Smart City 03

9
Bundle: Urban logistics services
1.9
Service: Eco-driving
1.9.1
Description
Figure 49: Eco-driving concept.

(Source: Pihjalamaa et al. 2012)
1.9.2
Economic impacts
Magnitude of
Description of the impact
impact
The optimization of travel routes for freight
and
the
associated
fuel
savings
can
generate growth through greater efficiency
Growth
of
the
logistics
chain.
These
will
improve
Europes industries operations and provide

opportunities
to
gain
advantage
over
regions where such service is not available.
The targeted reduction in fuel consumption

Economic
competitiveness
and
the
greening
of
transport
can
give
5
Europe a competitive edge with respect to
rest
213
of
the
world.
The
impact
can
be
Magnitude of
impact

significant in terms of reduction of required
energy imports.
The welfare gains from the service will be
Economic welfare
globally
5
significant
implementation
provided
becomes
that
the
broad
and
European coverage.
Massive investments will be needed in in

vehicle
Investment
systems,
processing,
as
integration
of
data
the
storage
system
various
will
types
and
require
of
data,
including user profiles and preferences.
Implementation
cooperation
of
the
of
requires
and
private
public
stakeholders.
While
be
by
provided
service
roadside
the
road
systems
operator
will
and
certain back-office systems by public sector

stakeholders, the in-vehicle system is on the
Market share
responsibility of the operator of the vehicle.

The system has potentially an impact on the
market
shares
IEEE802.11p
control
of
companies
roadside
systems
supporting
the
as
units
the
providing
and
traffic
manufacturers
service
will
get
an
advantage over their competitors.
The potential of this service is both Europewide and beyond. Most of the expectations
are based on the assumption data use and
Overall impact
availability is Europe-wide and will endorse

4
more
users
factors
are
to
utilise
both
the
service.
coverage
of
Critical
sufficient
amount of cities and the amount of users of

the service.
Legend:
0 = no impact
1 = potential impact, within the city limit
2 = potential impact, reaching regional level
3 = potential impact, reaching national level
4 = potential impact, reaching EU level
5 = potential impact, reaching global level
214
1.9.3
Social impacts
Magnitude of
impact

The
Cohesion
service
will
have
limited
cohesion
impact, which is created by the use of the
service by different user groups.
The use of less energy and fuel will lead to
Health
reduction
1
in
greenhouse
gas
emissions,
which will have improvements in health at

least at the city level.
The system will require maintenance and
Employment
user
assistance
staff,
which
is
mainly
required at the city level.
The system will likely reduce emissions and
Quality of life
noise in cities and thus improve the quality

2
of
life.
However,
this
impact
will
be
realised at city or regional level.
The system will provide new functionalities

such as enhanced information on most fuel
Service level
efficient route and energy efficient traffic

3
control
functions which
are not provided
by current eco-driving applications. These

impacts will be realised on national level.
Europe
2020
strategy
has
target
of
reduction of 20 per cent of emissions will
Greenhouse gas
emissions
lead
4
to
significant
improvement
in
emission levels. Achieving this would be a

major contribution of transport sector to
fighting climate change.
Major
social
impacts
will
be
achieved
through the improvements in quality of life

and service level. As the service is intended
Overall impact
to
1
reduce
system
impacts
the
the
will
emissions,
emissions
additional
result
which,
if
from
the
of
0 = no impact
215
level
the
reduced
service
becomes
Europe-wide, will be significant.
Legend:
transport
European
1.9.4
Policy impacts
Magnitude of
impact

Most
eco-driving
planning
in
services
most
such
energy
as
trip
efficient
way,
navigation via most fuel-efficient route will

have a positive impact on fluency of traffic
More Fluid
in
cities.
Impacts
recommending
of
the
driving
most
support
energy
efficient
way to drive on traffic fluency are likely to

be
mixed
(Klunder
et
al. 2009,
Qian
and
Chung 2011).
Eco-driving
services
aim
at
supporting
drivers to drive in a more energy efficient

manner.
They
exchange
consent,
data
for
describing
example,
drivers
to
current
state. In this way the vehicle (and its driver)
Greener
and
the
traffic
system
can
each
benefit
from extra information that allows them to

perform
better
and
reduce
their
energy
consumption. For this reason there will be a

considerably
impact
at
city
and
regional
level.
Eco-driving
impact
in
services
terms
will
of
have
regional
enhancement
of
ITS
applications by using cooperative vehicleinfrastructure
Smarter
exchange
systems
to
energy-relevant
collect
data
and
between
vehicles and roadside systems, to improve

the preview of the traffic situation ahead in
order
to
determine
the most
economical
route or way of driving.
Systems
aiming
operate
the
vehicle
to
support
efficient
way
typically
in
the
aim
driver
most
to
to
energy
reduce
the
frequency of hard accelerations and hard

brakings.
support
Safer
alert
Eco-driving
system
may
functionality
oriented
driver
also
include
speed
which
has
clearly
3
positive
impacts
on
safety
of
road
users
(for summary of studies on speed alert, see

http://www.imobility-effectsdatabase.org). Another
to
give
drivers
advice
example
for
could
their
adjustment for helping in the merging

the
216
traffic
flows
in
highway
be
speed
ramps.
of
Eco-
Magnitude of
impact

driving services potentially have a positive
impact
on
safety
which
could
reach
national level.
The eco-driving services could help in make

the city more accessible. These systems, in
fact,
use
the
sources
information
(e.g.
road
management
More Accessible
containing
driving,
determine
efficient
side
centers,
attributes
and
from
also
the
other
best
driving
units,
GIS
and
for
eco-
vehicles)
route,
strategy
traffic
systems
needed
from
different
the
to
most
the optimal
traffic management.
The
five
mobility
addressed
to
sustainable
impacts
urban
urban
is
commuting
individual
The
possibly
trips.
of
policy
By
into
a
of
the
regional
by
systematic
looking
the
are
of
span
confined
consideration
effectiveness
1 / 2
system.
inherently
into
dimensions
achievements
dimensions,
taking
Total impact
policy
the
bundle
at
on
pillar it must be
the
each
pointed
out that all of them are positively affected

by the delivery of the services; therefore,
by
promoting
deployment
European
impacts
the
of
urbanized
at
adoption
these
and
services
areas,
European
the
scale
to
the
all
positive
on
the
sustainable mobility can be very high.
Legend:
0 = no impact
1.9.5
Technological impacts
Innovation
Magnitude of
impact

