^BSs

THE

SIKHS
OF THE

PUNJAB.

By

E.

R.
Late

PARRY.
of Officers

Indian

Army Reserve
Acting Captain and

Ludhiana

Sikhs.

Adjutant

Sometime

time
; some-

2/15th

attached

Sikhs.

London

DRANE'S,
Daneceld

82a, Farringdon

House,

Street, E.C.

4.

35tli

Dedicated

M.C.
Tc

Col.

C.

F.

W.

Hughes,

CONTENTS.

-o

Page
9

Preface

Chapter

"

the

of

Characteristics

11

History

and

Religion

Jat

"

ii

20

Sikh

3"

Sikh

Village

'1

The

Economic

43

Life

Geography

"

"y

of

(i)

The

the

Punjab

Control

"

of

ment
Environ62

5
"

(ii) Agriculture

and

tries
Indus-

,,

87

G
"

Recruiting

Methods

104

,,

Index

Bibliography

123

128

PREFACE.

This
of

giving
of

one

of

is written

with

public

general

Indian

loyal

most

our

in

Empire

of
its

though
it

yet

played

traditions

the
than

less

no

object
idea

some

few,

comparatively
share
in upholding

British

the

sects

are

small

the

the

to

numbers
no

book

little

of

theatres

six

war.

No

of

account

some

helped

mould

to

environment
Ludhiana
some

of

met

with.

the

finest

and
of

has

been

pronunciation

of

Some

attempt

imitated

it

is

Sikh

in

the
that

there
manhood

made

the

has
This

typical

especially
types

that

character.

Sikh

district,

out
with-

complete

environment

the

the
is

be

would

picture

true

are

give

to

the

words

Punjabi

used.
I

take

Professor
with

this
L.

of

some

and

Geography,
me

three
Notice

W.

of
opportunity
Lyde for having
the

Captain

photographs
of

errors

ideas

of
will

for

Burgess,

be

imbued

me

Economic

on

Sikh

thanking

giving

wrestlers.

most

R.

welcome.
E.

P.

Oct.,

1921.

the

of

Sikhs

The

I.

CHAPTER

Sikhs

The
of

orde*
is

did

the

to

not

are

"Khalsa,"

of

Sikh
These

Sikhism,
and

known

"

are

each
as

have
the

five

five

"

ii

Sikh

common

tained
obor

by
for

children.

signs

outward

Kukkas

only

Hindu

with

Elect.

(gate),

is

one

several

beginning
the

"

steel

belong-

is

it is quite

Thus
to

Sikhs
of the

Pahul

No

the

upon

true

an

Sikhism

brotherhood

water.

father

since

All

the

of birth.

virtue

but

race,

brotherhood

the

through
baptism

sword,

or

into

or

dissenters.

depend.

success

Initiation

tribe

Hindu

military

religion1 of the
its

HISTORY.

AND

KELSGION

Punjab.

the

letter

"

:"

of

K,

Outward

liSism!

THE

12

SIKHS

(1)

OF

"

Kes,"

wooden

or

"

(3)

comb

used

Kachh,"

and

dagger.

All

Singh,"
meatl

no

lion.

at least twice

day

to

the

food taken
down

turban

body

or

recognised;

break

be let down
;

blow

be

to

must

tobacco,

one

steel and

the hair must

title of

the flesh of

sacramental

or

the

the

except

not

dish

common

be eaten

worn

is

caste

two-edged

from

by

be

must

and

must

caste

combed

be bathed

frequently during the day in cold water,

"

the

be

must

Sahib,"

Granth
read

morning

possible, before
The
The

the

"

ten

living are
1.

Gurus,"
as

Baba

2.

Angad

3.

Amr

4.

Ram

5.

Arjan

and

and

writings,

evening

and, if

meals.

spiritualteachers

Gurus.

sacred

or

follows
Nanak

whose

worn

following also

eaten

Parshad,"
a

must

"

decapitated

Kara

bear

Abstinence

top-knot

iron bracelet;

or

short

or

Kung-a,"

drawers

Kara,"

The

be

must

"Jhatka,"

from

white

Sikhs

true

or

animals

"

"

the

secure

Khanda,"

be observed, viz.

"

to

short

or

"

(5)

PUNJAB

long hair; (2)

or

to the skin ; (4)

next

"

THE

of the

Sikhs

names

in order

were

"

1469

to

1539
1552

1539

to

Das

1552

to 1574

Das

1574

to

1581

to 1606

1581

of

THE

OF

THE

PUNJAB

6.

Har

Govind

1606

to

1645

7.

Har

Rai

1645

to

1661

8.

Har

Kishin

1661

to 1664

9.

Tegh

1664

to

1675

1675

to

1708

10.

Bahadur

Govind

The

Singh

first Guru,

of

ment

with

mild

very

equal

were

did

and

life, but
amid

every-day
the

prayer

to
to

conception

sal
univer-

particular

live

an

of God
the

of

beginning

men

any

ascetic

lives,

pure

of business

scenes

Baba
-^anak-

he

All

was

and

upright

13

preached
"

God

not

live

to

were

He

of God

were

Thus

doctrine:

belong

not

Nanak'

by

sight

Men

religion.

environ-

an

influences.

gentle

born

was

amid

monotheism.

and
in

Nanak,

Punjab,

Mohammedan

imbued

was

Baba

in the

Lahore,

near

SIKHS

and

is

sure.
plea-

expressed

Sikh

morning

"

'

is one,

God

His

Creator, without

the

Timeless
never

ascetic

Candler,

womb,

Sikhism

Angad,
tendency

without

Formless,
is

is
mity,
en-

has

self-existing,

merciful."*

great and
Under

fear,

Being,

into

come

is true, He

name

"

among

The

Mantle

relapsed

its

of

into

disciples,but

the

East

"

p.

141.

an

this

Angad.

THE

14

Amr

Das.

Ram

Das.

OF

SIKHS

keld

was

Ram

in check

by

Das

the

the

the

and

in the

he

it

set

compiler

the
a

of

the

and

to

"

tenth

and
in

written

known
and

Arjan,

temptation
result

Sahangas

aiding
This
Guru's

at

death.

This

Adi

Granth
Bad

shah
the

Singh,
Adi

Granth
which

characters,

writing

is
are

of the Guru,

throughout.
could
with

meddle

Delhi

rebellion

severe

of

of Kabir

saints.

Govind

for

not

having

the

very

factor

taken

as

part

in

rule.

the

hastened
marked

the

Emperor

against the Emperor's

imprisonment
This

resist

politics,and
by

imprisoned

was

Sikh

or

writings

Daswen

or

the

was

the works

The

however,
to

the

the

Guru.

Punjabi

is metrical

Golden

and

the

by

Gurumukhi,

as

the

tank.

called

it from

last

is

worship

to

Sahib,"

from

written

Granth,

"

by washing

sacred

contemporary

distinguish

ki

in

contain

afterwards

was

flock

Granth

extracts

Ramanand,

book

Amritsar
Amritsar

foundation,

which

with

Nanak,

Goldcu

great organiser of Sikhism

firm

on

scriptures,

at

the

of

water

x\rjan was

Arian.

Sahib,"

themselves

purify

to

holy

of the

Granth,

or

successor.

founder

Sikhs, who

book,

holy

Das, his

Immortality."

of the

Temple,

rT'k^

of

Lake

PUNJAB

Amr

Darbar

or

Mecca

the

was
"

Temple,
"

THE

turn-

fe II.

Some

of

Recruiting

Depot,

Regimental

Staff,
uudhiana.

.chlon

Road

Outside
Wall
Kulhur.
houses of menials.
of

Note

Typical
in

"

Gali
Sikh

"

or

Street

Village.

SIKHS

THE

ing point in

Har
than

it assumed

Kishin.

robber

Bahadar

was

little

"

"

the

of the

backbone
Govind

was

of

man

keen

Islam.

"

and
to

was

This

Khalsa,
"

Pahul

forming

sword.

he

accomplished

brotherhood
from

title of

"Singh"

the Pahul.

Govind

did

of Nanak,

but

added

portion

the

scriptures

shah

of

ki Granth,

to

together by

had

took

(Lion)

it.
"

which

against

by preaching

attack

not

His

arms.

onward

distinctive

gj

instituting the
signs, and thus

bound
now

pre-

read,

consolidateSikhism

five outward

Sikhs

at

Guru,

his

from

adept

an

attacking caste,
and

last

and

calibre

to-day

regiments.

intelligent, well

was

sportsman,

Pioneer

of
the

were

form

who

tenth

different

He

great work

the

who

title

These

Sikh

body,
Singh

the

Sikhs,

of the

Singh,

decessors.

the

Mazbhi

His

Govind

by

faithful.

or

and

sweepers,

with

Khalsa,"

Mazbhi,"

origin

three

by

Tegh

than

caught

was

on

the
the

taking

the doctrine

He
the

G0Vrjll(j

Har

more

Moghuls.

admitted

were

the

into

the

by

rescued

was

end

jjar

was

and

Tegh

in the

more

policy

Eai,

reward

little

was

Har

however,
as

military aspect.

Gurus,

at ])elhi

15

for from

Sikhism,

of

by

chief, and

executed

PUNJAB

soldier, whose

mercenary

THE

his successor,

Govind,

continued

history

the

onward

now

OF

also
Daswen

great

wrote

Bad-

stimulating

,-,")"'

16

THE

SIKHS

effects

OF

the

on

fanatical

Govind

Singh

waging

numerous

but

so

was

fly

to

border

with

17.07, the

desert

of

Moghul

especially
Bahadur
and
Mahrattas.

the

put
This

who

in

died

thirty

tank

at

Amritsar.

again, since
with

their

the

lives.

the

by

he

never

Deccan,

given

by

Moslem

an

death.
the

among

Sikhs

the

were

Moslems.
the

only roused

them
the

huls,
Mog-

rebellious

in the

Sikhs.

the

among

purify their bodies

rebellions

the

by

however,

to

of provincial

under

were

hundreds

night-rides through

fell

by the Emperor

father's

the

Govind

history, for the

in

thing

After

power

wound

years

qualities of

common

Patiala

expedition

avenged

oppression,

latent

in

Naderh,

of

the

Aurangzeb,

put down

at

forced

gradually

service

to

was

Mahrattas.

this

Sikh

death

to

took

life in

Moghuls,

produced

the

results

next

blackest

Emperor

growth

From

returned, and

The

on

the

which

sent

was

he

that

Empire

his

the

followers.

among

Shah,

Afghan,

with

being approached

on

of

rest

few

the

to

of his followers.

country

governors,

from

the

wars

only

pieces owing

Singh,

mind

spent

death, however,

"

PUNJAB

badly defeated
the

to

THE

It

was

indulge

to

lines

just

in
to

plunge into the raised

Only

few

ever

got

away

majority paid for this daring

THE

India

In 1738

who

Sikhs,

Nadir

Shah

Shah

Abdali

of the
fort

Amritsar.

this time

Three

Punjab,

suitable

danger

had

for

of the

of these

the

his

bands
a

Sikhs

the

Singh's children.
and

of

did

sooner

and

Mah-

Sikhs

bands

so

at

under
in

some

powerful that
town

hated of Moslem

scene

mud

powerful chief.

more

became

of the most

Singh,

headquarters. The
brought about
enemy
into confederacies,or

uniting they captured the

was

no

fort erected

common

Misls," under

it

but

did Ahmed

times

of robber
mud

spot

union

one

small

the Sikhs

when

consisted

who

1763

to erect

besieged his garrisons. The

rattas

the

invade

chief

his capital

the Punjab,

latter invaded

The

retire to Kabul

he

him, having

general disorder

near

Shah

Ahmed

by the Moghuls and forced

the
Jussa Singh, a distiller,
was
He took advantage
at this time.

leader

Sikh

stragglers and
wherever
possible.

assassinated, and

succeeded

Persians,

defeated

was

retire.

to

for bands

save

?.nv?i910n

the

baggage

was

at Kabul.

but

the'Punjab,

over-ran

harassed

the

plundered

17

the Persians

by

little resistance

with

meeting

invaded

was

PUNJAB

THE

OF

Shall, who

Nadir

under

of

SIKHS

the

This

M-

on

Sirhind,

towns, since

murder
town

of

In

was

of

Govind

plundered

Capture of
Sirhiml-

destroyed.
From

now

onward

until the time

of

Eanjit

THE

i$

SIKHS

OF

dissension, owing

power

between

Sikhs

of

the

cleverness
of

the

which

they

on

and

This

army.

opposition

him

helped
and

endurance

in 1839

owing

JTirst

and A

pany's
Com-

British

idea,
of

the army

much

decided

to

try and

lost

prestige by invading

This

brought

by

and

their

territory.
Sikh

Second

a
.

Sikii

Wars,
Wars.

loss

their

recover

British

the First

about

disorder

general

sirdars, alarmed

of

his

On

unmanageable

became
and

their

for

famous

discipline.

rulers,

The

Second

his

fluence
personal inobject. His

his

attain

became

resulted.
power,

and

pay

steady

weak

to

to

time

in

infantry

liberal

but

cultivators,

India

part of the free4iving Sikh

the

on

were

without

done

not

was

East

backbone

the

infantry

the

made

battalions

the

Following

modelled

army,

the

from

deserters

by

brought

He

His

system.

his

Peshawar

the

Multan.

and

the European

death

include

to

as

so

service.
he

deserved.

so

disciplined regular

self-

of

gradually extended

and

Punjab,

drilled

height

the

by 1808, Ranjit Singh, by his

iron will, made
himself
master

Valley, Kashmir,
about

struggle for

chiefs, robbed

that

to

conquests

the

to

petty

attaining

However,

Ranjjt

PUNJAB

Singh

government

Smgh.

THE

jab by

ending
the

by

in

the

British.
the

annexation

The

latter

of
were

the

Punso

pressed
im-

stirring fighting qualities of

THE

SIKHS

Sikhs

the

that

15th

orders

several

raising of
service.

who

Sikhs,

the

Ludhiana

of the

regiment

Chitral,

Egypt,

in

known

well

too

to

latter

remember

It recruits

men.

of the

men

Frontier

as

to

been

kept alive by fostering Govind

the
to

in

Sikh
preserve

Indian

the

regiments
the

Army,
which

traditions

Col.

F.

soldier

are

but

it is

has

only

W.

Sikhism

and
have
of the

Hughes,

Neuve

in 1915-16.

well

tenets

in
paigns;
cam-

at

enumerated,
"

in

farmer

N.W.

Sikh

at

discipline and

splendid work

that

and

ment
regi-

did

the
be

14th

respectively

against the Senussi

qualitiesof

the

British

for

especially

France,

Chapelle, and
The

and

for

the

its

for

district, tall

This

class.

given

The

Ludhiana.

splendid physique

PUNJAB

were

raised

famous

one

THE

corps

first

were

and

Ferozepore

were

Sikh

the

Among

is

OF

Singh's

especially in
done

so

much

'Khalsa.'

M.C

"*

19

II.

CHAPTER

CHARACTERISTICS

characteristmes

The
be

summed

patience,
both

task

and

of

his

to

irrigated

are

ment
environ-

is

seen

land

whole

stubborn

his

trait
of

love

the

his

needs

The
in

one

easy

no

throughout

dusk

attention.

character

is

cultivator

the
dawn

constant

his

qualities
from

derived

may

stubbornness,

These

and

Sikh

Jat

words

courage.

from

as

year,

the

SiKH,

occupation.

works

he

of

three

hereditary

The

of

"

and

and

in

up

jAT

THE

OF

litiga-

Litigation.

tion.

and

trivial,
there

will

He

is

the

yield

never

will

never

slightest

success.

20

point,
his

abandon

loophole

or

however

case

glimmer

if

of

SIKHS

THE

He

has

PUNJAB

of

which

inherited

his

from

officers, he

foe, is
corner

be

can

The

of the Ludhiana

for their

especially renowned
and

The
"

in

raised

dhoti,"

Bafa,

turban,

or

but

social

rank.

blouse

with

short

if

baggy

"

compulsory.
seldom

by

worn

person

For

"

are

is

some

Kurta,

cloth

only

or

army,

of

pair

or

to

the

of

high

kind

of

Kachh,

worn.

wearing

social

walking long

sign

Around

reaches

Paijanias,"
the

of

chaddar,"

the

and
feet.

sleeves, is

outside
of

loins,

the

on

usually

drawers,

Formerly

hiana
Lud-

15th

consists

head,

Sometimes

white

soldiers.

the

longer

wrorn

are

recruited

was

the

thrown

dhoti

The

knees

or

is

tight

upon.

the

Sikh

Jat

shoes,

or

shoulders

cloak.

on

ties,
soldierlyqualito

kilt, round

or

Punjabi juta,
the

the

of

to

in 1824.

Ludhiana

dress

by

district

liegiinent, which

Sikh
and

fame

brought

have

great

back
in

and

panic,

to

absolutely depended

Sikhs

J"t

out

trained

his

shows

never

addicted

never

him

ancestors

soldierlyqualities.In battle,when
British

Khalsa

the

marks

21

confrere.

Mussulman

his

THE

precepts

freedom

that

engender
from

and

religion

The

OF

worn

now

of them

trousers,
and

only

by
was
are

then

rank.

distances

the shoes

are

Dress.

22

THE

off to

taken

boots

with

one

saw

like

this

Sometimes

It

colours.

"

razai

tiger worked

winter

time

is

worn.

beautifully embroidered.

is

it in natural

on

life-size.

was

N.C.O.'s

In

"

seen.

off their

march, take

barefooted.

"

chaddar

"

I have

leather.

route

on

walk

and

PUNJAB

the

save

when

Sepoys,

THE

OF

SIKHS

sirdars

and

Sikh

in

regiments

Pilgri.
These
The

safa,

turban,

or

"

inner

colour.

"

forehead.
in

of the

wear

wear

"

stick,

under

certain

to

the

is of

when

on

"

only

are

of

yards
each

on

military
from

head

"; the

wear

Sikhs

35th

the

the

on

regiments

Sikhs

15th

pag."
a

knife, and

saddle

the

pihlapag,"
red

or

have

length

"

protect

small

is ten
folds

pag

wear

different

nine

"

pags
"

class

that

"

safa

"

or

short

sword.

"

white,

shows

pag

Different

lal,"

Sikhs

All

"

"

The

coloured

yellow

folded

so

usually has

cuts.

different

is

inner

origin, designed
sword

"

head.

of

pag

full-sized

length, and

side

"

"

villages.

green,

better

The

or

safa

triangle of the

be

may

"

in the

seen

pink.

or

pagri

The

coats.
bright-coloured waist-

seldom

are

blue, yellow,
an

of

fond

extremely

are

journey

carry

sometimes

seen

the

camel,

forbidden

as

latter
swords

by law.

long

curved
carried
over

Money

"~

1 11 IC

ill

Zaildar

SlALHUR,

and

LUDHIANA

Wearing
Singh
Kurta
and
Safa,

Nand

An

Safed-Post,
DlST

Old

"Haqr."

Sikh
Holding
a
Ladder
in ground
back-

LEADS

White
Dhoti.

Typical

TO

ROOF.

Edge
on
Scene
Desert.
Thar

oh

SIKHS

THE

is
"

THE

OF

generally carried

in

tied up

PUNJAB

of the

comer

23

chaddar."
Men

rarely

very

These

fond

extremely

are

often

are

worn

sioners
Pen-

ornaments.

wear

on

round

string

medals.

their

of

the

neck.
Sikhs

often

They

have

hoarding

them

expended
but

kar,

watched

to

is lent

out

has

money-lender, who

about

2|

generally

buried.

through

scarce

very

the

of

use

re-adoption of
All

During

one

the
this

of India

where

they

Honk

Kong,
are

are

employed

are

and

now

be

Many

adopted

East

to

rate

is

silver

habit,

be*

sitating
neces-

and

extremely
They

the

Sikhs

during

came

the

regard
to
war.

see-

to

*gr^*i

China,

work

at

Sikh

diers
sol-

by grants

of

policy
Mesopotamia.

