Hip Hop Dance

Hip-hop dance
1 History
Hip-hop dance refers to street dance styles primarily performed to hip-hop music or that have evolved as part of
hip-hop culture. It includes a wide range of styles primarily breaking, locking, and popping which were created in
the 1970s and made popular by dance crews in the United
States. The television show Soul Train and the 1980s
lms Breakin', Beat Street, and Wild Style showcased these
crews and dance styles in their early stages; therefore, giving hip-hop mainstream exposure. The dance industry responded with a commercial, studio-based version of hiphopsometimes called new styleand a hip-hop inuenced style of jazz dance called jazz-funk. Classically
trained dancers developed these studio styles in order to
create choreography from the hip-hop dances that were
performed on the street. Because of this development,
hip-hop dance is practiced in both dance studios and outdoor spaces.
Main article: History of hip-hop dance

Hip-hop dance is a broad category that includes a variety of styles. The older dance styles that were created in the 1970s include uprock, breaking, and the
funk styles.[1] Breaking was created in The Bronx,
New York, incorporating dances that were popular in
the 1960s and early 1970s in African-American and
Latino communities.[2] In its earliest form, it began as
elaborations on James Brown's "Good Foot" dance which
came out in 1972.[1][3][4] Breaking at this period was
not primarily oor-oriented as seen today; it started out
as toprock which dancers perform while standing up.
An inuence on toprock was uprock[5] which was created in Brooklyn, New York.[6][7] Uprock looks similar to toprock, but it is more aggressive and looks like
a ght. Uprock is also performed with partners, but in
toprockand in breaking in generaleach person takes
turns dancing.[8] In 1973, DJ Kool Herc invented the
break beat.[9][10] A break beat is a rhythmic, musical interlude of a song that has been looped over and over
again to extend that instrumental solo. Kool Herc did
this to provide a means for dancers who attended his
parties to demonstrate their skills.[10] B-boy and b-girl
stands for break-boy and break-girl"; b-boys and bgirls dance to the break of a record.[10] Further inuenced
by martial arts[11] and gymnastics, breaking went from
being a purely upright dance styletoprock onlyto becoming more oor-oriented.
The commercialization of hip-hop dance continued into

the 1990s and 2000s with the production of several television shows and movies such as The Grind, Planet B-Boy,
Rize, StreetDance 3D, Americas Best Dance Crew, Saigon
Electric, the Step Up lm series, and The LXD, a web series. Though the dance is established in entertainment,
including mild representation in theater, it maintains a
strong presence in urban neighborhoods which has led to
the creation of street dance derivatives Memphis jookin,
turng, jerkin', and krumping.
1980s lms, television shows, and the Internet have contributed to introducing hip-hop dance outside of the
United States. Since being exposed, educational opportunities and dance competitions have helped maintain its
presence worldwide. Europe hosts several international
hip-hop competitions such as the UK B-Boy Championships, Juste Debout, and EuroBattle. Australia hosts a
team-based competition called World Supremacy Battlegrounds and Japan hosts a two-on-two competition called
World Dance Colosseum.
At the same time breaking was developing in New York,

other styles were being created in California. The funk
styles refers to several street dance styles created in California in the 1970s such as roboting, bopping, hitting,
locking, bustin', popping, electric boogaloo, strutting,
sac-ing, and dime-stopping.[12] Out of all of these dances,
boogaloo is one of the oldest. It started out as a 1960s
fad dance and was the subject of several songs released
during that time such as Do the Boogaloo and My
Baby Likes to Boogaloo.[13] From being a fad, it developed into a dance style called electric boogaloo and
a music genre called Latin boogaloo. The most popular
and widely practiced of the funk styles are locking and
popping.[14] The television show Soul Train played a large
role in giving these styles commercial exposure. Both
The Lockers and The Electric Boogaloosdance crews
responsible for the spread of locking and popping
performed on this show.[15]
What distinguishes hip-hop from other forms of dance

is that it is often freestyle (improvisational) in nature and hip-hop dance crews often engage in freestyle
dance competitionscolloquially referred to as battles.
Crews, freestyling, and battles are identiers of this style.
Hip-hop dance can be a form of entertainment or a hobby.
It can also be a way to stay active in competitive dance and
a way to make a living by dancing professionally.
2 MAIN STYLES
It is historically inaccurate to say that the funk styles

were always considered hip-hop.[16] The funk styles were
adopted into hip-hop in large part due to the media.[16]
Once hip-hop activist and DJ, Afrika Bambaataa, used
the word hip-hop in a magazine interview in 1982,
hip-hop dance became an umbrella term encompassing all of these styles.[17] Due to the amount of attention
locking and popping were receiving, the media brought
these styles under the breakdance label causing confusion about their origin.[18][19] They were created on the
west coast independent from breaking and were originally
danced to funk music rather than hip-hop music.[15][16]
As breaking, locking, and popping gained popularity in
the 1980s, hip-hop social dancing (party dancing) started
to develop. Novelty and fad dances such as the Roger
Rabbit, the Cabbage Patch, and the Worm appeared in
the 1980s followed by the Humpty dance and the Running
Man in the 1990s.[20][note 1] The music of the day was the
driving force in the development of these dances. For
example, the 1980s rap group Gucci Crew II had a song
called The Cabbage Patch that the dance of the same
name was based on.[22] 2000s era social dances include
the Cha Cha Slide, the Cat Daddy, and the Dougie. The
previously mentioned dances are a sample of the many
that have appeared since hip-hop developed into a distinct
dance style. Like hip-hop music, hip-hop social dancing
continues to change as new songs are released and new
A b-boy in an airchair freeze at Street Summit 2006 in Moscow.
dances are created to accompany them.
guard and all we did was add more ava to something
that already existed.[28][30][31] Breaking includes four
2 Main styles
foundational dances: toprock, footwork-oriented steps
performed while standing up; downrock, footwork per2.1 Breaking
formed with both hands and feet on the oor; freezes,
stylish poses done on your hands; and power moves, comMain article: B-boying
plex and impressive acrobatic moves.[32] Transitions from
Breaking was created in the South Bronx, New York toprock to downrock are called drops.[33][34]
City during the early 1970s.[3] It is the rst hip-hop
dance style. At the time of its creation, it was the only Traditionally, breakers dance within a cypher or an
hip-hop dance style because Afrika Bambaataa classi- Apache Line. A cypher is a circular shaped dance space
ed it as one of the ve pillars of hip-hop culture along formed by spectators that breakers use to perform or bat[12][32]
Cyphers work well for one-on-one b-boy
with MCing (rapping), DJing (turntablism), grati writ- tle in.
[23][24][25][26]
(break-boy)
battles; however, Apache Lines are more apThough African Amering, and knowledge.
icans created breaking,[27][28] Puerto Ricans maintained propriate when the battle is between two crewsteams
its growth and development when it was considered a fad of street dancers. In contrast to the circular shape of a
in the late 1970s.[29] In a 2001 interview Richard Crazy cypher, competing crews can face each other in this line
Legs Coln, the president of Rock Steady Crew, com- formation, challenge each other, and execute their burns
mented on how Puerto Ricans contributed to breaking: I (a move intended to humiliate the opponent, i.e. crotch
[35][36][37][38]
think the dierence is when the brothas rst started do- grabbing).
ing [it] and it was at its infancy they weren't doing acrobatic moves. That didn't come into play until more Puerto
Ricans got involved in the mid 70s. We then took the 2.2 Locking
dance, evolved it and kept it alive. In '79 I was getting
dissed. I would go into a dance and I would get dissed Main article: Locking
by a lot of brothas who would ask 'Why y'all still doing
that dance? Thats played out'. By 79, there were very Locking, originally called Campbellocking, was created
few African American brothas that was doing this... We in 1969 in Los Angeles, California by Don Campbelalways maintained the ava. It was like a changing of the lock Campbell and popularized by his crew The Lock-
3
ers.[14][39] In addition to Campbell, the original members of The Lockers were Fred Mr. Penguin Berry,
Leo Fluky Luke Williamson, Adolfo Shabba-Doo
Quiones, Bill Slim the Robot Williams, Greg Campbellock Jr Pope, and Toni Basil, who also served as the
groups manager.[40][41][42] At the 2009 World Hip Hop
Dance Championships, Basil became the rst female recipient of the Living Legend Award in honor of her role
in giving locking commercial exposure.[43]
Locking looks similar to popping, and the two are frequently confused by the casual observer. In locking,
dancers hold their positions longer. The lock is the primary move used in locking. It is similar to a freeze or
a sudden pause.[44] A lockers dancing is characterized
by frequently locking in place and after a brief freeze
moving again.[14] According to Dance Spirit magazine,
a dancer cannot perform both locking and popping simultaneously; thus, it is incorrect to call locking poplocking.[14][45][46] While both styles originate in Los Angeles, locking and popping are two distinct funk styles
with their own histories, their own set of dance moves,
their own pioneers, and their own competition categories.
Locking is more playful and character-driven, whereas
popping is more illusory.[14] In popping, dancers push
the boundaries of what they can do with their bodies.[14]
Locking has specic dance moves that distinguish it from
popping and other funk styles. In the 2006 book Total
Chaos, hip-hop historian Jorge Popmaster Fabel Pabon
lists some of these moves which include the lock, points,
skeeter [rabbits], scooby doos, stop 'n go, which-away,
and the fancies.[44] In addition, Lockers commonly use
a distinctive dress style, such as colorful clothing with
stripes and suspenders.[14]
2.3
Popping
Main article: Popping

