Steam Tables 1993

TI-GCM-01
CM Issue 4
Cert. No. LRQ 0963008

ISO 9001
Steam Tables
Pressure
bar
0.30
0.50
0.75
0.95
1.00
1.013 25
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
kPa
absolute
gauge
Water (hf)
kJ /kg
Evaporation (hfg)
kJ /kg
Steam (hg)
kJ /kg
Specific
volume
steam
m3 /kg
289.331
340.578
384.469
411.524
417.547
419.101
419.101
430.327
440.758
450.510
459.676
468.331
476.534
484.336
491.779
498.898
505.725
512.284
518.599
524.690
530.574
536.266
541.781
547.130
552.324
557.374
562.289
571.742
580.741
589.333
597.559
605.453
613.044
620.357
627.417
634.242
640.849
656.515
671.117
684.811
697.720
709.944
721.561
732.641
743.238
753.400
763.168
772.576
781.656
790.433
798.931
807.171
815.171
822.948
830.515
837.888
845.077
852.093
858.947
865.648
872.203
884.907
897.116
908.873
920.220
931.192
941.818
952.125
2 335.28
2 304.77
2 278.10
2 261.38
2 257.63
2 256.66
2 256.66
2 249.62
2 243.05
2 236.86
2 231.02
2 225.47
2 220.19
2 215.13
2 210.29
2 205.64
2 201.16
2 196.83
2 192.65
2 188.60
2 184.67
2 180.86
2 177.15
2 173.54
2 170.02
2 166.58
2 163.23
2 156.74
2 150.53
2 144.55
2 138.80
2 133.24
2 127.87
2 122.67
2 117.61
2 112.70
2 107.92
2 096.49
2 085.70
2 075.47
2 065.72
2 056.39
2 047.43
2 038.81
2 030.49
2 022.43
2 014.63
2 007.05
1 999.67
1 992.49
1 985.48
1 978.63
1 971.94
1 965.38
1 958.96
1 952.67
1 946.49
1 940.42
1 934.46
1 928.59
1 922.82
1 911.53
1 900.57
1 889.89
1 879.49
1 869.32
1 859.38
1 849.65
2 624.61
2 645.35
2 662.57
2 672.91
2 675.18
2 675.76
2 675.76
2 679.95
2 683.81
2 687.37
2 690.69
2 693.80
2 696.72
2 699.47
2 702.07
2 704.54
2 706.88
2 709.12
2 711.25
2 713.29
2 715.25
2 717.13
2 718.93
2 720.67
2 722.34
2 723.96
2 725.52
2 728.48
2 731.27
2 733.89
2 736.36
2 738.70
2 740.92
2 743.02
2 745.03
2 746.94
2 748.77
2 753.00
2 756.82
2 760.28
2 763.44
2 766.33
2 768.99
2 771.45
2 773.72
2 775.83
2 777.80
2 779.62
2 781.33
2 782.92
2 784.41
2 785.80
2 787.11
2 788.33
2 789.48
2 790.56
2 791.57
2 792.51
2 793.40
2 794.24
2 795.02
2 796.44
2 797.68
2 798.77
2 799.71
2 800.51
2 801.20
2 801.77
5.229 76
3.240 85
2.217 51
1.777 59
1.694 32
1.673 59
1.673 59
1.532 56
1.414 08
1.313 11
1.225 99
1.150 03
1.083 20
1.023 92
0.970 98
0.923 40
0.880 39
0.841 33
0.805 68
0.773 01
0.742 97
0.715 23
0.689 56
0.665 71
0.643 50
0.622 76
0.603 36
0.568 06
0.536 76
0.508 82
0.483 71
0.461 02
0.440 41
0.421 61
0.404 38
0.388 54
0.373 92
0.341 86
0.314 96
0.292 06
0.272 32
0.255 12
0.239 99
0.226 58
0.214 61
0.203 85
0.194 13
0.185 31
0.177 26
0.169 88
0.163 10
0.156 84
0.151 05
0.145 67
0.140 66
0.135 98
