2008 Mumbai Attacks

2008 Mumbai attacks
26/11 redirects here. For the date, see 26 November.
killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003,

a day before the visit of the Prime Minister of India Atal
Bihari Vajpayee to the city.[31] On 13 March 2003, a day
after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the
Mulund station, killing 10 people and injuring 70.[32] On
28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed
4 people and injured 32.[33] On 25 August 2003, two
bombs exploded in South Mumbai, one near the Gateway
of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi.
At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured.[34] On
11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai,[35] killing
209 people, including 22 foreigners[36][37][38] and more
than 700 injured.[39][40] According to the Mumbai Police,
the bombings were carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba and
Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).[41][42]
In November 2008, 10 Pakistani members of Lashkare-Taiba, an Islamic militant organisation, carried out a
series of 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks
lasting four days across Mumbai.[11][12][13] The attacks,
which drew widespread global condemnation, began on
Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29
November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least
308.[2][14]
Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident,[15] the
Taj Mahal Palace & Tower,[15] Leopold Cafe, Cama
Hospital,[15] the Nariman House Jewish community
centre,[16] the Metro Cinema,[17] and in a lane behind
the Times of India building and St. Xaviers College.[15]
There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbais
port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.[18] By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel had
been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. On
29 November, Indias National Security Guards (NSG)
conducted 'Operation Black Tornado' to ush out the remaining attackers; it resulted in the deaths of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel and ending all ghting
in the attacks.[19]
1.1 Training
A group of men, sometimes stated as 24, at other times
26,[43] received training in marine warfare at a remote
camp in mountainous Muzaarabad, Azad Kashmir. Part
of the training was reported to have taken place on the
Mangla Dam reservoir.[44]
Ajmal Kasab[20] disclosed that the attackers were The recruits went through the following stages of training,
members of Lashkar-e-Taiba,[21] among others.[22] The according to Indian and U.S. media reports:
Government of India said that the attackers came from
Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.[23] On 7
Psychological: Indoctrination to Islamist ideas, inJanuary 2009, Pakistan conrmed the sole surviving percluding imagery of atrocities suered by Muslims in
[24]
petrator of the attacks was a Pakistani citizen.
On 9
India,[45] Chechnya, Palestine and across the globe.
April 2015, the foremost mastermind of the attacks, Zaki
ur Rehman Lakhvi,[3][4] was granted bail against surety
Basic Combat: Lashkars basic combat training and
bonds of 200,000 (US$2,000).[25][26]
methodology course, the Daura Aam.
Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advanced

combat training at a camp near Mansehra, a course
the organisation calls the Daura Khaas.[45] According to an unnamed source at the US Defense Department this includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by retired personnel of the
Pakistan Army,[46] along with survival training and
further indoctrination.
Background
There have been many terrorist attacks in Mumbai since

the 13 coordinated bomb explosions that killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993.[27] The 1993 attacks are believed to have been in retaliation for the Babri
Mosque demolition.[28]
Commando Training: Finally, an even smaller

group selected for specialised commando tactics
training and marine navigation training given to
the Fedayeen unit selected in order to target
Mumbai.[47]
On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near

Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28.[29]
The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of the
demolition of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya.[30] A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai,
1
2 ATTACKS
From the students, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission.[48] They also received training in swimming
and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and
explosives under the supervision of LeT commanders.
According to a media report citing an unnamed former
Defence Department Ocial of the US, the intelligence
agencies of the US had determined that former ocers from Pakistans Army and Inter-Services Intelligence
agency assisted actively and continuously in training.[49]
They were given blueprints of all the four targets Taj
Mahal Palace & Tower, Oberoi Trident, Nariman House
and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.
Attacks
Main article: Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
scene and red at pedestrians and police ocers in the

streets, killing eight police ocers. The attackers passed
a police station. Many of the outgunned police ocers
were afraid to confront the attackers, and instead switched
o the lights and secured the gates.
The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital with
an intention to kill patients,[55] but the hospital sta
locked all of the patient wards. A team of the Mumbai
Anti-Terrorist Squad led by police chief Hemant Karkare
searched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then left
in pursuit of Kasab and Khan. Kasab and Khan opened
re on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital and the police returned re. Karkare, Vijay Salaskar, Ashok Kamte
and one of their ocers were killed, though the only survivor, Constable Arun Jadhav, was wounded.[56] Kasab
and Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandoned
it and seized a passenger car instead. They then ran into
a police roadblock, which had been set up after Jadhav
radioed for help.[57] A gun battle then ensued in which
Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded. After a physical struggle, Kasab was arrested.[58] A police ocer,
Tukaram Omble was also killed when he ran in front of
Kasab to shoot him.
The rst events were detailed around 20:00 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 men in inatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba.
They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking shermen
who asked them who they were to mind their own business before they split up and headed two dierent ways.
The shermens subsequent report to police received little
2.2
response and local police were helpless.[50]
2.1
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Leopold Cafe
The Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar on Colaba