Popping was created in Fresno, California in the 1970s
and popularized by Samuel Boogaloo Sam Solomon
and his crew the Electric Boogaloos.[14] It is based on the
technique of quickly contracting and relaxing muscles to
cause a jerk in a dancers body, referred to as a pop or a
hit. When performed correctly, each hit is synchronized
to the rhythm and beats of the music. Popping is also used
as an umbrella term to refer to a wide range of closely related illusionary dance styles[47] such as strobing, liquid,
animation, twisto-ex, and waving.[15][47] Dancers often
integrate these styles with standard popping to create a
more varied performance.[note 2] In all of these subgenres
it appears to the spectator that the body is popping. The
dierence between each subgenre is how exaggerated the
popping is. In liquid, the body movements look like water. The popping is so smooth that the movements do not
look like popping at all; they look uid.[15] The opposite
of this is strobing (also called ticking) in which the movements are staccato and jerky.[49]
Popping as an umbrella term also includes oating, gliding, and sliding.[15][47] These are lower body dances performed with little to no movements in the chest or arms.
In oating, gliding, and sliding a dancer appears as if
they are drifting across the oor on ice.[note 3] Opposite
from gliding is tutting, an upper body dance that uses the
arms, hands, and wrists to form right angles and create
geometric box-like shapes. Tutting can be done primarily with the ngers rather than the arms. This method is
called nger tutting. In both variations the movements
are intricate, linear, and form 90 or 45 angles. In practice, tutting looks like the characters on the art of ancient
Egypt,[50][51][52]:2 hence the namea reference to King
Tut.
While popping as an umbrella term is widely used by
hip-hop dancers and in competitive hip-hop dancing,
Timothy Popin' Pete Solomon of the Electric Boogaloos disagrees with the use of the word popping in this
way. Many of these related styles (animation, liquid, tutting, etc.) can not be traced to one person or group.
Solomon states There are people who wave and there
are people who tut. Theyre not popping. I say this to
give the people who created other styles their just dues
and their props.[14]
3 Derivative street styles

Main articles: Memphis Jookin', Turng, Jerkin' and
Krumping
Decades after breaking, locking, and popping became
established, four new dance styles appeared. Three of
them come from California and one comes from Tennessee. Memphis Jookin' was created in the 1980s in
Memphis, Tennessee. It is an evolution of an older Memphis line dance called The Gangsta' Walk.[52]:1[53] According to Dance magazine, jookin is characterized by
dancers gliding footwork... popping and waving... [and]
using the tips of their sneakers to balance on pointe.[54]
Gliding on tiptoes is fundamental to this dance. While
watching a jookin' battle in Jackson, Tennessee, dance
critic Alastair Macaulay observed that the most evidently
sensational feature of jookin is the extensive use of what
a ballet observer is bound to call pointwork: the men,
in sneakers, go onto tiptoe... many of the men not only
rose onto point but also hopped, turned, ran and balanced
on point.[55] Jookers have traditionally practiced their
moves at the Crystal Palace skating rink in Memphis,
which is akin to how milongueros practice their moves
in public spaces in Buenos Aires.[54]
Turng, an acronym for Taking Up Room on the Floor,
was created in 2002 by Jeriel Bey in Oakland, California.[48] Turng is a fusion of miming and gliding that
places heavy emphasis on storytelling (through movement) and illusion. Other than San Francisco Bay Area
DANCE INDUSTRY
pride, turng avoided becoming a fad due to local turf 4.1 Commercial/New Style
dance competitions and local youth programs that proSee also: Lyrical hip-hop
mote turng as a form of physical activity.[56]
The dance style Jerkin' was popularized in 2009 by the
New Boyz's rap song "You're a Jerk".[57][58]:1 This song
went viral via their MySpace page before they had a
manager or were signed to a record label.[58]:1, 3 After hearing about the song, Los Angeles radio station
Power 106 hired the New Boyz to perform at local high
schools. These shows led to Youre a Jerk entering
the radios playlist.[58]:2 Later the same year, rap duo
Audio Push released the song and video Teach Me How
to Jerk which showcased the dierent dance moves
within jerkin' including the Rejectthe Running Man
done in reverse.[57][59] Dancers who perform jerkin' typically wear bright colors, skinny jeans, Mohawks, and
Vans sneakers.[58]:1,5 This trend echos locking dancers in
the 1970s who traditionally wore suspenders and black
and white striped socks.[14] Of the dance, journalist Je
Weiss from LA Weekly stated For a youth culture weaned
on the cult of individualism, jerkin is its apotheosis.[58]
Similar to breaking, locking, and popping, jerkins popularity spread through dance crews. For example, The
Rej3ctz (crew) created both the Cat Daddy[60] and the
Reject dance moves.[58]:2, 4
Although jookin', turng, and jerkin' generated regional
support and media attention, none have reached the
same zenith as krumping. Ceasare Tight Eyez Willis
and Jo'Artis Big Mijo Ratti created krumping[61] in
the early 2000s in South Central, Los Angeles.[62] It
was only practiced in Los Angeles until it gained mainstream exposure after being featured in several music
videos[63] and showcased in the krumping documentary Rize. Rize was screened at several lm festivals
before it was commercially released in the summer of
2005.[64][note 4] Clowning, the less aggressive predecessor
to krumping, was created in 1992 by Thomas Tommy
the Clown Johnson.[63][note 5] Johnson and his dancers
would paint their faces and perform clowning for children
at birthday parties or for the general public at other functions as a form of entertainment.[63] In contrast, krumping
focuses on highly energetic battles and movements which
Johnson describes as intense, fast-paced, and sharp.[63]
Of the dance, journalist taisha paggett from Dance magazine stated If movement were words, [krumping] would
be a poetry slam.[62] Compared to breaking and the funk
styles, jookin', turng, jerkin', and krumping are relatively new. The music driving the dances and the cultural
similarities between these street dance styles, the funk
styles, and breaking have brought them together under the
same subculture of hip-hop.
Dance industry
The dance industry responded to hip-hop dance by creating a commercial version of it. This studio hip-hop,
sometimes called new style, is the kind of hip-hop
dance seen in rap, R&B, and pop music videos and concerts. From the point of view of someone deeply immersed in hip-hop culture, anything that looks like hiphop dance that did not come from the streets is not a true
hip-hop dance form. In an interview with Dance magazine, choreographer and hip-hop dance teacher Emilio
Buddha Stretch Austin, Jr. described his point-of-view:
Stage performance can suppress improvisation which dened hip-hop dance early in its development.[1][65][66]
Furthermore, meshing dierent dance styles together dissolves their structures and identities.[1] In an interview
with The Bronx Journal, choreographer and artistic director Sa Thomas expressed a similar qualm as Austin
concerning hip-hop instruction within the studio:
Hip-hop dancer Joseph Coine performing in 2011 in Wallace