Possibly the

with

to

Africa.

of

fond

love

police

on

being rewarded

land in East! Africa.

may

money

find their way

Sikhs

world.

the

at

notes

rupee

in

Sahu-

out

war

travel, particularlyby train.

ing

banked,

its Khatri

lends

Sahukar-

been

invested

or

or

gold coinage.

natives

prevent

have

Surplus

cent.

per

should

Moneylender

money.

is seldom

Money

Every village

or

came

with

which

money

surplus

any

careful

be

to

food.

on

camels.

of

extremely

are

same

England
They

as

valescents
con-

stayed

ai

24

THE

SIKHS

OF

Brighton,
the

King

and
and

delighted
The
1914

of

THE

from

there

London.

taken

were

They

to

see

especially

were

this honour.

at

Sikh

is

quite

old
linguist. Many
brought back a smattering

campaigners
French.

addressed

PUNJAB

by

astonished

was

be

to

once
"

orderly as

new

my

Bon

soir,

mademoiselle."
Sikh
Sikh
"Woman.

at,

women

the

at

as

often

are

The

The

with

silver

heavy

ankles

silver

The

anklets.

The

corated
de-

all sizes and

and

ears

bangles

generally

are

They

heavily

always pierced

ornament.

some

covered

is

of

dis-

they

faces.
but

bangles

nose

good look

stranger

enough,

silver

with

their

cover

handsome

shapes.

of

approach

hastily

or

appear

difficult to get

are

tains
con-

neck

are

chains.

and

hidden

brightest

and

by heavy
colours

are

worn.

The

Gujars,

dress.

The

bordered
black

womenfolk

with

bodice

with

with

Sikh

befalling

and

short

and

wear

wear

orange,

rarely covered,
stare

herdsmen,

or

red

return

dress

European-like

sleeves.

they

distinct

The

head

is

the stranger's

total indifference.

perform

women

the

grinding of

lot

corn,

of

the

all native

preparation

work

usually
viz.,

women,

of food

and

the

of

taking-

it

THE

PUNJAB

husbands

their

to

out

25

and

fields,cleansing of the house,

in the

brothers

OF

SIKHS

THE

and

cow-dung, drawing
the village well
of water
from
sidered
(as it is conto draw
wrater),
degrading for a man
Heinto raw
cloth, "c.
spinning of cotton
in the
sides all this, they help their husbands
hoeing, picking of
field, especially with
firewood

collecting of

cotton,

carrying

bundles

of

home

jowar

heads

their

on

(millet) and

cheiri

huge

(maize),

"c.

Women
their

apart

after

When

on

the

the

is not

She

In

of

swarms

pond

found

heaps.
child

at

the

round

the

of

in

the

the

is

one

walk

never

in

-like

more

is

rear.

on

each

children
and

better

far

Hindu

sister.

literallymeets
These

children.

sugar-cane

middle

meals
theirs.

walks

the

fringe of

or

the dung

harvest

long piece
have
combed

the

Others

other.

village well

habitually sucks

Many
parted

mud

During

wife

or

village

in the water

throw

or

had

she

partiallynaked

paddle about

have

Mussulman

Sikh

every

their

but

companion,

of

presence

have

always

woman

her

than

the

and

man

nevertheless,

servant;
treated

must

men-folk

journey

abreast;

are

but

husbands,

in

eat

not

must

"very

of

their

back

cane

hair
to

Sikh

26

SIKHS

THE

form
ribbon

; but

each

on

the

head

side

of two

the

on

plait

are

and

crown

back

the

at

of

embroidered

exactly like those

The

Food

Jat
to

has

Sikh

breakfast

our

corresponding
in the

is eaten

woik,

begins work

to

and

Sikh
at

**

maize

flour, mixed

dal.

Plenty

used.

The

"

which

plate

ground.

"

porridge

"chapatis."

of

millet

mirch,"

red

or

mixed,

The

fields is over,

is

in

on

most

and

"

is
cakes,
pan-

flat iron
in

resembles

spread

or

pepper,

hole

evening meal, when

is

salt

flat-like

are

dal," which

brought

generally

and

"

fire

and

barley, wheat,

grilled brown

over

The

It consists

chapatis

are

placed

meal

first
hours'

is

with
"

of

three

or

This

made

ing
even-

The

at dawn

once.

chapatis,"

in the

always rises

by the women-folk.

out

ponding
corres-

one

dinner.

our

are

children.

one

fields after two

for the

These

meals,

two

cal
cylindri-

silver.

by Pathan

worn

rings

noses.

velvet

wear

with

silver

with

in their

babies

wealthier

taps,

several

seen

quite

pierced when

noses

diameter

inches

The

the

one

"

bright red

plates of metal

of the

their

I have

young.

and

with

head.

Girls have

of

PUNJAB

addition

in
the

to

on

one

TH"

single plait adorned

tied

OF

the

curry
on

work

substantial

the
in
one.

SIKHS

THE

addition

In

and

The

only

is

eaten

goats'

flesh.

been

slain by the

This

ceremony

goat's

the

of the

head

the

animals

include

the

bakers,
hot

sembles

earthen

taken

ventilation

and

native

circles known

N.C.O.'s

and

The
such

hare.
bakehsuses

"

as

or
Langu-

"Jhinwars,"
"

Khana.

during

superintend

the

the

meal

vegetables

is eaten

of

part

its

for added

serve

men
over

This

place
fire-

or

sit round
their

distribution
consists

(Saluna)

tindo.

three

with

re-

Bharoli."

"Pangat,"

evening

and

mud,

of smoke.

regiment
as

of

holes

Two

escape

badgan, tori, and

rice,

such

"

chapatis

pitcher

out.

is known

food.

eaten

"

and

the

fireplace is made

an

surface

In

be

weather.

Sikh

the

prepare

stroke

one

Jhatka

where

i.e.,

neck.

communal

"

J'latka.
manner.

may

boar

wild

villages have

at

chase
"

have

Jhatka,"

of the

of

Lunga-Khana,"

"

"

ceremony

generally

certain

as

back

mixed

must

goats

in

killed in the

without

the

the

is

be severed

must

at

Animals

or

knife

is known

sword

Some

All

meat

potatoes

that

meat

27

vegetables

These

comprise onions, carrots,

together.

"dal,"

and

eaten.

are

PUNJAB

THE

"chapatis"

to

vegetables

and

OF

"

four

of
as

meals.
of the

chapatis
potatoes,

Chawl,"
times

in

or
a

boiled
month.

^hardi,

28

OF

SIKHS

THE

(ghi,

Parshad

Maha

THE

PUNJAB

is

butter, flour, sugar)

chini, melted

and

ata

times

three

eaten

week.
Sikh

The
is not

Utansilfe.

cooking

Sikh
"

gets

Sikh

oi

allowance

an

instead.

milk

Cooking

he

meat-eater,

If

this sweetmeat.

loves

pots

made

are

brass,

of

or

pital."
comprise:

They
Thali

brass

"

"

plate

food

which

on

is

placed.
Katora

"

Garba.

"

small

brass

brass

bowl

cup.

boiling

for

used

milk.
Garbi
Tawa

iron

an

"

chapatis
Chamcha
Garra

well

by
In

\'illag" of

of

above
in

evening

every

the

the

the

plate

which

on

the

cooked.

are

earthern

an

the

All

bowl.

spoons.

"

"

brass

small

"

water

brass
the

jar.

utensils

scoured

are

village pond

at

or

the

women-folk.

covered

village

of

porchway
Gurm

may

of the

be

main

seen

gate
a

very

Gurm.

large- iron

cauldron

some

four

feet

in

THE

SIKHS

diameter.
used

for

"

the

surface

One
held

in the

is called
the

"

the
"

"

Fifty

is thus

The

silk

large

Sikhism.

cloth,

worshippers
The
sat

flies

thereon.
S

from

of

time

it from

long

He

white

was

beard

"

(Gate),

,."

Palml.

into

converts

The

All

feet

raised

the
was

priest,
the

as

by

in

hand,

picture,

the

host

to

old man,
with

the

offering.

an

sacred

by

of

large pink

switch

endeavoured
venerable

picture

thrown

to time

taining
con-

founder
a

were

streaked

were

dais,

embroidered

this

were

quoit, white

and

grey,

of

alight
with

and

,,

BaPti,ra-

bayonet.

defilement

vainly

This

iron

legs

coins

or

church.

Khalsa."

Nan"k,

front

was

baptism.

of

cross-legged behind
which

men

ceremony

baptised.

coloured

GrSnthi,

protecting

two

Pahul

Sikh

wore

which

to

on

"

The

Guru
In

that

or

safas, with

novice

of

through rings

so

or

altar consisted
a

by

"

were

shorts.

Each

It is carried

initiating

the

recruits

and

of

Sikh

of the

of

in white

bare.

in

taking

Brotherhood,

Pahul

kurta

big

ceremony

clothed

vessel,

29

is

and

occasion

pass

Gurudwara,"

the

Sikh

the

on

which

PUNJAR

it.

morning
"

Earaha,"

rice

of the

easily move

can

"

marriage.

or

of two) sticks

means

THE

is the.

boiling-the

shadi,"

on

This

OF

Granthi.

30

THE

SIKHS

wrinkled
the

face

THE

with

closed.

eyes

waved

have

suspended
at

him

white

the

altar, leaving
each

kneeled

and

at

with

poured holy
the

Guru

Wa

brotherhood

of the

Five

times

the

times

water

was

top-knot,

of

Kes

times

it is dashed

times

the

novice

initiator.

The

upright,

threw

aloud

the

as

added

title of

a
"

the

on

greeting,

and

or

Hail

five

and

after

the

floor, stood

red

cloth,

joined

lion.

or

Fifteen

cry

the

!)

five

"Jurah,"

fully-fledged Sikh,
Singh,"

(the

water,

eyes.

the

at

ji ka

victory,

kissed

coin

and

"

Fatten

the

the

repeated

ki

right

Guru

long hair,

or

one

Granthi

bowl,

to the

on

into

recruit

by

the

on

"Wa

drank

poured

the

cup-shape

both

and

novice

the

One

brass

ji

Guru

front,

in

the assistant

aloud

dais.

facing the alt'ar,

resting

called

sepoys

round

square

was

of the

open.

from

water

Siri

side

forming

cup-shape

time

same

Khalsa

time

same

In this

god.

two

clasped

front

hands, and

the

knee.

of

would

altar

while

each

which

or

the

the left knee

on

the

idol

some

hands

sides

and

fro, one

above

on

with

three

formed

and

canopy,

one

ease,

immovable

sat

to

be

to

During"

for the switch

yards

novices,

The

If not

three

Some

stood

he

mechanically

thought

PUNJAB

intelligentmien.

initial ceremonies

with
he

OF

the

with

peated
re-

gregation
con-

the

THE

All

SIKHS

THE

initiated in turn.

were

congregation,
'*

OF

"

durried

Meanwhile

sitting cross-legged

floor, looked
entered.

worshipper

PUNJAB

He

31

the
the

on

occasionally

on;

approached

the

altar,

^gh

or

Lion

flung

coin, kissed

the

repeated

prayer,

the

ground,

murmured

and

war-cry,

joined

the

congregation.
We

occupied

facing

the

which
off

altar, sitting

covered

by

sepoy,

long

in such

soon

we

the
"

the

were

the

the

with

for

easy

our

to sit

us

position,

cramped

with

together

steel

huge

sweetened

and

long before
of time

length

him

down

white

taken

trowels,
was

scarf

After

off, and
and

coins

scattered

bowl

iron

long naked

shoulder.

were

miniature

on

the

lay,
two

floor.

filled

now

the

with
Amrit.

Each
his

right

the

water,

knife.

putting

from

these

first ceremony

break

together

estimated

suspended
round

thrown

before

shoes, taken

principal officials wore

scimitars

the

"

cloth

up.

All

sacred

feel

to

white

Our

not

was

the left,

on

uncomfortable

an

hours

left

It

began

two

on

floor.

were

outside.

topees

post of honour

or

recruit

lips
had

"

in the

done.

all caste.

Ann-it," stirred with

drank

twice

same

spot

This

ceremony

as

of
the
was

this,
one

to

SIKHS

THE

32

The

OF

novices

Granthi

then

began.

Two

to

hands

Kara

lump

For

Sikh
Betrothal.

us

from

all

to

It is

the

but

food,

white

ghi.

great delight
could

we

or

Sikhs

flour, and

to

"

do little

dais, addressed

spirits.

(cheers) concluded
betrothed

girls are

the

while

all stood

the

their

invoking

"Fattens"

clasped

sacred

sugar,

final ceremony

rising

Granthi,

it.

taste

the

Gurus,

the

caste.

congregation,

than

more

and

rhythmic

with

given

from
to

was,

altar.

was

given

was

of

ment
accompani-

very

the novices

irrespective of
made

the

but

departure

Parshad,"

it

as

cymbal,

one

the

the

by

principles

such

provided
music

the

of all the

Knrmai

music,

round

sweetmeat,

and

tomtoms,

moved

present,

the

the

Before
"

addressed

now

monotonous

To

chant.

PUNJAB

precepts

harmonium

small

Parshad.

were

the

on

Sikhism,

Kara

THE

Three
the

the

ringing

ceremony.

between

the

ages

or

of four
a

considerable

1,000
"

or

for his

Karmai,"

and

is

is

arranged by
of

gifts.
by

many

The

as

betrothal

friends

by

accompanied

exchange

The

obtains
much

as

daughter.

generally concluded
the girl'srelations.
is

girl'sfather

sometimes

sum,

rupees,

parties, and
rites

The

twelve.

and

of both
curious

ceremony

feast, given by

THE

The

to

take

should
fifth year

place

propitious day, the

yellow, with
neck,

sets

betrothal, because

has

lucky.
fixed

been

on

round

betrothed's

house.

Accompanying

all his male

friends.

At

village and

are

feast

noise

sit before
A

Granthi

then

"chuddar"

places

to

prayers

is

his

over

four times

round

to

the

are

they reach

place in

the

sacred

ties

the

cloth.
shoulder

and

the sacred
At

the

groom
bride-

"

of

This

girl's

and

fire,or

corner

the

bride

east, the

chanted.

are

given

him

bridegroom-elect, the

take

Facing

house.

his

rejoicings. After

and

given by the

ceremonies

final

in

tions
by the girl and her rela-

met

much

with

dusk

for his

mare

on

dressed

bridegroom,

mounted

out

riage
mar-

first,third, or

ringlet of flowers

"r

is unable

man

the

33

quickly fol- Marriage

money.

on

wedding

the

PUNJAB

considered

are

years

When

the

the

following

number

odd

unless

betrothal

off all his

pay

Shadi,"

or

"Karinai,"

THE

OF

"

marriage,

the

lows

SIKHS

agni."

the

girl's

bridegroom

leads

his

wife

fire. All this time

last the

bridegroom, and

girl'shand

the

marriage

is consummated.

The
wife

bridegroom

till she

fetches
ceremony,

does

is grown

up,

her to his home.

leave-taking,

not

when
This
"

or

with

live
he

comes

marks

his

and

another

Miiklawa."

Leave-

Jj^J^w"ar

THE

34

OF

SIKHS

PUNJAB

ceremonies

Marriage

unable

is often

man

THE

are

to

costly that

so

all his

for its cost

pay

life through.
Once

Widow

Marriage

or

considered

married
he

Dalna
no

the

to

"

and

her

both

There

is to be

time

same

the

in

arms

the

at

done

the

put wristlets
relatives

The

that

Punjab

the

in

severe

epidemic

influenza

recent

I had

of

In

Kulhur

so

rites.

lay sick;

hundred

some

was

exceptional

opportunities of witnessing funeral

,.

is for

over

of

presence

are

parties.

D9atli

,r

Chaddar

as

"chaddar"

red

family, if

sheet).

that

All
throw

to

man

on

the

If

is often

"

is known

(throwing

girl'shead

Ritos.

This

is

family.

of the

brother

elder

ceremonies.

the

the

to

dies childless, the widow

desires.

so

she

purchased

belonging

as

husband

*ne

Daina.

been

has

wife

the

at

Village of
Kuihur.

the

to

entrance

village

burning

eighteen

lay

that

showing

than

of

remains

about

thickly

in the

many

less

no

while

pyres,

pitchers

broken

ill

I counted

prime

them,

of life had

died.

Pahtf9

death,

Outside

procession.
and

body

the

and

sunset.

wood

place

take

Funerals

In

for

the

be

must

Pahir

front

the

on

one

pyre,

next

as

before

burnt

I watched
went

day

same

typical

carrying
followed

straw

the

Last

the

came

charpoy,

quite contrary-

be placed
The
that

in
a

there

had

man

at

vessel

earthern

amid

reaching
is laid

body

on

and

relatives

sit at

and

wash
the

body
that

for fear

man,

broken,

takes

with

pyre,

till the

distance
then

heir

takes

up

remained
the

stake

the

noticed

with

by

the

earth,

Autumn.

as

the

visitation

of

spread

soon
a

outbreak
1918

corpse

epidemic.

villages

everything

is

body

home.

epidemic

covered

The

breaks

and

pyre

the

straw

heir.

the

influenza

catching
in

cremation,

returning

relations

Diseases
native

other

young

before

well

was

no

of

the

been

applied by

smouldering

During
every

for

wooden

The

All

skull.

and

ground

On

have

place

some

half-consumed.
the

the

fire is

beneath,

from

time

same

lamentations.

great
On

sprinkled

the

been

would

pitcher

contained

the

to

denoted

was

rejoicing.

deceased

the

These

dashed

was

Qjrhi.

sirhi/'

vessels

; at

Sikh

Wooden,

body should

"

spot

bier

the

general

had

died.

on

usual

the

brass

certain

round

was

hand,
an

old

was

the

to

bier, or

of the

which

brass

35

red, and

in

corpse

that

wooden

on

circle

ordains

carrying

an

water,

This

men.

which

custom,

PUNJAB

wrapped

corpse,

four

by

carried

THE

abreast, carrying brass Teasels.

two

mourners

OF

SIKHS

THE

36

THE

SIKHS

Allah

the

or

medicine.

Gurus,

and

the

Ludhiana

the

Some

often

effects

of

people

died

deaths

often

villages

medical

refuses

the
in

epidemic

exceeded

The

Jharmat,
had

Dehlon.

However,

villages.
assisted

and

x\ll

folk

life does

much

in

every

way.

^ne

mo9^

and

their

wrestling,

to

circuits

of these

"

athletic

foster

ka

their

which

m,

Ine
"

sport

The

.,.

wrestling

catch-Ss-catch-can

point
"

batants
coma

cloth, and

stout

earth

soft

of

is

for

save

long hair

protects the

sport

Khel."

of

slip made

ring consists

Vv resume.

of

loin

fine

Army

encourage

strip practically naked,

triangular

to

universal.

prowess.

and

when

owing

for

noted

The

drought,

prices were

Kursti

officers

of medicine.

universally popular

or

than

nearer

half-starved

are

and

physique

Jandiali,

took

heavy

any

Kulhur,

recruiting

High

Sikhs

The

over.

dred
hun-

Government

organised

were

of food.

shortage

the

after

came

village

clinic

British

of

Gurm,

distribution

in the

epidemic

The

In

from

villages

medical

no

action

prompt

cap

were

one

away

Pahir,

Gopalpur,

to take

hundreds.

miles

were

assistance.

Sinlhur,

the

PUNJAB

day.

Games.

THE

The

terrible;

Sports

OF

from

dirt.

freshly dug
P

ot

",

style

methods.

savours

Before

J
"

The

Start.

"r
"r**\

'
t

fisssii;

The
Sikh

End
Officers

Sight.

in
as

Umpires.

THE

the
of

SIKHS

the

start

combatants

off their

showing-

friends, and
takes

place.

place

when

are

matches

last

obtained,

so

"

One

I have

wrestler's

at the

the

high

have

knack

the

stamina.
"

of

kursti-

build

right

for

and

long jump.

The

usually practised.

more

lifting

of

the

knees

air.

the

Sikhs

was

Jumping.

both

into

fall

attitudes.

have

is

well

wrestling

seen

pictures

taken

fall is sufficient

is the

latter, however,

They

thighs

shoulders

before

in various

ing
admir-

of

hour

contain

youths

jumping

earth.

