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C s k thut bo h lao ng
Bo m an ton lao ng v bo m sc khe ca ngi lao ng l yu
cu quan trng khng nhng cn thit i vi ngi lao ng.
Thc hin php lnh bo h lao ng ca hi ng Nh nc ban hnh, b
mn K thut an ton lao ng c trin khai trong tt c cc trng k
thut. Tuy nhin k thut an ton ch mt phn m bo an ton lao
ng. Mun an ton lao ng trong sn xut, ngi lao ng cng nh ngi s
dng lao ng cn nm c nhng kin thc chung v bo h lao ng.
Trong phn ny chng ti s gii thiu vi bn c nhng kin thc chung
nht ca k thut bo h lao ng cn thit cho ngi lao ng ( y l th
my v thuyn vin) m k thut an ton cha gii thiu ht. Trn c s phn
tch, nghin cu php lnh bo h lao ng, k thut bo h lao ng di tu
v ngnh my tu thy ni ring, phn kin thc ny k hp vi k thut an
ton s gip cho bn c thc hin tt php lnh bo h lao ng, t bo v
c chnh mnh, trnh nhng tai nn ng tic xy ra trong qa trnh lao
ng sn xut.
Chng 1
Nhng vn chung v bo h lao ng
v bo h lao ng trn tu thy
An ton lao ng m quyn li ca ngi lao ng ni chung v l trch
nhim ca ngi qun l s dng lao ng c php lnh bo h quy nh,
nhm phng nga tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, tng bc ci thin
iu kin lao ng m bo sc khe lu di cho ngi sn xut.
Ngnh vn ti thy ni chung, c bit l th my tu thy l mt trong
nhng lao ng nng nhc, iu khin lm vic v cng kh khn, phc tp,
gy tai nn, sinh cc bnh ngh nghip. Vic phn cng, t chc thc
hin bo h lao ng trn tu cng kh c bit. y chng ta, s nghin
cu vn nay.
1.1 Nhng vn chung v bo h lao ng
1.1.1 S lc vn php lnh bo h lao ng
Xut php t quan im Ngi l vn qu ca x hi, ng v Nh nc ta
lun quan tm n an ton lao ng. Nhiu vn bn ch th, chnh sch
quy nh r trch nhim v hng dn cc cp, cc ngnh y mnh cng tc
bo h lao ng c ban hnh v khng ngng c b sung thch hp
vi tng thi k. Ngy 10/9/1991 Ch tch hi ng Nh nc chnh thc
cng b Php lnh bo h lao ng nhm bo v an ton v chm lo hn
na n sc khe ca ngi lao ng.
Php lnh bo h lao ng bao gm 46 iu thuc 10 chng. Php lnh
quy nh r v yu cu an ton lao ng v v sinh lao ng, qui nh v
tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng
lao ng. Php lnh ch r mi t chc, c nhn s dng lao ng, gi
ng v bung li. Khi c lnh phi thc hin ngay v bo co kt qu thc hin
ghi nht k my.
Trc ca c quyn t chi nhng ngi khng c nhim v trong bung my
ngn cn nhng ngi lm tht thot vt t ti sn v dng c c ghi nhn l
ti sn ca bung my.
Th my: bao gm th my trc ca v th my bo qun. Th my trc ca lm
vic theo s phn cng ca s quan tr ca. Th my lm vic theo s ch dn
ca th c. Cc th my ch lm nhng cng vic theo bc th ca mnh.
Vic phn cng lao ng v trch nhim bo h lao ng ny da trn c
s iu l, chc danh thuyn vin, ph hp vi iu kin lm vic trn tu,
gip cho thy th thuyn vin thc hin tt cng tc bo h lao ng m
bo an ton k thut, an ton lao ng hn ch thp nht tai nn xy ra trong
qu trnh sn xut.
1.3 Quy nh trang b phng h cho thuyn vin lm vic trn tu
thy
Nh ni trn, trong iu kin sn xut ca ta hin nay, m bo
an ton trong lao ng, vic trang b dng c phng h lao ng l ht sc
cn thit.
Mt khc, vi iu kin lm vic tng i c bit ca ngnh giao thng
vn ti thy, cc thit b an ton v sinh cha p ng y iu kin an
ton lao ng. Theo tiu chun trang b bo h lao ng (tp tiu chun h
thng ha chnh thc ca b lao ng ban hnh), Lin hip Hng Hi Vit
Nam (nay l Cc Hng Hi Vit Nam) a ra mc quy nh trang b phng
h c nhn thy th thuyn nh sau:
A. i vi khi tu ln.
1. Thuyn trng
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- o ma bt
- Giy da chu du
- M nha cng
- M lng
- X phng
2. S quan boong
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- o ma bt
- Giy da chu du
- M nha cng
- M lng
- Giy lng
- Gang tay bt
- X phng
3. Thy th
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- o ma bt
- Giy da chu du
- M nha cng
- M lng
- Giy lng
- X phng
- Gng tay bt
- Khu trang
- Knh bo h lao ng
- ng cao su
- Dy an ton
4. i trng
- o lng
- Giy da chu du
- Gng tay si
- M nha
- X phng
5. Y bc s
- o chong trng
- o lng
- Giy da chu du
- M nha
- Khu trang
- X phng
6. phc v vin
- Qun o lao ng
- Giy lng
- Giy da chu du
- M bc tc
- ng cao su
- Khu trang
- M nha
- Gng tay bt
- X phng
7.Cp dng
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- Giy lng
- Giy da chu du
- M bc tc
18 thng
48 thng
24 thng
24 thng
48 thng
36 thng
36 thng
400g /thng
1/3 thng
2
hng i
hng i
hng i
- Ym chong xanh
- M nha cng
- Gng tay bt
- X phng
8. Qun l trng
- o lng
- o ma bt
12 thng
60 thng
2 thng
300g/thng
48 thng
36 thng
6 thng
60 thng
100g/thng
24 thng
48 thng
48 thng
60 thng
6 thng
200g/thng
24
48
36
24
36
thng
thng
thng
thng
thng
2
60
2
300g/thng
24
48
48
36
24
thng
thng
thng
thng
thng
48 thng
36 thng
- Giy da chu du
- M nha cng
9. My trng, s quan my
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- Giy lng
- M nha cng
- Giy da chu du
- Gng tay si
- X phng
- Bt tai chng n
10. th my th sa cha
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- Giy lng
- M nha cng
- Giy da chu du
- Gng tay si
- X phng
- Bt tai chng n
- Knh bo h
11.in trng, th in
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- Giy lng
- M nha cng
- Giy da chu du
- ng cch in
- Bt th in
- o ma bt
- Gng tay in
- X phng
b. khi tu phc v
1. Thuyn trng,thuyn ph,
thy th tu ko phc v (a
n thuyn vin)
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- M lng
- M nha cng
- o bt
- Giy da chu du
- Gng tay bt
- X phng
2. my nht th my ko tu
phc v
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- M lng
48 thng
60 thng
12 thng
48 thng
48 thng
48 thng
12 thng
1/2 thng
800g/thng
hng i
12 thng
48 thng
48 thng
48 thng
12 thng
1/2 thng
800g/thng
hng i
hng i
12 thng
48 thng
48 thng
48 thng
12 thng
hng i
hng i
36 thng
mi tu mt i
400g/thng
12 thng
48 thng
48 thng
48 thng
24 thng
24 thng
1/2 thng
300g/thng
12 thng
48 thng
48 thng
- M nha cng
- o bt
- Giy da chu du
- Gng tay si
- X phng
3. Thu th, th my x lan du
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- M lng
- M nha cng
- o bt
- Giy da chu du
- Gng tay bt
- X phng: + du FO
+ du DO
4. Thy th th my x lan nc
- Qun o lao ng
- o lng
- M lng
- M nha cng
- o bt
- Giy da chu du
- Gng tay si
- X phng
48 thng
24 thng
24 thng
1/2 thng
400g/thng
12 thng
48 thng
48 thng
48 thng
24 thng
24 thng
1/3 thng
500g/thng
400g/thng
18 thng
48 thng
48 thng
48 thng
24 thng
24 thng
1/2 thng
250g/thng
Chng 2
Tai nn lao ng
Trong qu trnh sn xut- lao ng, yu t u tin l nng sut lao ng
v hiu qu kinh t, nhng d th no i na th an ton lao ng cng
khng th thiu c. K thut an ton , k thut bo h lao ng c a ra
vi mc ch cui cng l bo v sc lao ng v phng trnh tai nn lao
ng. Bi vy, nghin cu k thut an ton , k thut bo h lao ng cn
phi hiu bit v tai nn lao ng, tm cch phng trnh v s l khi c tai
nn xy ra.
Chng "tai nn lao ng" ny s cho chng ta mt s kin thc cn thit v
tai nn lao ng i vi ngi lao ng.