Causeway in South Mumbai, was one of the rst sites to
be attacked.[59] Two attackers opened re on the cafe on
the evening of 26 November, killing at least 10 people,
(including some foreigners), and injuring many more.[60]
2.3 Bomb blasts in taxis

There were two explosions in taxis caused by timer
bombs. The rst one occurred at 22:40 at Vile Parle,
killing the driver and a passenger. The second explosion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22:20 and 22:25.
Three people, including the driver of the taxi were killed,
and about 15 others were injured.[18][61]
Bullet marks on the wall of the suburban terminus at CST
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) was attacked by

two gunmen. One of them, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught
alive by the police and identied by eyewitnesses. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the
passenger hall and opened re,[51] using AK-47 ries.[52]
The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,[52]
their assault ending at about 22:45.[51] Security forces and
emergency services arrived shortly afterwards. Continuous announcements by a brave railway announcer, Vishnu
Dattaram Zende, alerted passengers to leave the station
and saved scores of lives.[53][54] The two gunmen ed the
2.4 Taj Mahal Hotel and Oberoi Trident

Two hotels, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower and the
Oberoi Trident, were among the four locations targeted.
Six explosions were reported at the Taj hotel one in the
lobby, two in the elevators, three in the restaurant and
one at the Oberoi Trident.[62][63] At the Taj Mahal, reghters rescued 200 hostages from windows using ladders
during the rst night.
CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November
2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj had been resolved and quoted the police chief of Maharashtra stating
that all hostages were freed;[64] however, it was learned
2.5
Nariman House
The Wasabi restaurant on the rst oor of the Taj Hotel was
completely gutted.
Bullet marks left at Leopold Cafe
German Social Democrat MEP Erika Mann were hiding in dierent parts of the building.[68] Also reported
present was Spanish MEP Ignasi Guardans, who was
barricaded in a hotel room.[69][70] Another British Conservative MEP, Syed Kamall, reported that he along
with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a
nearby restaurant shortly before the attack.[68] Kamall
also reported that Polish MEP Jan Masiel was thought to
have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks
started, but eventually left the hotel safely.[71] Kamall
and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEPs assistant
was shot.[68][72] Also caught up in the shooting were the
President of Madrid, Esperanza Aguirre, while checking
in at the Oberoi Trident,[72] and Indian MP N. N. Krishnadas of Kerala and Gulam Noon while having dinner at
a restaurant in the Taj hotel.[73][74]
2.5 Nariman House

The damaged Oberoi Trident hotel
later that day that there were still two attackers holding
hostages, including foreigners, in the Taj Mahal hotel.[65]
A number of European Parliament Committee on International Trade delegates were staying in the Taj Mahal hotel when it was attacked,[66] but none of them
were injured.[67] British Conservative Member of the European Parliament (MEP) Sajjad Karim (who was in
the lobby when attackers initially opened re there) and
Main article: Nariman House

Nariman House, a Chabad Lubavitch Jewish center in
Colaba known as the Mumbai Chabad House, was taken
over by two attackers and several residents were held
hostage.[75] Police evacuated adjacent buildings and exchanged re with the attackers, wounding one. Local
residents were told to stay inside. The attackers threw
a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSG
commandos arrived from Delhi, and a naval helicopter
took an aerial survey. During the rst day, 9 hostages
ATTRIBUTION
NSG Commandos beginning the assault on Nariman House by

fast-roping onto the terrace.
Front view of the Nariman House a week after the attacks
were rescued from the rst oor. The following day, the
house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from
helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned
in nearby buildings. After a long battle, one NSG commando Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht and both perpetrators were killed.[76][77] Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and
his wife Rivka Holtzberg, who was six months pregnant,
were murdered with four other hostages inside the house
by the attackers.[78]
According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian intelligence, the attackers would be told by their handlers
in Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times
those of non-Jews. Injuries on some of the bodies indicated that they may have been tortured.[79][80]
2.6
NSG raid
During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by