37

fond

to have

the

great

their

slapping
man's

an

wrestlers

Sikh

to

vanquished

All guest-houses

log

physique

victory.

PUNJAB

extremely

fall ia declared

with

for

THE

are

much

the

square

OF

well, but

run

are

useless

loner

at

"

Running,

..

In

distances.

with

curious

most

as

Sauti

This

is thrown

throw

bamboo
a

they

sprinting

hold

their

own

anyone.
A

"

iiiTi-

stone

between

Phankna/'

of

by
50

to

big

is thrown

stick

is known

throwing

the

stick,

I have

seen

The

yards.

enable

the

or

practised

the feet alone.

end

One

cane.

the

game

the
and

is

stick

of this is
stick

index

to

placed

be
A

toe.

by the competitor,
at

the

zenith

stout

of

on

gripped
sault
somer-

who

the

leases
re-

arc

p^nkua

THE

38

SIKHS

OF

described, thus
air.

One

either
Heavy

'

Sikhs

weights

These

clubs,

in the

"

of thin

the

quoit

is

edge,
of

quarters

with

man's

quoit

of

in

Sikh

These

is to

neck.

All

form

takes
;

as

I knew

he

outer

edge

in diameter

from
three-

thrown

are

them

Sikh

to

hand
under-

spin in

on

level

regiments

wear

badge.
to

hockey, and

and

speed stand

kindly

His

save

chukars,"

measures

his stamina

and

combination

"

or

keep them

very

in good stead.

of

which

razor

blade

the

idea

some

clubs.

into disuse

quoits,

11" inches
and

lifting

officer

fallen

steel with

great player

him

with

often

with

twist, causing

The

air.

The
is

the

morning.

has

inch.

an

Sikh

every

some

for

are

Mugdar,"

These

Army.

to

One

throwing

made

Hockey.

feat

heavy

Mugdars,"

"

are

swinging

or

himself

Quoit

edge

the

passion

and

huge

one

exercised

with

have

weight.

kept

the

performed

saw

into

toe.

enormous

Throwing.

heavy

Quoit

PUNJAB

propelling- the. stick

man

Many

Clubs

THE

points

weak

tendency

to

are

hit

lack
too

hard.
love

Sikhs

?nd*Native
evening

meal.

Music.

most

ears

are

small, and

together

chorus

The
weird.

rhythm

to

songs

The

plays

range
a

after

the

European's
of notes

large part.

is

One

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

invariably sings the air and the

take up
the chorus
sitting round
of

clapping

Minstrels,
"niela,"
of
small

hands

fair.

the

the

bow

used

The

small

and

resemble

drums

the

emphasise

towards
of
with

lines

of

toss

the

facts

and

It

for

is the

headman

the

entrance,
hands

as

always

meet

the
a

the

then

at

touch

being

the
the

careful

not

song.

village Entering

to

extend

In

the

as

to

feet.
a

the

at

both

palm

of

is offered

lays all his

visitor's
coin

which

local

of

use

stranger

rupee,

erect

minstrels,

entering

visitor.

silver

ning
begin-

the

into

doing

so

the

assume

sign that the headman

wealth

must

in

and

towards

is

one

to

For

confidentially,

them

when

custom

to

players lean

making

interweaving

is

of

use

arms.

wandering

skill in

much

fingers,

singers,

whisper

These

bells.

great

seen

head

very

singing

the

chorus

of the

position again.
exhibit

have

audience,

the

The

make

their

sist
con-

small

head, body, and

I

at every

eight strings ;

with

times

At

times

at

bodies.

used

played with

words,

of the

instance,

has

covered

done.

of

guitar and

or

former

are

much

found

are

tambourines.

usually well

then

is

with

instruments

violin

The

drums.

motions

The

Sikh

semi-circle

swaying

"Ghlte-log,"

or

or

and

39

The

sonal
per-

latter

sign of acceptance,
take

it,

or

the

Sikh

THE

40

SIKHS

headman
Fairs
Melas.

OF

will expect
"

Village
lar, and
maidan
the

near

well

all

be

may

land.

common

of

manner

purchased,

minstrels,

strong

jumbled

ali

always

humanity,
smiles

and

to

fairs,

these

dumped
by

shaky,

by

drawn
and

the

sometimes

from
peep.

crouch

whose

Camels
on

ponies,

head-cover

no

save

"; the

durree

agricultural cart,

almost

huddled

their

"

"

black-hided

curtained

are

looking

with

monstrous

quated
anti-

drawn

wooden

solid

cumbrous

of

country-tonga

piece of faded

ragged

the

to

families

then

all kinds

wretched

two

or

one

life

conveyances

the

"

jostling
Everyone

enjoying
take

of

mass

and

move

outside

so

together

sprmgiess,
for

be

horse

iSikhs, "c,

seething

one

broken-down

and

and

cattle

Village folk always

full.

its outer

humouiedly.
to

seems

drinks

doctors, wandering*

the

on

good

another

one

in

of stalls,

on

Mussaimans,
up

forms

and

erected

men,

dealers, Hindoos,
are

is chosen

kinds

sweetmeats

are

for

suitable

trees

All

Jugglers, quack

edge.

either

with

popu-

village; usually the "maidan"

part of the
where

shaded

very

crowd

vast

business.

or
"

fail's,
are

or

always draw

amusement

PUNJAB

present.

Melas,"

or

'

THE

"

obsolete

interior

veiled

together by

haunches,

byles ";

with

rath,"
women

the dozen

their

heads

brightest

of the

"razais"

with

heavily padded

saddles,

caparisoned

richest

and

gayest

41

their

sporting

beflowered,

and

beribboned

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

colours.

in

held

honour

in

Bala,

of

Festivals,

February,

Bhaiwali.

"

in

held

usually

"

festivals

Sikh

list of

district

Ludhiana

the

BHAIWALI
is

is

following

The

disciple

of

Guru

Nanak.
HOLI

fairs
"

but

of Krishna,

image

"

Ghirudwaras

and

BAISAKHI
has

developed

now

much

and

buying

People

nock

Ludhiana

for

great

fair, at

Amiitsar,

cattle

from

this

(August)

made.

are

of

the

local

to

at

Amritsar

to

PLR

into

Holi.

great

held

"

selling

district

(jMJGA

processions

(May)

of

Sikhs

the

shrines

Hindu

rocking

the

among

and

held,

are

is

March,

with

identified

Saturnalia

in

held

usually

"

is

all

Baisakhi.

which
done.

parts

of

fair.

"

He

was

Mussal-

Guga
saint,

man

great
in

his

fair

the

greatest

is held

honour.

at

of

snake-kings.

Chhapar,

near

Dehlon,

Pir.

42

THE

SIKHS

OF

DIWALI,

Oiwali.

is

held

houses

the

at

latter

alight
are

as

on

particularly
they

Lamps.

Year's

This

with

the

on

of

edge

the

good

main

the

are

for

Thieves

road.
this

the

flat

seen

festival,

robbery

successful
luck

lamps.
of

edge

during

active

consider

and

ends

candle

minated
illu-

and

candles

places

All

Day.

whitewashed

dusk

the

brings
year.

New

Sometimes

roofs.

the

"

Hindu

on

PUNJAB

of

freshly

are

These

Feast

or

on

THE

rest

mitted
com-

of

the

III.

CHAPTER

Punjab

Sikh,

the

the

for

all the

keep

up,

Sometimes

towering

colouring,
catches
eye

mud

the

above

throws
eye.

the

back
From

naturally descends

the
house

white-washed

background
the

sun's

such

the

to

43

none,

almost

from

gathered
a

is

there

constructed

are

ascending

concentrically

colouring

houses
of

pool.

tier, like

its

culminating

embattlements,
in

with

castle

Norman

some

are

tier above

other

away

imposing and
rectangular,

very

buildings

each

rise above

distance

some

looks

village
All

dignified.
and

from

viewed

When

LIFE.

VILLAGE

SIKH

clusively
ex-

village
stands
mud

of

and

rays

building
village

the

wall.

THE

44

SIKHS

This

is not

purely
back

ja

as

of

and

height
massive

with

is

mud

from

single

from

and

with

All

these

life of the

the

from

and

animals.

field.
battle-

the

depicting

scenes

waist,

lines

come

i'roru
or

of

made

or

games,

the

to

fashioned

Galis

them

combats

struggling "kursti-log" (wrestlers)

stripped

"

immense

this i" decorated

scenes

national

of

are

archway

{Sometimes

for

one

gates, made

supporting

cross-beam

Wrestling

then

These

timber,

figures represent

between

irregular height.

ward.

or

built

sense,

gates, generally

painted figures

Gurus,

Roman

line of

breadth

trunk.

crude

defence, but simply the

built together so
to
as

rectangular

brick,
tree

of

turned

roughly

of

the

houses

hissa,"

PUNJAB

in

villages have

"

each

means

continuous

All

es-

THE

wall

wall

form

Village

OF

of

uniform,
these

great

are

favourites,

warriors

dressed

carrying

muskets.

radiate

gates

in old-

winding

narrow

"

Streets

'

alleys

wide,
As

galis,"

or

shut

these

are

built

any

regard

to

village,

the

At

heavy

times

the

in every

turn

these

cumbrous

walls

simply

of

arrangement

eight

some

by high mud

in

without

twist and

are

where

conceivable

six

to
of

houses.

space

the

mits,
per-

general
"

galis

'

direction.

barely passable,

byles chewing

feet

their

for
cud

THE

Gateway

or

feeding

block

Entrance

of

the

across

the

alley.
to

access

serve

drying

as

and

the

there

storehouse

and
for

the

the

the

half-way

ladders

in

rough

against

flat roofs, which

bedroom,

(maize)

project

These

45

Streei.

or

"cherri"

fixed

houses

PUNJAB

Ga!l

and

permanently

front

for

or

Here

way.

THE

to

"niukhi"

on

the

ladders,

OF

SIKHS

are

in

summer

winter
crops.

used

as

The

46

Bhisti.

THE

SIKHS

OF

shoulder

from

and
"

pitchers,

village well
in

Lightly clad
"

sleeveless

vessels.
the
"

"

kurta

class

poorer
"

bangi

is

cross-beam
but

rich

The

like

in

the

scale

in the

their

top,

on

"

that

so

of four, two
Halfclad
on

hollow

from

view

women

load
and

of

cotton

their

faces

completely hidden

surrounding
cherri

"

an

earthern

usually

usually
in

two

sists
con-

rear.

and

carrying

mysterious

the

"

each

silently along,

from

or

The

to

another

men

of maize,

lap
over-

supporting

grass

move

the

"

work
frame-

square

with

in front

by

scales

rests

all kinds

heads

The

wooden

brightest of colours

in the

their

hid

veiled

but

give additional

bhisti's

the

water

is greatest.

fastened

gharra,"

or

of

so

strings. In this framework

pitcher

demand

pieces of strong,

strain

feet

water.

pair

and

shape of
are

bare

his work,

own

replaced by

of which

corner

(kilt) and

arranged that they

so

the

are

pans

for

him

of two

centre,

where

strength

"

dhoti

in constant

is made

water

drinking and

pay

fetch

pliable wood,

earthern

(blouse), with
are

on

everywhere.

met

"

keep filled the domestic

to

Bangi.

is

"

bangi

filled with

ragged

legs, his services

and

"

four

carrying

gharras,"

or

the

PUNJAB

bhisti, with, his

quickly moving
one

THE

goods,
Old

wrapping.
fields
under

children

shuffle
a

by,

bundle

of all sizes

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

47

48

SIKHS

THE

smallest

the

"

"

the

among

fowls

and

THE

OF

PUNJAB

naked

entirely
"

byles

half-starved

lean

inhabitants

the

complete

gambol

"

dogs

of

the

streets.

The
"

galis

"

who

mud

the

along

half-wild

and

opposite

sides.

and

children

dogs,

more

mud

or

the

ing
housA

carts.

the

which

of

out

two

for

serves

animals

domestic

trough,

runs

This

the

of

courtyard

the

on

open

those

possess

enclosure.
of

houses

most

direct, except

well-to-do,
wall

of

fronts

cattle

feed,

Fowls,

thin,
about

run

promiscuously.
Most
Houses.

houses

generally containing
air

on

side,

one

of

those

two

"

the

is

few
"

Sirdars

no

of

need

chiefly

houses,

(chiefs),

the

to

open

there

storey,

one

rooms,

that

so

doors.

and

windows

only

possess

possess

doors, usually of immense

well-fitting wooden
size.

lofty roof, consisting of

rushes, is supported by rough
The

on

other

each
over

rushes

the

forming

is

The

poy,"

only
or

placed

flat roof, which,

bedroom

summer

or

an

and

thick
can

autumn

is the

furniture

bed,

logs,

the

usual

ing
cross-

Sometimes

right angles.

at

placed

earth

of mud

layer
be

used

for

store-house.
"

char-

earthern

and

string

THE

SIKHS

biass

cooking

room

stands

gharra
the

usual

Sometimes

charpoy.
partition

one

PUNJAB

of

corner

is

side

raised

low

the

form
platof

from

the

the
mud

perforated

sleeper

49

drinking

resting-place
a

the

screens

THE

containing

the

against

mud,

of

In

pots.
a

while

water,

OF

passer-

by.
The

Sikh

outside

often

day,

the

themselves

wrap

head

the

as

The

nights,

but.

lodged

at

table-like

general

bed.

the

latest

If

the

visitor

is

brought
elders
on

with

and

their

the

guests

out

for

furnished
with

them

in

with

large

for

serves

used

are

gossip

a
as

who
each

with

important,

are

Lumbadars
heels

way

guests.

official,a

an

the

village elders,

discuss

and

are

porehed

of

side

gateways
the

at

dawn.

affair, which

for

other

bed

huge

sometimes

These

mosquito

travellers

in the

meeting-places
to

All

to

the

and

either

and

wooden

love

early

platforms

matting,

straw

cost

on

brick

raised

are

public
Here

gateways.

of

tree.

with

villages guests

the

middle

against

retires

always rises

small

In

under

prevention

the

in

well, completely hiding

up

Sikh

hites.

sleeps

always

"

charpoy
to

sit

having
a

on

or
"

is
;

if

usually

then

assembled,

semi-circle

to

the

the
sit

receive

5o

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

official notifications
twice

or

but

this

which

its maximum

visit

My

for

When

would

October,

three

the

weeks

brought
War

Great

One

of

If the
P"harm-

Sala.

asked

"

These

situated

galis

above

the

large

?"

do

news.

the

was

best

my

to

geographical

was

"

of

the

an

honorary

Bulgaria

tiest.
scan-

was

the

is

level

the

Facing

raised

ground

gateway.

built of brick,

doors.

the

guest-house

main

usually

are

verandah
of

one,

is provided; this is

near

and

rooms

proper
'

dharni-sala,"

guest-houses

with
"

is

village

or

generally

if

more

latest

end

magnate

me

time.

Germany.

"

proper,

villagers

local

big

magistrate
capital

the

by

at

the

I would
question. Then
explain the situation, but the
of

1918,

all the

was

first

knowledge

fluenza
in-

recent

communication

account

because

welcome,
"

this

on

the

lages
effort, the outlying vil-

telegraph

post and

armchair,

an

in

off from

cut

One*

news.

with

During

rare.

outbreak,

were

the latest

or

provided

was

is very

reached

PUNJAB

and

the
feet

some

supported

by pillars.
In

village

the

Lahra.

hexagonal
way

up

Amongst

in

with
the

of

the

Lahra

shape, and

pillars

decorated

are

are

all the

quaint figures in bright colours.

kursti-log," or
figures were

wrestlers, stripped

"

to

the

waist, files of sol-

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

5i

I,

of

Pillar

diers

with,

baggy
wings,
the

"

head
"

"

the

at

horseback,

on

Lahra,

old-fashioned

muskets

ancient
sahib

Dharmsala.

slope, drilled

from

latter
birds

heron,"
to

or

the

animals,

deer, and

obtain

the

regarding the winged

represented

the

Western

feathered

green
"

life of the

conspicuous by
and

by

conspicuous by his huge

breeches, figures with

scenes

and

head-gear

halo

"

Gurus
round

the

chiefly parrots,

elephants.

I endeavoured

opinions of the
figures,
idea

which

of

Sikhs

exactly

angels, but

52

all I got
Frishta.

OF

SIKHS

THE

The

was

Sikhs

Hindus
"

Chandar
for

sacred

books

fairies

believes

they

as

supposed

and

(lean,

houses

guest

Sometimes
"

the

read

to

with.

met

in

The
evil

an

sense,

mankind.

harm

kept scrupulously

are

"

the

Sant

"

"

(Sikh

Sahib

Granth

or

Sikh

lagers.
vil-

special pride of the

the

are

Puranas,

spirits,demons

only

to

call

Sanskrit

are

the

Hindus,

invisible."

which

frequently

is

ideas, but

In

spirits,but

This

the

same

light."

are

are

These

the

of the

in

"

Gupta,"

"no

simply fairies."

are

Frishta."

"

have

words

and

they

meaning

word,

them

call them

Persian
The

"Oh

"

PUNJAB

THE

here

comes

Bible)

to

Sant.

visitors
'

others

and
'

Sant

Sahib,"

and

spends

meditating
his

cell to

bring food.
Gurra,

in

In
one

possessing
This
'

proved

Sant,"

retired
he
no

lived

to

the

for

the

be

him

the

six

in

"Granth

time

in seclusion

People

of the

gateway

built

was
save

visit

of

end

to

little cabin

high

with
On

the
his

up.

wandering
who

had
Here

days.

in seclusion,

months

food.

his

to

village of

hole

cell

the

village

communication

brought

found

religious mendicant,

or

The

instruction, advice, and

outlet
to

in

of his

most

corner,
no

read

is

holy things.

on

receive

listen.

teacher

is well

village. He

to

care

religious

or

every

who

holding

villagers who
death

he

was

THE

with

buried

great

found

it with

protecting
held

sacred

touching

binding

its

The

oath.

of the

many

of

one

old

its

From

tree.

extracted,

to

its veneration.

leaves, he

will

the

this

he
as

native

was

sacred

medicines

doubt, adds

no

schools; I only

possess

or

swear

when

fact,

it

still possesses

Pipal

juices many

villages

Few

Under

learnt

Pipal.

is

tree

Hindus.

upon

is often

This

Sikh, who

and

are

53

Dharmsala,"

shade.

ideas

still looks

Hindu,

"

the

its

the

by

PUNJAB

(Ficus Religiosus)
outside

growing

THE

ceremony.

Pipal Tree

The

OF

SIKHS

saw

Schools-

This

one.

its

in

origin

to

desk

without
In

Schools
with

Urdu.

was

An

modern

last

owed
and

and

"

floor for the

was

"

rack

maps

"

taining
con-

one,

for

apparatus

low

district printed in

completed

acquisition

curriculum

wall

of the

abicus

long

schoolmaster.

rolled-up

map

modelling
This

was

one

the

on

the

the

on

fourteen

noticed,

school

charpoy fronting

legs, for
corner

one

was

which

just

"

mat

and

sit on,

to

building

new

and

enterprise of the Zaildar

the

room,

nairow

The

walls.

"

of

Inspector

pupils

the

design

Sialhur,

at

was

outside

situated

simple

one

the

sign

astonished

board
card-

furniture.

of
me.

the

most

In

an

54

alcove

completed cardboard

of

number

wefe

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

made.

models, all of boxes, quite well

to

"

lay

hand,

that

smoked

he

number

of

school

compound

square

little

mud

along

ran

wall
After

Jangpiir.

surrounded

to

Subadar

Major

lived

in

situated

camel
the

riding did

was

distance,

as

we

few

of the

wall.

flowers

in
low

(fair)at Oangpur, I
to

the

house

Singh

distance

not

went

as

my

name,

village
of

long

The

to

straight

of

mile

one

road.

main
take

of

by

neighbouring
a

of

playground.

