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THE FOLLOWING BOOKS ARE AVAILABLE FOR $1.00 EACH. ILLUSTRATED IN COLOR
THESE ARE LARGE, INFORMATIVE PAPERBACK BOOKS, AUTHORITATIVELY WRITTEN.
At your petshop or directly from
COCKER SPANIELS
GERMAN SHEPHERS
AFGHANS
CHIHUAHUAS
WEIMARANERS
DALMATIANS
How
How
to Raise
to
&
HAMSTERS
&
Train your
BEAGLES
COLLIES
BOXERS
MINIATURE SCHNAUZERS
DOBERMAN PINSCHERS
YORKSHIRE TERRIERS
BASSET HOUNDS
BOSTON TERRIERS
AIRDALES
Train a Pedigreed or
Housebreak
GUPPIES
T. F.
POODLES
DACHSHUNDS
POMERANIANS
Dog
BUDGERIGARS
CATS
iiii'iiii;!!.;::.!::
i:::i:
::
fisnisff
"^
ans, Inc.
C.F.M. Publications,
?
ShtlMER /WUAPjbtC
Vr
By Wilfred Whitern, F.Z.S. with special chapters by Dr. Leonard P. Schultz, Curator of
Fishes, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D.C. and Mr. & Mrs. Fred Ludwig, Detroit,
and
Lacetail Angelfish.
J.,
St.,
St.
248 High
U. S. A. Distributed in
In
Thomas, Ontario.
In
Street, Northcote,
Melbourne.
Australia by Exotic
Aquarium &
P.
Schultz
Museum
On various occasions I have been asked how to distinguish between the three kinds of angelfishes currently found in the books on
fishes. To the most recent inquiry by Herbert R. Axelrod, I answered,
"If you will supply me with a hundred specimens of angelfishes that
contain both kinds used in home aquaria I will try to answer your
question on a scientific basis." Shortly I received (more than I asked
among this nice big lot there were but
one kind, the remainder were of the other species.
Soon I began to count and count, measure and measure, and
compare the variable color patterns. After I was familiar with all
of the 200 examples in the National Collections I then began to read
about them in the literature to learn what others thought. I finally
concluded that no dependence could be placed on the proportional
measurements such as the number of times the greatest depth of
for) 150 of these beauties, but
six of
body
is
of the Rio
tanks.
Aquarium books arc all very indefinite on the matter and one
must conclude that the authors of these books had as much trouble as
other aquarists in recognizing the two species. I, too, have wondered just what I had but was never sure of myself. However, Mr.
Axelrod's recent letter stimulated me to work on the problem, so I
began studying all the angelfishes preserved in the United States
National Museum.
tlie
Museum
Had
these
and earlier authors recorded their counts of fin rays and scales in a
tabular form I would have been able to use their data more fully,
but in those days statistical methods were not applied to ichthyology.
They did not even state how they made their counts of the
number of scales. However, in reading the works of Pellegrin, Regan,
Counts recorded
Number of
fin
Species
P. altutn*
P. alt urn
P.
sealant
P. scalar e\
P.
eimekei)
P.
eimekeii
Species
P.
P.
a/i/?
altum\
P. scalare\
P. scalar e\
P.
eimekei\
P. eimekei\
Roman
Pterophyllum
and Ahl,
have found that they may have made scale counts in two
I counted the oblique scale rows from
the upper edge
of the opercular openings (at the
rear of the head) in a straight
line to the midbase of the caudal
fin along the lower side of the
peduncular lateral line, I invariably got a count of 31
I
ways.
When
when
to 35.
Now
For example, Pellegrin in his original 1903 description of Pterophyllum ahum gives the scales along the back as 47, and those along
the sides from 31 to 34. Regan in 1905 for P. ahum
based on two of
Pellegrin's specimens gives the
number
on the back as 55
Ahl in 1928 repeated
Regan's counts for P. ahum. Obviously someone was wrong.
If the reader will examine the table
which gives my counts he
and those on the midsides
of scales
as 41 to 47. Dr.
is
a valid species.
among the specimens in the National Collections. These characters involve the counting with very great care and accuracy
the
scalare
number of oblique scale rows from the upper edge of the opercular
opening to the base of the caudal fin in a straight line just below the
peduncular lateral line. For eimekei they vary from 28 to 36 and for
scalare
as I
scale
figures
dorsal rays.
a larger
when preserved
color patterns
way
to identify
accurately.
All of
they measure
than those of
eimekei. None of which is that long. This indicates that eimekei is a
smaller species than scalare when sexually mature.
73 to 85
is
popular
in
w.
l.
whitern,
f.z.s.
Amazon
River.
It is in
another of the
many
The wonders
ation
is
is
known
to enter
territory.
when
consider-
given to the shape of the body of these fish and the topo-
live.
is
of rock formation
devoid of any aquatic plants. The south side of the river, however,
is much different, having a great abundance of an aquatic cane-like
plant.
is
The
is
The
and
mud
that
highly nervous nature live within the dense vegetation on the south
side of the river. They seldom venture out into mid-stream and never
inhabit the north side.
not only has a direct influence in regard to the growth of these fish,
but usually does not permit the desirable swimming room that is
essential to the health of fish of this size. The golden rule "One
inch of
fish to
This
is
Compare these
fins.
aquarium, the more sturdy and larger the fish will grow. Angelfish
may be kept in an average size 5 gallon aquarium, but for the best
results in relation to growth and the possibility of successful spawning,
aquarium
is
the
minimum
size
recommended.
