O O

--

/

4.5~5 cm(AR) 1.71 0.12 0.06

0.02 g 0.0012 0.0003 m2(R2=0.9586)
(R2=0.5559R2=0.4726)23
1.010.24 m/s(51623)(y=0.07x
0.7733R2=0.6967)
(45 )

() 60
(2.20.1cm)

Abridgement
TOPICThe pilot of Mother Nature-butterflys flying ability
This research approaches the flying ability of butterflies. Our research mainly discusses the weight,
aspect ratio of butterflies, frequency of flapping, and the shape, surface area of butterflies wings, and
the connection between temperature and flying velocity. More over, we use the wind tunnel which was
made by us to observe the movement of butterflies wings and analyzed the direction of airflow and
aero-elastic which pass through the wind tunnel.
Our research shows that Pieris canidias length of wings is about 4.5 to 5 cm. The average of
aspect ratio (AR) is 1.710.12 . Its weight is about 0.060.02 . And its surface area is about
0.00120.0003 m 2 . The heavier Pieris canidia is, the bigger its surface area will be (R 2 =0.9586). In
addition, the heavier it is, the smaller its aspect ratio will be (R 2 =0.5559, R 2 =0.4726), and the swifter
its flying velocity will be. When it is 23C, the flying velocity of Pieris canidia is 1.010.24m/s. The
hotter temperature is (5,16,23C), the swifter it flies (y=0.07x+0.7733,R=0.6967).
Accroding to the detect of the wind tunnels experiment , the butterflies will fly on luff. When the
stronger the wind of the wind tunnel is, the larger the angles of wings flap are. And they are fast and
lasting, the elevation also becomes larger (45). The butterflies trochoids of wings mimic the word
eight, and the movement of wingspan includes parallel movement of linearity and wheel. When
butterflies flap, it will amount depression upon and in front of the wings, amounting the high pressure on
the back so that butterflies can fly antrorsely. Furthermore, the larger the curvy angle of marginal wings
(Dihedral) is, the higher the ascending height of model butterfly will be. When dihedral is 60, the
ascending height of model butterfly is the highest(2.20.1 ).


1
2
3
4
4
8
8
11
14
22
24
25

()
---
() ---

1.

P1

2
(
V1 )
+

P2

2
(
V2 )
+

2.1A1V12A2V2
(MAV)
1996 (DARPA)
(Micro Air VehiclesMAV) 15
8.33~16.67 m/s
(FixedWing)(Rotary-Wing)(Flapping-Wing)
(2002)
1.

() 15cm
(Aspect-RatioAR)(AR~1)

2.

MAV( IMM
19mm MAV)
MAV(Michigan HoverBot Stanford Mesicopters )
()
(Thrust-Wing)

3.
--
()

In gliding flight, a bird's wings

By tilting forward and going

deflect air downward, causing a lift

force that holds the bird up in the air.

into a slight dive, the bird can

maintain forward speed.

1-2
()

100
()

 8
8 8
( 68)

1.

(venation)

2 3 2
( 92)(Comstock-Needham)
(Hampson) 1a 12
()

A.(Longitudinal veins)

B.(Cross veins)

1.(Pc)

1.(r)

2.(C)

2.(s)

3.(Sc)

3.(r-m)

4.(R)

4.(m-m)

5.(M)

5.(m-cu)

6.(Cu)
7.(Pcu)
8.(A)
9.(J)
2.

(Rm)
(Vn)(
Pcu 1V )
( 68)

3.
()

()
( 81)

( 88)

(220x)

(Olympus NO.100)

(200cm100cm150cm)

(FUJIFILM FinePix 6900)

(15cm10cm15cm)

(Nikon FM2)

(MnO2)(H2O2)

(Lutron LM-81AM)

(112cm38cm38cm)


1.
a.

(112cm38cm38cm)()
b. 1.5 7 ()
(1)A()
(2)B()( 10 )()
(3)C() 0.5 (
)
(4)D() 25cm20cm20cm
(5)E()
(6)F()
(7)G()

(A)(B)

(C)(D)

2.
a.
b. 0.4cm
c. 1/2 (
) 03060 90()

10

1.()

2.
3.

1.
2.

1.
(g)
2.

3. A4 A4 A4
A4
(m2)
A4(m 2 )
( g )
A4( g )
4. L1(
(m 2 ) =

) L2() R()
(m)(AS)
=

L1 L 2(m 2 )
(m 2 )

11


1.(23)

(cm/s)
2.
T2 16
T3 5
3. T2 60

T2 30
(cm/s)
4. T3 3
(cm/s)

1.
a.

b. 3m/s
c.(H2O2)(MnO2)
()

12

2.()
a.

b.

c.
3m/s
d.
(0306090)
5
e.(H2O2)
(MnO2)
()

13

(Pieris rapae crucivora boisduval)

(Lepidoptera)(Pieridae)()
1. 4.5~5 cm
(Pieris canidia)()

2.