Rapid Action Force personnel and Marine Commandos (MARCOS) and National Security Guards (NSG)
commandos.[81][82] When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the hotels were blocked.[83] Security forces stormed both hotels, and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of
29 November.[84][85] Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan of the
NSG was killed during the rescue of Commando Sunil
Yadav, who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the rescue operations at Taj.[86][87] 32 hostages were killed at the
Oberoi Trident.[88]
NSG commandos then took on the Nariman house, and
a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the rst

day, 9 hostages were rescued from the rst oor. The
following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by
snipers positioned in nearby buildings. NSG Commando
Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht, who was part of the team
that fast-roped onto Nariman House, died after a long
battle in which both perpetrators were also killed.[76][77]
Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka Holtzberg,
who was six months pregnant, were murdered with four
other hostages inside the house by the attackers.[78] By
the morning of 27 November, the NSG had secured the
Jewish outreach center at Nariman House as well as the
Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that
the Taj Mahal Palace and Towers had been cleared of
attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holedup guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed
in the attacks.[89][90][91] However, later news reports indicated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj,
with explosions heard and gunre exchanged.[91] Fires
were also reported at the ground oor of the Taj with
plumes of smoke arising from the rst oor.[91] The nal operation at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion
of the attacks.[92] The NSG rescued 250 people from the
Oberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 people (members of 12
dierent families) from Nariman House.[93] In addition,
police seized a boat lled with arms and explosives anchored at Mazgaon dock o Mumbai harbour.[94]
3.1
Negotiations with Pakistan
5
In April 2011, the United States issued arrest warrants
for four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack. The
men, Sajid Mir, Abu Qahafa, Mazhar Iqbal alias Major
Iqbal, are believed to be members of Lashkar-e-Taiba
and helped plan and train the attackers.[102]
3.1 Negotiations with Pakistan

Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsible
for the attacks, blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indian
criminals,[103] a claim refuted by India,[104] and saying
they needed information from India on other bombings
rst.[105]
Pakistani authorities nally agreed that Ajmal Kasab was
a Pakistani on 7 January 2009,[24][106][107] and registered
a case against three other Pakistani nationals.[108]
The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan
and other governments, in the form of interrogations,
weapons, and call records of conversations during the
attacks.[109][110] In addition, Indian government ocials
said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must
have had ocial backing from Pakistani agencies, an
accusation denied by Pakistan.[96][106]
Under US and UN pressure, Pakistan arrested a few
Ajmal Kasab at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus with an AK-47 in members of Jamaat ud-Dawa and briey put its founder
under house arrest, but he was found to be free a few
his hand
days later.[111] A year after the attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities
were not cooperating by providing information for their
3 Attribution
investigation.[112] Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan said
security agencies were preventing them from interviewMain articles: Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks ing people from Kasabs village.[113][114] Home Minister P. Chidambaram said the Pakistani authorities had
and Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks
not shared any information about American suspects
Headley and Rana, but that the FBI had been more
The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by
forthcoming.[115]
Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan, and carried
out by 10 young armed men trained and sent to Mum- An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained from
bai and directed from inside Pakistan via mobile phones Indias interrogation of David Headley,[116] was released
in October 2010. It alleged that Pakistans intelliand VoIP.[22][95][96]
gence agency (ISI) had provided support for the atIn July 2009 Pakistani authorities conrmed that LeT
tacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions
plotted and nanced the attacks from LeT camps in
in Mumbai.[117] The report included Headleys claim that
Karachi and Thatta.[97] In November 2009, Pakistani auLashkar-e-Taibas chief military commander, Zaki-urthorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of
Rahman Lakhvi, had close ties to the ISI.[116] He alleged
planning and executing the assault.[98]
that every big action of LeT is done in close coordination
Mumbai police originally identied 37 suspects with [the] ISI.[117]
including two army ocersfor their alleged involvement in the plot.
All but two of the suspects,
many of whom are identied only through aliases, are 3.2 Investigation
Pakistani.[99] Two more suspects arrested in the United
States in October 2009 for other attacks were also According to investigations, the attackers travelled by sea
found to have been involved in planning the Mumbai from Karachi, Pakistan, across the Arabian Sea, hijacked
attacks.[100][101] One of these men, Pakistani American the Indian shing trawler 'Kuber', killed the crew of four,
David Headley, was found to have made several trips to then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After murderIndia before the attacks and gathered video and GPS in- ing the captain, the attackers entered Mumbai on a rubber
dinghy. The captain of 'Kuber', Amar Singh Solanki, had
formation on behalf of the plotters.
Police looking for attackers outside Colaba
ATTRIBUTION
to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders, scouted

for Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks. In September 2007, 10 people were selected for the mission. In
September 2008, these people tried sailing to Mumbai
from Karachi, but couldn't complete their mission due
to choppy waters. These men made a second attempt
in November 2008, and successfully managed to execute
the nal attacks. David Headleys disclosures, that three
Pakistani army ocers were associated with the planning and execution of the attack were substantiated by
Ansaris revelations during his interrogation.[124][125] After Ansaris arrest, Pakistans Foreign Oce claimed they
had received information that up to 40 Indian nationals
were involved in the attacks.[126]
earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail

for illegally shing in Pakistani waters.[118] The attackers 3.3 Method
stayed and were trained by the Lashkar-e-Taiba in a safehouse at Azizabad near Karachi before boarding a small The attackers had planned the attack several months
ahead of time and knew some areas well enough to vanboat for Mumbai.[119]
ish and reappear after security forces had left. SevDavid Headley was a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and eral sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that
between 2002 and 2009 Headley travelled extensively as the group received help from Mumbai residents.[127][128]
part of his work for LeT. Headley received training in The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on
small arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a net- the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh.[129] There
work of connections for the group, and was chief scout in were also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US state
scoping out targets for Mumbai attack[120][121] having al- New Jersey, if this is the case, then this would go back
legedly been given $25,000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI o- to Iraqi Intelligence Services and Al Qaeda from 911
cer known as Major Iqbal, The ocer also helped him ar- and Lashkar or Jemmah Ismaliyah and Egyptian Islamic
range a communications system for the attack, and over- Jihad involvement through Pakistani ISI who had consaw a model of the Taj Mahal Hotel so that gunmen could nections with Iraqi Intelligence from Saddam Husseins
know their way inside the target, according to Headleys old network of militants.[130] Police had also mentioned
testimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISI that Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had
recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai
movements, according to a US ocial. At the same time, targets for the November attacks.[131] Later, the police arHeadley was also an informant for the U.S. Drug Enforce- rested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from
ment Administration, and Headleys wives warned Amer- Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of
ican ocials of Headleys involvement with LeT and his Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta,
plotting attacks, warning specically that the Taj Mahal and the other in New Delhi.[132]
Hotel may be their target.[120]
Type 86 Grenades made by Chinas state-owned Norinco
US ocials believed that the Inter-Services Intelligence were used in the attacks.[133]
(I.S.I.) ocers provided support to Lashkar-e-Taiba
militants who carried out the attacks.[122] Disclosures Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken
cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their enmade by former american intelligence contractor Edward
Snowden in 2013 revealed that the Central Intelligence ergy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police say that they
Agency (CIA) had intercepted communications between found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were
[134]
the Lashkar boat and the LeT headquarters in Pakistan- also indications that they had been taking steroids.
occupied Kashmir (PoK) and passed the alert on to RAW The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used
with the locations
on November 18, eight days before the terrorists actually Google Earth to familiarise themselves
[135]
of
buildings
used
in
the
attacks.
[123]
struck Mumbai.
The arrest of Zabiuddin Ansari alias Abu Hamza in There were 10 gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently
[136][137]
June 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot was shot dead and one captured by security forces.
hatched. According to Abu Hamza, the attacks were Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their early
they
previously scheduled for 2006, using Indian youth for twenties, wore black T-shirts and jeans, and that[138]
smiled
and
looked
happy
as
they
shot
their
victims.
the job. However, a huge cache of AK-47s and RDX,
which were to be used for the attacks, was recovered It was initially reported that some of the attackers were
from Aurangabad in 2006, thus leading to the disman- British citizens,[139][140] but the Indian government later
tling of the original plot. Subsequently, Abu Hamza ed stated that there was no evidence to conrm this.[141]
7
Similarly, early reports of 12 gunmen[142] were also later were arrested in Brescia, Italy (East of Milan), on 21
shown to be incorrect.[109]
November 2009, after being accused of providing logisthan
On 9 December, the 10 attackers were identied by tical support to the attacks and transferring more
[149][150]
US$200
to
Internet
accounts
using
a
false
ID.
Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan:
Ajmal Amir from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan They had Red Corner Notices issued against them by
involvement and it was issued
from Dera Ismail Khan, Haz Arshad and Babr Imran Interpol for their suspected[151]
after
the
last
years
strikes.
from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal,
Nazih and Nasr from Faisalabad, Abdul Rahman from
Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera
Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province; the
rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab.[143]
In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested and