One month
Timmerman.
The water
fish are in a
DH
when spawning
exist.
termined.
It is
However, these differences cannot easily be predeonly after an actual spawning has taken place that
these differences can be definitely established. Of course, there is one
method
equipment
is
is
and that
10
However,
as a guide
and
these differences once a spawning has taken place, these visual differences of sex shown on Plate 1 are fully described as follows:
a.
b.
The first black vertical stripe that passes through the eye,
appears to be straighter in the male than in the female, in
the latter the stripe has a definite curve upwards towards the
c.
to as the "feelers")
anal fin
is
the female.
d.
The tube
is
shaped
is
it
differently. In the
male
it
angle towards
the rear.
e.
is
of the
male
is,
upper jaw
When
it is
mated pairs. When it is noticed that two particular fish stay together in one area of the aquarium, and they have
been together for at least six hours and chase all other fish away,
daily observation for
12
then
it is
at this
unexplainable
trait of
the Angelfish.
is
This preparation
is
very important
if
success
is
to
be achieved.
13
slightly acid.
It is
First
site.
14
Then the female lays her eggs and the male follows
Here
is
fertilizing them.
15
closeup of the developing eggs. The eggs are held into the spawning site by a
sticky string which comes from the head of the newly hatched fry. Photo by
fine,
Timmerman.
However, once the spawning is started, the female will lay the
eggs at the selected spot, always commencing at the bottom and
going in an upwards motion. The male follows immediately behind
and
fins.
The incubation
period
major problem now presents itself, that is, whether to leave the
pair with their spawning, remove them or remove the actual spawning.
This is a very difficult decision to make, especially if it is, the
first spawning. There has been no indication whether or not the
spawning pair are going to be compatible parents.
However, whatever may be your decision, it is important when
separating the eggs from the breeders, that the eggs be properly
spawning
is
on
a leaf,
to ensure a
for
16
is
a certain
From an
amount
of established
poor color and very unevenly marked. None of the young fry reached
an age of six months
However, the original pair continued to spawn every two weeks,
and they devoured spawnings number four, five and six. The seventh
What
actually
Too
hobbyist,
often,
is
when
immediately get a net and try to remove the young fry. More times
than not, this is a fatal mistake, because as soon as the breeders see
and
the net they will think that there is danger to their family
earnest.
they will then commence to devour their family in real
care to
sufficient
given
pair
have
spawning
the
Remember, if
fry
young
the
and
hatched,
have
they
that
the eggs to the point
17
the
bottom
is
not
FEEDING
After the fry hatch from the eggs, nature itself
supplies the
food requirements for their first few days of life.
Attached to the
young fish, in the region below the lower jaw and the
commencement of the anal fin there can be easily seen what
appears to be
a small bladder.
18
This
and
is
other type of foods. During this time the young are usually attached
by a sticky thread to the spawning site.
After the disappearance of the yolk sac however, the initial
foods to be supplied must be given careful consideration. The general
practice
is
to give infusoria.
Infusoria
is
easily cultured,
is
it is
then safe to give feedings of any of the standard dry foods, but
this should be augmented occasionally with some other types of
live foods, if available.
According to the
size
fish in
19
The first spawning of All-blacks accomplished by the Ludwig's of Detroit! Only a few
people have successfully bred an All-black to an All-black. Usually an All-black is
crossed with a Lacetail. The Ludwig's breed All-blacks to each other. Dr. Leonard P.
Schultz identified the All-blacks that the Ludwig's are breeding as a variety of the
P.
eimeckei.
20
were the
The
first
to
title
produce
name
All-blacks.
form only!
tive
100%
It is
TFH,
down
is
fishes, to
we have
We
THIS
IS IT! in
respect to a true strain. These fish are on display in our store (in Detroit) for
any and
all
to see.
It is fairly difficult
we
We
skeptical.
21
((>/
UlJflUllU III
First,
any
our
all
liflLr\-C'l
fXlll
is
there
no stripes on any part of the body; the only shadright after the fish have eaten a very heavy meal and
is
Then
22
scales.
from
stripes,
to behold!
pupils, a very
gill plates.
The
is
no
distrac-
the
tail,
overcrowding and abuse. We have subthem to starvation and neglect (for scientific reasons only, be
assured
we have altered the pH and hardness of the water and with
all this rough treatment they are as good as new. We truly believe that
jected
and
to
our imagination to new kinds of angelfish. When the black one came
along we accepted the challenge and our battle began. We babied the
blackish fish and
pampered them
23
commercial
possibilities
all
spawning when
time that we
To this date we canbut maybe someday we
was about
It
this
ium
in
Herb Wolff
of
fish,
Beldt's Aquar-
angelfish
all
black
When we
we
call the
new
blacks,
we worked out a
new fish is
much blacker than any of the new fish we acquired from other people
and much blacker than our own original strain. We believe it to be the
ultimate in the perfection of a
new
variety of
24
aquarium
fish.
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