Considerable
amount
of
innovation
is
4
required to combine the various features of
217
Magnitude of
impact

the
service,
storage
which
and
include
processing,
mobility,
real-time
data
travel
support and monitoring the condition of the

vehicle. These will lead to multi-functional
in-vehicle
service,
system
which
is
and
data
will
be
management
challenges
for
service integrators.
There will be new service available at the
Technological
breakthrough
European
4
level
that
addresses
multiple
policy goals of the EU. This will be, in spite of

combining
mainly
existing
technologies,
major technology advancement.
Service development will startby focusing on

providing solutions that work in the national
context,
where
language,
local
technology
standards and user preferences define the
Research
competitiveness
solutions
3
service
technical
cases
specifications.
will
most
The
likely
first
utilize
architectures, technologies and components

developed
at
demonstrated
European
in
the
level
eCoMove
as
project
(Mathias, Vreeswijk and van Koningsbruggen

2011).
Availability of data for the system and the

ways in which data are collected from and
provided to service users must be agreed on
Standards agreements
at the European level in order to ensure the

maximum coverage of the system and the
principles
of
using
the
system
across
national borders.
Cooperative
eco-driving
standardised
by
ETSI,
services
and
at
are
being
least
some
components and interface will be based on

existing
Industrial leadership
European
standards.
Support
for
eco-driving applications will be implemented

3
as a part of ICT infrastructure intended for a

set of ITS applications. The support for ecodriving
applications
impact
on
the
will
have
competitive
positive
position
of
European system and components suppliers.
Development
systems
Technological leadership
driving
of
technical
providing
will
take
services
place
solutions
related
at
and
to
eco-
national
and
4
European
level.
Some
level
of
interoperability between national solutions

will be required. Development taking place
218
Magnitude of
impact

at European level will offer opportunities to
re-use the solution developed and to benefit
from
economies
of
scale.
Eco-driving
oriented driver support and energy efficient

traffic control are currently active research
topics.
The
availability
of the
service will
provide
greater integration of various services that

at presently do not offer all the features that
Integration
are envisaged to appear in the new service.

4
The
integration
interface
is
and
infrastructure
linked
to
linking
used
to
data,
of
data
user
physical
infrastructure
supporting the service.
The
service
knowledge
will
require
between
transfer
different
of
ecosystems
and across national borders. The integration
Knowledge transfer
of applications from various member states

and the interface design in a way that takes
into
consideration
various
features
of
the
system will be a massive operation.
The
service
will
require
smarter
infrastructure across Europe that can
take
into consideration the requirements of the
Infrastructure
development
information
4
collection
and
provision
envisaged in the service delivery. Most likely

the
technology
existing
mass
solutions
production
based
on
components
are
but
may also require alteration of the existing

physical infrastructure to be fitted.
The
system
will
improve
the
mobility
of
those already using the transport system but

it can potentially create an adverse impact
of introducing more users of private vehicles
Mobility of personnel
to
transport
system
as
the
benefits
are
experienced by also the new users. Mobility

impact is expected to be European level, as
the system will improve route planning and
availability of timely travel information.
Technological
challenges
related
to
the
service provision are massive, resulting from

availability
Total impact
of
the
service
in
all
Member
States to the data handling and storage. Due

to
the
infrastructure
revision
needs
the
actual implementation may become stalled,

unless sufficient funds are secured for the
219
Magnitude of
impact

required investments.
Legend:
0 = no impact
1.10 Service: Dynamic last mile delivery

1.10.1 Description
Consignee system
Web application that can be used from any
device having browser environment
Devices may vary from desktop PCs to mobile
devices (e.g. mart phones)
Mobile (optionally location-aware) device and
application f or pushing notifications to the
consignee
Signing the delivery with RFID enabled smart
phone by reading smart tag in the parcel.
Courier Service
Provider
Internet
Internet
Delivery Point 1
Back office (courier service

provider)
Manages and optimizes the
deliveries and its f leet exploiting
consignees shared future time & place
scheduling and keeps consignee upto-date of the delivery progress and
gives an estimation of the delivery time
Internet
and place
Courier service provider may have
own trip planning application or it may
use third party cloud services for f leet
optimization
The progress of the deliveries by the
f leet is monitored using location
technologies, RFID based smart
tagging, wireless communications
Trip planning
service provider Real-time adjustments to delivery
plans are conveyed to consignees
smart phones using wireless, IPv6
based, communications.
UMTS / LTE / 3G / WI-FI

Delivery Point 2
Courier
Courier system
Satellite navigation system with hybrid positioning covering the shadows
Trip planning system that gets up-to-date inf ormation about traf fic, updates on real-time adjustments on the delivery destinations and
routes. May be based on stand alone navigator system getting updates f rom Internet vie wireless communications.
In-car terminal and optional mobile terminal for trip planning and f leet management.
In-car system automatically recognizes delivery when RFID tag is read when moving delivery f rom the vehicle
Figure 50: Dynamic last mile delivery concept.

1.10.2 Economic impacts
Service: Dynamic last

mile delivery
Growth
Magnitude of impact

Service can improve the logistics and
1
efficiency
220
within
the
immediate

mile delivery
Magnitude of impact

surroundings and the faster delivery
can
create
growth
impacts
at
city
level, as the deliveries become more

rapid.
Economic
competitiveness
The
service
the
small
give
availability
business
competitive
can
improve
operations
edge
and
to
the
companies that can provide or take

advantage from the service.
Those
companies
from
the
that
service
can
are
benefit
likely
to
experience welfare gains but due to
Economic welfare
the relatively marginal impact of the
last
mile
delivery
on
the
whole
logistics chain these impacts are likely

to remain at city level.
The
main
already
to
Investment
elements
exist
support
and
the
of
some
the
service
investments
satellite
navigation
system may be required. The use of

1
the service itself is
not
expected to
generate major investments, with the

exception of some software required
to track the delivery addresses.
Last
mile
deliveries
provided
by
are
likely
companies
to
that
be
will
specialize in this service model, either

as a part of the broader logistics chain
Market share
or
2
as
separate
niche
market.
However, the main impact is likely to

appear
context
in
as
provided by
the
city
the
and
service
regional
can
be
multiple entities with
country.
Major impacts are not foreseen from

this
Overall impact
service,
it
mainly
addresses
segment of freight transport that will
improve service level experienced by

the end users of logistics services.
Legend:
0 = no impact
221

1.10.3 Social impacts

mile delivery
Magnitude of
impact

The
Cohesion
Health
service
cohesion
not
considered
on
people
to
as
it
have
mainly
deals with the freight transport.
No
health
impacts
are
envisaged
as
the
service does not address peoples mobility.
Some
Employment
is
impacts
additional
jobs
may
be
created
to
manage the service but these are likely to
remain at city level.
The availability of this service will improve

the
Quality of life
peoples
greater
day-to-day
flexibility
in
life
by
receiving
allowing
deliveries.
These impacts will be city level due to the

nature of the service.
In relation to the improvements in quality
Service level
of
1
life,
the
considerably
service
and
level
make
will
improve
delivery
business
more smooth and customer friendly.
The
Greenhouse gas
emissions
volume
of
delivery
business
in
the
transport system is relatively small and it is

not
foreseen
emission
will
that
major
reductions
take place even
within
in
city
limits.
Social
Overall impact
impacts
of
the
service
are
very
minimal as the service is targeted to freight