Theater at Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
The term new style was created by dancers outside of

the United States. According to Moncell Durden, adjunct
professor at Drexel University and director of the lm
History and Concept of Hip-Hop Dance, the 1992 dance
documentary Wreckin' Shop From Brooklyn was very
inuential to hip-hop dancers in France and Japan.[68]
These dancers wanted to move like the New York hiphop dancers who were proled in the documentary. They
called the social dancing (party dancing) they saw new
style which was short for New York Style.[68]
In the context of the commercial dance industry, hip-hop
(or new style hip-hop for dancers in France and Japan) is
choreographed urban party dancing with studio technique
4.2
Jazz-funk
added to it. From a technical aspect, it is characterized as

hard-hitting involving exibility and isolationsmoving
a specic body part independently from others.[69][70]:82
The feet are grounded,[65]:76 the chest is down,[70]:82 the
posture is hunched,[71] and the body is kept loose[72] so
that dancers can easily alternate between hitting the beat
or moving through the beat. Like African dance, new
style hip-hop is very rhythmic and involves a lot of footwork and radial movement of the hips.[69] In addition,
emphasis is placed on musicality[72] how sensitive your
movements are to the musicand being able to freestyle
(improvise).[69][70]:85 As long as dancers keep the foundational movements, they can add their own (free)style and
have a performance that is still hip-hop.[73]
for the song "Rhythm Nation" which was choreographed

by street dancer Anthony Thomas.[76] The dance was so
popular during this time it was also performed by 1990s
rappers MC Hammer and Vanilla Ice in their choreographed routines.[77] Michael Jackson also used hip-hop
in his 1992 music video "Remember The Time" which
was choreographed by a then 21-year-old Fatima Robinson.[78] At the time, Robinson was a street dancer with no
formal training and Remember the Time was her rst
music video job.[79] According to MTV.com, Dances
have always been a part of hip-hop culture from the
running man to the Soulja Boy dance...[60] and this era
was the start of commercial hip-hop choreography as it
looks today: dance routines are not specic to one genre
(strictly popping, strictly locking, or strictly breaking) but
Street dancing was never ever ever to a count. You do
urban party dancing with stunot count a 1,a 2,a 3,a 4, a 5, a 6 to hip hop. It should be rather an amalgamation of[17]
dio
technique
added
to
it.
a feeling by making noise like ou ah aw tsi, thats
how we count, right there.
Timothy Popin' Pete Solomon;
The Electric Boogaloos[17]
A signicant juncture in the development of hip-hop was
the addition of eight-counts, a method of counting dance
steps to stay in sync with the music. Toni Basil introduced
this studio technique into locking in the 1970s. Basil was
trained in ballet before being introduced to street dance
by Don Campbell, the creator of locking and founding
member of The Lockers dance crew.[14] She is responsible for teaching the rest of The Lockers how to dance
to counts. In an interview with NPR, Lockers member
Adolfo Shabba-Doo Quiones stated I would say that
Toni Basil was sort of our Abe Saperstein in terms of
how she was able to organize us into a professional dance
troupe. I remember her teaching us how to count music.
She was like, okay, we were like, count music? How do
you count soul? It was crazy, you know?... all of our
cues kind of went something like this, boom, pop, do
boom, pada da boom, pada like that. And she was like,
how do you guys get in sync like that? I said its a feeling, you know?"[42] Traditionally hip-hop dance, or any
form of street dance, is not performed to counts as these
styles were created on the street rather than in a studio
setting.[17][74] So the introduction of counts was a pivotal
move into bringing hip-hop dance from the street into the
studio. Even with this addition, it would be years before
commercial hip-hop developed into its current form.
A second important event in the development of hiphop was the start of hip-hop dance instruction. Buddha Stretch was a pioneer in this eld. He started teaching formal hip-hop dance classes in 1989 at Broadway
Dance Center in New York City.[75] Around the same
time, hip-hop party dancing started to appear in music videos and on televisionthis was another important
point in the development and commercialization of hiphop. An early example of this is when Janet Jackson
performed the Running Man in her 1989 music video
4.2 Jazz-funk
Another style the dance industry created in response to
hip-hop was jazz-funk. This style was shown in its early
form on a sketch comedy series called In Living Color.[80]
The resident dance troupe, The Fly Girls, opened and
closed every show with a hip-hop and jazz performance
choreographed by Rosie Perez.[80] Jazz-funk (also called
street-jazz) is a hybrid of hip-hop and jazz dance.[15]
R&B singer Beyonc uses this style.[15] Korean dance
crew Prepix also uses this style.[81] They have choreographed for K-pop singers Jay Park and G.NA as well as
for K-pop boy bands 2PM and B2ST.[81] Although jazzfunk borrows from hip-hop dance, it is not considered a
style of hip-hop because the foundational movements are
jazz. In hip-hopeven in lyrical hip-hopthere are no
pirouettes or arabesques and dancers do not perform on
relev (on the balls of the feet). However, these methods
are used in jazz-funk and in jazz dance in general.[15]
4.3 Business developments

Other developments in the dance industry occurred in response to the growing popularity of hip-hop. On the traveling convention circuit there were tap, ballet, and jazz
dance conventions, but there were none specically for
hip-hop. The same void existed in dancewear. There was
dancewear for tap, ballet, and jazz dancers but none for
hip-hop dancers. Monsters of Hip Hop and Nappytabs
dancewear were formed to answer to both needs. Nappytabs is the rst line of hip-hop dancewear.[82] Because
their clothing is made for hip-hop dancers, they do not
sell leotards, unitards, tights, or leg warmers. Their line
consists of tank tops, shorts, t-shirts, sweat pants, harem
pants, and hoodies. Monsters of Hip Hop (MOHH) was
founded in 2003 in Baltimore, Maryland by Andy Funk,
Becky Funk, and Angie Servant.[83] The convention is
dedicated exclusively to hip-hop instruction.[84] Fatima
Robinson, Stefan "Mr. Wiggles" Clemente, and Timo-
thy Popin' Pete Solomon have taught classes at MOHH