Ludhiana-Jagraon

the

the

whole.

the

the

structed
in-

on

side

one

Narrain

"

on

with

visit

pay

Mullanpur,
from

as

edge

one

he

clay balls lay

seeing the mela

decided

who

used

plot of garden

bloom

while

situated

was

seemed

for counting.

floor, obviously used

The

to

easy

(pipe), which

"

haqr

suggest

desk,

schoolmaster's

the-

Near

cover

the

as

objective.
permitted for our
The
approached ultimately by a
village was
led straight to the heart
lane, which
narrow
usual
The
pool lay
of the place.
stagnant
standing

here

crops

close

to

source

the

narrow

left

under
court.

used

for mud

building of the
the

buildings, providing
houses.

for

stant
con-

repairing and

Bearing

sharply

an

archway,

we

entered

My

visit took

the

Sirdar

to
a

by

THE

surprise, but he
Entering a low
courtyard, where
taking

feed

tied up,

here

in

myself

of

Our

camel

was

painted

deer, and

and

furniture

charpoys,

one

table, brass

copied
I

honour,

while

eharpoy.
table, which

the

had

Gurumukhi
such

name,

armchair,

ajei

armchair

was

table

Subudar

were

Major

as

Major

sat

especially proud

showed

of

regiment.

of his

armchair

Subadar

wooden

number

and

the

these

of three

rough

pots, and

the

the

he

dog,

picture

it in

over

the Sahibs

He

represented

consisted

given

was

pictures

of therooru

cooking

from

were

"c.

The
glass bottles.
entirely English;
had

white

Each

written

TheDogTolim,"
The

They

I noticed

birds;

parrots.

was

appearance

itself. These

white, and

characters

the

trast
con-

inside

walls

The

and

roof.

pleasant

had

mud

lofty

distempered.

and

two

of

frame

such

quaint black

animals

local

with

floor, and
;

I found

room

glare.

wall

through

of wood.

square

bare

the

on

the house

made

large

with

adorned

"

cherri."

I entered

been

having

the

in

were

quite smooth,

were

was

me.

see

byles

outside

the

to

gate,

delightfully cool

was

to

55

of

door

PUNJAB

number

a
"

THE

delighted

wooden

and

walls, earthern
It

wa"

of

large double

OF

SIKHS

off to his

post of
on

of

friends

the
his
;

it

56

THE

OF

SIKHS

was

now

and

carefully covered
One

by

in, and

them

squatting

their

eyes

sitting

Jandiali.

but

all

size of the

from

which

the

build

their

houses.

and

entered

t^-is

village is

other, and

time

their

in

wrapped

of

kept

all the

in

me

One

engaged

in

territory,
Outsida
full of

children
mud

were

each

at

met
revenue

planned than

better
its main

edge of the pool.

the

on

of two

of

Sikh

to

byles wallowing in it. Not

the
village well
was
away

straight.

fortune,

Maler-Kotla

edges, throwing

for

seen,

houses

mud

I wandered

evening

Naked

village was

brick

the

the

byles lay

and

is the Toba,

particularlyevil pool,

its

at

wide

evil-

an

village of Jandiali.

yards

knowledge

never

village. This

into

the

play round

have

They

crowd

pool, its size increasing

slime.

loathsome

villagers obtain

border

the

This

village

quite

villages is found

with, the

other

the

"

stagnant

twenty

bras*

(blankets), discussing
Jangli bat
(dialect).

"

smelling

at

in

of

remained

heels

cloth,

'

local

over

was

the floor.

on

their

on

Outside

Toba.

liot milk

elders

there

soon

off me,

Chaddars

the

the

one

came

"

with; a white

given the usual

was

cup.

PUNJAB

THE

gates

It also

local

English.

In

He
the

the

had
course

few

by good

Here,

official of

work.

fairly

were

possessed

storeys.

most

State
a

good
of

our

THE

I asked

conversation
such

allowed
the

walls.

this

one

time

but

this

all hides

been

like

vince,

that

is

Ludhiana

again divided

tehsils, viz., Ludhiana,

rala.

Each

Tehsil
"

police

areas

Each

its

manages

divided

into

Each

ward

for

revenues,

of the

is

by

and

into
Xeh.sil

under

Thaaa.

village is
or

"Patti."

headman,

is to

service

takings

Sani-

Deputy-

Each

business

which

and

self-contained, and

"Hissas,"

or

he

collect

gets

remits

village is

half-a-dozen
In

such

case

"

large

Lumbadars

the

head

it may

one,
"

"

the

to

tain
con-

(headmen).

Lumbadar

or

Hissa

or

Pattx-

the

five per

them

^yard

or

Tehsildars.
If the

tion.

Thanadars.

managed
His

three

Ziia, and

affairs.

wards,

Lumbadar.

cent,

unit

own

is

and

Administra-

Lud-

into

The

the

Tehsildars

village

of

up

again sub-divided

controls

the

are

Jagraon,

Thanas."

or

Commissioner

him

is

pro-

is divided

Zilas," like that

or

At

pooi,

every

Punjab,

was

up.

purposes

the

"

districts,

hiana.

of

it

the

in

given

that

alive.

were

washed

were

had

custom

had

he

villagers, but

grandfathers

administration

For

into

their

when

under

replied indifferently that

they always
there

exist

to

57

villagers

replied that

the

to

PUNJAB

the

why
pool

He

out

THE

him

loathsome

cottage

pointed

OF

SIKHS

"

i"

Lumbadar.

58

Zaildar.

"

teimed

control

over

his

as

OF

SIKHS

THE

Zaildar."

latter

smaller

ha"

villages

often

well

as

own.

Often
dar

PUNJAB

The

several

in

is

assisted

by

controls

some

generally
The

"

large

Saicdpost.
'

THE

headmen

"

Tehsil
"

Tehsilwho

Safedpost,"

dozen
often

and

"

the

villages.
"

the

"

Zaildars

P.itwari.
are

unable

generally

assist

them

in

their

village clerks, are

land

or

and

To

They keep

or

the

lists of "Zamindars"

as

land

write.

Pfttwaris,"

appointed.

owners,

of births

"

work

such

village records,

and

read

to

boundary

records,
in Urdu

deaths, "c,

gister
re-

and

Gurumukhi.
1 found

the

Gurm
men

Village

universities.

In

shown

the

in the

Patwari's

khaki-buff

The
Kanuungo.

by

the

several
All

Zamindar.
"

Panchait.

of

and

from

work

of the

was

kept

were

of

gate
Urdu

in

only armchair

this
"

eastern

written

The

Indian

of Gurm

These

in the

were

came

in the

village

room

paper.

"

educated

the

intelligent

very

village records.

village,

village

"

Patwaris
been

had

; many

the

"

on

in the

room.

Patwari

Kannungo,"

who

"

has

ie

inspected
charge

of

villages.
true

Sikhs
"

Zamindars

voting

; as

in

the

possess

euch

land

and

they have
village council,

termed

are

the right
"

or

Pan-

THE

Tillage

The

council

members

dozen

which

acta

This

OF

Only Zamindars

chart."

SIKHS

of

the

as

Council,

consists
the

community,
"

its decisions
It deals

are

grazing rights on the

disputes. Punishments

of lines, and
"

at ion

in extreme

from

the

"

or

the

under

large Pipal

rarely

all matters

land,

common

take

the

form

are

tree.

the

meetings

of

generally held
the village gate,
dars
Only the Zamin-

village menials
press
exmay
their opinion with their voices, like the
in the Witenagemot.
Their
opinion

ceorls

ajsc carries

weight.

some

village common

The

fixed

no

burial

gracing rights.
trees

studded

The

which

village
grow

are

used

for the entertainment

be cut.

guest-house.

with

The

of

council
the
so

ghamlat

grazing

have

upon

money

Shamlat,"

trees,

landowners

land

to

"

or

It consists

All

ground.
the

land,

size.

land, generally

when

the

over

the

vote;

may

is of

which

"Dharmsala,"in

legal

no

of ex-communi-

cases,

is free to attend

Panchait,"

outside

Sirpanch."

brotherhood.

the

Everyone

upanc

of

one

very

with

of caste,

half

some

possessing
great authority

appealed against.
all

of

or

59

tax.

although

brotherhood, and

and

PUNJAB

land

pay

chairman,

exercises

power,

THE

and

equal
decides

common

obtained

of strangers

is

in the

or

Village

""draon

THE

6o

SIKHS

The

OF

"

This
"

gates.

The

"

of

but

duties

comprise shampooing,

demand

part

at

highest

"

Tarkhan,"

he

descendant

Amritsar.

the

among

Sikhs

builders

Sikhs

is
His

the

of

is in great

of

runner

takes

an

village
ledge
know-

some

He

the

messages

important

all marriages.

Ramgar-

the

as

is

He

cleaning of

medicine.

and

walls

useful

most

the

after

villages, and

The

the

the

rule, he professes

the

nail-cutter.

or

looking

socially

between

are

among

Naherna,"

of surgery

hiaa.

of

one

asa"

As

the

abode.

or

known

the

social

(blacksmith),

village community.

barber,

and

and

generally
adjoining the village

guests.

Tarkhan

"

Lohar

really

ears,

or

"

is

the

clean,
un-

comprising

class live outside

"

be

to

in the

low

so

class,

houses

Nai

members

not

abadi,"

"

two

sweepers,

or

(carpenter),

former

special
The

Naherna
or
Nail-Cutter.

"

small

in

latter

Tarkhan

"

into

(leather-dressers), and

(barber),

housed

in

"

calling is

whose

Nai

and

Chuhras,"

Chamars

scale.
"

"

divided

are

calling is said

whose

the

like

those

PUNJAB

village menials

classes, those
the

THE

of

carpenter,

or

village menials.

is known

of Jassa

ranks

Among

Ramgarhias,"

asa"

Singh, the leader of the

the

citadel,

The

carpenter

agricultural implements,

"

or

Ramgarh,"

makes
the

at

all kinds
wooden

of

carts,

Oh

P
o

Q
"J
t" i

a!
H
H
"

h-1

.-"

2;

^"

"

ft
to
co

I" I

Oh
"

u
o

2
iJ
H
CO

presses,

very

intelligent

social

the

and

Mazbhi,

The

wheels.

Persian

and

sugar

is

sweeper,

is

He

lowest

the

nevertheless

but

ladder,

61

educated.

well

or

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

on

of

one

the
or

of

the

of

the

is

and

carefully

for

to

Amritsar,
the

and

Brotherhood.

task,

however,

the

on

faithful,

cruelly

reward

cuted
exe-

Three

Aurangzeb.

the

to

Bahadur

Tegh
was

Guru's

ready

Singh

Guru

dung
village

stocked

is

means

Guru

the

as

The

"

of

Emperor

brought

sweepers

collecting

Govind

Guru

the

the

it

Mazbhi

body

where

Delhi,

by

into

the

of

rescuers

to

by

the

placed
dry

"

fuel.

sweeping

wife.

his

and
When

cure.

given

title

latter

by

done

kneaded

as

use

at

This

usually

and

and

streets,

His

community.

cleansing

dung.

cow

more

wulls

houses

the

of
the

comprise

duties

is

members

useful

most

body
were

from

Delhi

baptised

gweeper.

CHAPTER

THE

IV.

ECONOMIC

GEOGRAPHY

THE

The

the

by

ocean,

on

the

The

of
the

the

The

aggregate

the

by

very

adjacent

from

high

but
the

tain
moun-

Thar

Desert

south.

conditions

economic

depend

Punjab

control

quality

to

ciated
asso-

India,

of

distance

great

proximity
and

ranges,

its

closely

climate

general
by

its

Punjab

the

of

modified

is

ENVIRONMENT.

OF

climate
with

it

PUNJAB.

CONTROL

THE

(i)

OF

of

of
the

control
of

to

environment,
human

factor.

of

environment

component

62

and
a

possibilities
extent

great
but

also

is

controls,

on

on

really
such

the

an

as

size, position,

of

that

directly
the

on

of the

nature

Punjab

of the

the

than

size

with

the

other

its

the

Thus

yards.

little

smaller

has

area

an

ranks

of the

the

sixth

mainsail

meridian

in

world

of

of

parallel 30"]^.

its

Area,

provinces.

that

with

mountains.

which

Indian

is like

and

mast,

it is

position

nearly 100,000

miles, and

full-rigged ship,
a

the

of

area

depend

the

on

to

Kingdom,

square

Its shape

as

an

that

so

United

121,000

depends

are

for example,

Thus,

regard

has

miles,

square

soil

with

Punjab

The

but

63

soil,

the

controls

ea-ch! other,

another.

one

PUNJAB

of

nature

component

from

isolated

not

of

These

"c.

climate,

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

as

Shape.

75"E.

of

one

is

position

sub"

.,.

Position.
,

tropical
of the

in

on

the

the

for

the

and

from

the

United

derives

It

ships of the

position is

it is situated

monsoonal

point where
of

world

quarter

some

world

focus

peninsula.

plateaux
most

civilisation

civilisation
the
are

western
at

their

easily crossed

important

an

between

mid-way

anti-trade
the

nearly

very

longitudinal position of India

Its Eurasian
for

Longitude.

the

whole,

and

round

way

from

as

latitude

in

Kingdom
share

...

of the
of
and

the

the
West

East,

eastern

narrowest

by mountain

one,
perate
tem-

and
at

lobes

breadth,
passes.

64

SIKHS

THE

OF

THE

Its ppsition is then

stands

like

Poland,

PUNJAB

transitional

for

one,

it

highway

linking
East and
West.
The
breadth
of this highway
is strictlylimited, for its edges are
high
mountains

the

on

on

north,

and

desert

the

on

south.
The

regional position of the

The

northern

coincides
in

its boundaries

for

unique,

with

between

hill states

the

to embrace

in the

the

Kashmir
route

is

road,

up

the

the

passes

Pir

railway

to

the

of

the

use

height of

(11,400 feet).
is

boundary

western

D
,
Boundaries.

by

is the

This

impossibility of
gauged

the

over

electric

proposed
be

with

only practicable'

(5,000 feet).

may

tain
moun-

valley and

Panjal Pass

The

Such

Rawal-Pindi-Murree

Jhelum

The

Srinagar.

Simla

and

off intercourse

The

new

Pass

of

route

the

via

Abbottabad

the

Ladakh.

and

narrows

Sutlej valleys,

district.

effectivelycuts

wall

other

hill

Kangra

and

except

it

of Chamba
Beas

upper

Kashmir

with

where

corner,

is

cal.
physi-

Himalayas,

outer

north-east

the

mainly

are

boundary

the

Punjab

equally

now

"

shared

by

the

Indus
in

the

Sulaimans

old

days the Indus

The

nature

north-west

of

the

the

the

in

was

south-west,
the

passes

and

north-west

but

in the

politicalfrontier.
of the

plateau-border ranges

limestone

is such

that

THE

SIKHS

invite

they

the

into

descent

is

attracts

invasion

an

This

life.

walled

of

ancestors

of the

population
the

who

constitute

Jats,

population

bars

the

the

tw"came

home

in

on

of the
north

area,

high

which

stretch

crowded

have

the

a"d

across

boundaries

soil, water

very

supply,

Punjab.

and

The

feet,
run

is

Punjab
the

with,

for 1,700 miles

south-westerly

basin.

of the

Mountains

for

ward,
south-

Ganges

plateaux,

of 20,000

is the

boundary
expansion

south-east,

the

to

effects

the

their

outlet

natural

physical

climate

Sulaiman

physical

which,

Jumna

important

"

Aryan

Punjab,

of the
from

passes

is to

These

"

(circa 2,000 B.C.).

that

so

height

dwell

and

the

southern

On

warriors,

the

Desert,

and

man,
Mussul-

Punjabi,

the

taineers
moun-

plain-dwellera

that

Asia

The

down

the

probable

these

through

Thar

of

villages.

seems

Central

regions

of virile, hardy

still

are

it

so

in

The
that

life,

65

Plateau

Punjab.

dwellers

that

so

PUNJAB

Iranian

easy

influx

Sikh

and

thirds

the

stimulated

periodically,

It

by

THE

of the

of

area

has

in

from

fertile lowlands

Punjab
hard

OF

in

land
Mountain*.

Himalayas,
an

Hindu
a

vast

average

Kush

north-east

direction, roughly

and
to

parallel

66

THE

SIKHS

with

OF

River

the

enclosed

of

highest

their

Such

Rivers.

by

world, and

of

proximity

mountains

has

led to the

drain

the

These

rivers

the

results

sediment

The
highlands.
from
glaciers in

region, and
fed

from

their

banks

melting

All

of the

snows

plains.

the
so

the

that

This

and

action

present

Sutlej

the

has

surface

rise

Lake

rise and
the

overflow

seasonal

gone

soil

soon
mon-

spread

are
on
was

are

tain
moun-

fall of the

rains, layers of sediment

Soil-

denuded

steep

with

sympathy

in

brought

tributaries

have

rivers

of

were

Manasarowar

remaining

the

and

the

and

the

snow-water.
As

eroded

Indus

all the

tracks.

plains
has

the

land

the

means

the

from

which

life of

very

action, which

of river

of

south-west.

its alluvial

rivers," and

five

capped
snow-

rivers,

the

the

name

present

formation

"

Its very

the

down

towards

constitute

among

perennial

large constant-flowing

Punjab.

are

turned
up-

plains.

many

Punjab

of

the

which

the

is

horseshoe

which

towards

Punjab

really

plateaux,

face

the.

ranges,

in the

steeper

that

so

sides

mountain

edges
the

PUNJAB

Indus,
three

on

snow-clad

THE

on

for ages,
once

highlands. This soil is rich in

plant-food, so that given an adequate water
supply the Punjab is capable of producing
part

heavy

of

the

crops.

THE

Another

and

mountain

underground

water

is found

usual

type

which

works

than

whenever
of

is the

well

Underground

from

is

is sunk.

The

pattern,
is cheaper

Western

ideas.

under

is present

water

is

ubiquitous

Persian

on

the

ranges

effectively,and

very

constructed

one

well

PUNJAB

derived

snow-capped

to

that

fact

THE

great advantage

proximity
the

OF

SIKHS

the Thar

Desert
.

wells

Persian

bordering

vinces

wheels,

is

latter

The

projects

former

byle

:'

(ox)

motive

the

on

this

rope
are

ladder

which,
fill with

trough

cheaply and

wheel

is

with

wooden

earthen
wheel
which
to

poia

the

fitted projecting

are

which

wheel

leading

supplies
camel, which
to revolve;
causing the wheel

latter

water,

has

pegs,

the

as

the

is harnessed

pole

to

revolve

To
"

ghurras

revolves,
is

land.

in

also.

of endless

kind

rungs.
"

slots

fit into

wheel, causing it

fastened

vertical.
while

side, and
this

To

horizontal

the

vertical

Round

or

power

wooden
the

the

skeleton

mouth,

well

over

to its axis.

fastened
"

the

in

or

these

jars,

successively
into

emptied
Thus

effectively irrigated. The

pers;an
Wells.