2.1 Nguyn nhn v phn loi tai nn lao ng
2.1.1 Khi nim v tai nn lao ng
tai nn lao ng l trng hp khng may xy ra trong sn xut do kt qu
tc ng t ngt t bn ngoi di dng c, in, nhit ha nng hoc ca
yu t mi trng bn ngoi gy hy hoi con ngi hoc ph hy chc nng
hat ng bnh thng ca cc c quan trong c th ngi lao ng.
Tai nn lao ng phn ra thnh chn thng, nhim c ngh nghip v
bnh ngh nghip.
Chn thng l trng hp tai nn kt qu gy ra vt thng, dp thng hoc
s hy hoi khc ca c th con ngi. H qun ca chn thng c th lm
tm thi hoc vnh vin mt kh nng lao ng ca con ngi lao ng, c
th lm cht ngi.
Nhim c ngh nghip l s suy yu dn dn sc khe con ngi lm
vic, do kt qu tc dng ca nhng iu kin bt li to ra bi tnh trng
sn xut hoc do tc dng c tnh cht thng xuyn ca cc cht c hi ln
c th con ngi trong sn xut.
Chn thng, nhim c ngh nghip v bnh ngh nghip khng nn c
l nhng hin tng khng th trch c trong sn xut.
2.1.2 Nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng
nghin cu thc hin cc bin php bo h lao ng, ngn nga tai nn
lao ng, vic tm ra nhng nguyn nhn ca chng rt quan trng. Nhng
nguyn nhn c th pht sinh ra do iu kin lao ng, iu kin sn
xut hoc trong qa trnh cng ngh. V iu kin lao ng cc ngnh,
cc ni khng ging nhau nn cc nguyn nhn gy tai nn lao ng cng
khc nhau. Do vic phn loi cc nguyn nhn gy tai nn v cnh kh
khn. tuy nhin, chung nht cho cc lnh vc sn xut th c th chia
chng thnh 3 loi: nhng nguyn nhn k thut, nhng nguyn nhn t
chc v nhng nguyn nhn v sinh.
Nhng nguyn nhn k thut: Ph thuc vo tnh trng my mc thit b,
ng ng v ch lm vic. Nhng nguyn nhn k thut c th l:
- S h hng cc thit b my mc chnh.
- S h hng ca cc dng c, ph tng.
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- S h hng cc ng ng.
- Cc kt cu, thit b, dng c, ph tng khng hon chnh, ph hp.
- Khong cch cn thit gia cc thit b b tr cha .
- Thiu ro chn, bao che ngn cch
Nhng nguyn nhn v sinh: L nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn do
iu kin mi trng lm vic khng m bo tiu chun v mt v sinh.
Nhng nguyn nhn ny l:
- Mi trng khng kh b nhim.
- iu kin vi kh hu khng thch nghi.
- Chiu sng v thng gi khng y .
- Ting n, chn ng mnh.
- C tia phng x.
- Tnh trng v sinh cc phng phc v sinh hot km.
- Vi phm iu l v sinh c nhn.
- Thiu hoc kim tra v sinh ca y t khng y
2.1.3 Phn loi tai nn lao ng
C nhiu cch phn loi tai nn lao ng. N c th c phn ra theo cch
thc, tnh cht tc dng vo c th, theo hu qu ca tai nn hoc phn loi
theo s lng ngi b tai nn.
Theo cch thc tc dng vo c th, tai nn lao ng c chia thnh chn
thng, nhim c ngh nghip v bnh ngh nghip
Theo tnh cht tc dng vo con ngi, tai nn lao ng c chia thnh: tai
nn do c gii, do in, nhit hoc do tc dng ha hc.
Theo nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn c tai nn do nguyn nhn k thut, do
nguyn nhn t chc v do nguyn nhn v sinh.
Theo hu qu ca tai nn ngi ta phn chia thnh tai nn nh, tai nn b thng tt tm thi, tai nn gy thng tt tn ph hon ton hay tai nn cht
ngui.
Theo s lng ngi b tai nn c tai nn 1 ngi, 2 ngi hay nhiu ngi
2.2 Phng php nghin cu tai nn lao ng
2.2.1 mch ch nghin cu tai nn lao ng
Nghin cu tai nn lao ng nhm tm hiu cc tai nn xy ra, a ra
nhng nhn xt, kt lun chnh xc v tai nn v nguyn nhn xy ra tai nn
lao ng, t tm ra bin php hu hiu phng nga tai nn xy ra
tip theo; b sung k thut an ton cho cc trng hp lao ng l mt quan
trng ca k thut an ton ng thi cng l c s thc hin cng tc bo
h lao ng.
Di y l mt s phng php nghin cu tai nn lao ng thng s dng
hin nay.
2.2.2 Phng php thng k tai nn
Phng php ny da vo s nghin cu nhng s liu thng k v cc bin
bn tai nn lao ng. C s ca phng php ny l s phn nhm tai nn,
theo quy c nht nh nh: theo ngh nghip, theo lai cng vic tin hnh
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trong thi gian xay ra tai nn, theo tui ngh, theo c tnh chn thng,
theo nguyn nhn xy ra tai nn.
Phn tch nhng s liu nghin cu thng k nh vy, cho php xc nh
c nhng nguyn nhn v hnh thc tai nn thng xy ra nht. T nghin
cu c th ci thin tnh trng k thut an ton v loi tr cc nguyn
nhn pht sinh tai nn.
2.2.3 Phng php a hnh, a l
Phng php ny nghin cu trn bnh xng cc khu vc x nghip,
a ra nhng du hiu th hin trc quan v ngun gc tai nn c tnh cht
a hnh trn khu vc ring bit. iu kin bt buc ca phng php ny
l phi ghi, nh du ngay, kp thi v c h thng tt c cc trng hp xy ra
tai nn.
Phng php ny ch yu thy c s tc ng ca iu kin mi trng
vi kh hu ni lm vic ti ngi cng nhn.
2.2.4 Phng php cc bit
y l phng php nghin cu c im ca tng tai nn v trc tip
cng nh gin tip, phn tch k thut nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn.
Phng php ny ch kt lun c nguyn nhn ca mt tai nn m cha c
th hoc khng cho php rt ra kt lun chung.
2.2.5 Phng php chuyn kho (cn gi l phung php tng hp)
y l phng php nghin cu tng hp tt c cc nguyn nhn v iu
kin sn xut t gy ra tai nn bao gm iu tra t m ton b tnh
hnh sn xut v nghin cu cc nguyn nhn ca cc trng hp tai nn xy ra
trong ton b khu vc sn xut.
y l phng php nghin cu tng hp tt c cc nguyn nhn v iu
kin sn xut t gy ra tai nn, bao gm iu tra t m ton b tnh
hnh sn xut v nghin cu trong tan b khu vc sn xut.
Phng php ny cho kh nng nghin cu mt cch y nht cc bin
php phng nga tai nn c th xy ra.
Khi tin hnh xem xt, iu tra cc mt trong qu trnh sn xut s vch
ra c tt c nhng iu nguy him, trong c nhng iu c th gy ra
tai nn.
2.2.6 Ch
Trong qu trnh nghin cu phn tch tai nn lao ng, ng gi ng
n v tnh trng tai nn, chn thng v bnh ngh nghip ngi ta thng s
dng cc h s tn s kinh t v h s nng nh Kn.
H s tn s chn thng (tai nn) t s gia s lng tai nn xy ra trong mt
thi gian nht nh vi s ngi lm vic bnh qun trung bnh trong thi
gian .
K t
S
N
S: s lng trng hp tai nn xy ra phi ngh vic trn 3 ngy theo thng
k trong mt thi gian nht nh.
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D
S
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Chng 3
nh hng c hi ca ngh nghip
Tai nn lao dng chn thng, nhim c ngh nghip v bnh ngh nghip
cp tnh do mt s lng nh cht dc tc dng lu di v bnh ngh nghip,
th khng thy ngay c, chng tc ng dn dn v hy hoi c th ngi
lao dng lm cho h mt dn sc lao ng m chnh bn thn h cng khng
nhn thy r rt. Bi vy mun thc hin tt cng tc bo h lao ng cn
thit c dn n nhim c, bnh ngh nghipp c bin php phng
nga. Nhng tc ng c hi ca tng ngh nghip khc nhau mang tnh
c trng ring. Chng ny nhm gii thiu tc hi ngh nghip ca ngnh tu
thy, c bit l vi th my tu thy.
3.1 Khi qut chung
Ngnh tu b ni chung, c bit l th my tu thy lm vic trong iu
kin v cng ph hp, thch nghi, gy nn nhng tc hi ln i vi con ngi. Cc
yu t ny bao gm iu kin vi kh hu; s b x nhit; cc cht c hi
bay hi, khuch tan; bui; ting n, chn ng; nh sng; thm ch c cht
phng x. Chng ng thi tc ng ln ngi thy th to ra tc ng ln c
th ngi, mt mc no s gin tip gy ra tai nn lao ng.