in the past.[84] Every year, the convention brings together
its top student dancers for a professionally choreographed
showcase in Los Angeles called Monsters of Hip Hop: The
Show.[85]
MOHH may have been the rst hip-hop dance convention, but it is not the only one that exists. Urban Dance
Camp (UDC) is a six-week-long German-based dance
convention held every year in Lrrach, a small town on
the border of France and Switzerland.[86] In a report on
the event by a local paper, Bettina Kraft, the manager of
UDC, estimated that 85% of the participants were from
outside of Germany. In 2009 Kraft created Urban Dance
Showcase, a parallel event to UDC reserved only for performances by professional choreographers, dance crews,
and UDC teachers.[87] Dancers such as Shaun Evaristo,
Les Twins, I.aM.mE, b-boy Lilou, and b-boy Hong 10
have performed at the showcase in the past.[88]
Aside from dancewear and conventions, developments in
agency representation occurred as well. Although limited, representation for individual dancers had existed
since the 1980s at the beginning of the music video era
due to the pioneering work of talent agent Julie McDonald.[note 6] However, the UK-based dance agencies ProDance and Superbad Talent were created to exclusively
represent street dancers.[89][90]
5
5.1
Entertainment
Movies
The entertainment industry has been largely responsible

for introducing hip-hop dance to mainstream audiences
around the world. The rst hip-hop lms Wild Style,
Beat Street, and Breakin' were made in the 1980s. When
Wild Style opened in Japan, Rock Steady Crew performed
breaking in Tokyos Harajuku shopping district to promote the lm.[91] Wild Style was the rst movie centered
around hip-hop culture; however, Flashdance was the rst
commercially released lm to feature breaking.[92][note 7]
In 1984, Beat Street was released in West Germany and
screened at the Cannes Film Festival which helped to introduce breaking, grati writing, and turntablism to this
part of Europe.[93][94] Breakin' and Breakin' 2: Electric
Boogaloo brought the funk styles to the cinema. Breaking, locking, popping, and waackinga style of house
dancewere performed in these lms.[95] At this time in
the 1980s, the United States was not the only country producing hip-hop lms. In 1985, Yuen Woo-ping directed
a hip-hop themed romantic comedy in Hong Kong called
Mismatched Couples starring Donnie Yen.[96] Another
hip-hop lm, Electro Rock, was released the same year
in the United Kingdom.[97] This lm featured a then 14year-old Hanifa Bubbles McQueen Hudson, the UKs
rst b-girl.[97]
ENTERTAINMENT
Several hip-hop dance lms were produced after the millennium. The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy,
Neuklln Unlimited, B-Girl, Bouncing Cats, Planet B-Boy,
and Battle of the Year: The Dream Team all showcase
breaking. Films such as Honey, Save the Last Dance,
You Got Served, the Step Up lm series, StreetDance 3D,
Hype Nation, Saigon Electric, Berlin Dance Battle 3D,
and ABCD: Any Body Can Dance showcase all forms
of hip-hop dance, especially new style hip-hop. Rize,
The Heart of Krump, and Shake City 101 are documentaries about krumping. All of these movies and documentaries are examples of lms where the plot and
theme surround hip-hop dance and how it aects the
characters lives. Bouncing Cats is the story of b-boy
Abraham Abramz Tekya who uses b-boying to empower youth in Uganda. In 2010, the lm won Outstanding Achievement in Documentary Filmmaking at
Newport Beach Film Festival and Best Documentary
Feature at Urbanworld Film Festival.[98] Saigon Electric was Vietnams rst hip-hop lm.[99] It was written,
produced, and directed by Vietnamese-American lmmaker Stephane Gauger. The lm is about two female
dancers (a ribbon dancer and a hip-hop dancer) and how
their respective romances, the threat of their community center being torn down, and the stress of an upcoming dance battle aects their friendship.[100][101] The lm
was choreographed by Viet Max and Ricky Cole.[102] In
2012, it won a Golden Kite Prize (the Vietnamese equivalent of The Oscars/BAFTAs) for Best Film and Best
Actress.[103]
5.2 Television
Before reaching movie audiences, hip-hop dance was already being broadcast on television. Soul Train was a
syndicated, music variety show that featured social dancing and performances by African-American soul, funk,
and R&B singers. The show was broadcast in South Korea via the US Armed Forces Korea Network.[104] Before
ocially becoming a crew, The Lockers made several appearances on this show.[105] After becoming a crew, The
Electric Boogaloos also appeared on the show.[15][106]
Soul Train premiered in 1970.[107] During its 36 year run,
the resident freestyle dancers were referred to as the Soul
Train Gang.[108] Auditions were held in 1971 when the
show moved from Chicago, Illinois to Los Angeles, California. Dancers who wanted to get on Soul Train after this time had to rely on word-of-mouth recommendations from dancers who were already employed by the
show.[108][109] A regular feature during the broadcast was
the Soul Train Line.[110] To participate in the Soul Train
Line, the dancers formed two lines of equal length facing each other with a large space in between them. Each
dancer in line would take their turn dancing down the
middle.
Other music variety shows on television at this time
were American Bandstand, Solid Gold, and Top of the
5.2
Television
Pops. Unlike Soul Train which focused on soul and

funk, these shows promoted Top 40 music and pop
acts. Solid Gold employed a permanent dance troupe
called the Solid Gold Dancers who performed choreographed routines to musical performances. Lucinda
Dickey, an actress and dancer who played the lead role
in the Breakin' lms, appeared on the show during the
19821983 season as a Solid Gold dancer.[111] In 1983,
street dancers Marc Mr. Freeze Lemberger from Rock
Steady Crew, Timothy Popin' Pete Solomon and Dane
Robot Dane Parker from the Electric Boogaloos, and
locking dancers Alpha Omega Anderson and Lewis
Deputy Green also appeared on Solid Gold during a
performance to the song "What a Feeling" from the movie
Flashdance.[112] In 1982 during a performance in London on Top of the Pops, street dancer Jerey Daniel
performed popping and the backslide during the song
"A Night to Remember". This was the rst time popping was shown on British television thus spreading its
popularity in the United Kingdom.[113][114] A year later,
Michael Jackson also performed the backslide during
a performance of "Billie Jean" on the Motown 25 TV
special.[115] He called it the moonwalk and his performance spread its popularity all over the world[116] to much
larger extent than Daniels performance did. It was Jeffrey Daniel who taught Michael Jackson how to do the
backslide/moonwalk.[note 8][119][120]
7
ticipated in professional dance battles including the popping battle at Juste Debout, the Seven 2 Smoke battle at
The Notorious IBE, and b-boy battles at Chelles Battle
Pro.[122] B-boy Lilou, b-boy crew Phase T, and promoter
Bruce Ykanji (the founder of Juste Debout) all made appearances during the show.[122]
The founders of Hip Hop International, Howard and
Karen Schwartz, created the reality hip-hop dance competition Americas Best Dance Crew (ABDC) in 2008.[123]
On the show, dierent crews competed in dance challenges against each other every week. ABDC contributed
to the exposure of several crews such as Jabbawockeez,
Quest, Beat Freaks, and Poreotics. These crews now have
ocial websites, work with musical artists, and perform
at live events. The JabbaWockeeZ had a show in Las
Vegas, Nevada called MS.I.C. at the Monte Carlo Resort and Casino.[124] MS.I.C. was the rst hip-hop dance
stage show on the Las Vegas Strip.[124] In 2012, the Jabbawockeez performed the show during a ve-month residency at the Jupiters Hotel and Casino in Gold Coast,
Queensland, Australia.[125] Both Poreotics and Hokuto
Hok Konishi from Quest were nominated for a 2011
MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography.[126]
Poreotics was nominated with singer Bruno Mars for
his video "The Lazy Song". Hok was nominated for
LMFAO's video "Party Rock Anthem"; the rest of Quest
crew appeared in the video as featured dancers.[126]
In contrast to ABDC, individual dancers from all backgrounds compete on the reality dance competition So
You Think You Can Dance (SYTYCD). It has a similar
premise to the Idol series of singing competitions with
initial auditions leading to the selection of a winner over
the course of several episodes. In 2008, poppers Robert
Mr. Fantastic Muraine and Phillip Pacman Chbeeb
auditioned during season four of the US series. Neither
made it to the nal Top 20, but the judges were so impressed with their dancing that both were invited back to
participate in a popping battle against each other on the
shows live nale. According to Muraine, this was the rst
popping battle that was nationally televised.[127] After the
The JabbaWockeez, winners of the rst season of Americas Best battle, hip-hop dancer Joshua Allen was declared the winDance Crew, performing in 2008 at Vivid Nightclub in San Jose,
ner of season four of the competition.[128] The same year
California.
Mona-Jeanette Berntsen, a hip-hop dancer from Norway,
won the rst season of So You Think You Can Dance ScanA few hip-hop dance shows appeared on television in dinavia.[129]
the 1990s such as 1991s The Party Machine with Nia
Peeples[note 9] and 1992s The Grind. Several hip-hop Hip-hop dance has also been popular among viewers
dance shows premiered in the 2000s including (but not of the Got Talent series. French hip-hop dancer Salah
[130]
limited to) Dance Fever, Dance 360, The Wade Robson won the rst season of Incroyable Talent in 2006.[131]
Project, MTV Dance Crew, Americas Best Dance Crew, French b-boy Junior won the second season in 2007.
dancer George Sampson won Britains
Dance on Sunset, and Shake It Up. In 2006, MTV France In 2008, hip-hop
[132]
Got
Talent,
Danish
popping and roboting duo Robot
documented the creation of a dance crew for an original
[133]
[122]
and hip-hop dance crew
Boys
won
Talent
2008
(da),
Viewers were able to
series called MTV Dance Crew.
Quick
won
the
Norwegian
version
of the show.[134] After
see the crew from auditions to the selection of the nal
won the next seaeight who were subsequently named Original Soul. Orig- George Sampson, dance crew Diversity
[135][note 10]
son
of
Britains
Got
Talent
in
2009.
The same
inal Soul was coached by three professional choreograD-Efeitos
won
Qual
o
Seu Talyear,
Brazilian
crew
phers who mentored them and helped rene their danc[136]
ento?
(Whats
Your
Talent?).
In
2010,
Justice
Crew
ing. Over the course of 32 episodes they routinely par-
ENTERTAINMENT
won Australias Got Talent.[137] After signing a recording