The

crude.

other

the

and

pro-

Province.

wooden

two

horizontal

one

the

over

simple and

of

consists

machinery

is

all

N.W.F.

the

on

construction

Their

found

are

field is
creak-

THE

68

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

ifi/ltj
OH

\/Wt*

T"(ji/ft-i

Person

Wlll

Tl//?rM"0

/JV

THE

SIKHS

of these

mg
sunset

be

can

The

wells

OF

for

direction

divide
"

d5abs."
of

land

between
tend

to

in

found

in

clan

"

and

Fords

only
in the

courses

lines
the

The

west.

the

whole

Delhi

to

served

foreign

to

only large
system

of forts

along

may

trunk

Indus.

to

as

This

the

their

defensive
from

crossing

strategic

the

It is

in

that

so

road

is the

be gauged

its route.

and

tween
be-

"Sind

invasion

Amritsar,
and

the

frequency

rivers,

plain have

Peshawar

and

the
"

Doab

Jhelum

with
the

of temperament.

distinctive

Rechna

the

Ludhiana,

importance

with

one

lies between

Jhelum,

occur

river

via

Jhelum
Its

"

the
and

of

"

built by the British.

one

but

south,

bears

Doab

obstacles

and

Doabs.

cations
communi-

idiosyncracies

between

reaches

upper

and

Bari

Ravi,

Sagar Doab"

latitudinal

and

"doab"

Chenab

the

or

very

Each

Sutlej

they

slight degree, chiefly

characteristics, such
as
liarities
pecu-

The

to

districts

isolation

of dialect

name.

east
north-

way,

favour

north

promote

another

into

elongated

alluvial

69

to

conform

striking

up

These

sunrise

is from

land

very

Punjab

the

strips

from

the rivers

As

in

PUNJAB

miles.

lie of the

general

to south-west.

this

work

at

heard

THE

from

runs

Lahore,
Khyber

tary
mili-

and

Pass.

by the number
significantthat

7o

of such

building

the

earthenware

and
for

nodular

of

in

roads
in

the

dry

the

the

of

Canals

follow

fact

as

that

the
state

drain

for

bank

tonga

lie

its

in

lower

and

land

irrigation.
of

and

traffic exist.
are

munication
com-

owing

third-class

canal, and

the

into

general

means

waterway

either

by

it at

favour

additional

as

served

lie of the

ground

an

on

enough

roads

to

roads
Such

in

many

ways,
preferable to the ordinary highweather.
The
especially in wet
sence
preis nearly always indicated
of canals
to
miles
ordinary
traveller
by the extraaway
many
often

dense

mark

bad

river

again joining

high

serve

the

from

combined

the

both

the

of

admirably

are

and

Thus

absence

ways

limestone

their

and

season,

"doabs"

reaches

level.

wide

sists
con-

appearance

land, emanating

upper

the

Road-metal

dusty

perennial canals, which

of

mud,

wet.

All

Canals.

the

villages

such

concretionary

the

explains

All

from

exist.

not

facilitated

was

soil.

made

are

does

stone

This

fortresses

ubiquitous alluvial

the

by

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

line

and

dense

shade

The

their route.

of dust

of trees

markedly

contrast

with

foliage
and
many

that

absence
of the

public highways.
The
",

Canal

is

Punjab

st-anty.

One

is

country

of the

of canals, for rain

largest

is

the

ISnatinda

"

06
W

X
o

P
O

H
W

05

ij
"

z
":

U
"

o
z
""I

H
"

"?*l

"J

THE

Can

SIKHS

a], which
in

and

Wye

the

a*

N.E.

to

the

carrying

Ross.

at

main

canal

villages.

well

are

side

often

more

of

several
of

many

the

covered

well

are

of the

are

than

tonga

banks

canal

The

it,

over

constructed

each

on

connecting

roads

so-called

the

in

negotiate

to

easy

wide

as

Ludhiana-Raikot

patronised, and

well

are

is

bridges

roads,

footpaths

The

of stone.

tinct
dis-

Bassian

At

the canal
The

Ludhiana-Jaghera,

and

PUNJAB

direction.

Nanakpur-Jaghera

at

THE

through the Ludhiana

runs

S.E.

OF

flourishing trees of all kinds, serving as

The
for many
species of wild fowl.
cover

with
a

rest-houses

canal

far

excellent, and

are

and

Bassian

at

Jaghera

at

superior

to

dak-

any

bungalow.

the

the

best

The

gardens.
in

and

beauty

the

Und

sun,

foliage

woven

seems

Water

welcome.

is

is

time

the

to

oifer

refreshing than
canal

and

is

drive

in

closely-

an

open-armed
while

being prepared, what

be

in the

arrive

dense

plentiful,and

meal

swim

long

the

of

to

for

evening
more

cleanness

extent

after

evening

afternoon

their

is

feature

striking

The

well-loaded

charms.

For

company

thought?

and

the

deep

pipe
one

could

quiet plunge

meal

has

over,

the

an

have

always

and
chair
arm-

added
one's

impenetrable silence,

7,

THE

72

SIKHS

aiilybroken
and

by quaint hoarse

inconstant

increased

and

breadth

the

All

2*

^^

the

to

rivers, has

is very

railway bridge
of immense"

are

have

the

flood

of temperature

contraction

and
and

great,

stand
with-

to

during

great range

expansion

has

be

to

the

of

allowed

accordingly.
The

Influence

the

they

pressure

owing

the

for

of waterfowl

of

bridges

strength, since

enormous

Metal

notes

the difficulties of the

engineers.

season

PUNJAB

night birds.

The

size

THE

OF

sandy

Thar

on

the

southern

since

the

vast

influence

Desert

has

great

districts

of

the

Tha*" Desert.
.

Punjab,
from

north-east

the

according
heat

with

the

have

winds,

of the

of

from

the

the

nights

are

bined
com-

erosion,

of
so

the
that

rolling sand,
of air,
the slightest breath

on

Punjab.

sand-resisting
to

the

of

barchan

and

encroaching
borders

desert

disintegrating action

The

characteristic.

very

south-west,

of temperature,

range

ripples with

which

either

are

the

produced intense

dunes

wave-like

the
On

season.

wide

This

from

or

by day, but

is intense

oold.

are

the

to

winds

prevailing

the

sand

fertile

is

southern

In spite of the
grasses,

the

tinually
con-

ing
plant-

sand

tinues
con-

gain ground, and dunes, like fingers

hand

of the

distance

desert

inland.

penetrate
All

dunes

siderable
conare

THE

in the

elongated
a

feathery

fifteen feet
which

produce ox-bows
frequently

for.

tends

navigated.
of the

with

sea

owing

to

the

Indus

and

the

deltaic-river,
is its most
case

and

Ganges,

to

channels,
case

of

desert

the

of

would

them

deltaic

The

land
hinterfew

also

hinterland,
of India

towns

and

In such

area.

mouths
its

similar

be

failure

to

rich

daily charter

Indus

are

possessing

the

open

are

opening

although

largest

while

to

could

the

hinterland.

keep

to

rivers

presence

thickly populated

it pays

the

connecting

Ganges,

the

canals

doomed

possesses

contains

The

as

and

be

often

tiny spines,

which

scheme

is

Indus

is

result, water-vegetation

continued

while

which

but

rivers

desert

with

inflorescence.

channels

would

of the

Punjab

the

towns,

As

73

Such

rivers, helping

out,

Such

with

islands.

choke

to

wind.
covered

the

the

and

cleaned

little cared

up

by

PUNJAB

grass

covered

affect

to

of the

Such

grass.

concealed

tends

THE

Kulhur,

near

high and

are

Sand

OF

direction

is found

dune

tall

SIKHS

of the

ing
ever-chang-

project

lead

to

in

the

financial

disaster.
India

country

on

the

the

Punjab

depends just the

directly

on

whole

the

same

force

is
is

tropical

monsoon

sub-tropical, but

for its
of

summer

the

it

rainfall

Arabian

and

74

Bengal
is the

land

of the

approach
land

its maximum
its

around

beneath

also

Punjab

the

of

while
full

the

of

5th,

July

(shade)

of Iran

the
is

at

train

land

masses

at

Thar

Desert.

it

90"F.

perature
tem-

93"F.

On

104"F.

was

Other

are

part

shade

bouring
neigh-

experiencing
of

south

greater

gets

Lahore.

the

on

the

p.m.,

peratures,
tem-

the

June

Plateaux

Tibet.

these

Over

air

1918,

in the

and

Lahore

The

horseshoe

average

an

90"F.;

temperature

mean

over

have

Punjab

in

the

and

basin

in the

summer

it lies open

desert

the

of

shade.

high

of

with

thermometer

the

position

breath

this

June

During

its

to

of mountains,
to

in

vast

receives

some

the

experiences

due

side

where

128"F.

the

Desert,

especially

Jacobabad,

ward
north-

moves

Thar

of
the

with

sun

its rays

The

heat.

registers

that

of Cancer,

Tropic

highest temperatures,
often

the

fluence
in-

double

altitude, experiences

low

tropical

by

months

directly

mass

temperature

has

As

summer

the

towards

Ocean

of India, while

climate

is halved.

ocean

(mean

land

Thus
the

Indian

surrounded

it is

since

masses.

the

The

in the world

warmest

on

PUNJAB

currents.

monsoon

80"F.),

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

Thar

always

land
Desert

masses,

around

rising spirally

and

especially

Jacobabad,
outwards

the
in

counter-clockwise
of

area

29.4

inches

absorbing

ocean,
an

action

with

produces
advances

monsoon

rain

in

exist

media

its

all the

wet

area

have

of warmest
Such

way.

marked

the

centre

that

miles

moisture

happens

and

winds

five thousand

over

ter
regis-

low-pressure

flue action

and

annual

larity,
regu-

This

monsoon.

over

the

path

where

75

avast

barometric

margin,

Such

with

travelled

its

on

inches.
in

draws

PUNJAB

THE

direction, producing

low-pressure with

of 29.5

of

OF

SIKHS

THE

buting
distri-

country,

precipitating

cyclonic storms, which

in
occur
Rain
pulsations, precede its advance.
falls
;

afternoon, due

every

of

the

maximum.

As

which

out,
anested
carried

air

far

The

the

daily upward

during

the

heat

and

heat

is

precipitation

moment,

culation
cir-

mid-day

it rains, latent

enables

for

the

to

given
be

to

moisture

so

is

inland.
is

monsoon

Deecan

plateau

Arabian

and

the

divided

into

two

lofty
the

currents,
Arabian

The

Bay.

the

by

current

m.

1 tie

'

during the first fortnight of June

the

lofty barrier

of the

Western

height 5,000 feet) and

the

Nilgiri Hills
Because

vaneoie.

and

and

at

clouds

right angles
are

the

these
to

the

rapidly cooled

first meets
Ghats

age
(aver-

its continuations,
mountains

hills

wind
and

are

of
so

Tra-

lofty

direction, the
maximum

rain-

",

A
Arabian

Current.

"

76

OF

SIKHS

THE

fall results.

On

of

inches

THE

the

rain

Desert,

wind

off the

such

towns

wind

screens

is less

heat

one-third

Gulf

the

to

the Bay

of

first obstacle

rapidly.
yearly

average

and

is
now

the

having spent
works

been

shut
the

by

Ganges

the

Lushai

trapped

and

forced

of four

in the
hundred

Its

Hills,
to rise

falls

Cheirapungi

rainfall

Chin

delta.

and

at

in the

caught

in

the

up

the

world, with
and

twenty-

Darjeeling the Himalayas

Here
the
their furthest
point south.
putra
is divided, part going up the Brahma-

inches.

current

is

Here

heaviest

reach

Punjab

Khasi

is the

second

five

the

mountains,

current,

and

portion

trap the

land

has

Hills, has approached

where

This

the

force, which

its

Martaban

of

the

fall, as

to

valleys, and

Burmese

heat,

great

oppressive.

Meanwhile,
Current.

of

air among

cool

When

begins

gradually

rises

the

of mountains.

the

below.

rain

reached

to

absence

an

the flat roofs

on

distribute

apartments

to

rain

no

cooling at nights to
Hyderabad
Sind, where
manent
per-

as

and

of its

is very

sea

wind

is

due

absence

altitude, and

300

cent,

per

brings

there

as

Ghats

period.

monsoon

precipitating media,
low

97

100

plain

the

on

monsoon

south-west

Thar

the

and

receives

rainfall during the

The

coastal

narrow

fall,

Bombay

inches.

PUNJAB

At

valley, and

the main

current,

which

is

SIKHS

THE

the

stronger,

OF

the

up

THE

Ganges

is! well

storms

and

from

relief rains.

June

30th

the

meet,

and

together

On

Ninetal

between
Simla

the

where

rise

the

Arabian
the

up

rents
cur-

passes

of

neighbourhood

region of the Manasarowar

the Indus, Sampo,
Sutlej,

both

rain

falls

than

in the

and

has

Patiala

Most
and

August,

centre,

:"

e.g.

Total

June-September

23
...

of

districts of the

ins.

Delhi

benefit

the

S.E.

in the

edge of

currents.

during July

slightly heavier
plains

Arabian

and

Bengal

the

on

influences, receives

the

of the

although

Punjab,

the

monsoonal

doab

rush

cyclonic

Ganges.
Thus

is

from

and

Bengal

and

towards

Lakes,
and

watered

This

valley.

both

valley

PUNJAB

19.8

Rainfall.

85
77

"

Lahore

76

15
,,

22.5

Rawal-Pindi

65
,,

Multan

4.7

70
"

Note.
the

"

The

influence

rainfall

Pindi

of Rawal

shows

of relief
.

The

rains

leave

the

United

Punjab

on

Provinces

the
on

15th
the

of

tember,
Sep-

1st

of

77

78

Bengal

and

October,

is called

This

the

15th. of October.

the

on

of the

retreat

only

Droughts

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

monsoon,

when

harm

cause

is

longer

no

dreaded

owing

and

abundant

splendid irrigationsystem

that

with

in

Pressure

light rain

means

light

to

vice

conducted

by

Weddell

in the

the

fact

that

followed

Antarctic

in

phenomenon

shows

Sea

shortage

cent
Re-

versa.

Chilian

the
have

brought

of ice in the

later

year

lowing
fol-

Siberia

in

India, and

in

observations
Government

snowfall

Heavy

July.

over

in the

in India

rainfall will be

the

what

now

can

St. Helena

in

January

terranean
sub-

continents.

southern

the

over

the

to

of pressures

by comparison

be forecasted
Asia

in India

Famines

water.

mal
nor-

jab
In the Pun-

rainfall is only just enough.

famine

the

the

by

Spitzbergen denotes

same

famine

in India.
In

winter

of
the

high

This

that

air

winds

and

direction.

barometric

always
On

gradient
moving

away

high

is

Gobi

sure
pres-

gravitating'

outwards
its

over

of about

diameter

this vast

is

of the

gion
re-

permanently
region

From

downwards

clockwise
the

has

area

cold

area

spirally

in the

cold,

intense

rests

miles.

thousand

the

to

pressure

of Asia

centre

Desert.
a

owing

in

south

side

steeper,

towards

so

India

THE

SIKHS

with,

blow

winds

increased

reinforce

winds,

seeking, the

low

the

from

March.

of

dry

the Coromandel
been

has

Bengal
dry

the

possesses

the

and

this

the

of

Bay

the

it of

local

direction.

high

and

the Ganges

between

Northern
constant

the

so

in the

exert

Peshawar.

north-west.

clockwise

bar
air

the

outlet

works

and

year

to

down

reinforces

and

winds

supplies

local

the

is

sun

Southern

the

influence

some

emptying

in

air

cool

area

winds.

anti-trade

Tropic,

the

around

valleys,then

Equator

that

angle

and

cool

the

area

Mountains

pressure

of

season

the

Tropic,

is located

outwards

Indus
trade

this

pressure

mountains

west,

and

north-east
At

the

As

north

high

centred

gravitates spirally

Atlantic

local

Sulainian

Himalayas,
From

inches, which

between

of

ture
mois-

winds.

of 30.2

the

India,

to

across

passage

cold

This

from

up

the

as

rain

no

of

region

from

coast.

picked

during

India

the

blow

they bring

area,

India

known

are

they

trade

until the end

15th

winds

79

These

across

belt in the

December

As

to

except

blow

pressure

Such

land

vast

PUNJAB

intensity.

winds

monsoons.

THE

ordinary north-east

the

that

so

Tropics

OF

from
above
air

for

high-pressure

the
the

the
area

80

THE

Cyclonic
Rain.

OF

SIKHS

These
reach
the

anti-trade

India
Iran

and

Plateau.

of the

from

Sulaiman

bring
is

to

the

and

to

that

to

the

beneficial

the

on

slopes

snow

winter

the

on

cyclonic

storms

Frontier

mountains.
the

to

western

and

of the

vince,
Prowhich

Punjab

Such

rain

such

crops,

up]

Seistan,

North-West
part

and

of

swamps

Occasionally

rain

near

the
rain

Sea

and

doing they pick

so

Mountains

Himalayas.

cyclonic,

are

Mediterranean
In

winter

deposit

PUNJAB

winds

via. the

moisture

some

THE

is very
winter

as

wheat.
This

winter
the

during

winter

but

in

December.
the

follow

the

in

S.E., and

seems

to

foothills,e.g.

in

falls most

intensity from

diminishes

Himalayan

fairly well distributed

months,

least

and

January

is

rain

also

It

N.W.
line

to

of

the
the

:
"

ins. Raiufall

Pindi

Rawal

has

Lahore

3.2

Delhi

2.6

Multan

1.5

During

,,

,,

the

blowing

evening

"

the

winter

with

heavily covered
wind

Dec. -March

off

searches

snow,

these"
the cotton

mountains
and

are

the

especially
garments

west

in

the

of the

SIKHS

THE

All

natives.

wear

cold.

the

in the

wood

is in

the

with
the

wool

coloured

This

plains.

the

daily temperature
in the

but
clothes

essential.

are

by day than

hotter

Basin, but
much

it is

sun

the

daily

grees
de-

the

the

Punjab

is

during January

tude,
lati-

to

always hot, and light

Punjab

winter

London

in the

summer

is

of temperature

range

is

greater.
After

the

northward,

spring equinox
the

land

forms

area

pressure

one

over

the

air

the

land

no

over

regions

rain, however,

as

the

over

anti-cyclonic movements
such

the

becomes

pressure

to

the

warm,

muggy,

The

the

and

to

60"F., according

and

50"F.

between

with

gets five.

For

average

to

eighteen

gets

day-time

experienced.

the

night,

at

often

is

is

reaching

Peshawar

often

weather

the

ornamented

occur

of frost ; Ludhiana

During

and

are

Frosts

town

In

sheep-skins padded

intensity from

in

out

sary,
neces-

very

covering

thick

margins

fringes.

radiate

of

inches

The

are

great demand.

characteristic

two

knee.

dered
blanket, embroi-

evening

coat, made

"posteen"

PUNJAB

quilt (razai),to keep

or

Fires

and

foothills

heavy

"chaddar,"

THE

OF

the

visits

moves

hotter,
land, and
The

sea.

sun

high

light,

low

warm

longer gravitates, and

occur,

Assam

the

bringing
Hills.

Punjab,

rain

No

suck

as

such

81

82

THE

SIKHS

OF

originate

movements

The
Rainfall.

heaviest

This

has

shows

an

the

has

which

an

south-east
while

the

average

gets

one

takes

the

and

19

an

average

supplied,

in

such
are

a
as

Patiala,
has

an

figures,

has

evaporation

bei augmented

to

as

one

soil, it is obvious

that from

and

When

intense

the

wells.

have

we

is

still when

position

perennial

Sind

by

In

this

above,

seen

future

better
new

The

these

of London.

of the

Punjab,

is well

inches.

6.7

trict
dis-

Multan,

Lahore

the

and

the

be

that

rainfall

respect

driest

around

Using

nature

irrigation water

which

rainfall of 21 inches, i.e.,

account

sandy

inches,

of 25, e.g.,

inches.

is in

north-west.

The

around

of

the

that

of

average

centre

into

34

influence.

less than

4 inches

the

south-west,

an

rainfall

in
of

average

has

sea.

annual

District

relief

in

the

over

average

some

is

PUNJAB

mean

Rawalpindi

^n"

THE

likely

to

projects,
Canal,

Sagar

realised.
The

of India, which

north

sub-tropics, is
Asia

than

the

to

nearer

region

lies within

the vast

land

the

mass

of

sequently
thei tropics. Con-

within

the
lies within
Punjab, which
cally
sub-tropical area, is greatly affected climati-

the

the

by this land
Punjab is too

winter

too

cold

mass;

hot
for

for

so

that

in

summer

its latitude, and

its latitude.