Tm hiu s nh hng ca cc yu t ny nhm tm ra phng php v t
chc, k thut cng nh v sinh nhm hn ch n mc cao nht nh hng ca
chng ti ngi lao ng.
Nghin cu v nm chc nh hng ca ngh nghip chnh l thc hin c mt mt quan trng ca cng tc bo h lao ng: ni dung v sinh cng
nghip.
Sau y ta s ln lt xem xt tng yu t.
3.2 nh hng ca diu kin vi kh hu
3.2.1 Vi kh hu
Vi kh hu l trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian thu
hp gm cc yu t nhit , m v tc chuy ng ca khng kh.
iu kin vi kh hu trong sn xut thuc vo tnh cht ca qu trnh sn
xut v kh hu nu sn xut.
V mt v sinh, vi kh hu c th nh hng n sc khe bnh tt ca
ngi lao ng. Lm vic lu trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh v m c th
mc bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp trn, vim phi v lm nng bnh
lao. Vi kh hu lnh kh lm ri lon vn mch thm trm trng, lm gim tit
nim dch ng h hp, gy kh nim mc, nt n da. Vi kh hu nng m lm
gim kh nng bay hi m hi, to iu kin ri lon qu trnh iu ha thn
nhit, lm ngi lao ng nhanh mt mi, n cn to iu kin cho vi sinh vt
pht trin gy ra c bnh ngoi da.
Ni chung, iu kin vi kh hu khng thch hp s lm gim sc khe ca
con ngi. Ngoi ra cn lm gim nng sut lao ng, cht lng sn phm v
gim tui th ca my mc thit b. chng ta s tm hiu anhr hng ca tng
yu t mt.
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nhit thp) ngi ta hay s dng cng cht ny, c bit l trn cc tu cj
hng ng lnh.
Kh NH3 c mi hi (mi khai). N xm nhp vo c th ch yu qua ng
h hp. Kh NH3 tc dng trc tip n h thn kinh trng ng (kch thch
trc tip vo h thn kinh). Khi trng c nng hn s gy chu rt, ngt
th. Khi trong khng kh c chim 20-25% NH3 th c kh nng chy n nu
c ngn la.
3.4.5 Bt mangan (Mn)
Bt mangan l mt loi hng hay c vn chuyn trn ti Mangan c vn
chuyn c th ng vo bao, hp hoc ch r ( thng xung khoang tu).
N xn nhp vo c th qua da, mt, ming v c ng h hp. Chng d
dng ha tan lu thng trong mu nh nc trong mu.
Khi trng c mangan, nn nhn s kh ni, sau khng ni c v mt mi
bun ng, vi nng cao Mangan c th gy ngt v lm cht ngi.
3.4.6 Bt km
Km c s dng nhiu trn chng n mn trong cc kt, cc ng v sinh
hnKhi tho lp sa cha cc thit b, km b ph hy v bc hi c,
chng qua ng h hp v xm nhp vo c th.
Khi ht hi c ca km, ngi mt mt st nng cng vi st lnh, c th ti
nhit cao 38-40oC v gy ra chng co git.
3.4.7 Tetraetyl-ch: Pb (C2H5)4
Tetraetyl-ch l cht ph gia chng kch n c pha vo nhin liu xng.
Chng rt d bay hi v c.
Tetraetyl-ch xm nhp vo c th ch yu qua h h hp.
Khi ht phi hi tetraetyl-ch mc t s c hin tng hay mt mi, da
vng. Khi trng c c cp tnh thng gy hng phn mnh (do tc ng
trc tip n h thn kinh trung ng), gy ri lon gic ng vi o gic gh s
lm cho bnh nhn mun t st.
3.4.8 Benzen-C6H6
L dung mi ha tan du m, sn cao su. c t 5-20% trong xng.
Benzen vo c th ch yu qua ng hp v gy hi chng thiu mu
nng, chy mu rng li. thm ch gy suy t, gim hng cu, bch cu, cui
cng b suy nhc, xanh xao v cht v nhim trng mu. Trong nhim c gy
tnh trng say, kch thch h thn kinh trung ng.
3.4.9 Hi du xng
i vi ngi th my thng xuyn phi tip xc vi xng du. Chng rt d bay
hi ln trong khng kh.
Ht th phi du lu lm c th kh chu, mt mi, n km ngon, suy nh c. Chng cn gy hin tng rng tc, vim chn lng.
Nng hi du ln hn lm chi b say du: chng mt, bun nn, ngt
thm ch gy cht ngi.
chng s nhim c ngh nghip, mi trng lm vic cn thng thong
tt, thn trng khi lm vic ni c kh nng c cht c. Nu lm vic thy
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Phn II
K thut an ton lao ng trn tu thy
K thut an ton lao ng l ni dung quan trng nht ca cng tc bo h
lao ng. N l nhng yu cu, nhng quy nh gip cho ngi lao ng
m bo c an ton khi thc hin cng vic ca mnh, phng trnh cc tai
nn lao ng xy ra.
Nm vng quy trnh thao tc vn hnh my mc v k thut an ton lao
ng s thc hin tt php lnh bo h lao ng.
i vi mi ngnh ngh, mi cng vic c th c quy nh yu cu v k
thut an ton lao ng. V l do thi gian k thut an ton lao ng trn tu
thych a n ngi th mu tu thy, bao gm cc kin thc m bo
trnh tai nn cho thy th, t lc bc chn ln tu, lao dng trong bung my,
bung hi, trong kho xng ca tu.
Phn ny cng gii thiu mt s kind thc phc v cho qu trnh nguy nn
ca tu, gip thy th c th thot khi cnh him ngho trn bin nhm tng
s an ton sinh mng thuyn vin theo cng c quc t Solas 1974.
Chng 4
K thut an ton lao ng trong bung my, bung ni hi
Qu trnh lao ng sn xut di tu hon ton c lp vi trn b v trong
iu kin v cng kh khn nng nhc. Mi tu c coi nh mt n v lao
ng ring bit. Mi s sut, thiu cn trng trong lao ng, d nh, cng d
dn n hu qu khng lng trc c.
Nhm gp phn m bo an ton lao ng cho ngi th my thy, chng
ny gii thiu nhng k thut an ton lao ng di bung my, bung ni hi
bao gm ton b k thut an ton lao ng khi khai thc vn hnh cc thit
b my mc chnh v ph, khi sa cha v s dng mt s dng c ngh
thng dng i vi ngi th my tu thy.
4.1 Quy nh chung cho tt c mi ngi ln xung, lm vic di tu
Khc vi cc ngnh ngh khc, ngnh vn ti bin c c tnh ring, iu
kin lm vic, i li rt d gy ra cc tai nn. Bi vy bt c ngi no ln
xung lm vic di tu cn nm c mt s ni qui, qui nh ca ngnh
trnh tai nn.
Qui nh chung cho tt c mi ngi ln xung lm vic di tu c Tng
cc trng Tng cc ng bin (nay l Cc Hng Hi Vit Nam) ban hnh gm
12 iu:
1.Khi bc chn xung cu tu phi ch xem cu thang bc c chc chn
khng, m bo khng. Nu khng chc chn phi bo ngay trc nht bc
li ri mi c xung. Khi xung khng hp tp vi vng, cu lt ng ri
xung nc gy tai nn.
2. Khng c i guc, dp cao su khng c quai hu trn tu.
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Chng 5
K thut an ton in tu thy
Trn tu thy c rt nhiu trang thit b my mc s dng in. Trong qu
trnh vn hnh khai thc h thng ng lc tu thy ngi th my thng
xuyn tip xc vi cc my mc thit b s dng in nng. Th in trn tu
cng chu s qun l ca my trng. i vi cc tu khng c th in ngnh
my phi chu trch nhim qun l, khai thc ca trang thit b in trn tu.
iu kin khai thc ca trang thit b in trn tu rt khc nghit,cc cht
cch in nhanh chng b ph hy lm kh nng cch in b gim, tng kh
nng b in git cho ngi s dng.
V th k thut an ton in tu thy thc cht cng l mt phn khng
th thiu c trong k thut an ton lao ng my tu thy.
Chng ny gii thiu nhng k thut cn thit trong qu trnh khai thc,
vn hnh thit b in tu thy ngn nga s nguy him xy ra cho ngi
s dng.
5.1 Khi nim chung
in l mt nng lng c tc dng rt ln trong i sng x hi. N c s
dng rng ri trong cng nghip, nng nghip, trong sinh hot v cc ngnh
kinh t khc. Vi c tnh u vit ca mnh, cc my in ngy cng c s
dng nhiu, s ngi tip xc vi in cng tng ln.
Trn tu thy i a s cc my mc thit b, my mc ph u s dng
thit b in. Mt khc gim trng lng kch thc thit b in trn tu
vn ng dng in p cao cng ngy cng c pht trin rng ri.