contract with Sony Music Australia, Justice Crew shot
a video for their single "Dance with Me" featuring rapper Flo Rida and Americas Best Dance Crew alumni Beat
Freaks.[138] In 2015, nine years after he won Incroyable
Talent, hip-hop dancer Salah won the fourth season of
Arabs Got Talent.[139]
his performance roots in hip-hop theater. In 1991,

Robitzkywho went by the name Swipeleft Germany with his crew Battle Squad for New York City to
look for b-boy legends they could study under.[147] When
he got to New York, he met b-boy Gabriel Kwikstep
Dionisio who personally mentored him and introduced
him to New York techniques.[147] While in New York,
he also learned about the funk styles from Clemente.[148]
Clemente and Dionisio knew each other since Dionisio
5.3 Theater
was an original member of both GhettOriginal and the
Rhythm Technicians.[147] A year later in 1992, Robitzky
See also: Hip-hop theater
performed with GhettOriginal at the Kennedy Center in
Though hip-hop dancing is established on lm and on Washington D.C. and at the Lincoln Center in New York
City.[148] It was Dionisio who gave Robitzky a new name,
Storm.[147] In 2000, he wrote a book called Von Swipe
zu Storm: Breakdance in Deutschland (From Swipe to
Storm: Breakdance in Germany).[149]
Dancers in the United Kingdom have had success in hiphop theater. In 2006, hip-hop dance company Boy Blue
Entertainment won a Laurence Olivier Award for their
show Pied Piper.[150] In 2008, Into the Hoods became
the rst hip-hop theater show to perform in Londons
West End.[151] It eventually went on to become the West
Ends longest running dance show ever.[152] According to
Clemente, the future of hip-hop dance is in theater; he
believes it is necessary for the dance to make this transition in order for it to be legitimized as an art form.[17]
5.4 Online content
Choreographer and artistic director Rennie Harris in 2011.
television, it has not gained the same level of exposure in theater. This may be due to the fact that the
dance is performed more in lm and in television than
it is in a theatrical setting.[140] B-boy and popper Stefan "Mr. Wiggles" Clemente and hip-hop historian Jorge
Popmaster Fabel Pabon were involved in hip-hop theater at its inception. Their dance company, GhettOriginal, produced the rst hip-hop stage shows: 1991s o
Broadway musical So! What Happens Now? and 1995s
Jam on the Groove.[141][142] Both shows were performed
by the Rock Steady Crew, Magnicent Force, and the
Rhythm Technicians.[143][144] Aside from the pioneers in
New York City was Rennie Harris' Puremovement hiphop theater company. Harris founded Puremovement
in 1992 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[66] One of Puremovements theater shows Rome & Jewels won two Black
Theater Alliance Awards and three Bessie Awards.[145]
In 2012, Harris and his company toured Egypt, Israel,
and the Palestinian territories as part of Dance Motion
USA, a program sponsored by the US State Department
to showcase American dance to other countries and promote cultural exchange.[146]
YAK Films is a three-man team that lms urban dance

around the world. It was founded in Oakland, California by Yoram Savion and Kash Grimes.[153][154]
Their rst videos were of the Turf Feinz dance crew
performing turnga regional hip-hop dance style
from Oakland.[155] After generating signicant views
on YouTube, they started YAK (Yoram And Kash)
Films and added music producer Ben B'zwax Tarquin to the team.[153][154] From shooting videos only in
the United States, they were able to easily transition to
covering dance events in Europe due to Savions dual
French citizenship.[153] In 2009, they lmed Battle of
the Year's rst one-on-one b-boy competition, and in
2010 they lmed dance battles at Juste Debout, a French
street dance competition.[155] In addition to lming dance
events and original freestyle performances, they post tutorials and upload a weekly web series called YAK Like
You Know.[154] Some of their more popular videos have
been featured in Oakland Local[156] and the Hungton
Post.[157][158]
Juba Films was founded in Germany by Julien Bam and

Gong Bao.[159] Rather than lm freestyle content, Juba
(Ju"lien and Ba"o) produces short lms with a storyline. For their short b-boy lm More Than Bread, they
won rst place at the 7th International Online Dance Festival in 2011.[160] In 2012, the Daily Mail wrote an article
German b-boy pioneer Niels Storm Robitzky has about Jubas short lm With a Piece of Chalk after the
9
video went viral and started trending on Mashable.[159]
Both Juba Films and YAK Films appeared at The Notorious IBE's New Dance Media Conference discussing the
relationship between street dance and visual arts.[161] Although Juba Films has won an award and YAK Films has
booked high-prole events, they are not the only lm production teams distributing hip-hop dance videos on the
Internet. House of Crews, Strife TV, Pacic Rim Video
Press, ProDance TV, Battle Fest Extreme, Urban Dance
Show, Ocke Films, World of Dance Network, and Canal
Street TV also produce hundreds of high-quality hip-hop
dance content.[note 11]
UK B-Boy Championships was founded by DJ