1
and logistics, where the users of the service

do not interact with other users.
Legend:
0 = no impact
222
1.10.4 Policy impacts

mile delivery
Magnitude of
impact

Dynamic
last
mile
delivery
service
offers
greater flexibility on the time and location

where the delivery may take place. It also
More Fluid
reduces
the
delivery
attempts.
number
of
congested
number
of
unsuccessful
Reduction
vehicle
kilometres
traffic
conditions
in
the
driven
can
in
be
expected. However, the impact on fluency

of traffic will be small and it will be realized
only within urban areas.
The optimization of flows of goods and so

last
mile
freight
distribution
within
and
into urban conglomerates can improve the
Greener
environmental
2
surroundings.
quality
This
can
be
of
urban
achieved,
for
instance, by applying trip planning systems

and fleets monitoring through RFID based
smart tagging.
The
Smarter
application
of
ICT
systems
for
trip
planning and fleet management definitely

1
has an
impact on the smartness level
of
the city.
The system is not assumed to have direct

impacts on safety. However, advanced fleet
management systems connected with onboard
Safer
computers
gather
set
of
information that can also be a valuable tool
to
enhance
network
behaviour
and
safety
to
within
on
the
promote
the
urban
safer
logistic
road
driver
company
using the system.
The dynamic negotiation of the deliveries
More Accessible
allows the final consignee to have a better

1
access to the service in terms of quality,

efficiency and availability.
223

mile delivery
Magnitude of
impact

The
five
mobility
addressed
to
sustainable
impacts
urban
policy
the
urban
is
system.
inherently
dimensions.
effectiveness
of
dimensions
achievements
The
the
span
confined
By
are
of
of
into
looking
bundle
the
at
on
the
each
individual policy pillar it must be pointed
Total impact

by
promoting
deployment
European
impacts
the
of
adoption
these
urbanized
at
and
services
areas,
European
the
scale
the
to
all
positive
on
the
sustainable mobility can be significant.
Legend:
0 = no impact
1.10.5 Technological impacts

mile delivery
Magnitude of
impact
There
Innovation
Technological
breakthrough
Research
competitiveness
No
major
innovation
major
technology
service
does
not
development of new
required
in
advancement
is
require
significant
research or products
so there will be no impact.
No
no
required for provision of this service.
The
0
is
providing the described service.
standards are needed
order
0
can
to
be
provide
the
developed
to be
service;
with
no
agreed
in
applications
restrictions
or
instructions.
There is no foreseen leadership developing
for
this
service
as
the
applications
can
location or company-specific.
Similarly to industry leadership, now major

technology
224
provider
is
foreseen
as

mile delivery
Magnitude of
impact

requirement, more likely individual solutions
providers will emerge.
Technology
Integration
Knowledge transfer
is
needed
at
city
level to combine information of locations of

service users and deliveries.
No knowledge transfer is expected to take

place.
Some
Infrastructure
development
additional
developments
in
the
infrastructure may be required, in particular

related to the satellite based monitoring of
vehicles.
Due to the nature of the service no mobility

impacts will be foreseen.
The
Total impact
integration
service
will
not
require
major
technological advancements, and will utilise

existing technologies.
Legend:
0 = no impact
225
10 Bundle: Urban Traffic Management Services

1.11
Service: Cooperative traffic signal control
1.11.1
Description
Figure 51: Cooperative traffic signal control concept.

1.11.2
Economic impacts
Service: Cooperative
Magnitude of impact
traffic signal control

No major growth impact is foreseen
Growth
Economic
to result from the service.
There
0
are
no
direct
impacts
on
competitiveness from this service.
competitiveness
The
system
is
expected
to
have
positive impact on economic welfare

on city level. The impact is related to
shorter
Economic welfare
average
travel
times
1
experienced by road users. However,
Back office system in T
the impact
travel
times
Backon
of ficeaverage
collects the traffic
data from
RSUs is
Internet of Things technologies (including M2M

likely to be
small
and it will
depend
In addition
to management
of RSUs
and vehicl on
GIS databases, massive real time spatio-tempor
the
226
performance
of
traffic
control
Magnitude of impact

systems
and
provided
the
functionalities
before
the
they
system
was
implemented.
Most
of
the
investment
impact
will
result from data management linked

to
Investment
the
traffic
fleet
management
signal
investments
where
control
will
the
take
with
system.
place
system
in
is
the
These
cities
being
implemented.
Most
likely
single
company
will
emerge to provide the services within

a
Market share
city
as
the
fragmented
the
due
system
to
market
to
the
cover
will
be
limitation
mainly
of
major
cities in Europe.
The
service
significant
Overall impact
will
not
generate
economic impacts outside
the immediate surroundings of a city,
even in this context the overall impact

is limited.
Legend:
0 = no impact
Cohesion
Magnitude of
impact

There
is
no
cohesion
impact
associated
with this service.
The system aims to reduce the number of

accidents
Health
which
intersections
system
is
in
happen
urban
expected
at
signalised
environments.
to
have
The
positive
impact on health where it is implemented
Employment
No
0
major
employment
gains
will
from the adoption of this service.
227
result
Magnitude of
impact

In
Quality of life
the
cities
people
will
find
the
driving
more pleasant and enjoyable if they adjust

1
their travel to suggested speeds and green

light patterns.
New
Service level
service
can
improve
in
particular
driving during off-peak hours when green

1
lights
can
be
made
more
user-friendly
according to vehicles on the streets.
Minor
Greenhouse gas
emissions
impacts
on
emissions
can
be
observed as waiting times at traffic lights

are likely
stops
to
shorten
and
and
the
accelerations
number
of
likely
be
will
reduced.
The service will have limited social impacts,
Overall impact
mainly
1
within
through
the
implementing
improvements
in
city
mobility
and
service level.
Legend:
0 = no impact
More Fluid
Magnitude of
impact

