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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi 110025, India
b
Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 10016, India
Accepted 3 August 2003
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to use the second-law approach for the thermodynamic
analysis of the reheat combined Brayton/Rankine power cycle. Expressions involving the
variables for specic power-output, thermal eciency, exergy destruction in components of
the combined cycle, second-law eciency of each process of the gas-turbine cycle, and secondlaw eciency of the steam power cycle have been derived. The standard approximation for air
with constant properties is used for simplicity. The eects of pressure ratio, cycle temperatureratio, number of reheats and cycle pressure-drop on the combined cycle performance parameters have been investigated. It is found that the exergy destruction in the combustion
chamber represents over 50% of the total exergy destruction in the overall cycle. The combined cycle eciency and its power output were maximized at an intermediate pressure-ratio,
and increased sharply up to two reheat-stages and more slowly thereafter.
# 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
A development in the search for higher thermal-eciency of conventional power
plant has been the introduction of combined-cycle plants. This is leading to the
development of gas turbines dedicated to combined-cycle applications, which has
been a subject of great interest in recent years, because of their relatively low initial
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: abd_khaliq2001@yahoo.co.in.
0306-2619/$ - see front matter # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2003.08.002
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2
Nomenclature
Cp
e
h
n
p
Q
R
Sge
s
W
w
AC
1,g
1,Comb
2,Comb
hf
Hf
costs, and the short time needed for their construction. An optimum system for a
given power-generation duty may involve alternate cycle congurations, such as
compressor intercooling, turbine reheat, and steam injection into the gas turbine
combustor.
The early development of the gas/steam turbine plant, was described by Sieppel
and Bereuter [1]. Czermak and Wunsch [2] carried out the elementary thermodynamic analysis for a practicable Brown Boveri 125 MW combined gassteam
turbine power plant. Wunsch [3] claimed that the eciencies of combined gassteam
plants were more inuenced by the gas-turbine parameters like maximum temperature and pressure ratio than by those for the steam cycle and also reported that the
maximum combined-cycle eciency was reached when the gas-turbine exhaust
temperature is higher than the one corresponding to the maximum gas-turbine eciency. Horlock [4], based on thermodynamic considerations, outlined more recent
developments and future prospects of combined-cycle power plants. Wu [5] describe
the use of intelligent computer software to obtain a sensitivity analysis for the combined cycle. Cerri [6] analyzed the combined gassteam plant, without reheat, from
the thermodynamic point of-view. In his analysis, he singled out the parameters that
most inuence eciency, and further reported that combined cycles exhibit a good
performance if suitably designed, but if the highest gas-turbine temperatures are
used, expensive fuel must be utilized.
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Reheat has been widely employed in aircraft engines. However, for industrial gasturbines, it is a technique that has only recently reached the stage of being considered a viable option for power augmentation. For a xed overall pressure-ratio
and given power, the advantage of using reheat is that the turbines entry temperature (TET) corresponding to the main combustor and reheater of the reheat cycle is
lower than the TET of a simple cycle. Hence, the costs related to the use of expensive
superalloys to withstand high temperatures could be reduced as described by Cunha
et al. [7]. There is a reduction in eciency, since more fuel is injected at a lower
pressure so producing less power than that which would be obtained if all the fuel
were injected in the main combustor. In combined-cycle applications, the increased
amount of heat in the exhaust gas is not actually lost and it may improve the combined-cycle characteristics. Andriani et al. [8] carried out the analysis of a gas turbine with several stages of reheat for aeronautical applications. Polyzakis [9] carried
out the rst-law analysis of reheat industrial gas-turbines use in a combined cycle
and suggested that the use of reheat is a good alternative for combined-cycle applications. But the performance analysis based on the rst-law alone is inadequate and
a more meaningful evaluation must include a second-law analysis. One reason that
such an analysis has not gained much engineering use may be the additional complication of having to deal with the combustion irreversibility, which introduced
an added dimension to the analysis. Second-law analysis indicates the association of
exergy destruction with combustion and heat-transfer processes and allows a thermodynamic evaluation of energy conservation in thermal power cycles.
It became apparent to the current authors that, although there was sucient literature on combined power-cycle with reheat, no systematic second-law analysis of
these cycles has been reported. The objective of the present paper is to develop a
systematic and improved second-law based thermodynamic methodology for the
analysis of reheat combined gassteam power plant.
