Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
A.Y. 2015-2016
Submitted by:
JOHN PAUL M. MAYOR
BSME-5A
Submitted to:
ENGR. EDUARDO BORROMEO, PME
Professor
OCTOBER 9, 2015
BUCENG GYMNASIUM
Bicol University College of Engineering
Legazpi City, Albay
Building Characteristics:
13.14o North Latitude
Length= 30 m.
Width= 1 m.
51.412 m
32 m
6.6 m (wall), 4.5 m (roofing)
Total Area:
1648 m2
Area to be cooled:
1536 m2
Note:
Construction of the Gymnasium is totally closed.
0.029
m2
0.04
m2
0.18
m2
K/W
K/W
K/W
Slab
Siding, asbestos-cement, 6 mm, lapped
K/W
3.35 m2 K/W
0.04
m2
Cement Plaster, 16 mm
0.066
K/W
Inside air film
0.120 m2 K/W
Rtot = 3.825 m2 K/W
Uwall =1/Rtot
=1/3.825 m2 K/W
Uwall =0.2614 W/ m2 K
Front
A= 275.2 m2, (32 m x 8.6 m)
Qfront = (0.2614 W/ m2 K)x(275.2 m2)x(34oC-23 oC)
Qfront = 791.31 W
Back
A= 275.2 m2, (32 m x 8.6 m)
Qback = (0.2614 W/ m2 K)x(275.2 m2)x(34 oC-23 oC)
Qback = 791.31 W
Right
A= 339.32 m2, (51.412 m x 6.6 m) 30 m2 (area of glass)
A=309.32 m2
Qright= (0.2614 W/ m2 K)x(309.32 m2)x(34 oC-23 oC)
Qright= 889.42 W
Left
A= 339.32 m2, (51.412 m x 6.6 m) 30 m2 (area of glass)
A= 309.32 m2
Qleft= (0.2614 W/ m2 K)x(309.32 m2)x(34 oC-23 oC)
Qleft= 889.42 W
ROOF:
For Rtot: Use Table 4-4
m2
0.06 m2 K/W
2. SENSIBLE
HEAT
LOAD
DUE
TO
INFILTRATION
AND/OR
VENTILATION
Vr =
VoVm
E
Vm = 2.5 liters/sec per person, minimum outdoor air rate for specified
occupancy (Table 4-1, Stoecker and Jones) Non smoking
Vo = 3.5 liters/sec per person (Table 4-1, Stoecker and Jones) Non
smoking
3.52.5
Vr =
0.80
Vr = 1.25 liters/sec per person
V = (1.25 + 2.5) liters/sec per person
V = 3.75 liters/sec per person
Recirculated Air
Qis= 1.23 Vr (ti - ts)
Qis= 1.23 x (1.25 L/s) x (34 oC-23 oC)
Qis= 16.91 W
Q2 = Qis
Q2 = (33.83 + 16.91) W
Q2 = 50.74 W
Q3 = QiL
Q3 = (78.75 + 39.38) W
Q3 = 118.13 W
INTERNAL LOADS
4. INTERNAL HEAT GAIN FROM LAMPS
Q4 = (LR) (Fu) (Fb) (CLF)L
where: LR = 150 W
Fu = 1
Fb = 1.2
For (CLF)L, Use Table 4-6
No. of hours after lights are turned on:
8 hours
0.82
100 W
Np = 1320 persons
For (CLF)p, Use Table 4-9
Hours after each entry into space
5
Q5 = (100W) x (1320) x (0.77)
Q5 = 101 640 W
10 hours in space
0.77
5.9 W/ m2 K
Left
A= 30 m2, (30 m x 1 m)
Qleft =(5.9 W/ m2 K) x (30 m2) x (34oC-23oC)
Qleft =1947 W
Right
A= 30 m2, (30 m x 1 m)
Qright = (5.9 W/ m2 K) x (30 m2) x (34oC-23oC)
Qright = 1947 W
Q7 = Qleft + Qright
Q7 = 1947 W + 1947 W
Q7 = 3 894 W
Left
For (SHGFmax), Use Table 4-10
SW
May, July
480 W/m2
1.00
A= 30 m2, (30 m x 1 m)
Qleft = (480 W/m2) x (1.00) x (30 m2)
Qleft = 14400 W
Right
For (SHGFmax), Use Table 4-10
NW
May, July
530 W/m2
SC = 1.00
A= 30 m2, (30 m x 1 m)
Qright = (530 W/m2) x (1.00) x (30 m2)
Qright = 15900 W
Q8 = Qleft + Qright
Q8 = 14400 W + 15900 W
Q8 = 30 300 W
Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 + Q7 + Q8
= 51 455.44 W + 50.74 W + 118.13 W + 147.6 W + 101 640 W + 132
000 W +
3 894 W + 30 300W
Qtotal = 319 605.91 W
Qtotal = 319 605.91 W x (1 kW/1000 W) x (1 TOR/ 3.516 kW)
Qtotal = 90.90 TOR
RECOMMENDATION
Use 2 Units of 50 TOR capacity Air Handling unit