The traffic
congestion
decrease
by
systems
1
for
level
will
introducing
decentralized
certainly
cooperative
traffic
signal
control. These systems can optimize traffic

flows
system
and
so
reduce
total
delay
time of the urban network.
When implemented, the system will reduce

the number of stops and accelerations at
intersections
Greener
system
number
has
of
in
also
urban
environment.
potential
vehicle
to
The
reduce
kilometres
the
driven
in
queuing and slowly moving traffic. This will

have
228
positive
effect
on
emissions
and
Magnitude of
impact

energy consumption.
Cooperative traffic signal control systems
Smarter
by definition increase the smartness of the
city where they work.
Effects of signal
timing on safety can
be
seen in the Detection Control System. This

real-time
Safer
adaptive
control
application
is
effective at improving the relative safety of

an intersection and so increasing safety at
city level.
Efficiently
managing
network
through
applied
More Accessible
to
the
traffic
cooperative
traffic
signal
on
the
systems
control
can
improves accessibility at city level in terms
of
quality
business
of
access
have
to
that
the
people
urban
and
mobility
system.
The
five
mobility
addressed
to
sustainable
impacts
urban
policy
the
urban
is
system.
inherently
dimensions.
effectiveness
of
dimensions
achievements
The
span
confined
By
the
the
at
on
a
of
into
looking
bundle
are
of
the
each
Total impact

by
promoting
deployment
European
impacts
of
the
urbanized
at
adoption
these
areas,
European
and
services
the
scale
the
to
all
positive
on
the
sustainable mobility can be noteworthy.
Legend:
0 = no impact
Innovation
Magnitude of
impact
1

Innovation
229
takes
place
within
the
city
Magnitude of
impact

context where the new and improved traffic
light
guidance
will
help
users
to
optimize
their travel patterns.
Technological
breakthrough
No major new technologies will be required

0
to introduce the service.
Utilization of a vast number of data sources

in
Research
competitiveness
real-time
network
level
traffic
optimization of urban traffic is a topic still

1
under
still
research.
have
Solutions
novelty
value
to
this
and
problem
relevance
as
research topics.
No agreements on standards are required as
the
service
is
very
much
fixed
to
its
immediate surroundings.
Service can be designed and implemented
locally, even through the utilisation of local

1
SME
sector
to
provide
the
required
technologies.
No major technologies will need to emerge

nor
should
the
(necessarily)
solutions
by
can
service
larger
be
also
be
produced
companies
very
as
localised
the
and
therefore provided by companies for which

these markets are more attractive than for
the bigger industry players.
Integration of vehicle data and traffic light
Integration
Knowledge transfer
management will take place at the city level.
No knowledge transfer is foreseen to take

place in context of this service.
Within cities the need to integrate fleet data

with
traffic
light
management
system
creates the demand for new infrastructure
Infrastructure
development
development, but this is basically based on

1
upgrading
the
technically
transfer
existing
system
compatible
and
on-time
with
to
the
be
data
management
of
system.
Peoples
mobility
improved
better
1
due
flow
to
of
within
less
cities
waiting
traffic.
will
times
Again,
be
and
these
improvements may have adverse incentives

for
service
users
to
adopt
use
of
private
vehicles as it will become more attractive.
230
Magnitude of
impact

Technological requirements are low for this
Total impact
service
1
and
this
results
in
low
overall
score, where impacts are observed they are

within city limits.
Legend:
0 = no impact
231
1.12 Service: Speed management

1.12.1 Description
Figure 52: Speed management concept.

Service: Speed
management
Magnitude of impact

Potential growth impacts are created
by
the
better
operation
of
transport
system, which mainly affects the daily

commuting traffic in regional and city
context.
Growth
small
The
growth
reduction
is
of
result
travel
of
times
(http://www.imobility-effectsdatabase.org)
address
the
and
impact
preparedness
of
weather
to
and
other factors on the operability of the

transport system.
Economic
competitiveness
Economic welfare
No
major
impact
on
economic
competitiveness is foreseen.
Improved safety of road users will have

a positive effect on economic welfare
232
Service: Speed
management
Magnitude of impact

of
society,
traffic
impacting
within
surrounding
been
the
commuting
cities
region.
estimated
and
the
The
system
to
be
has
socio-
economically profitable in an analysis

carried out for one EU member state
(Lai,
Carsten,
Tate
2012).
The
magnitude of the effect will depend on

the type of ISA implemented and the
deployment scenario.
Investment are needed to provide the

signalling system, which will boost the
Investment
development of durable and low costs
variable
speed
signs
required
to
replace the current signs.
Speed
limit
databases
will
be
established at national level (ROSATTE

implementation
platform).
It
is
likely
that management of speed limit data
Market share
at national level will be carried out by a
single
company.
integrated
developed
in
at
In-vehicle
the
systems
vehicle
the European
will
be
or global
level.
The service has potential

investments
to
to increase
technologies
that
enable use of speed management as a
Overall impact
2 / 3
means
to
means
major
current
controlling
the
traffic.
investments
signals
and
also
to
cabling
other supporting infrastructure.
Legend:
0 = no impact
Service: Speed
management
Magnitude of
impact
233
This
replace
and
Service: Speed
management
Cohesion
Magnitude of
impact

The nature of the service does not lead to
any cohesion impacts.
Health impacts result from better control of

speed on roads, resulting in less accidents
Health
and injuries, which will affect in particular
the
commuting
travel
in
the
city
and
regional context.
Employment
There
0
are
no
employment
impacts
associated with the service.
The service will improve quality of life in

Europe as the speed management becomes
more linked to actual conditions and less
Quality of life
static as is the present situation. People will
also
have
better
chance
to
adjust
their
driving and to take necessary precautions

against changing driving conditions.
The service level of speed management will

improve
significantly
reduction
in
predictable
Service level
and
can
accidents
travel
lead
and
times.
to
more
These
new
features will benefit in particular frequent
travellers but will also provide comfort to

those who are less frequent travellers
not
familiar
with
local
roads
and
or
their
conditions.
Mandatory
speed
alert
system
would
reduce considerably emissions and energy

consumption.
Greenhouse gas
emissions
system
2
are
The
likely
effects
to
be
of
smaller
voluntary
and
the
evidence on their impacts in areas with low

speed
limits
is
partly
contradictory
(http://www.imobility-effectsdatabase.org).
The major impact of the service will be the

improved
Overall impact
service
level,
as
the
transport
system users can better adjust their speeds
2 / 4
to external factors than simply relying on

their own situation analysis.
Legend:
0 = no impact
234

Service: Speed
management
Magnitude of
impact

Impacts of speed management will depend
on the number of vehicles equipped with
the system. When the share of equipped
vehicles
More Fluid
above
certain
threshold,
the
system will result in a more homogenous
and
smoother
small
fraction
traffic
flow.
When
only
of drivers use the system,
the system may increase the frequency of

overtaking situations.
Mandatory
ISA
adaptation)
emissions
Greener
(intelligent
will
and
reduce
energy
speed
considerably
consumption.
For
voluntary ISA, the impacts are smaller and
evidence on impacts is partly contradictory

for areas with low speed limits (Andersson
2009; Carslaw et al. 2009).
The
Intelligent
system
is
technologies
increasing
Speed
example
applied
the
to
safety
mobility. The system
Smarter
Adaptation
good
ICT
vehicles
for
aspect
in
(ISA)
of
fact
of
urban
enables
the
vehicle to know the relevant speed limit

3
from
an
database
on-board
of
speed
and
limits,
updateable
and
Global
Positioning Satellite (GPS) system advising

where the vehicle is located. The system
then provides feedback to the driver about
whether current speed exceeds that limit.
The
main
services
is
scope
to
of
speed
increase
the
management
level
of
road
safety. Speed alert provided to the driver
Safer
has been estimated to reduce the number

4
of
fatalities
injuries
by
in
EU27
2.6-9.5%
by
if
4.5-12.6%
all
vehicles
and
were
equipped with the system (Wilmink et al.