charged by the FBI for involvement in terrorism abroad,
David Coleman Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana.
Headley, a Pakistani-American, was charged in November 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbai
attacks.[152][153] Headley is reported to have posed as an
American Jew and is believed to have links with militant
Islamist groups based in Bangladesh.[154] On 18 March
2010, Headley pled guilty to a dozen charges against him
thereby avoiding going to trial.
On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of Maharashtra

State, which includes Mumbai, informed the Assembly
that the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen from
the 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret location in January 2010. The bodies had been in the mortuary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city
refused to let them be buried on their grounds.[144]
In December 2009, the FBI charged Abdur Rehman
Hashim Syed, a retired Major in the Pakistani army, for
planning the attacks in association with Headley.[155]
3.4
Attackers
On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation

Only one of the 10 attackers, Ajmal Kasab, survived R&AW agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the
the attack. He was hanged in Yerwada jail in 2012.[145] handlers of the 26/11 attacks, chief of HuJI India operations and a most wanted suspect in India, from Colombo,
Killed during the onslaught were:
Sri Lanka, and brought him over to Hyderabad, India for
formal arrest.[156]
1. Abdul Rehman Bada
On 25 June 2012, the Delhi Police arrested Zabiuddin
2. Abdul Rahman Chhota
Ansari alias Abu Hamza, one of the key suspects in the
attack at the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New
3. Abu Ali
Delhi. His arrest was touted as the most signicant development in the case since Kasabs arrest.[157] Security
4. Fahad Ullah
agencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi.
5. Ismail Khan
Ansari is a Lashker-e-Taiba ultra and the Hindi tutor of
the 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbai
6. Babar Imran
attacks in 2008.[158][159] He was apprehended, after he
7. Abu Umar
was arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligence
ocials as per ocial request by Indian authorities.[160]
8. Abu Sohrab
After Ansaris arrest, investigations revealed that in 2009
he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legisla9. Shoaib alias Soheb
torss Hostel, belonging to Fauzia Khan, a former MLA
and minister in Maharashtra Government. The minister,
however, denied having any links with him. Home Min3.5 Arrests
ister P. Chidambaram, asserted that Ansari was provided
a safe place in Pakistan and was present in the control
Main articles: Ajmal Kasab and Zabiuddin Ansari
room, which could not have been established without active State support. Ansaris interrogation further revealed
Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested alive by
that Sajid Mir and a Pakistani Army major visited India
police.[146] Much of the information about the attackers
under fake names as cricket spectators to survey targets
preparation, travel, and movements comes from his conin Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight.[161][162][163]
fessions to the Mumbai police.[147]
On 12 February 2009 Pakistans Interior Minister
Rehman Malik said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, 4 Casualties and compensation
who acquired VoIP phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated
money transfer for the attack, had been arrested.[108] Two Main article: Casualties of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names
were not given, were also arrested.[148] Two Pakistanis At least 164 victims (civilians and security per-
5 AFTERMATH
sonnel) and nine attackers were killed in the attacks. Among the dead were 28 foreign nationals
from 10 countries.[2][64][164][165][166] One attacker was
captured.[167] The bodies of many of the dead hostages
showed signs of torture or disgurement.[168] A number
of those killed were notable gures in business, media,
and security services.[169][170][171]
According to Maharashtra chief minister Vilasrao Deshmukh, 15 policemen and two NSG commandos were
killed, including the following ocers:[172][173]
Assistant
Police
Sub-Inspector
Tukaram
Omble,[174] who succeeded in capturing a terrorist alive, with his bare hands.
Commissioner Hasan Gafoor's lack of leadership during

the crisis.[192]
The Maharashtra government planned to buy 36 speed
boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for
the same purpose. It also planned to create an anti-terror
force called Force One and upgrade all the weapons
that Mumbai police currently have.[193] Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh on an all-party conference declared
that legal framework would be strengthened in the battle
against terrorism and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence
and investigation agency, like the FBI, will be set up soon
to coordinate action against terrorism.[194] The government strengthened anti-terror laws with UAPA 2008, and
the federal National Investigation Agency was formed.
The attacks further strained Indias slowly recovering