In

in

other

words,
the

OF

SIKHS

THE

Junjab has

the

the

with

"

Frontier

Xorth-West

THE

PUNJAB

exception,of

Province

greater

"

of temperature
than
yearly range
any
This fact is borne
province in India.
the

following table

relatively thin

its

and

effect

marked

journeys down

climate

climate

of the

Punjab

Bengali offers

and

of

The

Sikh.
and

wide

martial

degree
hair

and

their

former

contrast

is stunted, with

appearance,

and

the

shows

latter

possesses

intelligence. The
beards

contrast

environment.

nostrils,while

of

Bengal

adapt themselves

striking

cal
physi-

(ranges valley the

becomes, so that the

strikingly. The inhabitants

ethnologically to

further

The

that

The
with

the

short

hair

is tall, of
a

wearing
the

Sikh

greater
of

Yearly

?emporature.

the

the

muggier

data:

had

and

0% the Sikhs.

characteristics
one

have

air

the temperament

on

by

out

of the Punjab

weather

exhilaratingcold

The

other

climatic

of average

83

long
belongs

SIKHS

THE

84

to

OF

northern

more

The

Punjab

climatic

PUNJAB

clime.
several

possesses

but

of its own,

zones

effect

great

no

THE

these

have

regards peculiarity of temperament.

inhabit the foothills,since they
Sikhs
agricultural

the

by

the

"dSabs"

into

of

has

had

greatest

"

Bari

known

as

districts

than

the

The

The

the

of

is

really

Sikh

northern

Sikh,
of

the

The

of

These

the

habitant
inriver

southern

Ferozepore,

Ludhiana,

Jhind,

and

and

extensive

and

populated

north

part

south

Patiala, Nabha,

Indus,

Manjha

Sikhs.

try
coun-

the

The
as

districts

Malwa

Malwa

an

Sutlej,

strictly speaking.

densely

more

are

rivers.

known

comprise

Malerkotla,

of the

up

effect.

Manjha

Doab,"
of

are

the

is often

the

although

cutting

tributaries

largest
the

are

isolation

of

influence

the

by

the

of this river

.,

been

about

brought

Few

climatic

than

markedly

More

has

features

as

pastoral people, preferring

and

plains.

the

had

Sikhi population

the

on

well-marked

districts.

Sikh,

owing

to

living

under

Sikh.

tne

influence

stolid

and

less

the

and

physique

he

makes
excels

Thar

the

latter, owing

than

is every

quite

as

good

Manjha
to

his

is

Desert,

intelligent

brother, but

northern

The

of

his

bit
a

as

more
more
geous,
coura-

soldier.

In

Sikh.

increased

intelli-

SIKHS

THE

I had

the

in

The
in

the

than

strong

and

man,

'

the

ribbon

"

tants.
Adju-

all

such

other;
'

Malwa

'

the

was

rule, and

to

even

Sikh

soldier,
testified.

have

doubt,

no

to

against

for

is

an

the

when

wars,

them

from

love

no

first to submit
aid

peculiaritiesof

They

the

or

self;
him-

distinguished

antipathy,

from

inheritage

born

certain

by

of dress.

and

was

of Valour

be

may
"

he

g^!

make

never

fallingover

Star

"

Manjha

speech

that,

club

huge

could

without

of the

Malwa

"

each

of Sikhs

tall, clumsy,

of

latter

'about-turn"

the

The

contrasting

Jemadar

was

wielder

The

still,for
as

who

Malwa,

mugdar."

neat

officer.

kinds

two

85

more
Manjha was
alert, slim, neater
dress, and quicker in his movements

his

"

of

Sikh

two

PUNJAB

native

once

of the

of

persons

THE

good

good opportunity

characteristics

the

"

makes

generally

gence,

OF

British
his

own

people.
In

and

the

Malwa

Hinduism
and

counts,

zone,

Sikhism

is

Caste

regaining ground.
Hindu

superstition is

who

the womenfolk

foster

declining

rife.

still
It is

tendency towards

Hinduism.
Another

often

class

of

described.

region between

Sikh,
This

the

Rivers

the

class
Beas

"

Doaba,"
inhabits
and

is
the

Sutlej.

j"0aba

Sikh.

86

rather

lax,

to

either

Doaba

of

"

"

intelligence
he

yet

Neither

existence.

lonely

in

rule,
and

Sikhs,
15th

was

distinction

As

one

was

do
Sikh
Malwa

bom
the

field

mix

Regiment
Sikhs.

of

lived

very

smartness

his

soldier

regiments
not

of

certain

remainder

he

that

so

Manjha."

in
the

has
soldier

"

knew

by

shunned

was

fellow-officers,

his

is

Sikh

as

the

or

sirdar

"

"

inferior

being

folk
men-

Sikhism

Doaba

"

the

Malwa

"

the

regiment

the

that

so

reputation

the

the

that

so

agriculturists.

keen

are

fertile,

intensely

is

soil

The

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

characteristics,
earned

had

and

for

nor

bravery.
stick

them.
recruits

to

one

For

class

of

instance,
almost

clusively
ex-

CHAPTER

ECONO^BC

THE

V.

GEOGRAPHY

PUNJAB

and

Men

dusk.

are

Agriculture
it is the

with

irrigated

use

of

are

very

common.

There

are

national

to
versation
con-

life.

marks,

inheritance

land

relating

customs

two

all

of

boundary
and

water,

basis

their

of

root

connected

Disputes

the

fields

daybreak

from

forms

people.

ancestral

the

villages

the

agricultural

an

work

women

surrounding

INDUSTRIES.

AND

Sikhs

THE

(Continued).

(ii) AGRICULTURE

The

OF

the

to

La^* 9*

law

Inheritance.

cf
the

sons,

by

inheritance

; one

is

property
and
which

the
it

equally

other
is

.
'

is

",

"-,

bhaiband,
divided

""

by

among

"Chadar

is called

equally

divided

87

i_-

winch.

the

Band,"
among

the

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

88

former

The

mothers.

PUNJAB

practised by the Malwa

the

by

Punjab

and

Forest.

to

of

S"rowta

the latter

and

Sikhs

be

may

described
the

for

grassland,
eliminates

generally-

Sikhs.

Manjha

The

is

custom

social

trees

the

extent

the

on

tropical
sub-

drought

seasonal

considerable

any

as

The

plains.

be gauged from
the fact
scarcity of trees may
that the Pipal (Ficus religiosus)is a sacred

tree, and

oaths

binding.

Some
this

tree, and

villages only

eastwards
then

fact points to
that

the

or

about

the

the

present
is

Punjab

house
guest-

rainfall
of

most

slopes

Haddon,

B.C.,

millenium

second

desiccation

day

the

of the

Punjab

of

"

the

The

outer

square

Owing

area.

with

compared

these

forested

total

nearly 9,000

of the total

9%

increased

plains,

the

date.*

the

of

single

possess
near

legally

are

peoples
were
Aryan-speaking
their
into the Punjab,
progress
hindered
forests,
by dense
was
the middle
covered
plains. This

migrating

At

the

in

the

since

usually

stands

However,

which

it

village well.

or

when

under

made

forests

are

that

of

miles,
to

the

of the

situated

Himalayas.

Wandering*

area

Peoples,"

on

These

P.

27.

hill forests

Deodar

several

now

larger

(Cidrus deodara)
On

longifolia) exist.
forests

in

isolated

woods

found

the

Phulkian

Chenab,

on

near

northern

Lahore

their

confluence.

Mult

and

supporting

banks

is

half-choked

of

for

and
Sind

between

area

sandy

mere

use

the

of similar

The

waste,

scrub, which

thorny

cut

are

Indus

the

the

of

an

extensively

was

Tamarisk

of

no

but

word,

plantations

most

are

borders

both

and

Doab

Sagar

the

Shisham,

States, while

exist

of

of

(Pinus

there

plains

sense

in

preserves

Chil

and

the

of Sal,
the

on

trees

true

PUNJAB

THE

ruthlessly exploited

been

have

past, but

the

OF

SIKHS

THE

firewood

as

in

Mesopotamia.
the

In

Range

the

action

of

district

the

to

north

of

the

Salt

network
of nullahs
ground is one
(seasonal,dry, steep-sided valleys),due to the

seasonal

torrents

geological deposits.
is

has

vanished

now

rains

cold

the

to

clad

supply

washed
the

roots

Punjab, being

growth

Once

of

away

had
a

cultivated

It

seems

this

that

timber, which

with

season.

soon

particles that
The

well

culture
agri-

country

however,

suppose,

once

by
the

to

was

well-nigh impossible.

reasonable
area

such

In

soft,

recent,

on

the

needs

bare

the
bound

dered
engen-

of timber,
soft

together.

grassland,
grasses

soil

"

favours

plants

89

90

with

shallow

begins

the

Of

or

semi-regime.

of the

half

been

in

from

by

followed
the

Thus

grass

ous
indigen-

climatic

regime

in

the

latitude

of

the
and

basin,

shown

above'

and

February

actually

"

light
These

winds.

ceives
re-

rains

rains

long period of drought.

Punjab

basin, it responds

Atlantic

anti-trade

are

Being

Mediterranean

January

hot

wheat

is

It

grain.

is

Punjab

it has

as

"

the

grasses,

Mediterranean

once

eastern

of

importance.
a

rains

monsoon

cultivated

Mediterranean

to

of life that

span

approach

these

at

The

the

secondly

the

to

with

of the

ie of paramount

first,and

PUNJAB

advent

with

weather.

THE

roots,

with

ends

and

Wheat.

OF

SIKHS

THE

be

may

considered
of

semi-regime

periencing
ex-

as

Mediterranean

climate.
The

and

autumn

weather,
At

the

ground
showers
the

wheat

Punjab

so

end

reaped
that

monsoon

for

seed

planted.

The

and

irrigationdevelop

The

for

without

the

quality

winter
it the
of the

is

when

the

wheat

ripens
rain

the

and

is most

grain, which
staJk, would

cold

quickly.

very

the

early

of the

end

season,

enough

early drought

grain.

the

at

in

sown

it matures

of the

is moist

is

to

the
minate,
ger-

winter

stalk, and

colours

the

important,
depends on
suft'er.

The

to sink

roots

do

into the

deeper
under

wither

net

THE

is beneficial, for

weather

cold

OF

SIKHS

THE

it

91

the

causes

soil,so that they

heat

the

PUNJAB

the

of

early

drought.
To

"

about

precipitation of

annual

mean

inches

15

may

be

regarded as a minimum,
except
special conditions, as, for example,

generally
under

rain

all the

when

when

or

season,

irrigation,most
land

falls

the

during

irrigation or dry

At

practised."*
the

McFarlane:

Mr.

quote

between

f aiming

is

therefore, without

present,
of the

growing

Sind

Multau

Sagar Doab

and

and

Lahore

is too

wheat, but when

irrigation
facilities improve, these
be
regions would
wheat
capable of producing an average
crop.

dry

to

grow

Colonists
that

would

1889

Chenab

follow

soon

semi-deserts
In

the

would

the

canal

"

be

the

million

into

the years

colonists

fields.
corn-

watered

now

largest in India

semi-desert, but between

nearly

canals, so

turned

region
the

the

by
was

"

1892-1901

attracted

were

to

area.

It should

be

irrigated (when

noticed

required)

during growth, while

"

that

Economic

two

cotton

Geography,"

wheat
three

or

and

P.

is

i:nly
time*

sugar-cane

24.

92

SIKHS

THE

require

OF

regularly
days.

There

is

in

adverse

low

the

wheat,

However,

its

The

weight

of

clods

the

The
from

The
square

the

wood

wheat

total

for

millet

wheat

and

and

in

is

grown.

not

acre.

This

more

with
not

is but

is

(suhaga)

down

by

dragged
is hand

the
the

over

and

sown,

sickle.
for

manured,
in the

the

and

sun

dung

used

as

scarce.

the

covers

average,

Originally
export,

while

maize.

At

millet,

native

iron-shod

an

harrow

the

is dried

can

tural
primitive agricul-

the

seed

and

gluten,

being

weighed

crop

on

area.

intended
on

are

cattle

miles

of

(hal)

the

fields

fuel, since

the

driver, and

the

is cut

the

is

hard

primitive ideas, and

board

oxen;

wheat

the

light

Punjab

poor,

use

plough

flat

by

that

milling,

to

contrivance;

simply

the

is

bushels

implements,
wooden

for

yield

explained by

labour.

growing

violet

of the

areas

valuable

be

and

starch, but rich

in

eleven

in

to

plant.

therefore

than

blue

of

other

poor

ten

every

latitudes, namely,

the

to

watered

disadvantage

one

large percentage

In

PUNJAB

be

to

fourteen

wheat

THE

or

wheat

20,000

some

or

about

all the
the
the
and

of

22%

wheat

was

people lived
present

maize,

day,
are

together

mixed

make

to

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

the

93

tlat bread

usual

(chapatis).
The

the

wheat

from

the

during the

increase

at

war

minute

due

was

the

prices following

of

rise

Punjab

the

annually, but increases

fluctuates

rate;

of

export

to

European

demand.
In

India

1917

bushels

bushels

of eleven

produces

the

on

bushels

million

of

our

It

takes
the

reach

port,

Suez) for the

it arrives
In
on

grown
known

and

in

the

; the

grain port

three
to

or

port

reach

weeks

of the

Europe.

to

grain
(via

England,

to

the

where

staple
Maize

planted in July and

ing
police districts, border-

States, little wheat

Phulkian

food

by the various
Cherri.

one-quarter

spring.

Thanas,

the

least

Indian

and

grain
late

at

168

Punjab

the

that

by rail for the

days

two

million

140

imported

so

the

Karachi,
nearest

jab
Pun-

the

acre,

Kingdom

capable of supplying

Punjab, is the

the

on

one^-third is exported.

is

needs.

two-thirds

about

wheat,

of

the

average

United

the

1917

million

Working

to

about

bushels, of which
In

about

locally.

consumed

were

basis

of which

of wheat,

376

produced

of Muki,

names

and

This

is maize.

Millet

harvested

Maize

is Millet.

Chilli,

(Jawar)
in the

is

are

middle

04

SIKHS

THE

November.

of

either

THE

The

whole

roasted

make

to
"

OF

the

PUNJAB

heads

of

or

ground

are

maize

the

flat

universal

are

into

flour

cakes,

or

chapatis."

Sugar-

Ghanna,

Kamad,

Kaniadi,

or

usually planted
shallow

from

March

is made

trough

into

this

is laid

pieces

and

the

whole

well

plants shoot
required

juice

six inches

and

The

young
the

at

pith supplying

notlrishment.

The

Ahmedgarh

Station,

the

is cut

crop

cane,

downwards

the

of

deep

of last season's

irrigated.

upwards

the

nodes,

April.

to

some

is

sugar-cane,

Can".

in

October.
Near

Ahmedgarh.

October,

1918, the standing

maize, millet,

Being

Minerals.

inferior

Range

at

the

N.-W.

the

Salt

in

Cotton.

The

variety

the

quality

Range,

or

of

Punjab
that

five months

of life. Most

the

Salt

the

in

is found

Rawalpindi
from

entirely by

petroleum

sion,
divi-

surface

pits.
is

in

of

salt is mined

in the

cotton

are

Coal

near

is used

some

shallow

matures

minerals

is found

it is collected
from

comprised

Punjab.

Rock

places

13th

sugar-cane.

This

and

crops

plain,

Railway.

number

pools

from

Dandot.

where
of

and

alluvial

an

absent

almost
very

peas,

the

on

quick-growing

October,

after

about

of it is of the short-

stapled variety

known

great demand

in

a
so

It has

by

demanded

keenly

sensitiveness
in

of

Punjab.

the

with

and

heat

done

the

Near

of

monsoon

is

The

is

much

by

quality

being

careful

the

is

district

this

Ka

Karpar

extracted
There

the

also

and

are

gins

tected
pro-

of

the

there

Here

wool

fields

thorn.

Chhapar

large agricultural

where

Khana."

and
are

the

in

conveyed

are

cotton

and

of

villages

by hedges

goats

Ahmedgarh,

to

The

largest,

from

cotton

the

Jandiaii

cotton.

the

from

"

the

sive
exces-

fortnight.

and

the

usually

carts

the

Irrigation

between

canal

acres

All

of

variety, but

Nanakpur-Jaghera,
are

but

of seed.

selection

many

nated
impreg-

least, every
the

be

is

which

factors.

improve

to

its

to

parts

cloudiness

is of poor

cotton

is

only

can

is favourable,

the

at

necessary,

of view.

south-eastern

soil

adverse

are

season

The

salt

point

cotton

and

south

the

grown

is not

Owing

Japan.

frost3,

to

is in

which

adulterating wool, and

for

value

95

which

but

European

an

PUNJAB

Bengals,

as

Bombay,

from

important

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

the

pressed

is

seeds
into

Dehlon

at

gin,

or

are

bales.

and

at

Ludhiana.
The
tion

is

land

which

doe?

usually sandy,

admit

not

with

of

tendency

irriga- ganc|
to

de-

Dunos.

SIKHS

THE

96

into

velop
road,

an

native

few

are

road

and

"

of

four

down

of

"

the

ride

deep

with

with

fine

The

roads.
full

ruts,

sand, and

one

particular spot

and

gave

which

place

the

to

wheels

around

us

was

the

shut

country
course,

out

and

our

view

obliterated

walking

became

three

broken-

forget
spots
were

times

the

abruptly,
dunes, into

deeply.

sank

in

grass

of fifteen

feet.

surrounding

all landmarks.
a

in
At

grass.

forest

height
of

lages
vil-

the

at

ended

tonga
tall

of

holes, choked

of sand

region

one

used

forest

track

our

villages

buried

almost

of

the

we

of hidden

huge clumps reaching

This

tracks

the

out

Both

some

inaccessible

feathery

and

undergrowth

seen.

shall

had

in almost

situated

Several

be

in

Never
we

covered

were

tonga-walla,"

"tonga."

country

regards

There

the

set

reach

to

crops

exists
I

are

point

to

are

Dehlon.

Sialhur.

and

cross-country

All

goats

one

region

late in October

are
as

dune

east

besides

the

Black-

standing

At

deer,

or

sand

of Kulhur
us

the

between.

Heron,"

miles

morning

Sialhur.

few

hand, but

far

Another

and

and

passes

trees.

through a large sand dune

clumps of tall feathery grass.

herds

Kulhur

few

cuts

with

Dehlon.

Ludhiana,

with

cattle

either

on

Ludhiana-Jagraon

from

plain

open

PUNJAB

The

five miles

skinned
seen

dunes.

some

through
Deer.

THE

OF

necessity, for

Of
the

(Si

"

o
H
in

"
w

K
H
":
u

fn
Q
"
(S)

Id

Q
D
"
C/5

Z,
i

i"

a
"H

"

o
o

"

"

H
C/5

ft!

SIKHS

THE

Suddenly

sand.

iine

emerged

we

huge ploughed field with

There

nothing for it but

was

distant

the

for

line

forget that
with

found

us

poorest cultivator

"

naiTow

Galis

also

Camels
zamindar

particular

one

the camel

was

attendant.
until

then

went

he

to

round

approached

pace.

This

mounted,

the

main

over

would

In

notice

my

so

at

the

seen

even

wells.

blind-folded, and
went

of Camels,

transit

Persian

slower, stepped

the

of

came

yards.
court-

wealthy

more

mode

that

case

He

pace

by the

the

to

needed

no

measured

axle; he
it, and

continue

creased
in-

all

day.
To

be

camel

ByIes*

night in

of the

one

villages. I have

harnessed

or

At

two.

the

pass

in

or

quicker

goods between
camels

either

The

Oxen

brought home

are

"

used

are

as

at least

"

byles

fields, and

the

from

"

"byles," play

of burden.

beasts

as

Kulhur.

to

us

or

oxen,

to look

out

come

possesses!

the

evening time

had

conducted

and

us,

important part

the

shall

marching

heavy

my

who

black-skinned

The
an

recruits

of my

for

with

tramp

bee-

JJever

trees.

path.

make

to

sinking like lead into the fine sand, and

the sun
Luckily,
scorching one's back.

boots

one

sign of

no

to

on

97

the

hardly drag the tonga through

could

pony

PUNJAB

THE

OF

squats

on

all

98

THE

SIKHS

When

fours.
the
a

OF

with

succession

PUNJAB

is seated

one

camel,

behind

gurgling

causes

then

upright
to

one

be

its forelegs,

on

which

fours,

the

assume

by

up

wards,
jerked back-

all

on

driver,

stands

first

to

one

the

cry,

of movements,

which

causes

THE

perpendicular

again.
The

motion

becomes

on

accustomed

five "kos,"

does

for its

its head

with

of

short

silver

on

at the

rings

which

bar

This

bright-

is controlled

to the

bar,

camel,

passes

is thickest

in

centre.