2008).
The system is not expected to have any
More Accessible
significant
impact
services or locations.
235
of
accessibility
of
Service: Speed
management
Magnitude of
impact

All the five mobility policy dimensions are
addressed
to
sustainable
impacts
urban
is
the
urban
achievements
system.
inherently
dimensions,
The
confined
except
for
of
span
into
a
of
the
smartness
and safety which can get to a national and

European
framework
course by
Total impact
respectively.
Of
looking at the effectiveness
of
the bundle on each individual policy pillar it
must be pointed out that all of them are

positively
affected by
services;
therefore,
adoption
and
services
to
the
the delivery
by
of the
promoting
deployment
of
the
these
all European urbanized areas,
the positive impacts at European scale on

the sustainable mobility can be very high
for all the five pillars.
Legend:
0 = no impact
Service: Speed
management
Magnitude of
impact

There is no major innovation involved in the
Innovation
service,
the
major
are
already
tested and in use in some pilot regions.
To
upgrade
the
management
Technological
breakthrough
elements
development
3
replace
the
transfer
of
service
from
of
ones
works
national
sites
low-cost
existing
signal
to
testing
signs
and
in
all
level
requires
that
where
will
the
conditions,
when a change to existing speed limit shown

is required.
No
Research
competitiveness
impact
is
expected
on
research
competitiveness as most of the technologies

0
required are already tested and piloted by

potential service providers.
236
Service: Speed
management
Magnitude of
impact

Current
status
and
management
of
speed
limit data in Europe has been studied by the

ROSATTE
project
(ERTICO
implementation
3
established
2012).
platform
(Flament
2012)
Rosatte
is
to
being
utilize
the
work carried out in ROSATTE and to support

data
flow
from
national
road
administrations to providers of digital maps.
Systems
used
to
manage
speed
limit
implementation will mostly be implemented

on national level.
National level service providers are likely to

generate the leadership that is required to
produce
3
integrated
providers
can
systems. These service
also
provide
the
similar
service to other countries and provide more

broad solutions.
National
level
service
providers
will
be
responsible for integrating data from various
Integration
infrastructure
managers
database
national
integrate
at
speed
into
level.
limit
data
common
Efforts
into
to
existing
digital maps are being made by digital map

providers
and
the
work
is
supported
by
ROSATTE implementation platform.
Knowledge transfer
No knowledge transfer is considered to be

0
Infrastructure
address
Infrastructure
development
various
3
the
development
speed
parts
of
needs
management
the
Europe.
to
needs
At
in
present,
most member states have no national level

speed limit database, and investment in new
ICT infrastructure will be required.
The effects of speed alert system on travel

time
are
roads
likely
to
because
be
negligible
delays
at
on
urban
intersections
constitute much of the travel time (Wilmink

et al. 2008). Therefore, the impacts of the
system
on
mobility
are
likely
to
be
very
limited.
The service has mixed impacts, which results

in
Total impact
average
score
perhaps
misleadingly
pointing the regional level impacts. Some of

the
impacts
will
be
experienced
at
the
European level whereas in many cases there
237
Service: Speed
management
Magnitude of
impact

are no technological impacts at all.
Legend:
0 = no impact
238
1.13 Service: Predictive smart parking

1.13.1 Description
ParkingService
Collect static and dynamic real-time
inf ormation f rom all parking operators
Payment operator
(commercial & cities)
Parking operators
TIC / TCC
Provides parking inf ormation as a service
f or car drivers and handles reservations as
well as payments together with Payment
Parking broker
operator
GIS system w/ spatio-temporal transaction Trip planning
capabilities including all static and dynamic service operator
Transport service
parking place inf ormation
operator
Internet
Trip Planning
Camera monitoring
Parking is a part of trip planning that helps
& surveillance
users to f ind (available) parking places and Parking control
navigate to there
In addition, multi-modal journey planning
with park & ride scenarios are supported
Park &
Trip planning utilizes real-time inf ormation
Ride
and predictions as a basis of parking place
selection
NFC based
Identification &
payment
Payment
Universal mobile payments or travel
cards covering all modalities of mobility
in addition to parking as well as several
options f or pricing schemes
Based on NFC
Parking enforcement
Easy way to detect parking
violations, e.g., with NFC
technology
NFC based
identification &
ticketless payment
UMTS / LTE / 3G / WI-FI

Access controlled
parking
TIC / TCC
Authorities and traf f ic management
exploits inf ormation about parking
monitoring and may control remotely
dynamic road signs etc.
In-car terminal, OBU, sensors, OBD,

GPS + hybrid positioning,
mobile and wireless
communications
Parking places
Access controlled parking places have barriers that are
controlled remotely or locally and are connected to
identif ication and/or payment activities
Open parking places are prone to parking violations and
thus parking enf orcement is needed. Dif f erent kind of
sensors and road side units may support parking
enf orcement as well as parking monitoring and payments.
On-Trip Planning & Guidance

On-trip scenarios and ad hoc parking needs are
f ulf illed with on-trip planning based on real-time data
of parking place availability.
User interaction while driving must be realized in a
saf e and ef f icient way, e.g., by using audio UIs
Fixed in-car terminal alone is inadequate solution
f or multi-modal journey planning and guidance
complement / replace with mobile solution
Open / roadside parking

Parking
enforcement
E.g.,802.11p
Roadside station, sensors
Figure 53: Dynamic and predictive parking concept.