Hooch in 1996 in London.[168][169] There are four
world championship titles: breaking crew champions, solo b-boy champion, solo popping champion, and solo hip-hop champion.[170] The world nals also include the Fresh Awards (best dressed)
which are hosted and judged every year by Richard
"Crazy Legs" Colnthe president of Rock Steady
Crew.[171] In 2011, DJ Hooch wrote a book about
the competition called B-Boy Championships: From
Bronx to Brixton.[172]
The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers (The LXD) was

a good-versus-evil themed web series about a group of
dancers who discover they have super powers through
their dance moves.[162] Each character specializes in
one dance style. Consequently, a wide range of styles
are displayed including krumping, tutting, breaking,
locking, boogaloo, and popping.[162][163] The majority
of the dancing shown in the series is hip-hop; however, other styles have also been performed including jazz, tap, and ballet.[164] AdvertisingAge.com gave
the series a favorable review stating "...each episode
of 'LXD' packs a wealth of narrative sophistication
into its eight or nine minutes. Combine this with the
theater-worthy production values and a cast that exerts itself to an ungodly extent, and the end result
is pun time! extraordinary.[165] The LXD premiered July 7, 2010 on Hulu.[166] In 2012, Jon Chu, the
writer, director, and producer of The LXD launched a
dance channel on YouTube called DS2DIO (pronounced
D-Studio).[167][note 12] DS2DIO has videos of master
classes, freestyle dance, and original choreographed performances. Through this channel, Chu also made The
LXD available on YouTube. Before then, it could only
be viewed on Hulu.[167]
Freestyle Session was founded in 1997 in California by grati writer and DJ Chris Cros1
Wright.[173][174] It is the largest breaking competition in the United States.[175] The main competitive event is for b-boy crews, but there are
also popping and locking competitions for solo
competitors.[15][174] Although the US is the agship
location for Freestyle Session, it is not the only country where it is held. Promoters outside the US pay
Cros1 to use Freestyle Sessions name and y him
to their location to judge the competition.[176] Using
this method, Freestyle Session has been held in 18
other countries including Poland, Russia, Switzerland, and Venezuela.[176]
International competitions
See also: B-boying World championships
The 2010 winners of the b-boy crew battle at Freestyle Session

Taiwan.
Hip Hop International (HHI) was founded in

2002 in the United States by Howard and Karen
Schwartz.[123][177] There are two categories of competitions: World Battles and World Hip Hop Dance
Championship. Within the World Battles category, there are four titles including three-on-three
breaking champions, one-on-one popping champion, one-on-one locking champion, and one-onone all styles (freestyle) champion.[177] The World
Hip Hop Dance Championship is for hip-hop crews.
There are four divisions: junior (ages 712), varsity
(1218), adult (18+), and mega crew (all ages).[178]
Each crew must have at least ve but not more
than eight people (mega crew must have 1540) and
must perform a routine that showcases three styles
of hip-hop dance.[123] For the 2009 competition,
there were 120 crews representing 30 countries.[123]
HHI also created the USA Hip Hop Dance Championship and the television show Americas Best Dance
Crew.[177]
Juste Debout was founded in 2002 by Bruce
Ykanji in Paris.[15][179] Competition categories include popping, hip-hop, locking, house, toprock,
and experimental.[179] Breaking is not included to
put more focus on dance styles performed while
standing up, hence the name (French for Just Standing). There are not any team trophies at Juste Debout. The experimental and toprock categories are
only for solo dancers; popping, new style, locking,
and house are for duos.[179] In 2008, Ingrid Shyen
10
7 EDUCATION
Gamboa, the editor-in-chief of Juste Debout magazine, wrote a book called Hip-hop: L'histoire de la
danse (Hip Hop: A history of the dance).[180]
United Dance Organisation (UDO) was founded

in 2002 in the United Kingdom.[181] It is endorsed
by choreographers Ashley Banjo and Sisco Gomez
and dancers Twist and Pulse and George Sampson.[182] UDO operates the British Street Dance
Championships, the European Street Dance Championships, and the World Street Dance Championships. The European championships are held in
Germany rather than in the UK.[183]
Street Dance Kemp Europe (SDK Europe) is a
competition and dance convention founded in 2004
in Jedovnice, Czech Republic.[184] There is a hiphop crew battle and solo battles for house, krumping, locking, hip-hop male, and hip-hop female
dancers.[184] SDK Europe begins every year in the
summer and lasts seven days. Daytime hours are
reserved primarily for dance workshops and classes
taught by an international pool of instructors; competitive events are held at night.[185][186] All of the
classes, workshops, and competitive events are held
outside andalthough hotels or cottages are an
optionmany participants stay in tents and camp
outside on the SDK event grounds.[186]
California.[191] It diers from other competitions

because there is no nal championship. WOD travels to dierent cities in the United States, Canada,
and Europe and holds a competition in each location; therefore, WOD distinguishes itself as a
tour.[192] Each tour stop is a stand-alone competition; they are all related to each other in name
only. In 2013, WOD will travel to New York City,
Vallejo, Seattle, Vancouver, Berlin, Dallas, Toronto,
San Diego, Montreal, Eindhoven, Boston, Orlando,
Houston, Chicago, Seattle, Honolulu, Los Angeles,
Union City, and Antwerp.[192]
World Dance Colosseum is a two-on-two dance

competition founded in Japan. There are ve twoon-two world championship titles: b-boying, locking, popping, hip-hop, and house.[193] Japanese
dancers qualify for the international nal through
preliminary tournaments held in the country but foreign dancers do not qualify through tournaments because 30 of the top-ranked foreign dancers are automatically invited to participate in the nal.[194]
At the nal, the winning duos from the Japanese
tournaments compete against the top-ranked foreign
duos to determine who is the best.[194] There is also
a kids title (hip-hop) at the world nals but this
event is only for Japanese children.[193]
EuroBattle was founded in 2005 in Portugal by

Max from Momentum crew.[187] There are ve competitive events for solo dancers including b-boying,
b-girling, hip-hop, locking, and popping.[188] The
international nal is held in Porto but the win- 7 Education
ner of the Spanish qualifying tournament also gets
to compete at the UK B-Boy Championships in
London.[187]
In 2004, Sa Thomas founded the Hip-Hop Dance
Conservatory (HHDC) in New York City.[67] Thomas
World Supremacy Battlegrounds is a hip-hop goal was to provide a comprehensive education to hipdance competition based in Australia. The her- hop dancers that was comparable to what ballet, moditage of World Supremacy Battlegrounds goes back ern, and jazz dancers experience at their respective
[195]
HHDC provides a formal curriculum
to 2002 when it began as GROOVE, a local institutions.
hip-hop competition held in Sydney.[189] Over the with dance classes (breaking, freestyle, locking, etc.) and
three years that followed, the competition was re- academic classes (dance theory, physiology, kinesiology,
named Battlegrounds and went national to include etc.) to people who want to pursue hip-hop dance as
[67][196]
It is the only educational institution in
dance crews from all over Australia.[189] It be- a career.
came international in 2006 when crews from the the United States that is exclusively dedicated to hip-hop
[196]
HHDC does not grant degrees. It
Philippines, Japan, and New Zealand entered the dance instruction.
competition.[189] There are four dance crew cate- is a non-prot organization and repertory company that
gories: open (all ages), junior (12 and under), varsity grants certications to dancers that complete the three[67]
(1218), and monster (all ages, 2040 members). year program.
For the 2011 competition, teams from Indonesia, Three years later in 2007, the University of East LonThailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philip- don's Institute for Performing Arts Development (IPAD)
pines, Japan, Guam, New Zealand, Samoa, and started intake for the only bachelors degree program in
South Africa came to compete.[190]
the world specializing in hip-hop, urban, and global dance
forms.[197] The IPADs program also lasts three years, but
World of Dance Tour (WOD) was founded in 2008 it is not exclusive to hip-hop. Students also study African
by Myron Marten and David Gonzales in Pomona, dance, kathak, Bollywood, and capoeira.[198]
11
Footnotes
[1] The Running Man has African origins. It was performed

