Dr Matthew Scase H22 HG2

School of Civil Engineering

Problem Sheet 5
Solutions

Environmental Fluid Mechanics

Density, ( kg m3 )

Kinematic viscosity, ( m2 s1 )

Air

1.25

14.7 106

Water

1000

1.15 106

Ignore secondary losses

(Q1) Water flows at 2 m s1 in a pipe diameter 200 mm. What is the mass discharge?

Q=

0.22
2 = 0.0628,
4

Mass flow = 1000 0.0628 = 62.8 kg s1

(Q2) A ventilation fan moves air at 10 m s1 through a circular duct diameter 1.0 m. What is the mass
discharge?
Mass flow = 1.25

d 2
10 = 9.8 kg s1
4

(Q3) In Q1, at what Re is the pipe operating?

Re =

2 0.2
3.5 105
1.15 106

(Q4) In Q1, the pipe is cast iron; what is the relative roughness of the pipe wall?
ks
0.3
=
= 0.0015
D 200
(Q5) In Q4, what is the type of flow in the pipe?
See course textbooks and notes
(Q6) In Q4, what is ?
By Moody Chart, = 0.0224
1

(Q7) For Q4, what is the head loss per 100 m run of pipe?

h=

L u2
100
22
= 0.0224

= 2.28 m
D 2g
0.2
2 9.81

(Q8) For Q7, what is the change of pressure per 100 m length of pipe in the direction of flow?
p = gh = 1000 9.81 2.28 = 22.4 103 N m2

(Q9) What power input is required per 100 m of pipe to maintain the flow in Q4?

Power = QghF = 1000 0.0628 9.81 2.28 = 1.40 kW

(Q10) Repeat questions 310 for the air flow in Q2, assuming the ventilation ducting is riveted steel of
maximum roughness.
Re =

10 1.0
= 6.8 105
14.7 106
ks 0.09
=
= 0.009
D
1.0

From Moody Chart, = 0.037

h = 0.037

100
102

= 18.9 m
1.0
2 9.81

p = 1.25 9.81 18.9 = 232 N m2

Power = 1.25 7.84 9.81 18.9 = 1.8 kW
(Q11) At what speed of flow in a 1.2 m diameter concrete pipe of lowest quality surface finish does the
turbulent flow first become fully in contact with the pipe wall?
k = 6 mm,

ks
= 0.005
D

rough flow of Re 5 105 (from Moody Chart)

u = 0.48 m s1

(Q12) Show that the head loss hF due to friction in a given length of pipe along which the water flow
is Q may be written as hF = KQ 1.75 , provided that the Blasius smooth pipe equation
= 0.316Re

1/4

holds. Show also that the result becomes hF = KQ2 for fully developed turbulent flow in a rough
pipe. Hence justify the use of the expression hF = KQ n for pipes of mixed roughness in which the
turbulent flow is not fully developed, and suggest a suitable range of values for n.
hF =

L u2
0.316 L u 2
0.316 L U 1.75
=
=
= KQ 1.75
D 2g (UL/)0.25 D 2g (2/)0.25 D 2g

For fully rough flow does not depend on Re . Therefore, hF = K1 u 2 which implies hF = K2 Q 2 .
(Q13) Water is to be pumped along a 150 mm diameter asphalted cast iron pipe at a rate of 0.9 m3 min1 .
The pipe is 3 km long and rises 26 m in this length. Calculate the frictional head loss, and the
shear stress on the pipe wall. What power of pump will be required to maintain the flow? Use a
Moody chart.
A cast iron pipe implies ks = 0.12 mm so
u=

ks
= 0.0008.
D

0.9
4
= 0.85 m s1
60 0.152

Re =

0.85 0.15
= 1.1 105
1.15 106

The Moody Chart gives = 0.021 and so

hF = 0.021

3 103
0.852

= 15.5 m of water
0.15
2 9.81

Consider a unit length of pipe

p

D 2
= D
4

p D ghD
=
4
4

15.5
0.15

= 1.9 N m2
3
4
3 10
weight
Power input by pump = Energy gain per second by the water =
head gain
seconds
= 103 9.81

0.152
0.85 1000 9.81 (26 + 15.5) = 6.11 kW
4