Service: Dynamic and

predictive parking
Magnitude of
impact

The growth impacts will materialise through
gains
in
productive
time
due
to
less
time
spent in search for parking space; these are

calculated
driver
per
as
time
day);
savings
additional
(minutes
impact
is
per
the
increased revenue of the cities from parking

fees
Growth
and
probably
lower
cost
of
enforcement; however, even when added up

the impacts remain local and possibilities to
make the system European standard depend
on
interface
locally
design
available
and
data
to
ability
to
solutions
convert
that
are
usable through multiple types of interfaces

(including language conversions). There is
potential to foster innovation in the field of
239

predictive parking
Magnitude of
impact

ITS services associated to smart parking.
This would in turn contribute to global growth
and go beyond local level impacts.
In terms of the competitiveness, the savings
in
Economic
competitiveness
time
and
productivity
1
can
improve
sizeable
the
related
increase
in
are considered minor. Impacts

dynamics
impacts
comparing
to
but
be
do
not
have
detected
productivity
of
when
cities
or
productivity in Europe against other regions.
The users of the city parking facilities will be

better
off,
but
again
the
impacts
do
not
result in gains that can in terms of magnitude

or coverage reach significant impact at the
Economic welfare
European or even national level. There are

gains related to quality of life through
parking
service,
which
are
due
to
the
less
congestion but there is no direct welfare gain

Significant
investment
infrastructure
Investment
implement
will
the
in
not
service
physical
be
or
required
except
sensing
ICT
to
and
detection systems such as cameras or other

types of sensors.
Companies that provide integrated services

for
the
market
parking
are
share in
great
Europe as a whole,
likely
to
have
when
they have demonstrated the functionality of
Market share
the
4
systems
through
piloting.
These
companies will most likely provide a limited

number of similar solutions to the markets,
which can be tailored to each city and have
some level of interoperability between cities
and technologies.
Due to the fact that most of the impacts will

be local and the benefits, although covering
a large volume of users, will remain modest
Overall impact
the
overall
remain
impact
limited.
This
of
the
can
be
solutions
enhanced
will
by
coupling parking solutions with other traffic

management applications.
Legend:
0 = no impact
240


predictive parking
Cohesion
Magnitude of
impact

The application does not address cohesion
directly.
The health impact will be of local nature,

mainly
resulting
from
better
local
air
quality due to less emissions resulting from
Health
reduced search time for available parking.
Obviously in major cities these impacts can

affect large populations so the magnitude
depends on the city.
The system and its maintenance, as well as

effective monitoring will create new jobs,
but
these
are
mainly
at
local
level
for
On
the other hand fewer jobs needed for
As
manual
onsite
enforcement.
people needed to manage the system.
Employment
technologies
industries
are
there
already
are
no
available
major
from
additional
employment gains in industries.
The application can improve the quality of

life as people spend less time in search of
parking
space
and
find
the
system
less
stressful than situation before. Impact on
Quality of life
congestion
3
affects
can
will
cities
be
also
and
considered
availability
parking
of
service
be
citizens.
significant
These
national
dynamic
will
and
and
impacts
level,
the
predictive
improve
moving
around in other cities as well.
Overall, in Europe the parking system will

become
Service level
more
interactive
and
will
considerably improve the management of
parking
services
for
operators. Users
can
benefit from the new services.
Depending on the volume of traffic in cities
Greenhouse gas
emissions
and countries, the service can potentially

reduce emissions significantly, also due to
possibilities to promote electric and hybrid

solutions
241
through
preferred
parking

predictive parking
Magnitude of
impact

solutions.
Social
Overall impact
impacts
are
two-fold,
creating
mainly broad impacts through the services

1 / 3
ability
to
serve
better
urban
parking
demand.
Legend:
0 = no impact
1.13.4 Policy level impacts

predictive parking
Magnitude of
impact

Well
in
advance,
everywhere
up-to-date
information
about
and
parking
space availability will positively impact the

fluency of urban traffic. The drivers, in fact,
More Fluid
will
be
informed
current
in
occupancy
good
levels
time
of
on
the
parking
lots
and car parks, allowing them to plan their

route
accordingly
and
reach
their
destination in the shortest time possible.
By
reducing
the length
of time
a vehicle
circulates on urban streets or in a car park,

emissions and noise levels will be reduced
Greener
and so requirements on better air quality

1
and noise abatement can be met. However,

the
impact
facilities
is
and
realised
city
only
centres
in
parking
with
limited
availability of parking.
Traffic
and
provide
travel
data
information,
processing
assistance
can
and
dynamic control of transport to drivers and

network managers. ICT technologies to be
Smarter
used
3
for
systems
level
enhancing
and
traffic
management
and
the
parking
integrating
systems
can
efficiency
of
interoperability
smarter urban transport.
242
them
guidance
in
higher
improve
the
urban
mobility
level
towards

predictive parking
Magnitude of
impact

The
Safer
system
is
not
expected
to
have
significant impacts on safety of road users.
These systems will surely increase the level

of accessibility from the view point of the
More Accessible
quality of access that people and business
have to the urban mobility system, made

up of infrastructure and services.
The
five
mobility
addressed
to
sustainable
impacts
urban
is
urban
commuting
The
confined
possibly
trips.
of
By
span
into
of
the
by
systematic
looking
the
are
of
regional
consideration
effectiveness
1 / 2
system.
inherently
into
dimensions
achievements
dimensions,
taking
Overall impact
policy
the
bundle
at
the
on
each

out
that
all
positively
of
them
affected
by
services;
therefore,
adoption
and
services
to
all
the
except
safety
the delivery
by
promoting
deployment
European
of
are
the
the
of
these
urbanized
areas,

the sustainable mobility can be very high.
Legend:
0 = no impact

predictive parking
Magnitude of
impact

Although not an entirely new concept, and
while utilising
mainly
existing
technologies
the innovation lies in the potential to bring
Innovation
the
solutions
service
leisure
that
traffic,
together
can
into
benefit
including
an
integrated
commuter
tourism,
and
provided
that the user interface is designed to work in
243

predictive parking
Magnitude of
impact

non-local equipment and platforms as well.
The
first
solutions
to
be
available
will
be
realised at national or regional level.
Only when considered to change the existing

services
the
available
application
in
be
cities
for
parking
considered
to
can
have
technological advancement at the city level.
Technological
breakthrough
Internet
1
of
things,
real-time
allocation
of
parking spots is a challenge, which can be

solved
through
private
areas,
but
public
areas (road sides) remain difficult to address

as
the
installation
monitoring
and
of
technologies
vacancy
data
is
for
more
challenging.
The selected application within a city will be
Research
competitiveness
a
1
result
of
competitiveness
in
design
and
concept development, but at the European

level
it
will
be
hard
to
detect
changes
in
research competitiveness.
The
potential
to
have
interoperability
of
applications
the
improve
at
citizenship
agreement
various
&
on
city
European
tourism
the
level
level
and
to
other
usage can lead to standards, with regards to
functions
of
the
applications
(payment
methods, user interfaces, signalling etc.). In

particular
the
infrastructure
standardized
presentation
based
on
presentation
of
a
is
city
common
crucial
in
setting a common platform for applications.
At national level there are likely to emerge

companies
that
development
and
provide
tailor-made
concept
applications
that suit the local conditions, as the market
will be attractive when the customer base is

larger. Naturally major cities offer a lucrative
market but it is more likely that companies
would choose to provide applications to a
country as a whole.
European
level
coverage
will
result
in
leadership which is defined by data use in
information applications. Key is to build user

