Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Objectives
1. Gain a better understanding of the operational
Presentation Outline
Foundation of Operation
GOAL
Deliver CHW to all loads under various load
conditions as efficiently as possible
Excellent
Good
Needs Improvement
Discussion
on Hydronics
Understanding Hydronics
The pumping system will be required to
operate under various load conditions
Caution
Excessive pump head can cause systems to
not function as designed and waste
considerable energy
Pump Selection
10
Total Pressure
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
Total Flow
11
7500
9000
10500
12000
Hydronic Fundamentals
Variable Flow System Dynamics
70
PRESSURE PSIG
60
50
40
45 PSID
38 PSID
12 PSID
30
20
10
0
PUMP
CLOSE LOAD
REMOTE LOAD
VFD
Load
Load
100 GPM
5 PSID
100 GPM
5 PSID
DP
12
5 PSID
5 PSID
28 PSID
2 PSID
Hydronic Fundamentals
Variable Flow System Dynamics
70
PRESSURE PSIG
60
50
40
45 PSID
38 PSID
38 PSID
30
20
10
0
PUMP
CLOSE LOAD
100 GPM
5 PSID
Load
Load
VFD
REMOTE LOAD
0 GPM
0 PSID
DP
BAD SENSOR
LOCATION
13
5 PSID
38 PSID
28 PSID
0 PSID
Hydronic Fundamentals
Variable Flow System Dynamics
70
PRESSURE PSIG
60
50
40
19 PSID
12 PSID
12 PSID
30
20
10
0
PUMP
REMOTE LOAD
100 GPM
5 PSID
Load
Load
VFD
CLOSE LOAD
0 GPM
0 PSID
DP
14
5 PSID
12 PSID
2 PSID
0 PSID
Hydronic Fundamentals
Variable Flow System Dynamics
CONTROL VALVE P
AT VARIOUS LOAD CONDITIONS
15
Case 1
Full Flow
Case 2
75% Flow
Case 3
50% Flow
Case 4
25% Flow
Case 5
10% Flow
100
75
50
25
10
Branch P
38
38
38
38
38
Coil P
5.0
2.8
1.3
0.3
0.1
Balancing Valve P
28.0
15.8
7.0
1.8
0.3
Control Valve P
5.0
19.4
29.8
35.9
37.7
Balancing Considerations
Variable Flow Systems
16
17
19
20
15
10
40
5
42
44
46
48
CHWS Temperature F
0
50
CHW T F
25
T Conclusions
Design, construction and operation errors
that cause low T can be avoided
22
Chiller Fundamentals
24
75 ECWT
85 ECWT
KW/ton
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
25
50
75
Percent Loaded
100
75 ECWT
85 ECWT
KW/ton
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
25
50
75
Percent Loaded
100
75 ECWT
85 ECWT
KW/ton
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
25
50
75
Percent Loaded
100
75 ECWT
85 ECWT
KW/ton
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
25
50
75
Percent Loaded
100
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
25
50
75
100
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
25
50
75
100
85 ECWT
High Pressure
75 ECWT
25
50
75
100
25
50
75
100
Low Pressure
KW/ton
65 ECWT
Percent Loaded
Constant Speed
Variable Speed
75 ECWT
85 ECWT
KW/ton
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
25
50
75
Percent Loaded
100
Optimizing Plant
Performance
Primary-Secondary vs
Variable Primary Flow
Variable primary flow plants can provide
advantages over traditional primarysecondary configurations
1500 tons
Load
1500 tons
Load
Load
OFF
54F
Load
42F
VFD
Load
42F
1500 GPM
6000 GPM
33
4500 GPM
1500 tons
Additional chiller will need to be
started to maintain the secondary
CHWS temperature setpoint if
load increases
1500 tons
Loss of CHWS
temp control
Load
Load
OFF
52F
Load
Load
42F
VFD
Load
44F
3000 GPM
6000 GPM
34
9000 GPM
1500 tons
Load
1500 tons
Load
Load
OFF
58F
Load
42F
Load
VFD
CLOSED
4500 GPM
FM
35
1500 tons
Load
1500 tons
Load
Load
OFF
54F
42F
Load
Load
VFD
CLOSED
6000 GPM
FM
36
Series Arrangement
37
0.60 KW/ton
56F
40F
CH-1
56F
40F
56F
40F
CH-2
95F
85F
Parallel-Parallel Arrangement
38
0.555 KW/ton
0.52 KW/ton
56F
0.59 KW/ton
48F
CH-1
95F
40F
CH-2
90F
85F
Series-Counterflow Arrangement
7% KW Reduction on Chillers
or
220
450 KW Reduction on 10,000 ton Plant
39
0.555 KW/ton
0.50 KW/ton
56F
0.61 KW/ton
48F
40F
CH-1
95F
CH-2
85F
95F
85F
Series-Parallel Arrangement
7% KW Reduction
or
CHW T
CHWS Temp
CHWR Temp
CHW T
Plant Size
CHW Flow
Head
Pump KW
Option 1
Option 2
40F
56F
16F
10,000 tons
15,000 gpm
200 feet head
667
38F
58F
20F
10,000 tons
12,000 gpm
146 feet head
413
87
254 KW Reduction on 10,000 ton Plant
42
Keep it simple!
43
Building Interface
Considerations
45
46
Building
Load
Tertiary Loop
Building
Load
Boosted Secondary
VFD
47
Calibrate regularly
48
Retro-commissioning
49
Summary
Understand parameters that affect chiller
plant and overall system performance
Commission plant
51
52
Thank
You