Thit hiu bit v an ton in, khng tun th cc nguyn tc v k
thut an ton in c th gy tai nn. Khc vi cc my mc thit b khc,
nguy him v in nhiu khi kh pht hin bng gic quan nh nhn nghe
m ch c th bit c khi tip xc vi cc phn t mang in, song lc
c th b chn thng trm trng, thm ch cht ngi.
Nhng loi in c in p t 100 - 200V tr ln gy tc hi rt ln cho ng i, cha k n loi c in p ln trn 1000V. Cc i lng c trng cho tc
dng ca dng in, in p, thi gian tc dng, ng i qua c th, tn s
dng in, cc i lng ny u c nhng tr s nguy him cho con ngi.
Thc cht tc dng ch yu ca tai nn v in l do dng in gy ra
ch khng phi do in p. Tuy nhin khi quy nh v an ton in thng c
tnh theo in p v dng khi nim in p cho php v n xc nh c
th hn.
Cc tai nn v in ch yu l do cc nguyn nhn nh vi phm cc qui
trnh, nguyn tc s dng trang thit b in, coi thng s nguy him hoc
cha hiu bit ht nhng nguy him do dng in gy ra vi con ngi. Trang
b bo h lao ng khng m bo phm cht, mt kh nng cch in.
Ngoi ra cng c mt s tai nn in xy ra do s ri ro ngoi d kin.
tin xem xt nghin cu v a ra cc quyt nh k thut an ton
in tu thy chng ta c th chia trang thit b in trn tu thnh 3
35
36
vy dng in qua ngi trong thi gian rt ngn tc dng kch thch t
khng a n t lit tun hon, h hp nhng ngi b nn c th b chn thng hay cht do h quang t chy da tht.
5.2.3 nh hng ca cc yu t in ti con ngi, tr s ca dng
in qua ngi
Qua kt qu phn tch cc tai nn v in xy ra trn thc t chng ta
rt ra c tc dng ca dng in i vi c th con ngi ph thuc vo cng
dng in v loi dng nh sau (Bng 5-1).
37
Dng in
(mA)
0,6-1,5
2-3
5-7
8-10
20-25
50-80
90-100
Bng 5.2
ng dng in qua ng-
38
i
T chn qua chn
T tay qua tay
T tay tri qua chn
tim (%)
0,4
3,3
3,7
6,7
39
40
41
Chng 6
K thut s cu v thot him trn bin
Tai nn trn bin xy ra l iu khng th lng trc c. Tai nn lm thit hi
ti sn v sinh mng thuyn vin. gip cho cc thy th t cp cu hoc
cp cu ln nhau khi tai nn xy ra. trnh nguy him sinh mng, hn ch tn
thng xy ra tip theo, cng nh duy tr s sng lu di trn bin trong trng
hp nguy cp buc ri tu. Chng ny nhm gii thiu cc kin thc v y hc
n gin gip cho vic s cu khi gp tai nn, ng thi a ra k thut s
dng trang thit b cu sinh v vic t chc thot him trn bin. Mt khc
cng gii thiu thm mt s k, tn hiu m ngi i bin cn nm phc v
cho an ton sinh mng trn bin theo qui nh chung ca quc t.
6.1 Khi nim chung
6.1.1 S lc v cng c quc t v an ton sinh mng trn bin
gim thit hi v ti sn v sinh mng thuyn vin ton th gii v
ang p dng cng c SOLAS74 v SAR79. Hai cng c ny c th v trang
thit b cu sinh nh xung cu sinh, sc ch ca xung cu sinh, b cu sinh ,
phao cu sinh cng nh nhng thit b khc phc v cho cng tc cu sinh v
tm cu.
Cng c cng qui nh r cc yu cu i vi cc loi tu, tng loi trang b
cu sinh, vt dng trong cc trang thit b cu sinh, ch kim tra, theo di
thay th v tp luyn cu sinh mng cho thuyn vin khi tu gp tai nn.
6.1.2 S cu
S cu l cng vic cp cu u tin i vi bnh nhn b tai nn.
S cu rt quan trng bi n nh hng trc tip n vic cp cu tip sau,
thm ch cn nh hng ngay ti tnh mng ca ngi c cp cu. S cu cn
chnh xc v nhanh chng, thi gian s cu phi c tnh bng giy.
Mc ch ca s cu l gip cho nn nhn thot khi tnh trng nguy him
n tnh mng, ngn nga kh nng t vong hoc ngn cn, hn ch nhng
tn thng xy ra tip theo cho nn nhn. Qu trnh s cu cn ht sc ch
ngn nga hin tng nn nhn mch nhanh, huyt p tt, u ngn chn
tay tm (cn gi l sc) (Shok).
6.1.3 Thot him
Trong hnh trnh trn bin khng loi tr kh nng tu gp nguy nn.,
chm tu hoc buc phi ri tu gi an ton sinh mng cho thuyn vin.
Thot him l k thut gip cho ngi thy th trong lc lm nguy, gia
bin khi vi xung cu sinh, b cu sinh hay ch vi phao cu sinh, c th ko
di nht s sng cn ca mnh ch ngi n cu.
y l nhng kin thc rt gin n, d hiu, d lm nhng li v cng
quan trng. Thc t cho thy nhiu trng hp t vong ng tic xy ra
do thy th khng nm c nhng k thut ny sinh t ti, mt bnh tnh v
hnh ng sai lm.
42
43
44
xung sao cho lng ngc ln xung 4-5cm. n nhp nhng khong 60 ln trong
mt pht (hnh 6-4).
Cm mu:
Khi nn nhn chy mu cn tin hnh cm mu cho h.
Vi cc vt thng nh c th cm mu bng chn bt ng mch pha trn
vt thng; dng tay n mnh vo ng mch.
Vi vt thng t ng mch tng i ln phi tin hnh ga r cm
mu. Cch t ga r (hnh 6-5). Cn ch nu duy tr ga r qu lu mu
khng chy, bnh hoi th s pht trin. Khi t ga r xon c 15 pht nn
ti ra mt pht ri xon vo.
45
Hnh 6-6: C nh ch gy
6.2.3 K thut cp cu mt s trng hp c th
Nn nhn chn thng phn mm, chy mu
Ch cn cm mu bng cch k cao phn chy mu, trnh x dch nn
nhn, sau ra vt thng, dng bng bng bng b li. Nu vt thng
phn chy mu mnh chng ta c th n vo ng mch pha trn thng
gim dn s chy mu, cn thit th s dng bin php ga r. Ch khi mu
ngng chy ra bng dung dch st trng quanh vt thng ri bng li. Tuyt
i cm ra vo chnh vt thng va ng mu. Khng gp cc cc mu
ng hay khu v cc vt thng.
Nn nhn chy mu trong
Khi nn nhn chy mu trong s c hin tng sc (da ti, chong ngt tot
m hi. mch nhanh nh huyt p tt). Cn t nn nhn v tr dc, u
thp chn nng ln v nghinh v mt bn. Tim moc phin nu sc. Theo di
mch huyt p khong 5 pht 1 ln. Nu tr li bnh thng th khng cn
chy mu na. Trng hp nn nhn b au, giy da nhiu th phi nhanh
chng tim moc phin ngay.
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47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Phn III
Cha chy trn tu
Chy trn tu gy ra nhng hu qu rt nghim trng. Khi trn tu c
mt m chy nh, bt lun nguyn nhn g xy ra th hoc l c th dp
tt c hoc l n lan ra gy chy n tu. Chy gy ra thit hi v con
ngi, v ti sn cng nh an ton ca ton tu. Chnh v vy t chc hng hi
quc t rt quan tm n phng v cha chy trn tu. Yu cu v an ton
sinh mng trn bin buc cc ch tu ngoi cc trang thit b cn phi c
chng ch cho thuyn vin s dng c v cu sinh cu ha trn tu.
Trn bin, thuyn vin cng tc c lp, sinh hot trong iu kin kh khn
v mi mt. Do trong vn phng cha chy yu cu mi thuyn vin
u phi hiu r bn cht ca s chy, cng tc phng chy, cha chy trn
tu, bit s dng thnh tho cc loi bnh cha chy xch tay, cc h thng
cha chy v cc thit b dng c khc.
Ngoi ra cn phi thng xuyn tp luyn x l nhanh chng, kp thi
trn tu khi c ha hon xy ra.
Chng 7
S chy v phng cha chy trn tu
phng chy v cha chy t hiu qu cao, trc khi nghin cu v cc
thit b s dng cha chy phng chy, chng ta cn phi nm c
nhng kin thc cn thit b s chy, iu kin cn thit gy chy n.
Xem xt phn tch k v s chy, t chng ta s tm c bin php ti u
phng chy cng nh cha chy. Kt hp vi c trng ngh nghip trn tu
bin s tm ra phng php t chc thc hin v thc hin phng chy cha
chy, lm gim cc thit hi cho con ngi, cho ti sn cng nh cho s an ton
ca ton b con tu. Chng ny s cp ti nhng vn .
