CSD365 Lecture 10 DCT Combined Actions Member Restraints

Civil and Structural Design 365
Steel Design
Lecture 10:
Design Capacity Tables

- Combined Actions
- Angles as Beams
Member Restraints
Kerri Bland
Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)
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References:
AISC, Design Capacity Tables for structural steel, Volume 1: Open Sections, Third Edition
Standards Australia, AS4100 Steel Structures
Geoff Boughton, Steel Design to AS4100 without Computers, Curtin University, Third Edition
Lecture 10 - DCT Combined Actions, Angles.
Member Restraints
Members Carrying Combined Actions
Members subject to a single type of action have been

considered:
Tension, compression, bending
Many structural elements carry a combination of axial and

bending effects
M
Truss with load between chord

points (both bending and
compression in the top chord)
Building frame under gravity actions

and wind actions (bending and
compression in beam and columns)
Member Restraints
Often it is obvious that one effect is the dominant action
eg: a beam with a large bending moment and a little bit of axial load
Design for the dominant action, then check for the effect of the
combination of loads.
Sometimes it is not as obvious that one action is dominant
design for one action
choose a bigger member to try to account for both actions
Check for the effect of the combination of loads
Two effects need to be considered:

1. Interaction between load effects
(second order effects)
2. Addition of stresses
Member Restraints

1. Interaction between load effects
Bending and Compression
Bending moment
in member
Causes
deflection
Induced
moment
M=P.
Axial load on bent member

induces additional moment
The induced moment is a second order effect not a direct effect from the
applied actions.
First order structural analysis (eg: moment distribution) does not account for
these 2nd order effects
The induced moment (2nd order effect) must be added to the first order moment
Member Restraints

1. Interaction between load effects: Bending and Compression
Moment Amplification
In order to account for the interaction between load effects and the consequent
second order effects, Clause 4.4.2 of the steel code requires amplification of
the elastic first order analysis moments if bending moments and compression
forces occur together in a member:
M* = mM1*
Where:
M* =
the moment to be used in all subsequent design calculations
M1* = first order analysis moment (before amplification)

m =
amplification factor
1.0
(varies depending on whether the member is braced or not: b or s )
is a function of the Euler Buckling load calculated for an effective length
Le L for braced members
Le > L for unbraced members

Member Restraints

Braced members: Force and reaction co-linear
use m = b
cm
b =
N*
Nomb
where
2
EI
Nomb = elastic buckling load =
L2e
with Le as found previously for compression members

cm is a moment distribution factor = 0.6 - 0.4m 1.0
depends on shape of BMD
refer to <4.4.2.2> and <Fig. 4.4.2.2> of the code
Member Restraints

Unbraced (sway) members: Force and reaction not co-linear
use m = the maximum of s and b
b as for braced frame (but Le>L)
s requires a buckling analysis of the whole frame
DCTs (section 4) provide a set of flow charts outlining the

procedure for determining b and s, and give a couple of
examples showing how to determine the design actions of
specified members in structures.
Member Restraints

Moment Amplification: DCTs (section 4)
Member Restraints
Figures from DCT.

Refer to slide 2
for copyright warning.

Moment Amplification: DCTs (section 4)
Determination of is based on relative stiffness of

adjacent members, or of a whole frame.
Cant be determined without knowing all member sizes.
Initial first order analysis
Preliminary member design
Analyse again taking second order effects into

account (ie: by calculating and applying moment
amplification factors)
check member sizes for the amplified moments.
Member Restraints
10

2. Addition of Stresses
N*
Compression/Bending (either axis)
Tension/Bending (either axis)
Biaxial Bending with or without axial loading
M*
axial +
bending
Cant have M* = Ms and N* = Ns

occuring at the same time.
(compression)
total
Member Restraints
11

2. Addition of Stresses: Section Capacity
Member can achieve section capacity if there are sufficient lateral braces
preventing buckling from compression and bending, in all directions.
Always need to check section capacity.
Code gives different equations for checking the section capacity based on a
range of different configurations:
Mrx = section moment capacity reduced by axial force
N*
= Msx 1
N
s
Code allows for a higher Mrx if the section is compact
Formula in code also modified depending on form factor (kf) (equal to or less than
one), and whether member axial actions are tensile or compressive (Section 8)
DCT [tables 8.1-] help determine section capacity under combined actions using the
appropriate code equations for standard sections (see marked up copy of Table 8.1-5
following)
When considering section capacity, there is no differentiation between tensile and