2. System description
A schematic diagram of a combined Brayton/Rankine power cycle with reheat is shown
in Fig. 1. The gas turbine is shown as a topping plant, which forms the high-temperature loop, whereas the steam plant forms the low-temperature loop. The connecting
link between the two cycles is the heat-recovery steam generator (HRSG) working on
the exhaust of the gas turbine. A gas-turbine cycle consists of an air compressor (AC), a
combustion chamber (CC) and a reheat gas-turbine (RGT). The turbines exhaust-gas
goes to a heat-recovery steam-generator to generate superheated steam. That steam is
used in a standard steam power-cycle, which consists of a turbine (ST), a condenser
(C) and a pump (P). Both the gas and steam turbines drive electric generators.
3. Thermodynamic analysis
For the system operations in a steady state, the general exergy-balance equation is
given by Bejan [10]
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4
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the combined Brayton/Rankine power cycle with reheat.
EW
n X
X
X
EQ me
me ED
i
i1
out
in
for a single-stream ow
After making exergy balances using Eq. (2) for the compressor, reheat turbine and
combustion chamber, the following expressions can be obtained
WAC e2 e1 eD;AC
ef;CC e3 e2 eD;CC
where WAC and WRGT are the work done per unit mass for the compressor and
reheat gas-turbine respectively and e is the specic exergy
The net work-output of the gas-turbine cycle is
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A. Khaliq, S.C. Kaushik / Applied Energy & (2004) &&
Wg WRGT WAC
Wg
DHf
The total exergy of the fuel input for the gas turbine cycle with reheat is
ef ef;CC eRGT
8
Tmax T3
,
Tmin T0
9
Wg
ef
10
The gas stream leaving the turbine at state 4 enters the steam power-cycle, where a
fraction 2,ST of its exergy (e4) is recovered as shaft work and the remaining exergy
destroyed by irreversibilities.
WST 2;ST e4
11
12
Wg WST
DHf
13
The gas-turbines specic work-output with single-stage reheat, on the basis of the
same expansion ratio and eciency of each turbine and full reheat, and assuming air
as a perfect gas, may be given as
Wg Cp 2h3 h4 h2 h1
14
where AC and RGT are the adiabatic eciencies of the compressor and turbine.
For a system with n stages of reheat, we would have
1
Wg Cp n 1RGT Tmax 1
T1 AC 1 =AC
16
RGT
Dividing by CpT0, the dimensionless specic power-output becomes
wg n 1RGT
RGT
RGT
AC
AC
1 1
RGT
17
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6
The fuel input or heat input (Hf or Qin) per unit mass of the cycle for the single
stage with full reheat is given by
Qin DHf;CC DHf;RGT
18
For a perfect gas, it may be expressed as
T2
DHf Qin CP Tmax T1
AC RGT Tmax
AC
For n reheat stage, it becomes
AC
Qin CP Tmax T1 T2
nRGT Tmax
AC
RGT
19
RGT
20
AC =AC
RGT
RGT
21
Using Eqs. (17) and (21), the rst-law eciency of the gas-turbine cycle becomes
1;g
Wg
n 1RGT RGT AC =AC
qin
1 AC =AC nRGT RGT
22
Using Eqs. (12), (13), (17) and (21), the rst law eciency of the combined cycle
may be expressed as
n 1RGT RGT AC =2;ST w4
1 ; comb
23
1 AC =AC nRGT RGT
This shows that the rst-law eciency of the combined cycle is a function of
temperature ratio , compressors pressure-ratio AC, number of reheat stages n
and the pressure drop in the heat-transfer devices.
The second-law eciency of combined cycle may be dened as
2 ; comb
Wg WST 1;Comb
ef
Carnot
n 1RGT RGT AC =AC 2;ST w4
2 ; comb
1 AC =AC nRGT RGT 1
24
25
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pout
pin
where
out
=1 pin p
pin
26
1
Dp
p
The quantity p/p is known as the relative pressure-drop and b may be called the
pressure-drop factor.