The

with

tied up
I

have

seen
"

saddle

the saddle
many

as

with

raised

rider;

over

the

pommels

seat

of the

he

on

wishes

cloth.

four

father, and

usually made

camel

tail is usually

to

as

wood,

when

camel's

mother,
is

rod

The

by its end

camel

The

bamboo

faster.

go

the

simply belabours

driver

neck

it to

one

of

camel

of reins fastened

means

of his

streamers

The

through the nostrils.

the

Punjab,

great deal

ribbons.

coloured

the

hour, easily

an

The

ground.

thinks

Sikh

adorns

end

miles

ten

camel

good

use.

The

by

soon

one

sandy soil, is especiallyadapted

of its

account

it.

to
or

broken

any

and

peculiar, but

is very

people

two

for two

children.
; it

is of

of each

in front

saddle

on

is

spread

THE

"

"

razais

Beneath
a

long

of

(kind
the

"

OF

SIKHS

quilts) and

saddle

kirpan,"

cloth

affair with

inches

wide.

This

who

dwell

broad

qq

usually kept

knife

blade

knife

PUNJAB

mats.

is

Sikh

or

curved

natives

THE

of

two

some

is carried

around

long

"

by

tho

Raikot

and

Bassian.
The

agricultural implements
and

primitive
only
than
is

rakes

made

and

single furrow,

plough

is little better

sharpened stake shod with iron.

called a
hal," and closely resembles

This

"

"

harrow,

wooden

is drawn

hard

clods

which

on

the

over

stands,

by

shape

resembles

The

oxen.

Into

The
whole

Sikh

is called

the
this

is

"gadda."

four-wheeled

affair,

of the

body

gadda
gable of

inverted

placed

kind

Railways

some

are

convenient

transit.

wishes

villager often

family

visit

Suhaga.

the

of

in
a

bag

of matting.

made

Harrowor

into fine soil.

drawn

house.

the driver

of

ground, crushing

agricultural cart
slow, cumbrous

The

consists

suhaga,"

or

platform,

This

It is

the

plough.

The

if

The

Roman

to

wood.

of

Plough

most

are

from

one

village to another,
"

well-known
many
are

miles
a

Accordingly,

his

to take

away

too

the

"

Mela
as

or

or

fair.

rule, and

costly means
"gadda" is

of
used.

cart
Gadda.
or

THE

100

SIKHS

The

OF

THE

PUNJAB

whole

family ride inside, and huddle

The
together like herrings in a barrel.
household

utensils

The

cart.

travellers

and

have

of the

Rath.

road

The

Carriage
or

such

ney,
jour-

well.

as

from

side

one

other.

wheeled

carriage, with

with

cloth

red

of the

most

route

obsolete

almost

the

guided willy-nillyby the

devious

the

to

behind

on

driver

the

cart

following a

oxen,

sleep

sometimes

met

slung

are

and

Rath,

low

or

its covered-in

curtains,

may

four-

body,

still be met

with, but only in the out-of-the-way districts.

It is used

for the

by drawing the curtains

quite comfortable

with

enabling the travellers

The
an

Sikh

is

'-ushions

are

those

Ahmedgarh,
to

be

Punjab

where

the

raw

ginned and

7,728
*

possesses

Chamber

and
finds

120

of

City, and

district

is

cotton

India

pressing mills,

such

trict
dis-

Ludhiana

pressed.

124,506

operatives.*
London

one

Ludhiana

in Dehlon,

to

mats,

in industries.

1,709 ginning and

work

and

is

sleep at full length.

to

only factories in the

The

interior

Consequently,

little engaged

sent

The

pants
occu-

essentially a landowner

agriculturist.

him

the side the

at

completely hidden.

are

Industries.

of women-folk

conveyance

sesses
posplying
sup-

The

operatives.

mills, employing

The

majority

Commerce

Journal,

of

such

36/6/20.

workmen

them

curved

brass

local

cooking utensils,

Punjabi

heelless

toe

It is

Amritsar

that

carried

are

of
the

other

wants

cities

like

Lahore

manufactures
"

threads.

This
hand.

Cotton

locally

that

of

Delhi,

with

These
coloured

silk stuffs
and

by

the

are

also

Amritsar

to

The

gold

Benares,

and

the

bazaars

in

appear

and

made.

from

from

goat.

is all done

and

Ludhiana

filigreework,
come

and

needs.

goods

that

are

made

are

of the

Lahore

at

local

Many
as

hair

embroidery

manufactured

supply

cultural
agri-

large quantities

locally embroidered

are

by

the

importance

any

shawls, which

cream-coloured

men

of

industries

Kashmir

shawls

101

on.

Amritsar
"

in

only

shoes, the

and

implements,
made.

PUNJAB

practically self-supporting.

are

the

THE

Sikhs.

not

are

Villages
In

OF

SIKHS

THE

Amritsar

ornamental
the

deries,
embroi-

brass

ivory carving
and

carpets

not

are

silver

and

such

furs

vases

from
from

Afghanistan.
Lahore
of

and

overland

flows

in from

Some

60%

agriculture.

Amritsar

and
all
of

are

local

points
the

This

large entrepots

merchandise,
of the

people

which

compass.
are

percentage,

in

engaged
owing

to

io2

THE

OF

SIKHS

climate

adverse

more

growth

of

Ganges

basin.

The

of

trade

the

in

of wheat
the

The

Papulation.

rains

fail,
is

whose

with

400

some

the

less

low

as

150

This

density

cheap
because

the

people

stamped
local

comprises

which

the

the
out

native

two-

some

of

living

ideas,
will

so

mile, while

canals

in

is

population

as

labour

is

cheap

low.

is very

that

dant
abun-

means

and

western

The
vative
conser-

tration
adminis-

cial
be, progressively benefiWestern

area.

famines

Central

densely peopled

population

of

cost

from

mile.

square

The

is, and
to

Punjab

square

labour.

in their

provincial

latter is with

primitive, uneducated,

are

is

tan.
Afghanis-

are

regions

the

to

season,

and

of

areas

the

to

fertile

bad

ment
move-

movement

probably

came

All the fertile

Asia.

feature

pastoral-agriculturalpeople

ancestors

The

the

of

millions,

Jats,

are

main

almost

is the

this

Yarkand,

population

thirds

the

In

trade.

Ladakh,

that of the

considerable

greater

depends

year

Karachi.

twenty

some

Punjab

to

trans-frontier

Kashmir,

less than

normal

There

checked.
and

the

the

to

agriculture, and

trade

when

and

industries, is

entirely on
of

PUNJAB

THE

by
and

the

by

contact

has

improvement

the

establishment

of

of

irrigation

an

the

wheat

is

wall

of

the

East

day

the

and

the

the

influenced

Punjab

same

The
the

"

the

West

desire

the

that

in

at

the

this

stimulus
for

this

food.

great

premature
the

past

present
the

influence
to

of

carry

of

West;

responds

wheat.

growing
the

of

the

was

growing

the

so

equal

markets.

about

Empire,

Roman

needs

the

building

brought

103

contact

European

the

that

its

not

railways

for

China

of

fall

said

has

originated

western-built
Karachi

to

It

is

which

and

wheat,

PUNJAB

Western

world.

stimulus

THE

that

system

whole

the

in

OF

SIKHS

THE

East,

influence
in

both

by
cases

CHAPTER

VI.

RECRUITING

METHODS.

majority

The

of

entirely

ignorant

methods

adopted

high-caste

the

to

Indian

Army

Indian

conduct

never

chief
for

were

in

of

before

war-like

recruits,

races

The

and

was

in

called

over-recruited,

so

104

that

East

France,

of

few

the

were

scale

the

of

country
far

to

upon

upon

scoured

parts

many

the

upon

even

campaign

the

Army.

Dardanelles,

was

attempted.

and
for

made

and

recruiting

are

Indian

the

Palestine,

Government

recruits

demands

great

England

procedure

obtain

to

Mesopotamia,

Africa,
the

the

of

regiments

Owing

in

people

and

wide

Punjab
left

to

THE

the

till

India

districts
who

had

usually

These

depots

for

brought

despatched

formed

the

the

of

1918

weekly,

that

so

were

units.

the

being

were

call for

recruits

always persistent.
The

with

of

founding

the

unit

new

of

appointment

usually began

hundred

the

then

men,

left to its

unit

new

to

resources

own

plan usually adopted

The

The

1""^^.

Colonel, followed

by that of other white officers.

of
nucleus
regiment furnished
a
and

be

to

they

regiments

new

minent
pro-

central

were

before

various

officer,

assistant.

aid

recruits

examination

to

During

white

officials,established

which

to

into

recruiting

with

105

greater

divided

another

officers,
native

was

white

PUNJAB

The

then

was

mder

THE

fields.

ancestral

of

part

OF

SIKHS

The

parent

some

three

was

brigaded

find recruits.

wa3

to

send

under
native officers to
parties of trained men
These parties had
their own
neighbourhood
.

to

report

orders
with

were

to
any

to
were

instructions

at

then

sent

to

their

the
From

recruiting officer.

certain
men

for

own

office

of

here, the

villages

with

parade again on a pre-arranged day

ducing
succeeded
in inrecruits they had
them.

accompany

examined

by

the

These
British

recruits

recruiting

io6

SIKHS

THE

OF

the

by

officer,passed
the

THE

plan

better

main

the

being

sent

such

officer

Recruit*ig

iined

had

to

main
of

sides

"

official

opposite^side

At

a'

an

done

were

the

member

the

under

room

the

and

tiny
busy

were

statistics.

the verandah

offices of the

examining

on

side in the

(native clerks)

was

lacing

containing

rickety-looking tables.

on

officer and

and

wall
one

square

buildings,

bounded

correspondence

work

Sometimes

doctor,

"

babus

well,

hollow

mud
On

swing-gates.

rooms

with

high

through

pass

verandah

columned

by

side

double

recruiting

cottage-like mud-brick

with

always

was

depot.

gravel-strewned courtyard,

open

as

He
local

the

the

at

three

boasting of
a

of

latter 's hands

Imagine

ceive
re-

regimental British

all recruits

officer,and

could

training before

charge.

in

orders

the

under

depot

placed

was

of

regimental headquarters.

to

on

tal
regimen-

all recruits

preliminary

little

Over

Main

to

sent

neighbourhood

the

Here

depot.

establish

to

was

recruiting depot in

and

doctor,

regiment.
A

the

PUNJAB

of the

On

the

British

native

of the I. M.S.

early hour

the

courtyard and

the

filled with
medley
a
beyond were
of sepoys,
sirdars, babus, loafers, and
mass
impresgot a confused
recruits, so that one

compound

SIKHS

THE

waistcoat

safa, and

or

travel-stained

his

from

proceeded

speed

the

take

chest

when

air

kinch

novice

on

'

clan

eye,

position
individual
If

in

would

the

promising

suffering from

little

"

got

or

skill.

look

bones, the

of

the
of

name

all clues.

height

to

recruits

England

obeyed the call, so

To

unerring

skin, the

to

recruiting

the

one

cheek

told

have

"

out

by the doctor.
as

place

chest).

your

skins

as

the

took

being

on

with

of the
are

measurement,

"

dusky

successful

examined

lungs

of

recruit.

persist in expelling all

another

coarseness

height and

sometimes

single

The

amazing

of each

features, but

can

from

with
the

(expand

of

row

and

measure

his

discriminative
officer

to

officer

recruiting

office

would

from

peth
a

the

check

recruit

the

many

of

corner

expression

measurement

temporary

1918

generally

one

vacant

hour

fixed

emerged

the

recruits

faces.

At

"

dirty, dust-covered,
The

with

courtyard

their

dhotis.

107

hued

brilliant

squatted together in

huddled
the

with

suits, relieved

muiti

PUNJAB

kashmir-cloth-

uniforms, white

of khaki

sion

THE

OF

"

passed

Towards
the best

that

the

looking

several

were

chest

and

men

doctor
men,

complaints.

to be

on

the

of

end

had
threw
who

earl}
out
were

The

sue-

108

THE

SIKHS

cessful

OF

recruit

jersey, and
the

to

sheet-roll

received

sent

was

Recruiting
ep0

It

"

maidan

camp

shaped

situated

was

furnished

boots,

for
a

the

many

games

the

on

green

its margins

on

well

lay
of

rows

meal

the

month's

very

simple

wear

his

training was

alongside the

near.

gable-

green

flag

regimental

recruit

was

consisting of
(drill tunic), puttees,
Then
(head
dress).

"

him

other

on.

was

uniform,

safa

officers,to make

in

in mind

passers-by the object

the flag paced a sentry.

kurta

and

began

and

days'

to

and

with
"

shorts,

to

recruit's

three

quoit, the

beneath

wash

good

out

yellow

announced

After

how

laid

camp

drill of

placed end

tents

emblem,

Road,

trees.

was

containing
of the

over

quarters,
regimental head-

(plain), overhung

by giant pipal
The

the

recruiting depot I have

Jullundur-Ludhiana
"

The

sometimes

were

cnos"n-

Regimental

handed

was

depot.
to

on

woollen,

away.

The
we'^

fiftyrupees,

regimental

which

journey

PUNJAB

blanket, then

local

THE

He

nature.

uniform,

to

preliminary
was
taught
salute

his

simple military movements,

matters.

The

sports' side of

forgotten. In the evening

were
ture
organised. The most
popular feawas
wrestling : to enable this to be played
sods were
stripped off a patch of ground
not

and

soil well

the

jump,

highly, but

skill

the

on

abounded

field, where

headlong

my

rush

by

evenings
for

meal,
The

so

the

up

The
whole

short

by the

ankles

my

The

with
game

being

tured
punc-

"

sing-songs

were

had

was

art ; all

of notes

chant,

was

the

very

which

ranged
ar-

took

blazing
evening

spontaneous.

was

acknowledged

joined in the

savoured
to

their

had

by

led

These

around

trees

enjoyment

performance

monotonous

"

men

their

of the

range

frequently

ball

the

pipal

The

singing

experts

by the tactics

special benefit.

my

place under
log fire.

of

thorn.

Some

with

the

of

part in such

walking-stick.

generally ended

"-

scrum

who

simple expedient of hooking

his curved-handled

"

took

Subadar-Major,

brought

one

goalposts, but

laid low

often

was

kicked

plentiful growth

Football,

jumbled

confines

I sometimes

prickly cacti.
and

the

re-

their

keep

and

to

players

game

not

This

approached

generally wandered

the

the

109

high

I tried

the

at

they pushed

never

game,

jump,

amused

indiscriminately.

mass

of

turn.

players would

in which

another

their

PUNJAB

preferred getting in

places, but

like

Long

great

no

The

suited.

up.

It

football.

introduce

mass,

dug

all had

races,

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

chorus.

limited, and
of

the

rhythmetic-

all kept time

by

"

'

Singongs-

OF

SIKHS

THE

no

the

high

t*ve

Work,

The

fell

had

the

to

head

the

run

the

goats, and
connected

keep

to

In

supervision.
draw

back

looked

as

another

the

above

of

purchasing

of

other

things
in GuruThese

had

were

constant

Havildar

could

the

trick

records

finally

of order.

or

turned

idly

of
he

discovered,

his

thrown

had

the

words

One
t0 tour

however,

case,

in

for

and

of the duties
the

and

It

pages

figures

exception

an

well

accounts

trained,
are

oughly
thor-

trustworthy.

of the

surrounding

is

when

of

charge

competent

Tours.

and

that

general rule,

Havildars

Recruiting

the

when

had

records

without

of sequence

one

without

them.
The

to

if

the

soldiers, yet

case,

fill,so

semblance

no

while

to

"

Havildars.

as

which,

pages

officer.

written

accounts
one

white

one

were

straight lines,

missing
went

and

good

of

the

milk,

extra

the camp

however

unable

at

of

work

show

All

kept by the

and

men,

"

whole

hundred

with

makhi

had

liarity
pecu-

always produced

of the

assistance.

clothing issued,

not

feat

One

prolonging

administrative

on

clerical

any

the

was

Such

whole

depot
He

bodies.

applause.

great
Administra-

singing

notes.

PUNJAB

their

of

movements

of the
the

THE

British

country

officer

was

in company,

I received

Friday
at

there

As

away.

return

by tonga,

on

the

following day.

country

with

by

bamboo

of

sun.

Four

were

packed

and

was

their

large canal,

for

save

(mosque),

It

night,

so

the

and

impossible
put

we

was

up
very

to

Mullanpur.

quent,
fre-

were

The
of

influence

road-side

The

"

lages,
vil-

ziarat

road

without

canal

hungry,
He

the

tall grasses

holes.

that

rest~hou"e
so

came

"

in

wa3

stay in Raikot

at the

village to forage.

journey

gleaming

was

near

grass.

The

all of mud.

condition,

halt

agriculture and

to

up

way,

always denoted

the

to

white

of the

dunes

feathery

cattle.

the

were

was

Ba.ssian.
to

of

breeding

excellent

tall

knew

pony

to

was

given

was

The

up

Sand

half, owing

remaining

the

of

the

valise,

my

of the

given

their presence

crop

was

springs,

half-way

pasture.

and

by

of

open,

rough

and

tonga

to

inch

every

first half

The

The

tonga.

trotted

Mullanpur.

pelled
com-

was

night,

one

addition

that

exception

the

protection against

in

us,

and

work,

country

as

into

mile3

ragged matting, supported

of

canes,

Loan
27

some

indifferent

with

one

piece

stay

present

War

railway,

no

was

go

and

with

Kaikot,

at

to

rough

its

held

One

be

to

and

recruiting

be

to

PUNJAB

magnates.

invitation

an

combined

meeting,

local native

possible, with

if

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

sent

my

back

at

boy
after

Ba9Slftn,

with

hour

an

millet,

have

THE

PUNJAB

coarse

flour

made

some

artichokes.

and

eggs,

after I had

to say,

for

drink
This

sugar.

which

mug,

served

was

of

part

was

Being without
in

brought
had

its

set

the

local

Ludhiana

morning.

the

in

attired
also

the

wore

Outside

War

was

the

salt

the

local

intended

cool

made

the

who

magistrate,
red

clothes,

fez.

lumbadars
On

neying
jour-

in the

magistrate's house

assembled.

frjen(}a j^

before

I arrived

Mussulman

usual

or

betimes,

up

was

had

ceremonial

village headmen
Loan

course

even

by tonga
Meanwhile,

the

of

acquaintance
but

sites.
requi-

shaving

my

or

old enamel

an

plates, each

who

magnates,

from

was

in

following morning I
out for Raikot, where

and

of

milk

piece of leaf.

^ne

Raikot.

produced

was

plantain leaves;

on

I could

tub,

without

tea

strong
tea

from

cutlets, artichokes,

chapatis," chicken

and

had

dinner

anything.

eaten

"

some

chicken,

Needless

of

OF

SIKHS

THE

ii2

the

fifty

some

with

their

arrival

of the

Meeting.

speakers the meeting

leaving
under

their

the

shoes

verandah

The

opened.
outside,
to

listen

to

who

in turn

first

speakers explained the War

had

obtained

district, and

mounted

kind

list of all the

had

headmen,
massed

were

the

speakers,

of rostrum.

chief

Loan
men

The
;

they

of the

already placed opposite

the

Plate VIII.

i i

Goats

Eating

Pet

Kid.

Young

Shoots.

Tree

Grounds

Deer,

Recruiting
Ludhiana.

Rest

House,

Camp,

Bassian.

SIKHS

THE

certain

names

THE

OF

which

sums

PUNJAB

supposed

were

113

to

dual.
to the wealth of each indiviproportionate
The native speakers possessed a wealth
of picturesque and vehement
language; all
to the
driven home
the salient points were
accompaniment of loud bangs and shaking of
the fist.
One
were
by one the chief men
singled out and asked what they were
pared
preto give. Some
hesitated,and tried to
skill how
with all an Eastern's
heavy
prove
be

the burden

of poverty

however,

loud

Shahbash

"

In the end, each

!" (well

the

the extent

to

certain sum,

hearers,

testify to
or

oxen

held.

was

subscribe

to
a

and

of camels

of land that

the

fruitless, for

were

being rival villagers,could

number

confessions,

Such

was.

mised
pro-

and earned

done)

from

the

speaker.
After the War

held, with

was

dar
"

Loan,

recruitingmeeting
"

the result that each

lumba-

^
"ng

Recruit-

Meeting.