compressive axial loads fail either way at the same stress
Member Restraints
12

Figure from DCT.
Refer to slide 2 for copyright warning.
2. Addition of Stresses
Ns = kf Anfy
Nt = Agfy
(section capacity of
compression
member)
or = 0.85kt Anfy
For a Compact section with kf<1, subject to

combined bending (x-axis and compression:
82 w
N *
Mrx = Msx 1
1 + 0.18
Ns
82 wy
(section capacity of
tension member)
<8.3.2(b)>
Compactness
**See note (4)
kf
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
N
C
C
N
C
N
C
C
N
N
C
C
C
C
C
C
0.950
0.926
0.888
0.928
0.902
0.979
0.948
0.922
0.938
0.913
0.996
0.963
0.930
0.991
0.952
0.915
1.00
1.00
0.949
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.990
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
For a Compact section with kf=1, subject to

combined bending (x-axis) and compression:
N*
Mrx = 1.18Msx 1
Ns
<8.3.2(a)>
For a Compact section, subject to combined

bending (x-axis) and tension:
Mrx = 1.18Msx 1 N *
Ns
<8.3.2(a)>
For a Non-compact section, subject to

combined bending (x-axis) and axial:
Mrx = Msx 1 N *
Ns
<8.3.2>
For a Compact section, subject to combined

bending (y-axis) and axial:
N*
Mrx = 1.19Msx 1
Ns
<8.3.3(a)>
For a Non-compact section, subject to

combined bending (y-axis) and axial:
Mrx = 1.18Msx 1 N *
Ns
All sections
doubly
Member
Restraints symmetric
<8.3.3>
13

2. Addition of Stresses: Member Capacity
Takes member buckling into consideration.
Member capacity usually limits performance of a structural member under

combined actions (section capacity can limit always check)
Member capacity > section capacity
When considering member capacity, there are different equations for tension
and compression forces.
Compression exacerbates buckling instabilities
Tension tends to reduce buckling instabilities
Need to already have a member size to determine the capacity (too difficult to
use tables to determine member size required based on loads too many
variables). Usually determine member size based on the most significant
member effect, and check for combined actions.
Need to use code to determine the correct equations to use, then use the DCT
to determine some of the variables in the equations.
Member Restraints
14

Combined axial compression and bending
Minor axis bending (in plane) (cant buckle)

*
N
M Miy = Msy 1
Ncy
Section bending capacity about y-axis

Tables 5.2-
Compression capacity based on effective

length of column in the y-axis
Tables 6-_ (B)
Major axis bending (in plane) (FLR-cant buckle)
N*
M Mix = Msx 1
Ncx
Section bending capacity about x-axis

Tables 5.2-
Compression capacity based on

effective length of column in the x-axis
Tables 6-_ (A)
Member Restraints
15

Combined axial compression and bending
Major axis bending (out of plane) (not FLR - can buckle) (always check in plane
also, even if not FLR)
M Mox
*
N
= Mbx 1
Ncy
Member bending capacity about x-axis

based on Le and m
Tables 5.3-
Compression capacity based on

effective length of column in the y-axis
Tables 6-_ (B)
Member Restraints
16

Combined axial tension and bending
Major axis bending (out of plane) (not FLR - can buckle)

Section moment capacity
reduced by axial force
Tables 8.1-
M Mox
*
N*
= Mbx 1 +
Nt
Member bending capacity about x-axis

based on Le and m
Tables 5.3-
Mrx
Tensile capacity
Tables 7-
Only use this capacity if it is certain that the tensile force will always be there to
reduce the buckling instability effects.
Very important to do section capacity check (Mrx) as this could very easily
govern in this case.
Member Restraints
17

Angles as beams
Angles loaded parallel to legs have biaxial bending (ie: combined actions)
With FLR (eg: cast into slab)
Has moments about each principal axis
Constrained to deflect in one direction only
Lateral restraint induces lateral loads (which is what constrains the deflections)
Need to combine these effects to determine the angle capacity difficult
DCT tabulate strength limit state and serviceability limit state
T8.2-
Gives the factored load on the whole span (W* or Ws) same as for FLR
bending (assuming UDL)
Tables for EA and UA, with the vertical leg up or down
Member Restraints
18