If
cc is the pressure-drop factor or percentage pressure-drop in the combustion
chamber,
R in reheater and
g in heat recovery steam-generator, then
p3
CC p2
27
pRo pRi
R
28
pgo
g pgi
29
30
Now
p3
pR
o AC
pR i
pg i
For a system with one stage of reheat,
RGT 2
CC
R
g AC
31
1=2
RGT
CC
R
g AC
32
33
For n reheat-stages,
1=n1
RGT
CC
nR
g AC
34
WST
QST
35
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Its second-law eciency has been dened by Eq. (11). Thus the ratio of its secondlaw eciency to its rst law eciency is just the ratio of the heat supplied to the
HRSG per unit mass of hot gas to the specic exergy of the hot gas entering the
HRSG. If the gas with a constant specic heat, enters the boiler at T4 and leaves at
Tex, then
2;ST WST QST
QST
1;ST
e4
WST
e4
For a constant-pressure process, by dividing by CpT0
2;ST
4 ex
1;ST 4 1 n 4
36
37
This is computed in Table (9) versus 4 with ex as the variable parameter. The
second-law eciency of the steam-turbine cycle is larger than the rst-law eciency
so long as 4 < 1+1n 4, a condition satised in any practical steam-turbine bottoming cycle.
For the purpose of combined cycle eciency computations presented based on
Eqs. (23) and (25), the second-law eciency of the steam-turbine cycle was assumed
to follow the trend shown in Fig. A1, which was plotted using the correlation
developed in the Appendix. The second-law eciency (2,ST) is zero for 4 < 2, where
the steam-turbine cycle was judged impractical linearly from 48% at 4=2 to 70%
at 4=3.25, and constant at 70% for 5> 4 > 3.25.
dTs
AC
39
T
p
40
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dTs
dp
R
T
p
41
Using Eqs. (39) and (41), the entropy generated during the compression process is
dsgen Cp
dTs
dp
R
AC
p
42
43
The exergy destroyed is obtained after multiplying Eq. (43) by T0 and then integrating. After non-dimensionalizing by dividing with CpT0, the dimensionless exergy
destruction may be given as
1 AC
wD;AC
nr
44
AC
Eq. (44) accounts for the exergy destroyed within the compressor. The compressor
work for the innitesimal adiabatic stage is CpdT. After using Eqs. (39) and (40) for
a perfect gas, the compressor work in dimensionless form may be given as
1 2 T dp
45
wAC
AC 1 T0 p
Unlike the exergy destroyed, this depends on the local temperature. The compression work for adiabatic compression may be obtained by using Eqs. (40) and
(45) as
wAC;ad r1=AC 1
46
Applying the exergy balance and using Eq. (38), the corresponding second-law
eciency for the adiabatic compression process may be given by
1 AC
nr
2;ACad 1
47
r1=AC 1
AC
5.2. Combustion chamber (CC)
The heat addition in the combustion chamber (Hf,CC) may be dened as
DHf;CC
Q
Cp T3 T2
48
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Dhf;CC 2
49
50
Using Eq. (49) and dividing Eq. (50) by CpT0, the dimensionless exergy associated
with fuel may be obtained as
wf;CC
1 2
51
52
After dividing by CpT0 and using Eqs. (41), (49) and (26), it may further be
expressed as
53
w3 w2 2 n n
CC
2
The dimensionless exergy destruction (wD,CC) in the combustion chamber can be
expressed using Eqs. (3) and (53), as
wD;CC
2
n n
CC 1
2
54
The second-law eciency for the combustion chamber is the ratio of the increased
exergy over the exergy input and is given by
w3 w2
2;CC
55
wf;CC
Using Eqs. (49) and (53),
2 n n
CC
2
2;CC
2 1
56
This shows that the second-law eciency of the combustion chamber depends on
the compressors discharge temperature, pressure-drop in the combustion chamber
and the maximum cycle temperature.
5.2.1. Reheat gas-turbine (RGT)
For an adiabatic expansion in a turbine with an adiabatic eciency RGT, the
temperature-drop dT for a pressure drop dp is smaller than the corresponding isentropic value dTs.