7.1 khi qut v s chy
7.1.1 S chy
Ngay t thu xa xa ca lch s loi ngi, con ngi bit s dng la
phc v cuc sng v chinh phc thin nhin. Th nhng mi n th k 18 ngi ta mi bit v ngn la v s chy mt cch khoa hc v ng n. Nh
bc hc v i ngi Nga chng minh c rng: Chy l mt phn ng ha
hc ca cht chy c vi khng kh. Nm 1873 Lavoad (Php) chng minh li
khng phi ton b khng kh chy m ch c -xy ca khng kh chy.
n cui th k ny, ngi ta chng minh mt cch khoa hc "Bn cht
ca qu trnh chy l phn ng gia cht chy vi - xy ca khng kh, qu
trnh km theo s ta nhit v pht sng (ngn la). Nhng cht chy c c
th l cht v c hay l cht hu c tn ti v cng phong ph trong t nhin.
N c th l cht rn, cht lng hoc cht kh bay hi.
Khi c tip xc hay ha trn ca cht chy c vi - xy ca khng kh,
nht thit phi c nhng iu kin nht nh th mi c th pht sinh ra s
chy. l nhit kch thch thch hp. Nghin cu s chy chng ta thy
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rng nhanh dn v cng ngy cng mnh lit, khi en kt, la nng. Khi
m chy n lc la sng trng, khi trng t phn ng xy ra t do.
7.2 Nguyn l dp tt m chy v phn loi m chy
7.2.1 Nguyn l chung
T bn cht ca qu trnh chy, iu kin ca qu trnh chy v din bin
qu trnh chy, chng ta thy rng s chy s c chm dt khi gim tc
truyn nhit hoc ngng pht nhit t vng chy ra mi trng xung quanh.
Gim tc pht trin hoc ngng pht nhit trong vng chy c th t c
bng cch c ch phn ng chy bng phng php ha hc, pha long cht
chy bng cht khng chy, cch ly phn ng ra khi vng chy hoc lm lnh
nhanh chng vng chy hoc cht phn ng.
thc hin qu trnh , ngi ta dng cc phng php khc nhau gi l
phng php cha chy. Phng php cha chy l hot ng lin tc ca con
ngi tyheo mt trnh t nht nh, hng vo gc m chy, nhm to iu
kin dp tt m chy. V mt nguyn l chung ngi ta c cc phng php
dp tt m chy nh sau :
1- Lm yu m chy bng loi tr hay dp br cht chy. iu ny th hin
d dng hn trong s chy ca cht lng chy c bng cch chuyn nhng
cht lng ny sang cc ch khc, khng d lm nh vy i vi cc cht rn
bt la.
2- Lm ngt m chy qua vic loa tr hay dp b dng kh trong qu
trnh chy che hi chy c m i vi mi cht chy c pht sinh ra
cc nhit khc nhau c th tan i. iu ny c th lm c bng cch
chuyn dng kh qua vic s dng kh tr, hay bng cch y kn din tch
bng mt cht khng chy.
3- Gim nhit bng cch loi tr nhit. Nh vy h thp nhit d chy,
ngn la s tt khi nhit ti im khng cn pht sinh khi bt la
duy tr hn hp chy trong vng ngn la. Do , dp tt chy bng gim
nhit cn c mt tc nhn lm tt ngn la vi kh nng ln hp thu nhit.
4- Lm gy phn ng dy chuyn i hi s truyn nhit t ht nh ny
sang ht nh khc b gin on bng cch s dng mt cht xc tc.
Nhng ha cht dng trong k thut ny l cc ha cht phn ng vi thnh
phn pht sinh ra s chy, v hiu ha chng.
5- Phng php tng hp
Trong thc t phng php cha chy khng ch da trn mt phng php
dp tt m kt hp nhiu phng php. C nh vy mi dp tt c m chy
nhanh chng v c hiu qu cao (Th d : khi s dng mt cht cha chy no
cha cc m chy th mt mt n c tc dng lm lnh m chy,
mt khc n cn cch ly cht chy vi vng chy. Mi cht chy c mt tc dng
ch yu ca n nh bt dng cha chy, tc dng ch yu l cch ly
cht chy vi vng chy. Phng php cha chy tng hp l phng php cha
chy hiu qu nht, tit kim c cht cha chy. Bt ha khng kh dng
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cha chy cc cht lng b chy, nhng vn phi lm lnh cht lng b chy
bng nc lin tc th bt mi khng b ph hy v t hiu qu cha chy cao.
Ngoi phng php cha chy chung, trong cng tc cha chy cn c
nhiu chin thut dp tt m chy. Chin thut cha chy l bin php
cha mt m chy c th t hiu qu cao. Trong chin thut cha
chy c chin thut bao vy tiu dit tng im chy ti tiu dit ton b
m chy. p dng chin thut cha chy no thch hp phi cn c v c
im ca m chy, ngi, phng tin, dng c cha chy c hiu qu
quyt nh cu cha.
7.2.2 Phn loi chy
T tnh cht chy ca nhiu cht chy khc nhau, chng c phn thnh
nhiu loi chy (hnh 7-3).
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R rng s hiu bit v k thut cha chy rt quan trng trn bt c loi
tu no. Mi thy th phi hiu r h thng cu ha trn tu v pht bit
cch s dng trang thit b (ng rng, bnh cha chy, h thng cha chy
c nh, li thot ...)
Trong nhiu trng hp, an ton trn tu thu thuc vo hnh ng nhanh
chng v phn ng ca thy th on. V l do ny thuyn vin phi c kin
thc tng qut v chy, nhng nguy c, cc phng tin cha chy, vic s
dng my l tm v li thot, cng nh cc bi luyn tp cn thit. Cc h
thng cha chy gn nh ging nhau trn cc tu, ngoi tr nhng tu ch hng
c bit, hng nguy him. Trng ngoi thit b cha chy thng thng
cn c nhiu thit b c bit c thit k ring bit cho loi tu ny.
Hiu qu ca cng tc phng chy cha chy ph thuc khng nh vo t
chc phng cha chy.
7.4.1 Yu cu chung v phng chy, cha chy trn tu
phng, cha chy trn tu tt, cc tu cn c mt s yu cu sau y:
- Tu phi c thit b bo chy v cha chy c hiu qu. Phi nh
k kim tra, sa cha v b sung kp thi nhng h hng. Dng c cha chy
phi t ng ni qui nh.
- Ti nhng khu vc d xy ra chy n phi c ni quy, bin bo quy nh
cng tc phng chy n.
- Trn tu phi c phng n phng cha chy n. Thuyn trng c trch
nhim t chc thng xuyn tp luyn cng tc phng cha chy n trn tu.
- Nhin liu phc v sn xut v sinh hot ca thuyn vin phi ng
ni quy nh ca tu. Du cn phi c thng cha. Cc gi lau phi c thng
ng ring.
- Nghim cm thuyn vin, hnh khch mang xng du, vt liu n xung
tu. Trng hp c bit do thuyn trng quyt nh.
- Ht thuc phi ng ni quy n. Tn thuc, mu thuc l, que dim phi
dp tt hn, b vo ni quy nh.
- Cm t n du, hng, nu khi phng khng c ngi. Ra khi ni lm
vic, ni sinh hot phi tt ht cc ngun pht sinh ra la chy l l si, bp
in, radio, catset ...
- ng dn hi, dn nc nng, dy dn in i qua hm hng, hm cha
nhin liu, vt t phi c bc cch nhit, cch in tt.
- Tin hnh cc cng vic hn hoc cng vic c th gy chy phi chp
hnh tt mi ni quy phng ha.
- Kim tra lc no np ng o du cng phi ng.
- m bo bung my sch, dn sch gi lau du, du tha ...
- m bo hng ha c xp vo thng gi ng nguyn tc, hm hng c v sinh sch s. Cm ht thuc trong khu vc hm hng. m bo hng ha
c chng buc cn thn. Khi cn c th s dng cc bm kh tr p sut cao
vo trong hm hng.
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- Khi ch hng d pht sinh hi c (hoc ha cht, lng thc, thc phm
ti sng, tho mc, lng v...) phi thc hin tt ch thng gi hm hng,
phi c bin php kim tra nng hi c, m bo an ton mi cho ngi
xung lm vic.
- Tu ch ng lnh, tu c t cc trm cha chy trung tm, phi thng
xuyn kim tra phng nga kh c r r gy nhim c.
7.4.2 T chc phng cha chy trn tu
T chc phng cha chy trn tu gm 6 ni dung sau:
a. H thng bo ng khn cp chung
H thng bo ng khn cp bao gm tn hiu bo ng khn cp ri tu,
tn hiu bo ng khn cp tp hp cha chy, tn hiu bo ng c bit.