Angles as beams
Angles loaded parallel to legs have biaxial bending (ie: combined actions)
Without FLR (eg: as lintels for masonry masonry cant provide lateral restraint)
Has moments about each principal axis
Second order moments due to deflections
Torsion applied as load not aligned with shear centre
Second order effects between all of these actions
Lateral torsional buckling also an issue
DCT tabulate strength limit state and serviceability limit state

T8.3Gives
the factored load on the whole span (W* or Ws) (assuming UDL)
Tables
for EA and UA, with the vertical leg up or down

Member Restraints
19
Member Restraints
Lateral Restraints
Shorten effective length of member
Increases member efficiency
Possible member size reduction
Improves the performance of:
Axial compression members
Bending members (major axis bending)
Lateral restraints require design
Member Restraints
20
Member Restraints
Restraint of Axial Compression Members
Restraint provided to any point in the cross section
Providing lateral restraint

about the y-axis

about the y-axis

about the y-axis

about the x-axis
May be provided by members already performing another function.
May be specifically added to provide lateral restraint.
Restraints must be designed to carry:
Any forces applied externally to the restraint <6.6.1>
0.025*axial compression in the restrained member (2.5%)

<6.6.2>
Lecture 10 - DCT Combined Actions, Angles. Member Restraints
21
Member Restraints
Example:
A column is subject to an axial compression load of 1000kN.
It has been designed assuming a lateral restraint is able to be provided at

mid-height.
Determine the restraining force that the lateral restraint needs to be

designed for:
1000 kN
Restraining force that restraints need to be able to

provide = ?
25 kN
Member Restraints
22
Member Restraints
Example:
A column is subject to an axial compression load of 1000kN.
It has been designed assuming a lateral restraint is able to be provided at mid-height.
Determine the member sizes required (EA) to provide the design

restraining force in each of the following scenarios (assume the restraints
are pinned at both ends, and that M16 bolts are used for the connections):
1000 kN
1000 kN
6m
6m
1000 kN
1000 kN
6m
6m
4.5m
4.5m
(a)
4.5m
4.5m
(b)
(c)
(d)
Refer to Blackboard for capacities of angles with effective lengths longer than those in the
DCTs: Lecture 12 - Minor axis buckling capacity for long angles in compression
Member Restraints
23
Member Restraints
Must be designed to carry:
2.5%P
Any forces applied externally to the restraint

P
2.5%P
+
1(1.25%P)
=
3.75%P
2.5%P
+
2(1.25%P)
=
5.0%P
P
2.5%P
+
3(1.25%P)
=
6.25%P
P
2.5%P
+
4(1.25%P)
=
7.5%P
P
2.5%P
+
5(1.25%P)
=
8.75%P
P
2.5%P
+
6(1.25%P)
=
10%P
P
2.5%P
+
6(1.25%P)
=
10%P
P
2.5%P
+
6(1.25%P)
=
10%P
P
2.5%P
+
6(1.25%P)
=
10%P
Can have restraints reducing the effective length of a number of parallel

compression members.
The likelihood of every column needing to resist the ultimate load at the
same time is very remote
So the restraint force required for the group of columns can be reduced to:
(0.025*load) in one member + (0.0125*load) in up to six more members

<6.6.3>
Member Restraints
24
Member Restraints

Where restraints are closer than necessary (more restraints provided

than necessary), the design restraining force for each restraint can be
reduced <6.6.2>:
nmin
restraint force in restraining member = 0.025 n
* ( force in the restrained member)
actual
Say a column section has been selected such that the column will not buckle
about its strong axis at ultimate strength loads
Lateral restraints will be required at third points along the column to prevent
buckling about its weak axis at ultimate strength loads (ie: require two restraints)
If we happened to have lateral restraints at quarter points (ie: providing three

restraints) along the column (to suit other structural requirements perhaps), it
means each lateral restraint only needs to designed for a load of
0.025*(2/3)*compression load in member
Member Restraints
25
Member Restraints
Restraint of Bending Members
Restraint provided to the critical flange of the member
May be provided by members already performing another function.
May be specifically added to provide lateral restraint.
Restraints must be designed to carry:
0.025*maximum axial force in the critical flanges of adjacent

segments of the restrained member (2.5%)
<5.4.3.2>
Member Restraints
26
Member Restraints
Determining the axial force in the flange:
Determine the elastic moment of the beam: Mel = fyZx
If M* < Mel , then stress distribution is linear (elastic behaviour)