Joint Commissioner of Police Hemant Karkare, the relationship with Pakistan. Indias then External AfChief of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorism Squad[175]
fairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee (presently President
of India) declared that India may indulge in military
Additional Commissioner of Police:
Ashok
strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its
Kamte[175]
territorial integrity. There were also after-eects on
[195]
Encounter specialist Senior Inspector Vijay the United Statess relationships with both countries,
[196]
the US-led NATO war in Afghanistan,
and on the
Salaskar[175]
Global War on Terror.[197] FBI chief Robert Mueller
Senior Inspector Shashank Shinde[175]
praised the unprecedented cooperation between American and Indian intelligence agencies over the Mumbai
NSG Commando, Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan
terror attack probe.[198] However, Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble said that Indian intelligence agencies
NSG Commando, Hawaldar Gajendra Singh
did not share any information with them (Interpol).[199]
Three railway ocials of Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus A new National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) was
proposed to be set up by the then Home Minister P. chihad also been killed in the terror strikes.[176]
dambaram as an oce to collect, collate, summarise, inThe casualties occurred in the following locations,
tegrate, analyse, coordinate and report all information
The government of Maharashtra announced about and inputs received from various intelligence agencies,
500000 (US$7,500) as compensation to the kin of each state police departments, and other ministries and their
of those killed in the terror attacks and about 50000 departments.
(US$750) to the seriously injured.[190] In August 2009,
Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received
about $28 million USD as part-payment of the insurance 5.1 Movement of troops
claims, on account of the attacks on Taj Mahal and TriPakistan moved troops towards the border with India
dent, from General Insurance Corporation of India.[191]
voicing concerns about the Indian governments possible
plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil if it did not cooperate. After days of talks, the Pakistan government,
5 Aftermath
however, decided to start moving troops away from the
border.[200]
Main article: Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
The attacks are sometimes referred to in India as 26/11,
after the date in 2008 that the attacks began, in similar
style to the 9/11 attacks in the United States, the 11-M attack in Madrid, Spain, and the 7/7 bombings in London,
United Kingdom. The Pradhan Inquiry Commission, appointed by the Maharashtra government, produced a report that was tabled before the legislative assembly more
than a year after the events. The report said the warlike attack was beyond the capacity to respond of any
police force, but also found fault with the Mumbai Police
5.2 Reactions
Main article: Reactions to the 2008 Mumbai attacks
Indians criticised their political leaders after the attacks,
saying that their ineptness was partly responsible. The
Times of India commented on its front page that Our
politicians ddle as innocents die.[201] Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes, including the resignations of
Minister for Home Aairs Shivraj Patil,[202] Chief Min-
Citizens gather outside the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower hotel
demanding the government takes action.
described the event as what may be the most welldocumented terrorist attack anywhere.[214]
Candlelight vigils at the Gateway of India in Mumbai
ister Vilasrao Deshmukh[203] and deputy chief minister

R. R. Patil[204] for controversial reactions to the attack
including taking the formers son and Bollywood director
Ram Gopal Verma to tour the damaged Taj Hotel and the
latters remarks that the attacks were not a big deal in such
a large city. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor Aamir Khan appealed to their community
members in the country to observe Eid al-Adha as a day
of mourning on 9 December.[205] The business establishment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requests
for an increase in self-defence capabilities.[206] The attacks also triggered a chain of citizens movements across
India such as the India Today Groups War Against Terror campaign. There were vigils held across all of India
with candles and placards commemorating the victims of
the attacks.[207] The NSG commandos based in Delhi also
met criticism for taking 10 hours to reach the 3 sites under
attack.[208][209]
In November 2010, families of American victims of the

attacks led a lawsuit in Brooklyn, New York, naming
Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, chief of the I.S.I., as being
complicit in the Mumbai attacks. On 22 September 2011,
the attack on the American Embassy in Afghanistan, was
attributed to Pakistan via cell phone records identical to
the attacks in Mumbai, also linked to Pakistan. The investigation is on-going.[122]
6 Trials
6.1 Kasabs trial
Kasabs trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that
none of its members would represent Kasab. However,
the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a
lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conict of interest. On 25 February 2009, Indian investigators led an
11,000-page chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with
murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among
other charges.
Kasabs trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded

not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009. He
initially apologised for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but later retracted
these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to
force his confession, and that he had been arrested while
Media coverage highlighted the use of social media and roaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, but
Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and due to the lack of completeness within his admittance,
Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks. In the judge had deemed that many of the 86 charges were
addition, many Indian bloggers and Wikipedia oered not addressed and therefore the trial continued.
live textual coverage of the attacks.[211] A map of the Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on 3 May 2010.
attacks was set up by a web journalist using Google He was found guilty of murder for directly killing seven
Maps.[212][213] The New York Times, in July 2009, people, conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of
International reaction for the attacks was widespread,
with many countries and international organisations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to
the civilian victims. Many important personalities around
the world also condemned the attacks.[210]
10
8 SEE ALSO
the 164 people killed in the three-day terror siege, waging war against India, causing terror, and of conspiracy to
murder two high-ranking police ocers. On 6 May 2010,
he was sentenced to death by hanging.[215] [216] [217][218]
However, he appealed his sentence at high court. On 21
February 2011, the Bombay High Court upheld the death
sentence of Kasab, dismissing his appeal.[219]
as part of the evidence. It however, ruled that if a new

agreement that allows panels examination of witnesses,
is reached, the prosecution may move an application for
sending the panel to Mumbai.[228] The Indian Government upset over the court ruling, however,contended
that evidence collected by the Pakistani judicial panel
has evidential value to punish all those involved in the
attack.[229] On 21-September-2013, a Pakistani judicial
commission arrived in India to carry out the investigation
and to cross examine the witnesses. This is the second
such visit, the one in March 2012 was not a success[230]
as its report was rejected by an anti-terrorism court in
Pakistan due to lack of evidence.
On 29 August 2012, the Indian Supreme Court upheld

the death sentence for Kasab. The court stated, We are
left with no option but to award death penalty. The primary and foremost oence committed by Kasab is waging war against the Government of India.[220] The verdict
followed 10 weeks of appeal hearings, and was decided
by a two-judge Supreme Court panel, which was led by
Judge Aftab Alam. The panel rejected arguments that
6.3
Kasab was denied a free and fair trial.[221]
Kasab led a mercy petition with the President of India,
which was rejected on 5 November . Kasab was hanged
in Punes Yerwada jail in secret on 21 November 2012 at
7:30 am and naming the operation as operation 'X'. The
Indian mission in Islamabad informed the Pakistan government about Kasabs hanging through letter. Pakistan
refused to take the letter, which was then faxed to them.
His family in Pakistan was sent news of his hanging via a
courier.[222]
6.2
In Pakistan
In the United States
The LeT operative David Headley (born Daood Sayed

Gilani) in his testimony before a Chicago federal court
during co-accused Tahawwur Rana's trial revealed that
Mumbai Chabad House was added to the list of targets
for surveillance given by his Inter Services Intelligence
handler Major Iqbal, though the Oberoi hotel, one of
the sites attacked, was not originally on the list.[231] On
10 June 2011, Tahawwur Rana was acquitted of plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks, but was held guilty on two
other charges.[232] He was sentenced to 14 years in federal
prison on 17 January 2013.[233]
David Headley pleaded guilty to 12 counts related to the
attacks, including conspiracy to commit murder in India
and aiding and abetting in the murder of six Americans.
On 23 January 2013, he was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison. His plea that he not be extradited to India,
Pakistan or Denmark was accepted.[234]
Indian and Pakistani police have exchanged DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers
to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot.
Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, including
Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, who
arranged bank accounts and secured supplies. Sadiq and
six others begin their formal trial on 3 October 2009 in
Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution 7 Memorials
stops well short of top Lashkar leaders.[223] In November
2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that On the rst anniversary of the event, the state paid
Pakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators of homage to the victims of the attack. Force Onea new
security force created by the Maharashtra government
the attacks to justice.[224]
staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty. Other
An eight-member commission comprising defence
memorials and candlelight vigils were also organised at
lawyers, prosecutors and a court ocial was allowed to
the various locations where the attacks occurred.[235]
travel to India on 15 March 2013 to gather evidences
for the prosecution of seven suspects linked to the On the second anniversary of the event, homage was again
2008 Mumbai attacks. However, the defence lawyers paid to the victims.[236]
were barred from cross-examining the four prosecution
witnesses in the case including Ajmal Kasab.[225][226]
On the eve of the rst anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani 8 See also
anti-terror court formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman
1993 Bombay bombings
Lakhvi. However the actual trial started on 5 May 2012.
The Pakistani court conducting trial of Mumbai attacks
2006 Mumbai train bombings
accused, reserved its judgement on the application led
by Lakhvi, challenging the report of the judicial panel,
November 2015 Paris attacks
to 17 July 2012.[227] On 17 July 2012, the court refused
to take the ndings of the Pakistani judicial commission
Phantom
11
Survivor registry
The Attacks of 26/11
Westgate centre shootings
The Siege: The Attack on the Taj
Sarah Avraham
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2008 Mumbai attacks at the Internet Movie