at the Fela Kuti concert Cross Examination in Berlin in
1978.[21]
[2] Two regional substyles that developed out of popping are
jookin' (also called buckin)[15] from Memphis, Tennessee
and turng from Oakland, California. Turng borrows
heavily from gliding.[48]
Bambaataa, who owns a place in the same musical lineage,

as the Godfather of Hip Hop. He says that the song Get
on the Good Foot inspired crowds to imitate the singers
dance moves.
[4] Whitburn, Joel (2005). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 19422004. Menomonee Falls: Record Research. p. 85. ISBN
0898201608.
[3] The moonwalk, called the backslide in popping context, is

an example of sliding.
[5] Chang 2006, p. 20. Toprockins structure and form fuse

dance forms and inuences from uprocking, tap, lindy
hop, James Browns good foot, salsa, Afro-Cuban, and
various African and Native American dances.
[4] Rize had a limited release when shown in theaters.[64]
[6] Schloss 2009, p. 14.
[5] Clowning is not the same as the clown walk.
[7] Chang 2005, p. 138.
[6] Representation for dance groups existed before the music

video era. In the 1970s, The Lockers were represented by
ICM Talent Agency.[40]
[8] Chang 2006, p. 21. The structure was dierent from bboying/b-girling since dancers in b-boy/b-girl battles took
turns dancing, while uprocking was done with partners.
[7] Wild Style was produced in New York City and independently released.[92]
[9] Hess, Mickey, ed. (2007). Icons of hip hop: an encyclopedia of the movement, music, and culture 1. Westport:
Greenwood Press. p. xxi. ISBN 0313339031. Jamaican
American DJ Kool Herc creates the beak beat by isolating the most exciting instrumental break in a record and
looping that section so that the break played continuously.
[8] Jerey Daniel learned the backslide from The Electric

Boogaloos.[117][118]
[9] Prior to The Party Machine, Nia Peeples hosted the US
version of Top of the Pops.[121]
[10] George Sampson and Diversity appeared in the lm
StreetDance 3D.
[11] CanalStreet.tv is owned by Canal+, a French premium
television channel.
[12] Jon Chu also directed the movies Step Up 2: The Streets
and Step Up 3D.
See also
Street dance
House dance
Waacking
10
References
Citations
[10] Chang 2006, p. 19. DJ Kool Herc, originally from Jamaica, is credited with extending these breaks by using
two turntables, a mixer and two of the same records. As
DJs could re-cue these beats from one turntable to the
other, nally, the dancers were able to enjoy more than
just a few seconds of a break! Kool Herc also coined
the terms 'b-boy' and 'b-girl' which stood for 'break boys
and 'break girls.' At one of Kool Hercs jams, he might
have addressed the dancers just before playing the break
beats by saying, 'B-Boys are you ready?! B-Girls are you
ready?!' The tension started to mount and the air was thick
with anticipation. The b-boys and b-girls knew this was
their time to 'go o!'.
[11] Chang 2006, p. 20. Early inuences on b-boying and
b-girling also included martial arts lms from the 1970s.
[12] Chang 2006, p. 24.
[13] Nelson, Tom (2009). 1000 Novelty & Fad Dances.
Bloomington: AuthorHouse. pp. 3233. ISBN
1438926383.
[14] Garofoli, Wendy (April 1, 2008). Urban Legend.
Dance Spirit. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010.
Retrieved October 27, 2009.
[1] Pabon, Jorge. Physical Grati... The History of Hip

Hop Dance. DaveyD.com. Archived from the original
on May 28, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
[15] Freeman, Santiago (July 1, 2009). Planet Funk. Dance

Spirit. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
[2] Schloss 2009, p. 153.
[16] Seibert, Brian (October 26, 2004). Breaking Down.

Village Voice. Archived from the original on December 5,
2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012. Although much hiphop history is murky and contested, the legendary status
of these men is clear. Its the hip-hop label thats questionable. Campbell grew up in Los Angeles. Solomon
started out in Fresno, and later moved to L.A. One thing
[3] Breakdancing, Present at the Creation. NPR.org. October 14, 2002. Archived from the original on November 28, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2009. 'When
you're dealing with the b-boys and b-girls, you can take
it... straight back to the Godfather of Soul,' says DJ Afrika
12
10
that came out of the conferences, says Harris, is that

the West Coast faction said they were not part of hip-hop.
They got swallowed up by hip-hopan East Coast term
and movement when they had never heard of it. Their
moves pre-dated hip-hop, at least in its popularized form,
and they prefer the term funk styles. This concern with
denitions and labels is partly a belated response to the international breakdancing fad of the early '80s, when the
mainstream media and Hollywood latched onto a variety
of regional and individual styles, collapsing them into a
single trend.
[17] Klopman, Alan (January 1, 2007). Interview with Popin
Pete & Mr. Wiggles at Monsters of Hip Hop July 79,
2006, Orlando, Fl.. Dance. Archived from the original
on May 28, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
[18] Rivera 2003, p. 72. With the barrage of media attention
it received, even terminology started changing. 'Breakdancing' became the catch-all term to describe what originally had been referred to as 'burning', 'going o', 'breaking', 'b-boying', and 'b-girling.' Dance styles that originated in the West Coast such as popping and locking were
also grouped under the term 'breakdance.'"
[19] Chang 2006, pp. 1819. Although dance forms associate
with hip-hop did develop in New York City, half of them
(that is, popping and locking) were created on the West
Coast as part of a dierent cultural movement. Much
of the media coverage in the 1980s grouped these dance
forms together with New Yorks native dance forms (bboying/b-girling and uprocking) labeling them all breakdancing. As a result, the West Coast funk culture and
movement were overlooked...
[20] Pagett 2008, p. 48.
[21] Fela Kuti - Cross Examination (concert performance).
Berlin, Germany. 1978. Event occurs at 09:20. Retrieved
March 28, 2013.
[22] Pagett 2008, p. 33.
[23] Kugelberg 2007, p. 17.
[24] Brown, Lauren (February 18, 2009). Hip to the Game
Dance World vs. Music Industry, The Battle for Hip
Hops Legacy. Movmnt. Archived from the original on
May 28, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
[25] Chang 2005, p. 90.
[26] Schloss 2009, p. 37.
[27] Tony Cox (September 20, 2006). Born in the Bronx:
Mambo and Hip-Hop. NPR.org (Podcast). News &
Notes from NPR News. Archived from the original on
November 23, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
Well, [Blacks and Puerto Ricans] lived, you know, they
lived side-by-side. You know, previous to this there had
been a gang era and people didn't get around so much because it was dangerous. You know, the kids didn't travel
outside of their neighborhood so much. But largely thanks
to people like Kool Herc and Afrika Bambaataa, who
started holding jams and inviting people from all over and
trying to establish peace in the communities, people began to come together... The earliest and rst B-boys were
REFERENCES
black. When Latinos started breaking they were emulating what they saw, you know, the black people doing.
[28] Schloss 2009, p. 16.
[29] Rivera 2003, p. 75. "...Puerto Ricans had been and were
still key in the development of the b-boy/b-girl dance
styles; most of the better known breaking crews (Rock
Steady Crew, the Furious Rockers, Dynamic Rockers,
New York City Breakers) were primarily Puerto Rican.
[30] Cook, Dave. Crazy Legs Speaks. DaveyD.com.
Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved
September 6, 2009.
[31] Chang 2005, pp. 117, 136137.
[32] DJ Hooch 2011, p. 20.
[33] Chang 2006, p. 20. The transition between top and
oor rockin' was also important and became known as the
'drop.'"
[34] DJ Hooch 2011, p. 27.
[35] Weisbard, Eric, ed. (October 2007). Thats the Joint!:
The Hip-Hop Studies Reader. Durham: Duke University
Press Books. p. 259. ISBN 0822340410. Uprockers
or Rockers battle throughout the duration of a complete
songfrom beginning to the end while in a line formation
called the Apache Line. The Apache Line allows two
opposing dancers or Crews (dance groups) to face each
other and execute their Burn gestures towards one another.
[36] Chang 2006, p. 21. There were also the 'Apache Lines
where one crew stood in a line facing the opposing crew
and challenged each other simultaneously.
[37] Guzman-Sanchez 2012, p. 129. The Apache Line was
basically two opposing lineups of dancers standing faceto-face doing the step toward each other. This simple
shue step was done in a repeated manner.
[38] Guzman-Sanchez 2012, p. 138. Even the Burns (thrusting motion to disrespect your opponent) and Jerks (dropping down) terminology became synonymous with B-Boy
slang.
[39] Guzman-Sanchez 2012, pp. 3335.
[40] Guzman-Sanchez 2012, p. 41.
[41] The Lockers. TheLockersDance.com. Retrieved August
28, 2010.
[42] Neil Conan (February 9, 2010). How 'Soul Train' Got
America Dancing. NPR.org (Podcast). Talk of the Nation from NPR News. Archived from the original on
[43] Agpawa, Marirose (August 10, 2009). Just dance: Vegas hosts international competitions. The Rebel Yell.
August 15, 2009.
[44] Chang 2006, p. 22.
[45] Chang 2006, p. 23. Dancers in Los Angeles also
distorted the name by calling it pop-locking, while in
France it was called The Smurf.
13
[46] Pope, Gregory; Higgins, James. The term locking,