"

promised to find two recruits. The old

sirdars," Indian
officers,each wearing
medals,

many

for

glisten

chat.

came

How

round
their

afterwardseyes

would

the

mentioning of their old

regiments !
They are truly the grand old
grey-beards of the village,and many
the
are
stories they tell of nights to an opened-mouth
audience of villagers.
on

THE

ii4

SIKHS

OF

Afterwards
Characteristic

Meal.

uost

mv
oner

with

boiled

their

on

into

the

common

and

did

the

novel

ate

of

watched

glass.

brought

in

placed

was

considered
wash

to

that

water

attendants.
that

no

The
account
company

the

the

on

of

time

to

immense

my

hands

al

kettle,
with
soap,

luxury,
in

the

by

method

of

washing

by

my

shade
certain

brass1

the

and

on

Indian
tea

one

trived
con-

of

of

the

ensured

touch.

account

lawyer.
with

aid

which

pleasanter both

was

pleasure of having

was

stream

This

defiled

was

that

water

over,

Sunlight

an

consisting of

door

like

and

eyes

out

the

table

rough

my

floor, and

of

journey back
of

round

poured

was

had

around

was

vessel

and

guests

time

meal

vessel

tiny piece

at

with

The

brass

of

chicken,

flashing pairs of

stained

plements
im-

my

reclined

From

through

me

bone

consisted

other

I sat

I could

many

by dipping their fingers

dish.

implements.

aware

The

All

best

brand-

were

This

floor, and

to

six blades, and

Such

water.

what

discoloured

the

cloth.

was

with

meal

the

of.soda

meal

white

of

scoured,

shaky

although.

to

as

rice, millet, chapatis,

bottle

pan

meal,

was

discovered.

were

for

town

penknife

knife,

handle,

offered

was

The

American

tea

PUNJAB

(lllite
perplexed

Wa9

me.

new

THE

this

of

on

the

I had

gentle-

OF

SIKHS

THE

This

afterwards.

man

hard-boiled

eggs,_

black

It

tea.

and

hand

beaten,

the

was

the

the

and

same

and

to

this

see

shell oft' an

to me;

over

of

grapes,

amusing

very

n5

consisted

sweetmeats,

latter

did

PUNJAB

meal

carefully take

gentleman

THE

I,

so

handed

egg
to be

not

hira

in

one

return.

During
I

in the

stayed
making
visited

this

to

With
as

served

go

heavy,
two

These,

as

the

season

with

maize.

Here

and

All

were

bv

machinery,

and

there

of

all the
and

saw

convey

his

drawn
the

by
fields.

autumn,

millet

were

and

in smaller

sugar-cane

process

kit,

With

on

of

crop

During

hand.

primitive

very

early

ripening

in the
cut

to

across

was

patches prevailed.
were

went

was

zamindar

byle-wagon,

covered

crops

local

rest-house

of

fortnight's tour.

the

while

train.

amount

induced

cumbrous

oxen,

by

trict
dis-

that

so

Ahmedgarh

was

to

while

This

villages.

persuasion

kit

Jaghera:

at

railway,

as

for

District,

headquarters

considerable

(land-owner)
my

by

food

little

Charpar

rest-house

my

far

as

I had

me

the

surrounding

I carried

canal

place

the

is well

able

in

tour

one

stay all these

my

being harvested.
nu

agricultural

implements
constructed

used

were

chiefly

of

wood.
The

local

folk

wore

the

dhoti

(kilt),and

^inct

n6

have

time

shoes

on

worn

out

their heads

I had

villages I

had

miles

visited

off

the

among

the

the
that

in

rough

from

lages
vil-

country
five

Dehlon,

sun

the

ruts

of

sink

that

wound

the

in

and

meet

was

period

taining
con-

leaves

which

deeper,
cart

so

roads

it is

two

feet

the

of

would

god.

the

that

tracks
of

an

of time

springless tonga

preferred

times

In process

level

such

equanimity

fact, anywhere
fields

tracks,

hard.

general

negotiated
I

wheel

deep

deeper

remain

The

willydunes,

irrigated periodically,

were

to

sand
in

straight line.

sight

common

at

practically confined

was

of tall grass;

bakes

British

inter-communication

traffic at such

soon

below

macadamised

tracks

track

tonga

hot

this

usual

main

villages

inheritance

the

the

prepare

These

arrival.

daily

clumps
but

it

to

irrigated fields,over

amongst

To

recruits

roads,

nilly across

in

tortuous

mere

so

being

proposed visiting,

on

my

came

engineered
to

from

away.

Once

Inter-

sent

for

which

tonga,

their

carrying
them

"a

soon.

previously
I

tions.

save

inhabitants

the

Communica-

to

too

Many

footgear.

travellers

met

all the

To

without

walked

generally

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

THE

ground.
while

disturb
ingly,
Accord-

walking,
although
equally trying, for my

OF

SIKHS

THE

THE

PUNJAB

117

heavy boots sank into the damp soil,or sand,

had
playful habit of
a
and
prickly thorns
In
but

places the

other

had

we

negotiate

by

accompanied

to

channel

easily got

We

much

took

horse

the

but

across,

in order

banked-up

right angles.

at

enough,

wide

was

suddenly

up

occasional

an

crossed

that

pull

to

road

boots.

of my

through the lace-holes

in

getting

persuasion,

lengthy expletive from

the

induced

to

be

it could

tonga-walla, before
drag the tonga over.

generally
to the dharmsala,
conducted
guest-house,
or
and there, seated in an armchair, if the village
boasted of one, or on a string-bed, if not, the
On

my

arrival at

village I

was

greybeards would squat around me in

business.
while
I explained my
dharmsala

is

of the

sure

of

indication

village.

In

circle
semi-

The

the

perity
pros-

large villages the

best-built
of
the
is
one
guest-house
with
adorned
often
is
buildings, and
lages
quaint carvings and paintings. In small vilthe guestthe village main
house.
gate forms

After

the

recruiting

usually offered boiled goat's milk

brass

vessel.

In

usually signed their

was

noticeable

one

names

meeting
in

shallow

village white
in

that the date of

was

men

register.

previous sig-

It

Dharmsala.

k8

THE

mine

to

nature

was

territories

recruiting

on

"

good

island

Thanas

British

of Ludhiana

extremely irregular. In

is

'

heron

and

native

neighbourhood

in the

District

some

cases

(Police-districts), under
but
surrounded
administration,

British

by

between

boundary

The

village

of the

White

old.

year

the

sake

duty, or for the

(deer) hunting.

j|sW

over

\isited

only

officers

PUNJAB

THE

OF

SIKHS

native
the

are

Thanas
in

Dhapali,
Thanas

are

railway

Such

territory, occur.
the

of

Shakna

Jagraon

Tehsil.

much

very

examples

track, and

and
These

isolated,being
reached

off the

only by

rough

roads.
have

Attempts

boundary
of

line

To

States, such

prospect
for the
a

fl

Outbreak.

outbreak

the

the

up

the

exchanges
ever,
How-

is the

question
of

revenue

and

sometimes

latter

having

doubtful

native

The
j

of

trouble

British

re-form

Thanas.

Malerkotla

taxed

neighbouring

to

mutual

island

keep

as

villagers are
Naturally,

as

of the

root

of taxation.

made

by making

territory, such
the

by

been

Jhind,

treble that

administered

present

advantage

of

the

of

one.

villagers object

their

tiny

to

the

trebled

taxes

being governed

potentate.

great

ravages

greatly

made

affected

by

the

influenza

recruiting

results.

seized

epidemic

The

OF

SIKHS

THE

Owing

their crowded

villages with

houses, the plague

fed

was

sufferers

made

medical

aid, but

looked

To

Allah.

from

influenza
to

living

it

to

his

death,

suffering

was

same

great

so

seek

visitation

as

he

man

of

nourished.

and

on

of

yards
court-

rooms

practically the

was

him

ordering

tell

absence

little effort

The

from

of the

in the

oxen

the

in

sometimes

or

daily.

nature

courts,
of

the presence

drains, and

In

old.

smoked

pyres

thickly populated

the

to

119

its victim, and

had

funeral

walls

the

outside

PUNJAB

and

young

house

villages every

some

on

THE

as

the

was

of it.

fear

it

good

was

to lead

load

its

of

Ludhiana

to

return

and

newspaper

with

mail

to

again,

the Calcutta

to watch

humanity

black

and

white.
The
well

The

laid

hedge-rows
of

each
so

pink
The

cacti.

Instead

birds,

form

to

of the
one

saw

sometimes

veritable

were

and

creeper

overhung

met

doubly

flowers.
roads

some

flowering

trees

side, and

as

of the

bordering

looked
of dense

masses

colour-wastes

bold

mass

their

inviting.

very

gardens

out

with

attractive
and

looked

countryside

the

roads

in the

tunnel

foliage
The
one

giant
from

middle

of

foliage.
dull-plumed English hedgerow
a

flights

of

green

screaming

120

THE

SIKHS

parrots

OF

or

shelter

of the

of

front

Bungalow

the

were

road

in

effrontery and

the

into

one's

lamp, settled

forced

was

the

sand-flies

the

form

task.

order

had

issue

of

this

time

owing

of the

to

-"-11
^ne

absence

the

to

required

little
the

brought about
banks.

buried

All

in

the

on

the

freres
con-

paid

was

was

no

bank,

an

Treasury

of

Such

by the Orientals'
silver

"

silver.

by

for
At

banks

shortage, necessitating

action.

Government

men

of any

amount

silver

great

in

through the

the

pay

obtained

be

"

night.

money

to

larger

afperpetual hum

up

hours

""sy

their

net,

time

rough

bites, while

kept

Getting

one

quito
mos-

under

bed
"

of

' '

in

until

neck

refuge under

when

gave

They
against the

of one's

nape

seek

to

Even

net.

darker

the

dak-

to

abound.

bumped

soup,

on

return

inconveniences.

many

places flies always

such

one

rats

imaginable.

only regret was

bungalow life,with its
fell

Tree

the greatest

with

one

the

seeking

across

My

In

Treasury

undergrowth.
they jumped

unconcern

Dak-

PUNJAB

frightened peacock

everywhere

THE

available

ground

shortage

little faith in
was

no

millions

by

was

doubt
of

the

natives.
The

treasury

was

built

on

the

same

lines

THE

as

It had

fort.

through

entrance

armed

guard

desks.

On

box

wooden
entries
with
This

floor

made

reed

hand

was

the writer

characters

speed of

shorthand

writer.

the
from

message

it

late, for

too

was

ledgers.
all the

the

yhe

Armistice,

join the

fiftyrupees.

recruits

more

no

to

of

came

close

to

colours, tempted by the bonus

But

Arabic

with

flocked

now

All

in

armistice,

headquarters

Recruits

depot.

the

of

news

and

get the desired

to

of Arabic

With

sat

rough

buff-coloured

thickening
a

was

of notes.

cashier

the

on

pen

enabled

pen

by

way.
gate-

silver

piles of
at

; near

an

miniature

floor before
were

and

this

at

121

ono

treasury

containing piles

were

only

who
officials,

native

the

coins

the

of

by

on

the

aluminium

and

porched gateway,

business

heels

PUNJAB

always posted

entirely conducted
their

THE

high, walls,
a

was

The

on

OF

SIKHS

were

required.
Very
reduce

regiments

now

with
to

afterwards

soon

staff had
men

earning

agriculture.
below

to

certain

they

more

Sikhs

to

work

than

did

they
the

with

the peace-time

which

far too

were

Accordingly
set

cadre.

to that

The

troops.

be demobilised

soldiers

contrary

arose

white

to

the

came

order

to

tion
situa-

existed
not

want

happy

could

as

from

administrative

discretion.

standard

were

All
de-

Deraobilisatlon-

122

OF

SIKHS

THE

mobilised,

then

weeded

Tk"
the

out.

The

were

men

The

the

Sikh

and

garrisoning

and

Far

of

make

praise

officers

who

native

regiments.

by

heads
with

so

of

public

eye,

uncalled-for
hcnour

ably

the

worthy.
trust-

of

British

fortunes

the
work

reflects
of

of

cheerfully
climate;

often

criticism,
integrity

and

peasant

tropical
which

Near

example

handful

in

part

the

in

fine

They

rigours

the

the

on

large

and

Fort.

brave,

ungainly

control

the

Dacca

loyal,

such

rough

dash

frontiers

is

were

distinguished

plays

our

He

To

small

before

now

broke

Peshawar

accustomed

action

East.

from

action,

their

state

Afghanistan

in

soldier

the

soldier

with

at

first

in

disorganised

regiments

with

bravery

race.

the

one

this

war

Sikh

themselves

under

in

recent

the

among

their

by

one

was

army

when

no

PUNJAB

out.

Afghan
War.

THE

of

seen
un-

levies

they
the

tain
main-

British

on

INDEX.

123

OF

SIKHS

THE

124

36, 41, 95,

Dehlon

THE

PUNJAB

Granth

Sahib

12, 14

100

Deer
Durbar

Sahib

Daswen

Badshah

Dress
Death

Gurus

14

Golden
Gadda

21

Govind

118

life

Diwali
Dacca

24,

Delhi

Fort

Dal

Doabs

69,84

Drought

79

Doaba

85

Sikh

Deodar

Tree

of

Density
Population

102
58

Education

53,

Fairs

40, 99

Ferozepore

Singh 13, 15,

16, 19, 61

Garba

28

Granthi
Gurm

117
27

41

24

46

77, 80, 101

50, 59,

14

Giijars

Gharra

122

51

99

42

14, 15, 61, 69

Dharmsala

Temple
Pir

Guga

14

120
Dhoti

12,

34

Rites

Dhapali
Dak- bungalow

96
ki

Grantli

52

29, 32
28, 46, 49
28, 36, 58

Garbi

28

Gurudwara

29,

30

Gopalpur
Ghit"-log
Galis

36
39

44,

48

Ghanna

94

Gateways

49

Heron

96

Harrows

92, 99

Har

Gdviud

Har

R"i

Har

Kishin

13, 15
13, 15
13, 15

Hal

92,

99

Holi

41

19, 84

Haqr

54

Food

26

Hissa

Frishta

52

Fords

69

Forts

70

Frosts

81

Forests

88

Football
Fuel

Gurumukhi
Goats

109
61

14, 58

44,

57

Hockey

38

Houses

48

Influenza
Industries

35, 50

Jat Sikh

21,26
71,95

Jaghera'
Jangpur
Jhatka

Jumping

100

54

12, 27
37

SIKHS

THE

OF

Jagraon Tehsil

57

25,

Jawar

27

Jharmat
Jurah

36
30

84, 118
3G, 56, 95

Jandiali
Jussa
Jats

Singh

17, 60
65

Jheluin

64,

PUNJAB
19, 36, 41,
69, 81, 95, 100

Love
Litigation,

Kos

60

Langa-Khana

27

Lumbadar
Lahra
Lahore

17

Kannai

32

Kirpan

99
12, 32

Kara Parshad
Kabir

14

Kannungo
Khalsa

58

12, 15, 21, 29

Kes

12

Kunga

12
12, 21

Kachh
Kashmir

18, 64,

ka Khel

57

50

77, 80, 83,

89, 101

Ladakh

60

64, 102
Sikhs

84, 86
Manjha Sikhs 85, 86
Maize
45, 93, 115
Mukhi
45, 93
Mazbhi
Sikhs
15, 61
Mullanpur
54, 111
Mela
39, 99
Moghuls
15, 16, 17
Mahrattas
16, 17
Muklawa
Multan

33

18, 77, 82,

102

Karaha
Katora
Knanda
Kursti

49,

Leather-Dressers

Malwa

Kabul

of
20

Lohar

6b

95
Karpar ka Khana
Kulhur
34, 36, 73, 96

^5

Ludhiana

93

Jhinwara

Jhind

THE

91

29

Misls

17

28

Moneylender-

23

12

Malerkotla

36

56, 84,
118

Kara

12

Mugdars

38

Khatri

23

38

Kursti-Log

50

Kangra

64

Minstrels
Music
Monsoons
Maha
Parshad

Karachi
Karuad
Kamadi
Kurta
Laws

District

93,

103
94

Marriage

94

Millet
Minerals

21, 46

of Inheritance

38
74

28
93
94

Nanakpur-Jaghera
87

71

126

THE

SIKHS

OF

THE

PUNJAB

Quoit Throwing

38

Razai

41

Raikot
Ram

Oxen

68, 96

Outward

of

Signs

Sikhism

11

Ornaments

24, 26'

99, 111
Das

14

12,

Rajnanand

14

Ranjit Singh
Running
Ramgarhias
Religion

18

Roads

37
60
13

69, 116

Rechna

Doab

69

Rawalpindi 77, SO,

Persian

Wells

Phulkian

67,

97

States

94
Rivers

of

89,93

Plough.

92, 99
16, 77, 82

Patiala
Persian

Invasions

Peshawar

17

Vallev

18, 69, 79,

81

Punjab
67, 72,

Ravi

69

Rainfall

of

Punjab

82

Summer

77

Winter

80

22

Rath

27

Recruiting Tours

Pital

28

Tree

53, 88

Palml

11, 15,

Pahir

34,

Annua.l

Pagri
Pangat
Pipal

73

40, 100

Sugar-cane

110

91, 94
115

29
36

Sand-dunes

Puranas

52

Sialhur

72, 95
36, 53, 96

Paijamaa

21

Suhaga

92, 99

Patta

57

Sirhind

17

P/anchaifc

58

Patwari

58

Sirdars

18,

Shadi

29

Singh
Physique

of Sikhs

Panjal

Pass

Petroleum

18, 85

64

Safa

21, 22

94

Saluna
Soorts

102
Coat

20

Wars
Senussi

Population of Punjab
Posteen

12, 15,

Sikh

19, 83
Pir

48

81

Samrala
Shakna

19
27

3T
Tehsil

57
118

SIKHS

THE

OF

THE

PUNJAB

127

Sunt

52

Travel, Love

Schools

53

Toba

56

Safedpost

58

Tehsildar

57

Sirpanch

59

Thai-

SiHii

35

Shamlat

59

Sauti

37

Phanka

Streets

44, 48

Sweepers

GO,

61
64

Simla

Sutlej

64, 69, 77, 84

of

Desert

62, 65,
72

Temperature

74, 81,
83

Tamarisk

Tree

89

Trade

102

Treasury

120

Tobacco

12

67

Soil
Siiul Sagar

Doab

Underground

Water

69,89
Simimer

Rainfall

77

14

23

59

Emperor

Sakangas
Sahukar

89

Tree

Rhisham

83

Tree

Range

89

Signs of Sikhism
Singing

11

Salt

67
43
Villages
44, 49
Village Gates
59
Village Council
land
Village Common

80

Snow

Sal

23

109

Village Wall
Vegetation
Women

Wrestling

Tonga
Tegh Bahadur

57, 118
40, 116

13, 15, 61
Tindo

27

Tori

27

Tliali

28

Tehsil

57

Tawa

28

Tarkhan

60

57

Wells, Persian
Winter

88

24, 46
37, 44, 50

Ward
Thanas

53

Rainfall

67, 97
80

Woodland

88

Wheat

90

128

THE

SIKHS

THE

OF

PUNJAB

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Cunningham

History

Cedwthee

Notes

Falcon

Handbook

of

the

Sikhs.

Sikhs.

on

Sikhs

on

for

Regimental
"

Candler

The

Mantle

GouGH"I"WES...The

of

Sikhs

Officers

ev

and

the

East.

the

Sikh
Wars

McGregor

History

Rice...

Notes

Macatjliffe

The

M.\cauliefe

of the
Sikhs.

on

Religion

Sikh

Gurus,

Sacred

Article

on

"

Sikhs

"

Its

Writings,
Sikhism

Encyclopaedia
Bingiey

Sikhs.

"c

"

Britannica.

Handbooks

for

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the

Army.

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AFRICA.

SOUTH

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INDIA.

By John Thornton.

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