1kwatt
ms
1.0062 34 23 2442 0.0185 - 0.008
kg
m s 8.71
sec
Where:
hv = 2442
kJ
kg K
kJ
kg
kgvapor
kgda
kgvapor
kgda
176 kj/s
1.0062 35 24 2442 0.0159 0.0105
kg
m s 7.256
sec
ms
m
Q
where:
= density of air
= 1.2 kg/m3
m = mass flow rate of air entering the gymnasium (50 TOR Air
Handling Unit)
Q = volume flow rate of circulated air, m3/sec
Q=m/
Q = (7.256kg/sec)/ (1.2kg/m3)
Q = 8.707 m3/sec (60sec/min)
Q = 522.42 m3/min
Total volume flow rate = 522.42 m3/min
For every section, cooling air is distributed equally. Volume flow rate
(Q) of each section is equal to the volume flow rate output of the AHU
divided by the number of ducting grill which is 8:
Q
Section
=Q
AHU
= (522.42 m3/min)/8
Q
Section
= 65.3025 m3/min
Each AHU can distribute equal amount of cooled air on every ducting. Hence,
AHU 1 calculations will be the same with AHU 2 because of the symmetrical
design of the ducting of the AC system of the Gymnasium. AHU 1 dimensions
will satisfy also with the AHU 2s. For calculations of duct dimensions:
Q= AV
Where:
Q = Volume flow rate
V = for comfort cooling let the velocity of air in each ducting outlet
= (8 m/sec)(60sec/1min)= 480m/min
A = inside Area of the Ducting
DUCT SIZE
Main Duct coming from AHU
Duct type
Rectangular Duct
Velocity of air
Maximum height
8 m/s
0.4 m or 400 mm
From AHU-1 to 1
A0-1= Q0-1/V
Where:
Q= 8.707 m3/sec
V= 8 m/sec
A= L x h
Divide area with 0.4 m (maximum height of duct) for the length
L0-1= (1.088 m2)/(0.4 m)
L0-1= 2.72 m
A0-1= 400 mm x 2720 mm
Note:
From Section 1, there will be divergence of ducting into two separate air
passages. Sections 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4 will be diverging to the center ceiling of
the gymnasium, while Sections 1-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, and 8-9 are placed near the
walls.
At this instance, the total volume flow rate will be divided into number
of sections each diverging ways has. Thirds of the total volume rate will be
delivered at the middle while the remaining of the air flows straight to the
section 1-5 and so on.
Section 1 to 2
A1-2= Q1-2/V
Where:
Q = 3.27 m3/sec
V = 8 m/sec
A= L x h
A1-2= (3.27 m3/sec)/(8 m/sec)
A1-2=0.4088 m2
Divide area with 0.4 m (maximum height of duct) for the length
L1-2= (0.4088 m2)/(0.4 m)
L1-2 =0.8176 m
A1-2 =400 mm x 1.022 mm
Section 2 to 3
Note:
Sections through 1-4 is decreasing by a thirds of the delivered flow rate
which is 3.27 m3/sec.
A2-3= Q1-2/V
Where:
Section 3 to 4
A3-4= Q3-4/V
Where:
= 1.09 m3/sec
V= 8 m/sec
A= L x h
A3-4= (1.09 m3/sec)/(8 m/sec)
A3-4=0.136 m2
Divide area with 0.4 m (maximum height of duct) for the length
L3-4= (0.136 m2)/(0.4 m)
L3-4 = 0.34 m
A3-4 =400 mm x 340 mm
Note:
Sections through 1-4 is decreasing by a fifths of the delivered flow rate which
is 5.44 m3/sec.
Section 1 to 5
A1-5= Q1-5/V
Where:
Q= 5.44 m3/sec
V= 8 m/sec
A= L x h
Section 5 to 6
A5-6= Q5-6/V
Where:
Section 6 to 7
A6-7= Q6-7/V
Where:
Section 7 to 8
A7-8 = Q7-8/V
Where:
Section 8 to 9
A8-9 = Q8-9/V
Where:
Branches
Branches are the same in sizes and length.