4
interfaces
that
independent
of
enable
use
location
or
of
resulting in greater interoperability.
244
system
language,

predictive parking
Magnitude of
impact

Systems and
mobility
Integration
various
4
applications will enhance
of
people,
actors
the
interoperability
(public
sector,
of
companies,
users etc.) and also generate systems level

integration,
which
can
be
best
achieved
through interactive user applications.
Impact will be limited in some cases, mostly

through training of local
management
Knowledge transfer
Based
on
of
staff for practical
applications
national
within
level
city.
operators
experiences, the solutions can be taken to

other
locations
with
appropriate
modifications.
The
Infrastructure
development
system
will
be
realised
by
combining
existing physical and ICT infrastructure with

1
new
technologies.
need
for
parking
Also,
space
reduction
can
in
in
the
the
future
change the existing infrastructure.
Better information on parking can result in

changes in commuter habits, which can be
an inverse impact in terms of increasing the
share
of
trips
done
by
private
vehicles.
However, if the goal is to reduce private car

use
(also dynamic) pricing can be used to
control
traffic
transport
mode
volumes
(keeping
and
in
choice
mind
of
equality
considerations).
The total impact of the parking system is a

result
of
low
impact
caused
by
city
level
solutions and of high impact caused by EUlevel
standardisation
and
applications
that
have cross-border implications and result in

better predictability in travel within and to
cities. It needs to be acknowledged that the
Total impact
impact
1 / 4
of
less
congestion
as
result
of
dynamic and predictive parking will lead to

impacts observable at the city level when it
comes
to
congestion
or
emissions
reductions, which are part of the social and

economic impacts. Taking into consideration
that cities are nodes in TEN-T networks will
increase the value of smooth parking from
the European perspective.
Legend:
245
0 = no impact
246
11 Bundle: Booking and payment

1.14
Service: Mobile payment
1.14.1
Description
Figure 54: Mobile payment concept.

1.14.2
Economic impacts
Magnitude of
impact
The
payment
growth
Growth
current
system
impacts
as
systems
does
it
in
not
basically
have
any
aids
the
administrating
the
payment of various services.
There
Economic
competitiveness
are
no
impacts
on
competitiveness
from this service as the service provided will

only marginally change current processes.
No welfare gains are envisaged to take place

Economic welfare
from the use of this service.
No major investments are needed to provide

Investment
0
the
247
service
and
it
is
not
foreseen
that
it
Magnitude of
impact

would generate any investments.
It is likely that the service will be provided at

the
Market share
European
level
by
one
or
more
companies as is the situation at present with

other
similar
services
offered
by
financial
institutions.
Economic impacts are limited and linked to
Overall impact
the service providers role in the European

markets.
Legend:
0 = no impact
Magnitude of
impact

Due to the nature of the service there will
Cohesion
Health
be no cohesion impacts.
Due to the nature of the service there will

be no health impacts.
The
Employment
service
additional
0
provision
resources
will
in
not
terms
require
of
staffing
and it will not generate any additional jobs

either.
The availability of better payment services

will most likely improve the daily activities
Quality of life
of service users but these impacts will be
limited in the immediate surroundings at

the city level.
Users
can
better
benefit
from
existing
technologies in their day-to-day travel and
Service level
the
4
service
throughout
travellers
is
likely
Europe,
that
to
be
which
utilise
available
will
public
benefit
transport
anywhere where the system is available.
Greenhouse gas
The
248
service
provided
has
no
impact
on

emissions
Overall impact
Magnitude of
impact

emissions.
1 / 4
Social
impacts,
service
level,
apart
are
from
likely
to
improved
remain
small.
Payment service is not considered to affect

the social interaction as such.
Legend:
0 = no impact
Service: Mobile Payment

More Fluid
Magnitude of
impact

Mobile payment services do not have any
impacts on the level of urban congestion.
Greener
Smarter
Safer
impacts
on
the
level
of
environmental
issues.

impacts on transport smartness.

impacts on safety.
More Accessible
Total impact
impacts
on
the
level
of
transport
accessibility.
This
service
significant
point.
Legend:
0 = no impact
249
bundle
impacts
does
from
not
the
have
policy
any
view
Magnitude of
impact

There is no major innovation in the service
Innovation
provision
as
it
is
based
on
existing
technologies.
There
Technological
breakthrough
Research
competitiveness
is
no
breakthrough
major
required
technological
to
provide
this
service.
There
is
no
research
competitiveness
involved in the provision of the service.
Regarding payments and data transfer there
needs to be agreement at the EU level of the

4
format of data and privacy of users of the

service.
It is likely that one or more EU level or global

service
providers
offering
the
will
service
be
to
sufficient geographical
responsible
clients
to
for
have
coverage and client
base.
The technologies for payment management

are likely to exist at the European level to
give a sufficient client base for the broad4
based
use.
operate
These
similar
service
payment
providers
systems
in
can
other
markets as well.
Integration
The
0
service
Due
Knowledge transfer
Infrastructure
development
does
not
require
particular
technology integration.
to
the
knowledge
nature
transfer
of
is
the
service
expected
to
no
take
place.
Due
to
the
nature
infrastructure
of
the
development
is
service
no
foreseen
to
take place.
Due to the nature of the service no mobility

impacts are foreseen.
The
main
technological
impacts
are
connected to the service provision, which in

many
Total impact
ways
is
new
application
of
the
existing payment technologies and is most

likely
benefiting
present
offer
those
similar
other market segments.
250
companies
services
that
at
already
in
Legend:
0 = no impact
251
1.15 Service: Mobile ticketing

1.15.1 Description
Figure 55: Mobile ticketing concept.

Service: Mobile ticketing
Magnitude of
impact

The service does not have growth impacts. It
Growth
is focusing on efficiency and alternatives in

payment of public transport services.
The service aims to increase the use of public
Economic
competitiveness
Economic welfare
Investment
transport by providing
alternative payment
methods. This does not have a direct impact

on competitiveness.
Similarly, the service does not generate any

welfare impacts.
The
252
service
does
not
require
major
Magnitude of
impact

technologies
also
to
be
generating
investments
implemented.
needs
in
for
supporting
It
is
not
additional
services
or
technologies.
The system is best utilised within cities and

at regional level transport. It is likely that a
Market share
single
operator
within
each
will
urban
provide
area
the
and
services
surrounding
region.
Economic
impacts
are
quite
limited
and
relate to market share, which can be seen to
Overall impact
increase
2
the
utilisation
of
public
transport
and therefore giving the operators using the

payment
system
an
advantage
in
competition.
Legend:
0 = no impact
Magnitude of
impact

The availability of better ticketing systems
will have a minor positive impact on the
use of public transport in city and regional
context. In other words, easy to use and
Cohesion
effectively operating ticketing system is in