RGT
dT
dTs
57
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11
Using Eqs. (40), (41) and (43), we see that the entropy generated in the adiabatic
stage is
dsgen 1 RGT R
dp
p
58
59
It accounts only for exergy destroyed within the turbine but not for reheat pressure-losses or heat-transfer losses. The expansion work CpdT, after using Eqs. (57)
and (40), may be expressed as
1 4 T dp
60
wRGT RGT
3 T0 p
and depends on the pressuretemperature path. For the adiabatic expansion starting
at T3 after integrating Eq. (60) and using (=T3/T0), it may also be expressed as
wRGT;ad 1 rRGT
61
The second-law eciency of the expansion process is the ratio of work output
over decrease in the exergy of the gas, and is given by
wRGT
2;RGT
62
w3 w2 wRGT
Using Eqs. (61), (53) and (62), the second-law eciency of the expansion process
in the gas turbine cycle may be given as
1 RGT rnr 1
2;RGTad 1
63
1 rRGT
This shows that the second-law eciency of the reheat gas-turbine increases with y
since a larger proportion of the available work lost at higher temperatures may be
recovered.
6. Optimum pressure-ratio
The optimum pressure ratio for maximum work output of a gas turbine, taking
into account the adiabatic eciencies of the compressor and turbine, can be
obtained by dierentiating Eq. (17), w.r.t. pAC as
@wg
0
@AC
64
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This gives
1
AC opt
AC RGT
21
65
This shows that the optimum pressure-ratio depends on the adiabatic eciencies
of the turbine and compressor, as well as the cycles temperature-ratio.
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A. Khaliq, S.C. Kaushik / Applied Energy & (2004) &&
13
Table 1
Eect of pressure ratio on the performance of compressor and gas turbine
AC
AC
1,AC
wD,AC
2,AC
RGT
RGT
1,RGT
wD,RGT
2,RGT
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
1.000
1.219
1.485
1.811
2.208
2.691
3.281
3.999
0.900
0.890
0.880
0.870
0.860
0.850
0.832
0.820
0.000
0.022
0.043
0.066
0.088
0.110
0.132
0.154
0.900
0.910
0.920
0.929
0.937
0.945
0.951
0.957
0.950
1.151
1.369
1.628
1.76
2.303
2.739
3.257
0.985
1.041
1.094
1.149
1.175
1.269
1.333
1.401
0.850
0.862
0.872
0.883
0.894
0.904
0.912
0.920
0.000
0.029
0.059
0.089
0.118
0.148
0.178
0.207
0.995
0.955
0.941
0.924
0.903
0.876
0.844
0.806
Table 2
Eect of number of reheat stages (n) and pressure drops in the reheater (
R) on the exergy destruction in
the reheat gas-turbine
Number of
reheat stages (n)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
wD,RGT
R=1.0
R=0.98
R=0.96
0.1485
0.2257
0.2203
0.2107
0.2023
0.1954
0.1908
0.1858
0.1485
0.2331
0.2277
0.2223
0.2201
0.2177
0.2166
0.2173
0.1485
0.2380
0.2389
0.2407
0.2441
0.2497
0.2565
0.2643
temperature of reheat. The steam-turbine cycle output suers with the lower
exhaust-gas temperature. The second-law eciency of each cycle is greater than the
rst-law eciency for the given operating parameters.
It is seen from Table 5 that the exergy destruction in the combustion chamber
decreases with the pressure ratio, but increases with the cycle temperature ratio y,
and the second-law eciency of the primary combustor behaves in reverse as is
known from the second-law analysis.
The exergy destructions due to heat-transfer irreversibility (HRSG), condenserheat rejection, irreversibilities of the steam turbine and pump, and the rst-law eciency of the steam turbine cycle increase with an increase in the gas-turbines
exhaust temperature, but the second-law eciency declines with an increase in the
exhaust-gass temperature above the minimum temperature that can operate the
steam cycle. This minimum gas temperature is constrained by the required superheat
steam and or the pinch point on the HRSG as shown in Table 8.