Duct type
Square Duct
Velocity of air
8 m/s
65.3025
m3
x 1min /60 s
min
8 m/ s
Abranch = 0.136 m2
Sbranch= 0.369 m = 370 mm x 370 mm
( 2)
From AHU-1 to 1
V = 8 m/s
C = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 2.720 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(2.720)/(0.4+2.720) = 0.6974 m
0.25
f=
[log (
f= 0.016
1
5.74
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
8
0.6974
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P= 7.33 Pa
From 1 to 2
V = 8 m/s
C = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 1.022 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(1.022)/(0.4+1.022) = 0.575 m
0.25
f=
1
5.74
[log (
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
f= 0.016
8
0.575
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P= 8.89 Pa
From 2 to 3
V = 8 m/s
Deq = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 0.681 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(0.681)/(0.4+0.681) = 0.504 m
0.25
f=
[log (
1
5.74
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
f= 0.016
8
0.504
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P=
10.14 Pa
From 3 to 4
V = 8 m/s
Deq = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 0.340 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(0.340)/(0.4+0.340) = 0.368 m
0.25
f=
[log (
f= 0.016
2
1
5.74
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
8
0.368
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P= 13.9 Pa
From 1 to 5
V = 8 m/s
Deq = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 1.70 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(1.70)/(0.4+1.70) = 0.648 m
0.25
f=
1
5.74
[log (
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
f= 0.016
8
0.648
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P= 7.89 Pa
From 5 to 6
V = 8 m/s
Deq = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 1.36 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(1.36)/(0.4+1.36) = 0.618 m
0.25
f=
[log (
1
5.74
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
f= 0.016
8
0.618
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P= 8.27 Pa
From 6 to 7
V = 8 m/s
Deq = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 1.02 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(1.02)/(0.4+1.02) = 0.575 m
0.25
f=
[log (
2
1
5.74
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
f= 0.016
8
0.575
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P= 8.90 Pa
From 7 to 8
V = 8 m/s
Deq = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 0.680 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(0.680)/(0.4+0.680) = 0.504 m
0.25
f=
1
5.74
[log (
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
f= 0.016
8
0.504
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P= 10.14 Pa
From 8 to 9
V = 8 m/s
Deq = 2ab/a+b, where: a= 0.4 m, b= 0.340 m
Deq = 2(0.4)(0.340)/(0.4+0.340) = 0.368 m
0.25
f=
[log (
2
1
5.74
+
)]
3.7 x 626667 362472.082
f= 0.016
8
0.368
8
P= 0.016(
1.248)
2
( 2)
P= 13.90 Pa
where:
V1 = 8 m/s
A0-1= 1.088 m2
A1-2=0.4088 m2
A2-3=0.2725 m2
A3-4=0.136 m2
A1-5=0.68 m2
A5-6=0.544 m2
A6-7 =0.408 m2
A7-8=0.272 m2
A8-9 =0.136 m2
Abranch = 0.136 m2
From Section 1 to 2
P
From Section 2 to 3
P
From Section 1 to 5
P
From Section 5 to 6
P
From Section 6 to 7
P
From Section 7 to 8
P
Summary
AHU (1) is equal as AHU (2)
Section
Size
H x W (mm)
AHU-1
400 mm x 2720
mm
Flow of air in
duct
Q(m3/sec)
8.707 m3/sec
3.27 m3/sec
1-2
400 mm x 340 mm
2-3
LENGTH
(m)
2.72 m
Pressure
drop
(pa)
7.33 Pa
0.8176
m
8.89 Pa
0.681 m
10.14 Pa
0.34 m
13.9 Pa
mm
3-4
1-5
400 mm x 1360
mm
5.44 m3/sec
1.7 m
7.89 Pa
5-6
400 mm x 1020
mm
4.352 m3/sec
1.36 m
8.27 Pa
6-7
400 mm x 680 mm
3.264 m3/sec
1.02 m
8.90 Pa
7-8
400 mm x 340 mm
2.176 m3/sec
0.68 m
10.14 Pa
8-9
370 mm x 370 mm
1.088 m3/sec
0.34 m
13.90 Pa
400 mm x 2720
mm
8.707 m3/sec
0.369 m
0.958 Pa
branche
s
Like any other listed construction product, flex duct should be installed
according to the terms of its listing and according to manufacturer's
instructions. The following guidelines apply to most flexible duct systems.
1. Avoid bending flex duct across or around framing members, pipes and
other objects. Such bends can decrease the size of the duct at the bend
point, restricting airflow and increasing air friction. Over time, the duct inner
core can continue to collapse at the bend point further restricting airflow.
