Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl is a multifaceted concept centered on the expansion of auto-oriented, lowdensity development. Topics range from the outward spreading of a city and its suburbs, to low-density and autodependent development on rural land, examination of impact of high segregation between residential and
commercial uses, and analysis of various design features to determine which may encourage car dependency.[1] The
term "sprawl" is most often associated with US land use, and outside the term "peri-urbanisation" is often used to
denote similar dynamics and phenomena. The term urban sprawl generally has negative connotations due to the
health, environmental and cultural issues associated with the phrase. [2] Residents of sprawling neighbourhoods tend
to emit more pollution per person and suffer more traffic fatalities.
Characteristics
1. Single use zoning - This refers to a situation where commercial, residential, institutional and industrial
areas are separated from one another. Consequently, large tracts of land are devoted to a single use and are
segregated from one another by open space, infrastructure, or other barriers. As a result, the places where
people live, work, shop, and recreate are far from one another, usually to the extent that walking, transit use
and bicycling are impractical, so all these activities generally require an automobile.
2. Low-density zoning - Sprawl consumes much more land per-capita than traditional urban
developments because zoning laws generally require that new developments are of low density.
The exact definition of "low density" is arguable, but a common example is that of single family
homes on large lots, with four or fewer units per net acre. Buildings usually have fewer stories and
are spaced farther apart, separated by lawns, landscaping, roads or parking lots. Lot sizes are
larger, and because more automobiles are used much more land is designated for parking. The
impact of low density development in many communities is that developed or "urbanized" land is
increasing at a faster rate than the population is growing.
3. Car Dependent Communities - Areas of urban sprawl are also characterized as highly dependent on
automobiles for transportation, a condition known as automobile dependency. Most activities, such as
shopping and commuting to work, require the use of a car as a result of both the area's isolation from the
city and the isolation the area's residential zones have from its industrial and commercial zones. Walking
and other methods of transit are not practical; therefore, many of these areas have few or no sidewalks. In
many suburban communities, stores and activities that are in close physical proximity require automobiles,
because the different areas are separated by fences, walls, and drainage ditches. Some critics argue that
excessive parking requirements exacerbate car dependency.
4. Job sprawl and spatial mismatch - Job Sprawl is another land use symptom of urban sprawl and cardependent communities. It is defined as low-density, geographically spread-out patterns of employment,
where the majority of jobs in a given metropolitan area are located outside of the main city's Central
Business District (CBD), and increasingly in the suburban periphery. It is often the result of urban
disinvestment, the geographic freedom of employment location allowed by predominantly car-dependent
commuting patterns of many American suburbs, and many companies' desire to locate in low-density areas
that are often more affordable and offer potential for expansion. Spatial mismatch is related to job sprawl
and economic Environmental Justice. Spatial Mismatch is defined as the situation where poor urban,
predominantly minority citizens are left without easy access to entry-level jobs, as a result of increasing job
sprawl and limited transportation options to facilitate a reverse commute to the suburbs.
5. Conversion of agricultural land to residential - Land for expansion of suburban
housing is usually purchased from farmers and/or ranchers. In the United States the
seller may avoid tax on profit by using a tax break exempting like-kind exchanges
from capital gains tax; proceeds from the sale are used to purchase cheap
agricultural land elsewhere and the transaction is treated as a "swap" or trade of like
assets and no tax is due. Thus urban sprawl is subsidized by the tax code