Average stress =
Critical flange area
My
A = tf*bf
Critical flange force = A
If M* > Mel , then stress distribution is not linear (plastic behaviour)

Average stress =
Critical flange area
A = tf*bf
Critical flange force = y A
Member Restraints
27
Member Restraints
Example:
A 7m long simply supported beam is subject to an ultimate UDL of 20 kN/m

(load applied to the top flange).
Select an appropriate UB beam (from DCT) assuming a lateral restraint is to

360UB44.7
be provided to the critical flange at mid-span.
Determine the restraining force that the lateral restraint needs to be

7.2 kN
designed for:
7m
20 kN/m
Lateral restraint at mid-span
Member Restraints
28
Member Restraints
2.5%F

0.025*maximum axial force in the critical flange (2.5%)
2.5%F
+
1(1.25%F)
=
3.75%F
2.5%F
+
2(1.25%F)
=
5.0%F
2.5%F
+
3(1.25%F)
=
6.25%F
2.5%F
+
4(1.25%F)
=
7.5%F
2.5%F
+
5(1.25%F)
=
8.75%F
2.5%F
+
6(1.25%F)
=
10%F
Where F = Critical Flange Force
2.5%F
+
6(1.25%F)
=
10%F
2.5%F
+
6(1.25%F)
=
10%F
2.5%F
+
6(1.25%F)
=
10%F
Plan view of a series

of parallel beams
Can have restraints reducing the effective length of a number of parallel bending
members.
The likelihood of every beam needing to resist the ultimate load at the same
time is very remote
So the restraint force required for the group of beams can be reduced to:
(0.025*cf force) in one member + (0.0125*cf force) in up to six more members

<5.4.3.3>
Member Restraints
29
Member Restraints

Where restraints are closer than necessary (more restraints provided

than necessary), the design restraining force for each restraint can be
reduced <5.4.3.1>:
nmin
( critical flange force)
restraint force in restraining member = 0.025
nactual
We have a beam section that is able to support the ultimate strength loads
with a mid-span lateral restraint (ie: one restraint sufficient).
If we happened to have lateral restraints at quarter points (ie: providing three

restraints) along the beam (to suit other structural requirements perhaps), it
means each lateral restraint only needs to designed for a load of
0.025*(1/3)*axial compression force in the critical flange of the member
Member Restraints
30

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Civil and Structural Design 365

Design Capacity Tables

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

Members subject to a single type of action have been

Tension, compression, bending

Many structural elements carry a combination of axial and

Truss with load between chord

Building frame under gravity actions

Lecture 10 - DCT Combined Actions, Angles.

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

Often it is obvious that one effect is the dominant action

Sometimes it is not as obvious that one action is dominant

design for one action

choose a bigger member to try to account for both actions

Check for the effect of the combination of loads

Two effects need to be considered:

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

Axial load on bent member

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

the moment to be used in all subsequent design calculations

M1* = first order analysis moment (before amplification)

(varies depending on whether the member is braced or not: b or s )

is a function of the Euler Buckling load calculated for an effective length

Le L for braced members

Le > L for unbraced members

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

with Le as found previously for compression members

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

use m = the maximum of s and b

b as for braced frame (but Le>L)

s requires a buckling analysis of the whole frame

DCTs (section 4) provide a set of flow charts outlining the

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

Lecture 10 - DCT Combined Actions, Angles.

Figures from DCT.

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

Determination of is based on relative stiffness of

Cant be determined without knowing all member sizes.

Initial first order analysis

Preliminary member design

Analyse again taking second order effects into

check member sizes for the amplified moments.

Lecture 10 - DCT Combined Actions, Angles.

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

Compression/Bending (either axis)

Tension/Bending (either axis)

Biaxial Bending with or without axial loading

Cant have M* = Ms and N* = Ns

Lecture 10 - DCT Combined Actions, Angles.

Civil and Structural Design 365 (Steel)

Members Carrying Combined Actions

Always need to check section capacity.

Code allows for a higher Mrx if the section is compact

When considering section capacity, there is no differentiation between tensile and