This is a common installation error.
2. Avoid bending flex duct so that the radius at the centerline is less than
one duct diameter. Such bends also restrict airflow and increase air friction.
This is another common installation error.
3. Run flex duct through spaces at least as large as the diameter of the duct
inner core. While this might seem a statement of the obvious, compressing
flex ducts is a common installation error. The ducts are often compressed to
fit into small spaces, such as chases running between floors and the area
between truss webs and truss braces in floors and attics. This installation
error is also frequently found when ducts are run between different areas,
such as between a garage attic and the attic over the conditioned area.
Minor compression of the duct is acceptable so long as the inner core is not
compressed.
4. Support flex duct horizontally at intervals of not more than 5 feet and
vertically at intervals of not more than 6 feet. The maximum amount of sag
between supports is 1/2 inch per foot of horizontal run. Support plenums and
distribution junctions independently of the flex duct. Support straps or other
support material should be at least 1 1/2 inches wide. Support by lumber is
usually acceptable.
5. Avoid using flex duct to support other flex duct or construction materials
such as wires or coolant lines. Over time, the weight of these materials can
constrict the duct inner core.
6. Extend flex duct to its full length. Excess duct material in a run should be
less than 5 percent. Excess material increases air friction.
7. Run flex duct out of plenums, distribution junctions and boots at least 12
inches before making a bend in the duct. Tight bends near plenums also
increase air friction and decrease duct size.
8. Provide air space on all sides of flex duct when the duct runs through
unconditioned spaces such as attics and crawlspaces. Avoid fully or partially
covering flex duct with insulation. This is more important in humid climates
than in dryer climates. Moisture can condense on flex duct that does not
have adequate airflow around it. This moisture can damage surrounding
materials and can contribute to fungal growth.
9. Provide clearance between flex duct and furnace or water heater vent
flues as required by the flue type. Flex duct is considered to be combustible
material in terms of clearance to combustion appliances flues.
10. Avoid running flex duct over steam pipes and similar heat sources.
11. Install flex duct at least 4 inches above ground level and above the
design flood elevation. Do not install flex duct in tile, metal pipe or within
masonry or concrete.
12. Avoid installing flex duct where it will be subjected to direct sunlight,
such as under turbine vents. Sunlight can degrade the vapor barrier.
13. Attach flex ducts at plenums and distribution junctions to sheet metal
collars that are at least 2 inches long. Use metal sleeves at least 4 inches
long to splice two lengths of flex duct. Make joints substantially airtight. Use
at least two wraps of approved metal tape to attach the duct inner core at
collars and distribution junctions. A clamp is recommended, though not
always required. Use both tape and clamps to splice two lengths of flex duct.
14. Repair tears in the vapor barrier using recommended material.
15.
17. Protect flex duct from damage by sharp objects such as truss gusset
plates, attic furnace support straps and nails. These objects can puncture the
duct.
18. Protect flex duct from moisture during and after construction. Once it
becomes wet, flex duct insulation can remain wet for years, providing a
breeding ground for fungal growth.
19. Protect duct boots, particularly floor ducts, from contamination during
and after construction.
Finding and describing installation errors
How does an inspector decide what warrants being reported as an
installation error in need of repair or evaluation by an expert? In the absence
of a measurable guideline (such as the one-duct diameter bend guideline),
each inspector must make a common sense determination based on the
HVAC system(s) in the home. Here are some common installation errors, and
some suggestions for when to call for expert evaluation and/or repair.
Evaluate and/or repair:
1. Trunk supply ducts (those that serve more than one branch duct) and
central return ducts that bend across an obstruction or a support at more
than a 45-degree angle. These ducts are often constricted, and those that
make a vertical bend over an obstruction may become more constricted over
time.
2.
Trunk supply ducts and central return ducts whose inner core is
3.
Duct bends that do not comply with the one duct diameter bend
guideline.
4. Ducts that run horizontally out of a plenum or into a boot.
5. Ducts that are loose at a collar or do not have a metal sleeve at a splice.
6. Ducts with a punctured inner core.
7. Ducts in direct contact with a heat-generating appliance vent.
8. Ducts that leak a "significant" amount of conditioned air at a plenum
collar or at a splice or junction.
9. Ducts that touch the ground and ducts buried in insulation if there is
evidence of condensation on or near the duct.
10. Ducts that breach a fire-rated assembly unless the local authority having
jurisdiction accepts the practice.
11. Ducts that have wet insulation from sources such as rain or plumbing
leaks.