Cc tn hiu c pht ra t bung li; c th l chung in, ci tu, t
v hoc ting ng tng t. H thng bo ng c b tr sao cho bt c v
tr no ca tu, cc my mc ang hat ng hay ngng hot ng u c
th nghe c d dng.
Tn hiu bo ng c bit c a ra t ni t thit b cha chy
c bit. Mc ch ca tn hiu bo ng c bit l gip thuyn vin
khu vc chun b s dng thit b cha chy c bt mau chng thot ra
ngoi khu vc .
b. K hoch cha chy tp trung
Trn cc tu thuyn trng phi lp k hoch cha chy, danh sch tp trung
ngi cha chy v thng bo ni d thy nht trn tu. Ty theo cc mc
ca m chy m c nhng phng n, k hoch khc nhau. Trong k hoch
cha chy, tp trung cha chy mi phng n phi nu r nhim v v hnh
ng ca tng thuyn vin khi c chy.
Yu cu k hoch tp trung cha chy phi lp sao cho vic trin khai khi
c chy trn tu c nhanh v c chnh xc nht.
c. Thng tin lin lc
trn tu khi c m chy xy ra, thng tin lin lc ng vai tr quan trng
trong vic cha chy.
H thng thng tin lin lc c th dng ngi a tin in thoi, in i
xch tay hoc VHF.
Yu cu h thng tin lin lc khi c bo ng phi n c tt c cc v
tr pc phn cng, xc nh c v tr m chy. Cc thng tin phi nhanh,
gn, chnh xc. Trch nhim xc nhn v thc hin cc thng tin thuc v ngi a ra mnh lnh.
d. T chc cha m chy
Trn mi tu u c mt i cha chy. i trng c th l bc s (nu trn
tu c bc s ), qun tr trng hoc mt thnh vin c kh nng. Trong trng
hp cn thit thuyn trng c quyn ch nh i cha chy. i trng i
cha chy c nhim v theo di ton b i cha chy gim st cht ch khu
vc m chy, pht nhng mnh lnh cn thit v ch ra ni thot khn cp
khi cn. i trng c trch nhim kim tra cc thnh vin trong i cha chy
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v mt an ton cha chy. Cc thnh vin cha chy, trc khi i vo khu vc
m chy phi trang b y thit b an ton : thit b th, n lng xch
tay, ru cu ha, dy an ton, qun o chng chy.
Trong qu trnh cha chy i trng phi thng bo khu vc cm vo, khu
vc vo phi c thit b an ton (c bit l nhng khu vc m chy
tt ch cn khi m mt ) . Cc thnh vin cha chy khi vo trong m chy,
m khi phi gi lin lc vi ngi ngoi thng qua y an ton.
Khi c bo ng cha chy, i cha chy tp trung nhanh v theo phng
n c lnh trong k hoch cha chy tun theo mnh lnh ca i trng.
Khi cha chy cn quan tm cu cc nn nhn trong m chy. Trng hp
m chy ln, c nguy c n tu, an ton cho thuyn vin c th h xung
cu sinh v bm nc m tu trnh n.
e. T chc luyn tp cha chy
T chc luyn tp cha chy rt quan trng i vi vic t chc phng
chng chy trn tu. V vy thuyn trng phi a ra lch biu din luyn tp
cho ton tu. Lch biu din luyn tp quy nh khng qu mt thng mt
ln.
T chc luyn tp cha chy bao gm luyn tp s dng cc thit b cha
chy, thit b an ton cha chy thng qua dy an ton v cha cc m
chy in hnh.
Cc bi tp cha chy in hnh l bi tp cha chy trong phng kn, di
hm su, cha chy trn mt boong, cha chy trong hm hng, trong bung
my, cha chy khu vc y khi v luyn tp tng hp.
T chc luyn tp nh k tt s gip cho
T chc luyn tp nh k tt s gip cho cc thnh vin trong i cha
chy ca tu bnh tnh, ch ng, chnh xc khi cha chy, nng cao hiu
qu cha chy.
f. T chc tun tra, pht hin m chy
Trn cc tu khch c t 36 khch tr ln phi c i tun tra thng xuyn
pht hin cc kh nng gy chy v m chy. i tun tra pht hin chy
trn tu do thuyn trng quy nh v cn phi lm vic nghim tc thng
xuyn.
7.5 Phng cha chy trn ch du
Chy trn tu rt nguy him. chy trn tu du cn nguy him hn nhiu
v d gy n tu nu khng kp thi dp tt. Mt khc kh nng sinh ra
m chy trn tu du ln hn rt nhiu so vi mt tu hng bnh thng. Tai
nn chy tu du thng d xy ra nht khi tu ch DO v ht hng ch cn
li cn. Khi hn hp kh trong hm hng c 210% hi du gp la th gy
n.
phng nga cha chy n trn tu du, iu cn thit nht l phi cn
thn khu s dng la v lm cc cng vic v sinh nhit: sa cha in, hn,
ct, ht thuc l
66
Phng cha chy trn tu ngoi vic thc hin cc bin php phng cha
chy trn tu hng binhd thng cn phi ch mt s im sau y:
- Khi nhn v tr hng cn trnh mi trng hp du b r r. ng thi di
tnh cht ca du lu thng trong ng sinh ra dng tnh in cn phi ni mt
ng ng vi b trnh tia la in gay chy.
- Khng nhn tr hng lc c ging, sm, chp. Tri nng nng nhit
ngoi tri trn 20oC cn phi thng xuyn ti nc lm mt hm hng.
- Lc ko, th neo phi chy my bm ti vo nn. Nu tu khng c bm
ny, phi ti nc th cng trnh pht sinh tia la do ma st.
- Khi s dng tu ko phng tin ch du khng c p mch m phi dng
ko moc, khong cch gia tu ko v tu dau phi ln hn 50 mt v s
dng dy mm.
Trng hp s dng dy cng th ti im c st gia dy vi tu phi c
lt vt liu mm v thng xuyn ti nc.
- i vi tu ch cc phi xng du khi vn chuyn cn nh nhng v c m
lt mm. Cc thng phi phi c chn cht, khng x dp vo nhau.
- Lng du bm vo cc hm hng phi m bo vi thch hp. Thng
xuyn kim tra nng hi du v tin hnh thng gi nu cn trong c cc
hm hng v hm bm.
- Khi bm du chy bng in phi kim tra cc u bc, u ni, h
thng in trnh pht sinh tia la in.
- Khi chuyn du t tu ny sang tu khc thuyn trng c hai tu phi bn
bin php phng cha chy v thng bo cho thuyn vin c hai tu bit.
Trong mi trng hp ang tin hnh bm hng phi c tn hiu hoc ngi
canh gc thng bo cho tu thuyn qua li trnh va chm v m bo an ton
phng chy.
Ngoi ra, cng vi vic phng chng chy cho tu du cn c bin php
phng chng ng c hi du cho thun vin lm vic trnh r lt du gy
nhim mi trng.
67
Chng 8
Thit b cha chy, bo chy
Trn tu c rt nhiu trang thit b cha chy. Thit b phng tin cha
chy trn tu bao gm thit b cha chy th s, cc bnh cha chy ha hc
xch tay v cc h thng cu ha bng tay t ng. Yu cu v an ton sinh
mng trn bin i hi thuyn vin cn phi nm vng c im, tnh
nng ca tng phng tin v s dng thnh tho chng khi c ha hon xy ra
trn tu. Chng ny gii thiu cc thit b phng tin cha chy thng dng
trn tu v nguyn tc s dng cng nh tc dng ca chng. ng thi cng gii
thiu mt s thit b t ng bo chy trn tu.
8.1 Cht cha chy
Cht cha chy l cht dng tc dng vo m chy, to ra nhng iu
kin nht nh v duy tr iu kin y trong mt thi gian dp tt m
chy.
Cht cha chy c nhiu loi nh cht rn, cht lng, cht kh. Mi cht c
c tnh ring v phm vi s dng nht nh. Tuy vy, tt c nhng cht
cha chy u c nhng yu cu c bn sau:
1. C hiu qu cao khi cu cha, ngha l tiu hao cht cha chy trn
n v din tch chy, trong mt n v thi gian phi t nht, m kt qu
cu li cao nht.
2. Tm kim d dng v r tin.
3. Khng gy c i vi ngi v vt khi s dng v bo qun.
4. Khng lm h hng cc thit b cu cha v cc thit b vt c cu
cha.
Kt qu cu cha mt m chy ph thuc rt nhiu vo cng phun
cht cha chy. Cng phun cht cha chy cn thit l lng cht cha chy
cn thit dp tt m chy trn mt n v din tch v trong mt n
v thi gian o bng 1/m2s hay kg/m2s. Nu tnh trong mt n v th tch
ni c m chy th o bng 1/m3s hay kg/m3s.
Cng phun cht cha chy cn thit ph thuc vo loi cht chy v
cht cha chy. Cng phun cht cha chy vo m chy cng ln th thi
gian cu cha cng ngn (hnh 8-1).