2
essential
seen
part
of
attractive
commuters
public
by
and
transport
travellers.
those
service
Particularly
using
public
transport as their main mode of transport

will benefit from the service.
Using public transport is likely to increase
Health
peoples use of light traffic and therefore

2
to
improve
the
health
situation
in
the
context of the transport system use.
Employment
The nature of the service does not require

0
major
253
staff
and
therefore
no
real
Magnitude of
impact

employment impacts can be foreseen.
The
Quality of life
availability
payment
2
of
more
methods
is
flexible
likely
to
ticket
benefit
people who are using the public transport

or will now have incentives to do so.
The
available
payment
immediate
Service level
transport
of
will
more
surroundings
is
flexible
positively
used,
the
ticket
impact
in
city
which
and
the
public
regional
commuting traffic where the volume and

frequency
of
service
make
the
system
meaningful.
The shift of passengers to public transport

use is likely to reduce emissions, however
these
Greenhouse gas
emissions
impacts
passengers
vehicle
and
magnitude.
depend
shifting
are
Easy
on
from
at
to
the
use
best
use
volume
of
of
and
of
private
regional
effectively
operating ticketing system is an essential

part
of
public
transport
service
seen
attractive by travellers.
The
Overall impact
on
2
social
the
service,
impact
is
mainly
geographical
which
is
supporting
city and regional travel.
Legend:
0 = no impact
254
concentrated
utilisation
in
of
the
particular
Magnitude of
impact

The
More Fluid
NFC
potential
1
based
to
ticketing
reduce the
system
has
time needed
for
boarding at bus or tram stops. This reduces

travel times of public transport passengers.
Potentially,
by
implementing
mobile
ticketing system for public transport, a city
Greener
can increase the number of users and so
change the citizens behaviours towards a

less intensive use of private vehicles.
Mobile ticketing
that
could
the
view
definitely has an impact
reach
the
point
of
regional
city
level
from
smartness.
The
service, in fact, by using ICT systems such
Smarter
as
barcodes
integrated
and
contact
circuits
Communication
enhance
or
(NFC)
the
less
RFID
Near
Field
systems
intelligence
will
of
urban
environment.
Safer
The service is
0
not
expected
to
have any
impacts on safety..
Mobile
ticketing
can
enhance
the
integration of different transport modes in
More Accessible
a metropolitan area by letting use just one

2
ticket.
For
definitely
this
reason
have
the
service
will
effect
on
regional
accessibility of public transport.
Except for safety, the other four mobility

policy
dimensions
achievements
are
of
addressed
to
sustainable
the
urban
system. The span of impacts is inherently

confined
into
possibly
the
urban
regional
by
dimensions,
taking
into
consideration systematic commuting trips.

By
Total impact
looking
at
the
effectiveness
of
the
bundle on each of the four policy pillars, it
1 / 2
must be pointed out that all of them are

positively
affected
services;
therefore,
adoption
and
services
to
all
the
by
the delivery
by
deployment
European
of
promoting
the
the
of
these
urbanized
areas,

the
sustainable
noteworthy.
255
mobility
can
be
Legend:
0 = no impact
Magnitude of
impact

Innovation
is
limited
to
the
geographical
context in which the new service is intended
Innovation
to
operate
and
consists
of
new
ways
of
integrating the payment system and existing

ticketing system for public transport.
Technological
breakthrough
No new technologies are required, just the

0
integration of existing systems.
Most
Research
competitiveness
likely
service
is
provided
by
experience of the similar systems and data

management.
Standards
the
national service provider, which has already
are
required
to
integrate
the
payment systems with ticketing systems but

2
this is again done in the local context within

city and the regional commuting system.
National level entity is likely to manage the
similar
3
systems
in
different
cities.
This
company will integrate various technologies

needed.
Same
companies
that
operate
systems
in
the national context are also generating the

3
technical
solutions that become utilised in
various cities and regions within a country.
Integration
Integration
Knowledge transfer
Infrastructure
development
is
experienced
in
the
city
and
regional level where ticketing and payment

systems are implemented.
There is no impact on knowledge transfer in

this service.
No special infrastructure is required as the

0
technology
is
and software.
256
based
on
existing
hardware

Magnitude of
impact
2

Mobility
can
regional
context
be
increased
but
this
in
is
the
city
and
depending
on
external factors as well such as the service

level of public transport system.
The technological impacts are mainly limited

to the immediate context in which most of
the travel utilising the ticketing system takes
Total impact
place,
2 / 3
which
is
within
cities
and
at
the
regional level. Benefits are reaped by those

who travel more frequently and by service
providers
who
can
offer
their
service
interested operators within a region.
Legend:
0 = no impact
257
to
European Commission
ICT concepts for optimization of mobility in Smart Cities

Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union
2013 133 pages

ISBN 978-92-79-28716-9
DOI: 10.2759/97570
K
K
3
0
1
3
2
7
8
E
N
N
DOI:
10.2759/97570
ISBN
978-92-79-28716-9

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9

Bundle: Urban logistics services

Figure 49: Eco-driving concept.

Description of the impact

generate growth through greater efficiency

Europes industries operations and provide

regions where such service is not available.

The targeted reduction in fuel consumption

Description of the impact

The welfare gains from the service will be

Massive investments will be needed in in

including user profiles and preferences.

certain back-office systems by public sector

responsibility of the operator of the vehicle.

advantage over their competitors.

availability is Europe-wide and will endorse

amount of cities and the amount of users of

Description of the impact

impact, which is created by the use of the

service by different user groups.

The use of less energy and fuel will lead to

which will have improvements in health at

The system will require maintenance and

required at the city level.

The system will likely reduce emissions and

noise in cities and thus improve the quality

realised at city or regional level.

The system will provide new functionalities

efficient route and energy efficient traffic

are not provided

by current eco-driving applications. These

reduction of 20 per cent of emissions will

emission levels. Achieving this would be a

through the improvements in quality of life

Europe-wide, will be significant.

Description of the impact

navigation via most fuel-efficient route will

way to drive on traffic fluency are likely to

drivers to drive in a more energy efficient

state. In this way the vehicle (and its driver)

from extra information that allows them to

consumption. For this reason there will be a

applications by using cooperative vehicleinfrastructure

vehicles and roadside systems, to improve

route or way of driving.

frequency of hard accelerations and hard

(for summary of studies on speed alert, see

adjustment for helping in the merging

Description of the impact

The eco-driving services could help in make

out that all of them are positively affected

sustainable mobility can be very high.

Description of the impact

Description of the impact

support and monitoring the condition of the

There will be new service available at the

policy goals of the EU. This will be, in spite of

major technology advancement.

Service development will startby focusing on

standards and user preferences define the

architectures, technologies and components

(Mathias, Vreeswijk and van Koningsbruggen

Availability of data for the system and the

at the European level in order to ensure the