Table 6 shows that increasing the maximum cycle temperature gives a signicant
improvement in both eciency and specic work-output. The gas-turbines cycle
eciency drops, but its net specic work-output increases with the number of reheat
stages. Both eciency and specic work increase with the increase in number of
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Table 3
(a) Eect of pressure ratio (AC) and cycle temperature ratio () on the rst-law eciency of the combined
cycle for two stages of reheat. (b) Eects of pressure ratio (pAC) and cycle temperature ratio () on the
second-law eciency of the combined cycle for two stages of reheat
=4
=4.5
=5
=5.5
=6
AC
RGT
1,Comb
1,Comb
1,Comb
1,Comb
1,Comb
(a)
8
16
32
64
128
1.920
2.42
3.048
3.840
4.838
3.413
3.227
3.050
2.880
2.727
51.1
52.3
50.7
46.7
38.0
3.840
3.630
3.433
3.245
3.068
53.70
55.76
56.36
54.80
49.00
4.267
4.034
3.814
3.606
3.409
55.80
58.20
59.20
58.80
56.50
4.69
4.438
4.195
3.960
3.750
57.5
60.0
61.45
61.65
60.30
5.0
4.84
4.57
4.12
3.72
59.0
61.57
63.23
63.80
63.20
(b)
8
16
32
64
128
1.920
2.42
3.048
3.840
4.838
3.413
3.227
3.050
2.880
2.727
68.13
69.73
67.6
62.26
50.66
3.840
3.630
3.433
3.245
3.068
69.11
71.76
72.53
70.52
63.06
4.267
4.034
3.814
3.606
3.409
69.75
72.75
74.0
73.5
70.62
4.69
4.438
4.195
3.960
3.750
70.30
73.35
75.12
75.36
73.71
5.0
4.84
4.57
4.12
3.72
70.80
73.80
75.80
76.56
75.84
Table 4
Eect of pressure ratio on the rst-law and second-law eciencies of various cycles
AC
1,g
2,g
1,ST
2,ST
1,Comb
2,Comb
Carnot
8
16
32
64
128
27.8
33.0
35.95
36.7
34.4
34.75
41.25
44.93
45.87
43.00
28.00
25.17
23.25
22.40
22.00
43.82
40.18
37.82
37.1,6
37.00
55.85
58.17
59.2
58.8
56.40
69.81
72.71
74.00
73.50
70.50
80.00
80.00
80.00
80.00
80.00
reheat stages for the steam cycle which benets from a higher gas-temperature. The
combined cycle eciency and specic work-output increase sharply in going from
one to two reheats and more slowly thereafter, It was interesting to note that the
specic power increases by a factor of 2.5 for the two reheats as shown in Table 7.
This may well justify the additional capital cost of the reheat system.
Table 9 shows that the second-law eciency of steam-turbine cycle is larger than
the rst-law eciency so long as < 1+ln 4, a condition satised in any practical
steam-bottoming cycle. It is shown that the second-law eciency of a given steam
cycle declines with increasing gas-temperature above the minimum that can operate
this cycle. This minimum gas-temperature is constrained by the required steam
superheat and/or the pinch point on the heat exchanger.
Fig. 2 shows the eect of increasing the pressure ratio and the cycle-temperature
ratio on the rst-law eciency of the gas-turbine cycle. The increase in pressure ratio
increases the overall thermal eciency at a given maximum temperature. However
increasing the pressure ratio beyond a certain value at any given maximum
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15
Table 5
Eect of pressure ratio (AC) and cycle temperature ratio () on exergy destruction and second law eciency of combustion chamber (CC) for two reheats
AC
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
=4
=4.5
=5
=5.5
=6
wD,CC
2,CC
wD,CC
2,CC
wD,CC
2,CC
wD,CC
2,CC
wD,CC
2,CC
1.627
1.484
1.353
1.236
1.137
1.060
1.010
0.990
0.133
0.163
0.192
0.214
0.215
0.176
0.058
0.028
1.717
1.568
1.430
1.303
1.190
1.103
1.036
0.997
0.126
1.550
0.186
0.210
0.222
0.207
0.134
0.100
1.800
1.647
1.502
1.368
1.248
1.148
1.068
1.014
0.119
0.146
0.176
0.204
0.223
0.222
0.180
0.061
1.877
1.719
1.570
1.439
1.305
1.195
1.103
1.036
0.112
0.138
0.167
0.196
0.219
0.228
0.206
0.126
1.949
1.423
1.634
1.490
1.359
1.241
1.141
1.062
0.1066
0.1317
0.1590
0.1880
0.2140
0.2300
0.2210
0.1680
Table 6
Eect of cycle temperature-ratio on eciencies of various cycles
Temperature
ratio
Z1,g
2,g
1,ST
2,ST
1,Comb
2,Comb
Carnot
4