Cng phun cht cha chy vo vng chy cn ph thuc vo phng php
cha chy. Cha chy bng phng php cch ly th cng ph hy lp cch
ly ca cht cha chy. Bt ho khng kh c phun trn b mt chy khi cng
phun bt ln hn cng ph hy bt. Nu cng xp x nhau th thi
gian cu cha s b ko di. Cn cha chy theo phng php pha long th cng phun cht cha chy vo nhng ni kn, thi gian v tc phun s
gim hn so vi phun vo nhng ni thong.
8.2 gii thiu mt s cht cha chy
Nhng loi cht cha chy c s dng rng ri nc ta c nhiu loi khc
nhau:
68
8.2.1 Nc
Nc c kh nng thu nhit ln cc m chy. Lng nc phun vo m chy
ph thuc vo cng phun nc, nhit chy v din tch b mt m
chy. Khi phun nc vo m chy, b mt chy c lm lnh do nhit tiu hao
lm bc hi nc. Mt khc, hi nc cng pha long nng hi chy dp
tt m chy. Nhng khi cha chy phi phun nc trong thi gian nht nh
nc thm vo vt chy, lm lnh vt chy xung di nhit bt chy.
Trong thc t c mt s vt chy nh bng, len, than, g go, thc rt kh thm
nc. V vy, khi cu cha nhng vt ny cn thm vo cc cht thuc cha
chy lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc, tng nhit thm ca nc vo
vt chy. Khng c dng nc cha chy cc thit b c in, cc kim loi
c hat tnh ha hc nh Na, K, Ca, t n v nhng m chy c nhit
chy cao hn 1750oC . Khng s dng nc cha chy xng du, tr ch huy
cha chy. Cng phun nc cn thit cha chy cc cht rn nh g, cao
su, bng, giy t 0,15: 0,5l/m2. Tuy vy, nc vn c s dng rng ri cha
chy, mc d hiu sut cha chy ca n thp hn so vi nhiu cht khc.
8.2.2 Hi nc
Lng hi nc cn thit cha chy phi chim hn 35 % th tch ni
cha hng b chy. Thc nghim cho thy cha chy cho mt phng kn phi
phun vi cng 0,002kg/m3s; cho mt phng c m ca s phi phun vi cng 0,005kg/m3s trong thi gian 3 pht th m chy trong phng mi
dp tt.
Cha chy bng hi nc ch cho php i vi cc loi hng ha, my mc di
tc dng nhit v hi nc khng b h hng.
8.2.3 Bi nc
Bi nc l nc c phun thnh ht rt b nh bi, c th dng cha chy
cc b du hm ti. Hin nay ngi ta ang nghin cu lm tng nh ca
ht nc n di 100m vi tc vn chuyn 25m/s v nhit m chy
10000C th thi gian bc hi ca n ch mt 0,4s. Bui nc dng cha chy
chng nhng c tc dng pha long nng ca cht chy, h nhit ca
m chy m cn gim khi ca m chy. Bi nc ch c s dng khi ton
b dng bui nc trm kn c mt chy ca m chy. Vi nhng bi nc c ng knh 100mm dng cha chy xng du th cng phun ti thiu
phi l0,2 l/m2s.
8.2.4 Bt cha chy
Gm 2 loi: Bt ha hc v bt ha khng kh. Tc dng ch yu ca bt
cha chy l cch ly hn hp chy vi vng chy. Ngoi ra cn c tc dng lm
lnh vng chy. Bt ha hc v bt khng kh ch yu dng cha chy xng
du v cht lng b chy. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng bt c bi s cao
cha chy cc hm tu. Cm dng bt cha chy thit b c in, kim
loi, t n v nhng m chy c nhit cao hn 17000C.
69
a. Bt ha hc
L loi bt c to thnh t hai thnh phn ch yu: mt phn l Sunpht
nhm AL2(SO4) c gi l phn "A". Cn phn kia l Cacbonnat natri axit
NaHCO3 gi l phn "B". Ngoi ra cn mt s cht nh sun pht st, bt cao
tho ...
Khi cha chy, dung dch "A" c trn ln vi dung dch "B" to thnh bt
theo phn ng:
Al2(SO4)3 = 6H2O = 2AL(OH)3 + 3H2SO4
H2SO4 + 2NaHCO3 = Na2SO4 +2H2O + 2CO2
Khi xy ra phn ng th Al(OH)3 to ra cc mng mng v nh c CO2 m to
thnh bt c t trng 0,11 - 0,22g/cm 3 c kh nng ni ln trn mt cht lng.
Thnh phn ca bt c khong 80% th tch kh CO2, 19,7% nc, 0,3% cht
to bt. Bt ha hc c bi s t 5-8 ln. Bi s bt l s ln tng ln ca th
tch bt sinh ra so vi th tch ban u ca cc cht to thnh.
bn ca bt ha hc l 40 pht. bn bt l s thi gian cn thit
phn hy c 50% cht to bt ban u.
Bt ha hc c s dng cha chy xng du. Mun s dng loi bt ny
phi c thit b bm nc, phu ha bt, cn dung bt.
Nhng thit b phun bt c t c nh. Bt ha hc cn c np vo
bnh cha chy.
b. Bt ha khng kh
L loi bt c to thnh bng cch khuy trn khng kh vi dung dch to
bt. Loi bt ny c bi s trung bnh t 8-10 ln, nhng nh c nhng thit b
c bit c th to bt c bi s cao trn 1000 ln.
T nm 1968 nc ta sn xut c bt ha khng khi BN - 70. Dung dch
to bt BN - 7 0 c chiu t mt loi qu c nhiu min Bc nc ta. Thnh
phn ch yu ca bt l Sobonin v nha qu chim 90%, cn cc cht lm
bn bt, chng thi c t 8-10%. T trng ca bt ha khng kh dng
cha chy xng du v nhng cht lng d chy khc tr cn, te. Cng
phun bt ha khng kh dng cha chy xng du l 0,5 1,5l/m2s.
Ngoi bt ha khng kh BN-70 ta cng sn xut bt T-70. Loi bt ny c
nhiu trin vng lm bt c bi s cao. Cht to bt c chit trong ch
prtit sn phm thi trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip thc phm. Bi s
bt ca loi bt ny t t 8-10 ln, bn bt lu hn, cht lng tt hn
BN-70.
8.2.5 Bt cha chy
Bt cha chy l thuc cha chy dng kch thc rt nh khng chy, dng
cha chy kim loi, cc cht rn v cht lng. cha chy cc kim loi
kim, ngi ta s dng bt kh gm 96,5% (Tnh theo trng lng) Cabinat natri,
1% garafit, 1% sterat st, 0,5% axit Stearic Bt cha chy c a vo m
chy bng kh nn. Cha chy bng bt i khi khng dp tt hon ton
m chy. V vy phi dng cc phng tin v ha cht khc dp tt
hon ton. Cng tiu th bt cho m chy l 6,2-7kg/m2s.
70
8.2.6 Cc loi kh
Cc loi kh dng cha chy gm c kh CO 2, N2, Agon, Heli. Tc dng
cha chy ch yu ca cc loi khi l pha long nng ca cht chy. Ngoi
tc dng lm lnh. Cc loi kh phun vo m chy to ra nhit rt thp.
Th d CO2 , dng tuyt phun ra c nhit -78 0C. Cc loi kh cha chy c
th dng cha chy in, cha chy cht rn m cha bng nc s h hng
v nhng m chy khc. Khng c dng kh cha chy cha nhng
m chy m cht chy n mi. Chng hn khng c dng kh CO2 cha
chy phn m, cha chy cc kim loi kim, kim th. Cc hp cht teamit,
thuc sng.
8.2.7 Cc cht Halogen
Cc cht halogen dng cha chy c hiu qu rt ln. Tc dng ch yu
ca n l c ch phn ng chy. Ngoi ra cn c tc dng lm lnh m chy.
Cc cht halogen d thm t vo cc vt chy cho nn c th dng cha
chy cc cht kh thm nc nh bng vi si.
Nng dp tt m chy cho tng loi, cht chy ghi theo bng 8-2 sau:
Bng 8-2
Cc cht cha
Cc cht chy
chy
Xng ru tylie Axeton (nng
cht cha chy tnh % th tch)
Brmetyl
1,7
4,0
4,5
3,6
Tenraclocacbon
3,5
7,5
10,5
7,5
Nu ta cha chy bng CO2 th nng xy trong m chy phi gim
xung 14-18% m chy mi c th dp tt c. Cha chy bng cht
halogen th nng xy ca khng kh trong m chy c th ch ti 20,6%
m chy cng c dp tt. Cc cht Halogen vo vng chng b phn
hy. Sn phm mi tham gia vo phn ng chy, kt hp vi cc nguyn t v
gc phn t ca hp cht chy lm thay i chiu phn ng chy. Chuyn t
phn ng ta nhit sang thu nht.
nng cao hiu sut cha chy, ngi ta tm ra cc cht cha chy c
nhiu tc dng khc nhau nh c ch phn ng chy, pha long phn ng hay
lm lnh phn ng chy. Hp cht gia cc cht Halogen v kh tr p ng
c yu cu trn.
