of
distribution system ,hence while designing public water supply schemes, the rate of
fire demand is sometimes treated as function of population .
contd..

It is worked out on the basis of certain empirical formulas, as follows

1).Kuichlings formula Q = 3180 P

where Q=AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED IN L/MIN
P = POPULATION IN THOUSANDS
2). Freeman formula Q = 1136 [ P/5+10]

F = 2.8 P ; where F = number of simultaneous fire streams

3). National board of fire under writers formula Q = 4637 P [1-0.01 P ]

4). Buston formula Q = 5663 P

VARIATION IN DEMAND and their effects on the design of various components

of a water supply scheme.
Maximum daily demand = 1.8*Average daily demand
Maximum hourly demand = 1.5* Average hourly demand of a maximum daily
demand
= 2.7* Average hourly demand
DESIGN PERIOD : a reasonable future period for which provision is made in
water supply scheme.
It shall not be too large or too short. A design period of 20-30 yrs is generally
adopted.
Depends on useful life of component, difficulty in future expansion, funds
available, anticipated rate of population growth, interest rate etc.
COMPONENT
DESIGN PERIOD
Dams
Conveying Main Pipes

50 Years
30 Years

Distribution System

30 Years

Water Treatment Units

15 Years

Pumps, Service Reservoir

15 Years

FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMPTION

Climatic conditions
Habits of people
Age of pipes
Sewerage system
Metering
Intermittent or continuous supply
Industrialization

LEAKAGES
Depends upon the age of the pipes. It may vary from
10% to as high as 50%

Live Stock:
Horses
------Cows
------Dogs
------Sheep
------Municipal:
Public Parks
------Street Cleaning------

45 liters/animal/day
70 liters/animal/day
20 liters/animal/day
15 liters/animal/day
1.5 liters/sqm/day
4 to 5 lpcd