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
30.30
33.70
36.00
37.60
38.85
39.80
40.40
43.33
45.00
46.95
46.62
47.05
20.50
22.57
23.30
23.90
24.39
24.86
35.60
37.90
37.95
37.86
37.63
37.50
50.80
56.27
59.30
61.50
63.24
64.66
67.70
72.40
74.12
75.18
75.89
76.40
75.00
77.70
80.00
81.80
83.33
84.60
Table 7
Eects of number of reheat stages (n) on work output and eciencies of various cycles
n
1,g
1,ST
1,Comb
Wg
wg+w4
wComb
qin
Carnotqin
0
1
2
3
4
5
43.50
37.28
36.7
36.2
35.9
35.7
9.00
66.80
69.57
70.63
71.40
71.90
52.50
57.90
59.77
60.33
60.75
61.00
0.950
1.403
1.644
1.76
1.828
1.865
1.500
2.513
3.109
3.425
3.63
3.756
1.20
2.18
2.67
2.926
3.089
3.186
2.100
3.762
4.469
4.85
5.086
5.224
1.700
3.00
3.575
3.880
4.068
4.180
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16
Table 8
Exergy destruction as a percentage of heat added, in the components of the steam-turbine cycle: T0=291
K, Tex=420 K, condenser pressure=0.045 bar (304 K), steam-turbine eciency 90%, pump eciency
70%
Exhaust-gas
temperature ratio
Exhaust
availability
Heat-transfer
irreversibility
Condenser loss
and rejection
Irreversibility
of turbine and
pump
Steam cycle
work output
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
3.25
73
81
85
88
90
91
13
18
16
17
16
13
6
5
6
5
5
4
4
6
5
6
7
8
49
52
58
61
63
65
Table 9
Eects of gas temperature ratio 4 and exhaust temperature ratio ex on the ratio of eciencies of the
steam cycle
4
ex=1
2;ST
1;ST
ex=1.5
2;ST
1;ST
ex=2.0
2;ST
1;ST
ex=2.5
2;ST
1;ST
ex=3.0
2;ST
1;ST
ex=3.5
2;ST
1;ST
ex=40
2;ST
1;ST
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
3.258
2.218
1.859
1.673
1.558
1.479
1.629
1.664
1.459
1.464
1.4026
1.356
1.109
1.109
1.239
1.255
1.246
1.233
0.5540
0.5540
0.9290
1.0457
1.0909
1.1099
0.6196
0.8366
0.9350
0.9866
1.0160
1.0339
1.0450
1.0523
0.3098
0.6274
0.7792
0.8633
0.9145
0.9478
0.9705
0.9865
0.4180
0.6230
0.7400
0.8129
0.8616
0.8958
0.9207
Thus, a cursory inspection of the eciency indicates that the gas-turbine cycle
eciency can be improved by increasing the pressure ratio, or increasing the turbines inlet-temperature.
8. Conclusion
An improved second-law analysis of the combined power-cycle with reheat has
shown the importance of the parameters examined. The analysis has included the
exergy destruction in the components of the cycle and an assessment of the eects of
pressure ratio, temperature ratio and number of reheat stages on the cycle performance. The exergy balance or second-law approach presented facilitates the design
and optimization of complex cycles by pinpointing and quantifying the losses. By
ARTICLE IN PRESS
A. Khaliq, S.C. Kaushik / Applied Energy & (2004) &&
17
Fig. 2. Eect of pressure ratio and turbines inlet temperature on the rst-law eciency of the gasturbine
cycle.
placing reheat in the expansion process, signicant increases in specic power output
and eciency were obtained. The gains are substantial for one and two reheats, but
progressively smaller for subsequent stages. It is interesting to note that specic
power output (per unit gas ow) increases by a factor of 2.5 for the two reheats. This
may well justify the additional capital cost of the reheat system. Reheating by
increasing the specic power-output reduces the sensitivity of the cycle to component
losses.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
18
T4 Tex
h5;st h8;liq
A1
which may be solved iteratively for the steam-turbine cycle pressure. In the following
calculations, the assumptions are:
ARTICLE IN PRESS
A. Khaliq, S.C. Kaushik / Applied Energy & (2004) &&
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
19
For each T4, these assumptions were applied, the pressure was found using Eq.
(A1) and the second-law eciency (2,ST) is computed and is shown in Fig. A1,
which also shows the steam conditions and eciency computed for each point.
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