Tetraclorua Cacbon (CCl4)5
Tetraclorua Cacbon l mt cht cha chy dng lng, c mi hi, c hiu
qu cha chy cao, khng dn in khng n mn kim loi. Hn hp dng hi
nng gp 5,5 ln khng kh.
CCl4 thng c s dng trong cc bnh cha chy xch tay gi l bnh CCl 4,
c nn vo bnh vi p sut 5 8 at.
Khi phun CCL4 vo m chy n nhn nhit v ha hi nhanh (si ti nhit
od 760C) c tc dng lm gim nhit m chy. Hi sinh ra bao trm m
71
chy v lm ngt ngn la. Thng dng cha m chy in v cc cht qu.
Khng kh c 10 - 12% hi CCl4 th m chy tt.
Tuy nhin CCl4 rt t tin, khng duy tr s sng v khng s dng c
cha m chy C2H2 v n s ha hp to HCl v COCl2 rt c.
Ngoi ra c th dng mt s cht cha chy khc nh ct, bt, chn.
8.3 Cc thit b cha chy trn tu
Trn tu thy ngi ta trang b y nhng dng c, phng tin cha
chy t n gin n phc tp, t nhng dng c nh x, x beng, cu lim .
v... n cc h thng chuyn dng v thit b hin i. Tt c nhm mc
ch dp tt m chy nhanh chng d dng v t hiu qu cao nht.
Ngn nga hn ch n mc ti a nhng thit hi do ha hon gy ra.
Thit b cha chy cha chy trn tu bao gm thit b cha chy th s,
thit b cha chy xch tay (bnh cha chy) v h thng cha chy c
nh.
8.3.1 Thit b cha chy th s
Bao gm: X, chu, ng tht, than, cu lim, chn, bao ti, phuy ng nc,
thm thm nc, ru, x beng, ct ...
8.3.2 Mt s bnh cha chy trn tu.
Cc bnh cha chy trn tu c nhiu loi. Chng c sn v trn cc
bnh c nhn hiu ghi ch loi bnh v hng dn s dng c th. Thng trn
tu thy hin nay c bnh bt ha hc, bnh CO 2 bnh bt ha hc v c th
bnh CCl4.
Di y l mt s loi bnh cha chy thng dng trn tu.
1 Bnh bt ha hc
a) Cu to
Cu to tt c cc bnh bt hu nh ging nhau (hnh 8-2) n gm 2 bnh:
- Bnh bn ngoi ng dung dch Natricacbonat, dung dch ca bnh bn
ngoi t 8-10 lit. V bnh chu p lc 20 kG/cm 3. Thng lm bng kim loi chu
lc.
- Bnh bn trong: bng thy tinh hoc cht plime ng dung dch alumin
- sunfat hoc sunfat-knlin. Ming bnh c np, c th c l so gi cho np
cht (hnh v 8-1)
Trn v c vi phun c bt bng mng giy mng ngm du hay cht do.
Khi bnh khng lm vic, bnh c t thng ng trn gi.
72
73
1. ng xi
phng;
2. Bnh kh
nn;
3. Nm xoay;
4. Tay cm;
5. ng dn
mm;
6. Van an ton;
7. V bnh;
8. ng phun.
74
75
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Loa phun;
Van;
V bnh;
Tay xch;
ng ht;
Van an ton
76
4. Bnh bt ha hc
a. Cu to
Bnh bt ha hc c cu to nh hnh 8-4
Cu to gm 3 phn chnh: chai kh nn, v bnh v u phun.
Chai kh nn: c nn y kh CO2 c p sut cao ha lngc th t:
trong hoc ngoi v bnh.
V bnh lm bng thp trong c cha bt ha hc NaHCO 3, lng bt ty
thuc vo loi bnh to nh.
u phun c cu to c bit ni vi ng ht t trong v bnh gip bt
phun ra ngoi c tri u nh p lc ca kh p lc ca kh nn.
b. Thao tc s dng
- Khi c m chy lm bnh ti gn. M van dn kh nn vo bnh (hoc
m hm, bp m vt ty theo loi bnh). Kh CO2 lm ngt thm m chy.
c. Cng dng v bo qun
Bnh bt cha chy pht huy tc dng cho nhng cht b chy l kim loi,
hp kim v cc m chy thng thng khc. N c th dng cha chy
in v khu vc c in.
Nu my mc trn tu b chy, mt kim loi b nng, bt ha hc dp tt
mt tc dng bi vy cn s dng bt cha chy. Khi s dng in a bnh
bt n gn, m van bnh kh nn hng ng phun vo m chy, phun bt
cha chy ln b mt kim loi b nng , bt ha hc phn tch thnhCO 2
dp la.
Bnh bt ha hc cn bo qun sao cho bt khng b vn thnh cc lm
nh hng ti qu trnh phun bt cha chy v kim tra thng xuyn chai kh
nn p lc y bt ra ngoi.
Bng 8-4: c tnh k thut ca bnh cha chy bng CO2
c tnh k thut
K hiu cc loi bnh
OY-2
OY-5
OY-8
Y-2
Chiu cao, mm
440
530
755
700
Chiu rng, mm
750
Chiu di, mm
1625
ng knh, mm
108
141
141
Th tch, l
2
5
8
40
Trng lng bnh c, kg
6,4-6,5
13,9520,5230
14,14
20,7
Trng lng bnh khng,
5
10,5
15
130
kg
p sut 20oC, at
60
60
60
60
p sut ca van an ton,
180
180
210
140at
180
Trng lng CO2 , kg
1,5
3,3
5,7
50
Thi gian phun, s
25-30
40-50
50-60
120
Tm xa phun, m
1,5
2,0
3,5
Chiu di v loa phun,
1,0
1,5
4,0
m
77
5. Bnh CCl4
Cu to tn ng nh bnh CO2, ch khc khng c h thng phun v thay
bng vi phun ngay trn v.
S dng: khi c m chy mang binh li gn, dc ngc binh v m van t t
CCl4 lng c nn vi p sut 2-3KG/cm2 i vo m chy.
p dng hiu qu cho m chy in, ti liu qu, sch.
Hin nay bnh CCl4 t c dng v gi thnh t.
8.4 Cc h thng cha chy trn tu
Hin nay nhiu h thng thc hin cha chy trn tu ngi c rt nhiu h
thng khc nhau. Nhng ty thuc vo tnh cht v yu cu c th ca tng loi
tu m ngi ta trang b cho chng nhng h thng sau:
- H thng cha chy bng nc bin.
- H thng cha chy bng bt ha hc.
- H thng cha chy bng kh tr.
- H thng cha chy bng hi nc.
Chng ta s nghin cu ln lt cc h thng ny.
8.4.1 H thng cha chy bng nc bin
y l h thng s dng rng ri nht trn cc tu bin c cng sut t 100
m lc tr ln. u im ca h thng l n gin d s dng. Nc lun c
ngoi mn tu, d kim, kinh t.
a)
b)
1. u phun;
2. Np;
3. V;
4. ng ht bt;
5. Bt ha hc;
6. Chai kh nn;
7. Van np kh;
8. Van an ton;
9. Van chn;
10. Tay xch.
78
Cu to bao gm:
- Bm nc: thng dng l bm ly tm do ng c in lai.
- ng ng (k c ng rng).
Bm t trong bng my, v tr thp hn mn nc khng phi mi
bm, ng ht ni vi van thng bin hoc hp van thng bin hoc hp van
thng bin ca tu.
Trn tu thng c hai bm, trong c mt bm d phng. S lng bm
cu ha ph thuc vo kch thc, trng ti v tnh cht ca tu. N c quy
inh bi quy phm ca ng kim. Bm d phng phi c kh nng a vo
hot ng c ngay nu bm thng trc b hng. Trng hp khng c bm d
phng c th ly bm balat, bm v sinh, lan canh... thay th. Nhng nht
thit cc bm phi ct p, cng sut khng bm nc ln vi du.
Lu lng ca bm tnh theo cng thc:
Q=K (1,68 L (B+H) + 25)2 m3/h
Trong : L, B, H l chiu di, rng, cao ca tu.
K l h s ty thuc loi tu:
Tu khch k= 0,012-0,016
Tu khch k= 0,008
79
80
81
4G
2V .Y
(m)
82
Q = 100.0,56 (kg)
Q; lng kh CO2 lng cn thit (kg)
V: Th tch ca tt c cc hm hng, bung my cn bo v trn tu (m3)
H: t l phn trm th tch kh CO2 cn thit lm ngt m chy.
(Cc thng s tnh ton ly iu kin 20oC)
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90