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dS =
P
1
dU + dV .
T
T
dU = TdS PdV .
Adiabatic
enclosure
T1
Idea gas
T2
diaphragm
Assuming T2 > T1. Opening diaphragm, heat flows from T2 to T1 until equilibrium
when T2 decreases to T2 and T1 increases to T1.
For the U in the total system remains fix (i.e., energy gain in the left half = energy
lost in the right half):
T2' = T1 + T2 T1'
So,
In general, for the time being we take T1 and T2 unequal to each other.
T1'
T2'
T1'
T2'
q
q
dT
dT
S = 1 + 2 =CV
+ CV
T T T
T
T
T
T
T
1
S = CV ln
TT
T (T1 + T2 T1 ' )
= CV ln
T1T2
T1T2
' '
1 2
'
1
=0
T1T2
dT1'
i.e.,
T1 + T2 2T1 ' = 0
T1 ' =
And
Thus, at T1 ' = T2 ' =
T1 + T2
2
T2 ' = T1 + T2 T1 ' =
T1 + T2
2
T1 + T2
, the S is at the extremum. Furtheremore,
2
d 2 T1' (T1 + T2 T1 ' ) 2
< 0.
=
T1T2
d (T1' ) 2
T1T2
Solution: Since we have two unknowns, we need to set up two equations. The first
one related entropy change to the two unknown temperatures and the send one
relates the heat to the two unknown temperatures.
(1):
(2):
(3)+(4):
(1)
(2)
T2
T1
T2
T1
T2 = 2T1
6236 = 2.5 8.3144 (T2 T1 )
T2 = T1 + 300
(3)
(4)
T1 = 300 K, T2 = 600 K.
Solutions: Since we only have one unknown, we need one single equation (of
state) that relates the unknown to the two given quantities.
For an isothermal process, dU = 0, q = w
q w
=
dS =
T
T
q w
T = constant:
S = =
T T
w
1729
T=
So,
=
= 300 K.
S 5.763
We can actually solve the problem without the need of information of actual
volume change (doubling).
V2
V2
V
RT
w = PdV =
dV = RT ln 2 = RT ln 2
Alternatively,
V
V1
V1
V1
So,
T=
w
1729
=
= 300 K
R ln 2 8.3144 0.693
We solve the problem without the need of information of entropy. This is because
for an isothermal process, volume change defines entropy change
S = R ln(V2 / V1 ) and we need to know only one of them.