(Pieris rapae crucivora)

(Pieris canidia)

()
(Sc)(R)
(R1~R5)(M)(M1~M3)(Cu)
(Cu1Cu2)(A)(2A3A)
(ScR1)
(RS)(M)(M1~M3)(Cu)
(Cu1Cu2)(A)(2A3A)

14


()(
)()(L1)(L2)
(=3.37)(R)(=8.9
cm)-- 4.95 0.41 cm 4.10 0.55
cm 4.84 0.49 cm

(cm) (cm)

(cm)

11.0

12.5

0.9

15.2

10.1

7.2

1.4

11.7

10.4

4.0

2.6

12.0

7.4

7.3

1.0

10.2

8.0

7.1

1.1

9.5

8.0

6.9

1.2

9.6

8.8

5.1

1.7

9.9

6.0

5.1

1.2

8.1

5.9

5.1

1.2

7.2

5.9

4.1

1.4

7.2

6.0

3.4

1.8

7.5

5.5

4.1

1.3

7.1

6.4

3.2

2.0

7.0

4.6

5.0

0.9

7.0

5.1

4.7

1.1

6.2

5.8

3.2

1.8

6.6

6.8

5.5

1.4

8.9

15

(cm) (cm)

(cm)

6.0

1.5

4.00

5.3

5.0

1.7

2.94

6.8

8.3

4.6

1.79

10.2

7.7

4.8

1.62

9.2

4.8

1.9

2.53

5.3

5.5

2.0

2.75

6.5

4.3

1.3

3.31

4.6

4.6

1.5

3.07

4.6

5.8

2.0

2.90

6.6

5.2

1.6

3.25

6.4

5.2

2.2

2.32

9.1

5.6

2.2

2.50

8.5

4.7

1.9

2.47

5.5

5.5

2.5

2.20

6.0

6.0

2.0

3.00

6.6

5.9

2.3

2.54

6.7

6.4

1.4

4.54

7.2

6.0

1.9

3.16

6.5

5.0

0.5

10.00

4.2

5.2

2.0

2.67

6.1

4.9

1.5

3.27

5.0

5.7

3.0

1.90

6.2

3.9

1.5

2.60

5.0

5.0

1.1

4.55

4.9

7.2

2.6

2.77

7.7

6.2

2.1

2.92

6.8

4.7

2.0

2.35

5.1

5.5

2.0

2.75

5.6

5.2

1.5

3.47

5.6

4.7

1.6

2.94

5.0

6.5

0.9

7.22

5.6

5.5

1.0

5.45

4.5

8.3

1.5

5.51

8.2

5.7

2.0

3.37

6.5

16

(cm) (cm)

(cm)

5.1

3.9

1.30

5.2

3.5

3.1

1.13

4.3

4.4

1.14

5.6

5.5

4.2

1.30

5.5

3.5

1.57

5.9

1.25

5.3

4.7

3.7

1.27

5.4

4.1

3.5

1.17

4.6

4.6

0.92

6.4

6.2

5.4

1.14

4.5

2.2

2.05

3.8

1.67

2.6

4.9

3.8

1.29

5.18

(g)(m2)
0.06 0.02 g 0.0012 0.0003 m2
(R2=0.9586)
0.0020
Wing area (m2)

y = 0.0125x + 0.0005
R2 = 0.9586

0.0015
0.0010
0.0005
0.0000
0.00

0.02

0.04
0.06
Body mass (g)

0.08

0.10

(g)(m2)

17


(g)(m/s)( 23)
(R2=0.5559)

log velocity

0.2
0.1

y = 0.3884x + 0.481
R2 = 0.5559

0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-1.8

-1.6

-1.4

-1.2
log mass

-1.0

-0.8

(g)(m/s)( 23)

(m2)(m/s)( 23)
(R2=0.3955)

log velocity

0.2

y = 0.629x + 1.8335

0.1

R2 = 0.3955

0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-3.2

-3.1

-3.0
-2.9
log wing area

-2.8

-2.7

(m2)(m/s)( 23)

18


(AS)(m/s)( 23)
(Aspect-RatioAR) 1.71 0.12(AR)
(R2=0.4726)
0.2
log velocity

0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2

y = -2.3202x - 1.7925
R2 = 0.4726

-0.3
-0.90

-0.85

-0.80
log aspect ratio

-0.75

-0.70

(AR)(m/s)( 23)

(m/s)5
0.870.26 m/s16 0.860.22 m/s 23
1.010.24 m/s
(y=0.07x0.7733R2=0.6967)
1.4

velocity(m/s)

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
5

16
temperature

23

(51623)(m/s)

19

()
(45 )()
()
( a)
()
()

( 3m/s)

20

()
(3m/s)()
(cm)()
()60(2.20.1cm)
2.5

(cm)

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0

30
60

90

()( 3m/s)

21

(venation)

(Sc)(R1)(R)
( 92)

5~7 (AR) 1.71 0.12

(AR)
(R2=0.4726)
(R2=0.5559)
(R2=0.9586)(
68)

(9 s 1)
(1.010.24 m/s)( 91)

(m/s)

(s1)
9

Ref

1.010.24

In this study

(Tabanus bovinus)

14

(Libellula depressa)

4~10

280

68

2~2.3

180~197

68

(Bumble bee)

3~5

220~240

68

2.5~3.7

180~203

68

68

(51623)(y=0.07x0.7733R2=0.6967)

(45 )

22

(
)

()

() (03060
90)()
0

()
(
)
(

)
(

)

(flapping fly)

23


4.5~5 cm
(Pieris canidia)
(Sc)
(R)(R1~R5)(M)(M1~M3)(Cu)(Cu1Cu2)(A)(2A3A)
(ScR1)(RS)(M)(M1~M3)
(Cu)(Cu1Cu2)(A)(2A3A)

(AR) 1.71 0.12 0.06 0.02 g 0.0012

0.0003 m2

23 1.010.24 m/s(51623)

60
(2.20.1cm)

24

1. ( 92) ()22(1)28-41
2. ( 91) 1002-5
3. ( 90)
4. ( 90)
615-29
5. ( 91)

1.http://www.ornithopter.org/store/teacherguide.pdf
2. ( 92)
3. ( 68)
4. ( 88)
5. ( 81)

25


1.

2.

3.

15~35

4.