Database Channel 4 documentary by Dan Reed
'Terror in Mumbai'
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18
Dossier of evidence collected by investigating agencies of India
List of Blogs & Bloggers who were live blogging
during the attacks
They said, kill till you die... par hum bhi insan hain
yaar. Mumbai Mirror. 14 March 2009. Retrieved
22 August 2012. [Interview of captured terrorist
Mohammed Ajmal Amir Qasab]
Mumbai Massacre Documentary produced by the
PBS Series Secrets of the Dead
10
EXTERNAL LINKS
19
11
11.1
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text
2008 Mumbai attacks Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks?oldid=692606263 Contributors: Ewlloyd, Rickyrab,

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11.2
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2008 Mumbai Attacks

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2008 Mumbai Attacks

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2008 Mumbai attacks

26/11 redirects here. For the date, see 26 November.

killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003,

Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advanced

There have been many terrorist attacks in Mumbai since

Commando Training: Finally, an even smaller

On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near

Main article: Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks

scene and red at pedestrians and police ocers in the

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

The Leopold Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar on Colaba

2.3 Bomb blasts in taxis

Bullet marks on the wall of the suburban terminus at CST

The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) was attacked by

2.4 Taj Mahal Hotel and Oberoi Trident

Bullet marks left at Leopold Cafe

2.5 Nariman House

Main article: Nariman House

NSG Commandos beginning the assault on Nariman House by

Front view of the Nariman House a week after the attacks

During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by

a Naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the rst

Negotiations with Pakistan

3.1 Negotiations with Pakistan

Police looking for attackers outside Colaba

to Pakistan and along with Lashkar commanders, scouted

earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail

In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested and

On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of Maharashtra

On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation

Commissioner Hasan Gafoor's lack of leadership during

The attacks further strained Indias slowly recovering

Candlelight vigils at the Gateway of India in Mumbai

ister Vilasrao Deshmukh[203] and deputy chief minister

In November 2010, families of American victims of the

Kasabs trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded

as part of the evidence. It however, ruled that if a new

On 29 August 2012, the Indian Supreme Court upheld

In the United States

The LeT operative David Headley (born Daood Sayed

[1] Magnier, Mark; Sharma, Subhash (27 November 2008).

[15] Wave of Terror Attacks Strikes Indias Mumbai, Killing

[9] India Blames Pakistan as Mumbai Siege Ends. DW. 29

[24] Pakistan Continues to Resist India Pressure on Mumbai.

[10] Star, Barbara; Black, Phil (27 November 2008). Who

[25] Pak court grants bail to Mumbai terror attack accused

[11] Friedman, Thomas (17 February 2009). No Way, No

[26] Lakhvi gets bail, again. Dawn, Pakistan. Retrieved 9

[12] Indian Muslims hailed for not burying 26/11 attackers,

[27] 1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs. BBC. 12

[28] Monica Chadha (12 September 2006). Victims await

[49] Schmitt, Eric; Sengupta, Somini (3 December 2008).

[32] Fear after Bombay train blast. BBC. 14 March 2003.

[50] Moreau, Ron; Mazumdar, Sudip (27 November 2008).

[51] 3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV

[34] 2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs. BBC. 25

[35] For the record: The 11/7 chargesheet. redi.com India

[53] 26/11 attacks: Two years on, rail announcer Vishnu

[54] Raghavendra Rao (14 December 2008). CST announcer

[38] Dwight Hamilton; Kostas Rimsa (19 November 2007).

[55] Judgement, THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE

[39] Rs 50, 000 not enough for injured. Indian Express

[56] Info from cop in Karkares jeep led to Kasabs arrest.

[83] Patrick Frater (30 November 2008). Indian journalists