robot & poplocking and how do they connect?". LockerLegends.net. Archived from the original on December
9, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
[47] Chang 2006, p. 23. Sams creation, popping, also became known as the unauthorized umbrella title to various forms within the dance. past and present. Some of
these forms include Boogaloo, strut, dime stop, wave, tick,
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kind of walking step with a strong rhythmic bounce punctuated by staccato lifting of the knees, like walking on hot
coals. As it evolved, the gliding footwork was added, as
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14
10
plus a low-slung center of gravity that comes from African

dance roots, and some shared basic steps. Many steps
don't have specic names; in class, teachers might speak
generally of jumps and turns or use imagery to evoke how
a step-should look. Hip hop training relies less on specic
exercises than on strength training, exibility, and learning to isolate and move body parts independently from the
rest of the body... A good way to approach freestyling,
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rounded, hunched, and low. Much of the movement will
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hips to sway. Of course you can't do this during a ballet
combo, but learning how makes you a better and more versatile dancer. 'When technical dancers learn how to relax
in other classes it can help them enhance their movement
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which is signicantly dierent from her earlier work; she
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contemporary youth pop culture and its fashions; and nally, she utilizes, not the dance traditions of the Hollywood musical which, although often black in inspiration,
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ISBN 0811863034.
Rivera, Raquel (2003). New York Ricans from the
Hip Hop Zone. New York City: Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 1403960437.
Schloss, Joseph (2009). Foundation: B-Boys, BGirls and Hip-Hop Culture in New York. New York
City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195334051.
11
External links
Breaking Lilou vs. Morris at Red Bull BC One

2009 (Semi-Final) on YouTube
Locking Firelock & Hurrikane in ATSLOPES Bike
Shop Lock on YouTube
Popping Salah in TWIST // Choose the dimension
of your life! on YouTube
Tutting Di Moon Zhang and Hokuto Hok
Konishi in The Art of Tutting on YouTube
Finger Tutting Nemesis, PNut, CTut,
Strobe, Era in Dexterity on YouTube
Boogaloo Otis Funkmeyer boogaloo knee roll tutorial on YouTube
Turng Precise Films Bay Area Turng on

YouTube
Jerkin' Audio Push Teach Me How To Jerk instructional video on YouTube
Krumping Russell Gutta Ferguson, Larry
Ruin Combs, Darren Outrage King, and
Christopher Worm Lewis in Midnight Krump on
YouTube
Memphis Jookin' Charles Lil Buck Riley dancing in tunnel to LYNX Burning Bone on YouTube
New Style Les Twins vs. Lil' O & Tyger B at Juste
Debout 2011 (Semi-Final) on YouTube
Lyrical Hip-Hop SYTYCD Benelux Season 2:
Els and Angelo on Vimeo
19
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Hip-hop dance

Main article: History of hip-hop dance

The commercialization of hip-hop dance continued into

At the same time breaking was developing in New York,

What distinguishes hip-hop from other forms of dance

It is historically inaccurate to say that the funk styles

Main article: Popping

3 Derivative street styles

Hip-hop dancer Joseph Coine performing in 2011 in Wallace

The term new style was created by dancers outside of

added to it. From a technical aspect, it is characterized as

for the song "Rhythm Nation" which was choreographed

4.3 Business developments

thy Popin' Pete Solomon have taught classes at MOHH

The entertainment industry has been largely responsible

Pops. Unlike Soul Train which focused on soul and

won Australias Got Talent.[137] After signing a recording

his performance roots in hip-hop theater. In 1991,

5.4 Online content

Choreographer and artistic director Rennie Harris in 2011.

YAK Films is a three-man team that lms urban dance

Juba Films was founded in Germany by Julien Bam and

UK B-Boy Championships was founded by DJ

The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers (The LXD) was

See also: B-boying World championships

The 2010 winners of the b-boy crew battle at Freestyle Session

Hip Hop International (HHI) was founded in

United Dance Organisation (UDO) was founded

California.[191] It diers from other competitions

World Dance Colosseum is a two-on-two dance

EuroBattle was founded in 2005 in Portugal by

[1] The Running Man has African origins. It was performed

Bambaataa, who owns a place in the same musical lineage,

[3] The moonwalk, called the backslide in popping context, is

[5] Chang 2006, p. 20. Toprockins structure and form fuse

[4] Rize had a limited release when shown in theaters.[64]

[6] Schloss 2009, p. 14.

[5] Clowning is not the same as the clown walk.

[7] Chang 2005, p. 138.

[6] Representation for dance groups existed before the music

[8] Jerey Daniel learned the backslide from The Electric

[1] Pabon, Jorge. Physical Grati... The History of Hip

[15] Freeman, Santiago (July 1, 2009). Planet Funk. Dance

[2] Schloss 2009, p. 153.

[16] Seibert, Brian (October 26, 2004). Breaking Down.

that came out of the conferences, says Harris, is that

[46] Pope, Gregory; Higgins, James. The term locking,

[58] Weiss, Je (August 5, 2009). Were Jerkin (Starring

plus a low-slung center of gravity that comes from African

[93] Festival de Cannes: Beat Street. Festival-Cannes.com.

[122] Devaud, Sebastien (Director) (2006). MTV Dance Crew

Present & Future (podcast). WorldOfDanceTour. Retrieved December 12, 2012.

[192] World of Dance Tour: 2012-2013 Tour Schedule.

[197] IPAD Programmes. UEL.ac.uk. Archived from the

Uprock Rob Nasty vs. Foots at B-Boy Hodown

[198] Programme summary for BA Dance: Urban Practice.

Roboting Paul Dateh & Chadd Madd Chadd

Breaking Lilou vs. Morris at Red Bull BC One

Turng Precise Films Bay Area Turng on

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Hip-hop dance Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_dance?oldid=688819372 Contributors: Venkytv, Olivier, Wintran, Selket,

File:Air_chair.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Air_chair.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http:

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0