0.131 60
0.127 50
0.123 64
0.120 01
0.116 59
0.110 29
0.104 63
0.099 52
0.094 88
0.090 64
0.086 76
0.083 19
Specific enthalpy
Temperature
30
50
75
95
100
101.325
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1 000
1 050
1 100
1 150
1 200
1 250
1 300
1 350
1 400
1 450
1 500
1 550
1 600
1 700
1 800
1 900
2 000
2 100
2 200
2 300
C
69.113
81.338
91.782
98.204
99.632
100.001
100.001
102.660
105.128
107.434
109.600
111.642
113.577
115.416
117.169
118.844
120.449
121.991
123.474
124.903
126.283
127.617
128.909
130.161
131.376
132.557
133.705
135.913
138.011
140.013
141.927
143.762
145.525
147.221
148.858
150.438
151.966
155.584
158.949
162.098
165.059
167.858
170.513
173.039
175.451
177.759
179.974
182.103
184.154
186.133
188.045
189.897
191.691
193.432
195.123
196.767
198.368
199.928
201.450
202.934
204.384
207.188
209.873
212.450
214.930
217.319
219.626
221.857
Copyright 2004
Gauge pressure
bar
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
Evaporation (hfg)
kJ /kg
Steam (hg)
kJ /kg
Specific
volume
steam
m3 /kg
1 840.11
1 830.74
1 821.55
1 812.51
1 803.61
1 794.86
1 786.23
1 777.72
1 769.32
1 761.04
1 752.85
1 744.77
1 736.77
1 728.86
1 721.04
1 713.29
1 705.62
1 698.02
1 690.49
1 683.02
1 675.62
1 668.28
1 660.99
1 653.76
1 646.58
1 639.45
1 632.36
1 625.33
1 618.33
1 611.38
1 604.48
1 597.60
1 590.77
1 583.97
1 577.21
1 570.48
1 563.78
1 557.12
1 550.48
1 543.87
1 537.29
1 530.73
1 524.20
1 517.69
1 511.20
1 504.74
1 498.29
1 491.87
1 485.47
1 479.08
1 472.71
1 466.36
1 460.03
1 453.71
1 447.40
1 441.11
1 434.83
1 428.56
1 422.31
1 416.06
1 409.83
1 403.60
1 397.39
1 391.18
1 384.98
1 378.79
1 372.61
1 360.25
1 347.92
1 335.60
1 323.30
1 311.00
1 298.70
1 286.40
1 274.10
1 261.79
1 249.46
1 237.12
1 224.75
1 212.36
1 199.94
1 187.48
2 802.24
2 802.62
2 802.91
2 803.11
2 803.24
2 803.30
2 803.28
2 803.21
2 803.07
2 802.87
2 802.62
2 802.32
2 801.97
2 801.57
2 801.13
2 800.64
2 800.12
2 799.55
2 798.95
2 798.30
2 797.63
2 796.92
2 796.18
2 795.40
2 794.60
2 793.76
2 792.90
2 792.00
2 791.08
2 790.14
2 789.16
2 788.17
2 787.14
2 786.10
2 785.03
2 783.94
2 782.82
2 781.68
2 780.52
2 779.34
2 778.14
2 776.92
2 775.67
2 774.41
2 773.13
2 771.82
2 770.50
2 769.16
2 767.80
2 766.42
2 765.03
2 763.61
2 762.18
2 760.73
2 759.26
2 757.78
2 756.27
2 754.75
2 753.22
2 751.66
2 750.09
2 748.50
2 746.90
2 745.27
2 743.64
2 741.98
2 740.31
2 736.91
2 733.45
2 729.93
2 726.34
2 722.68
2 718.95
2 715.16
2 711.30
2 707.37
2 703.38
2 699.31
2 695.18
2 690.97
2 686.70
2 682.35
0.079 906
0.076 858
0.074 028
0.071 393
0.068 933
0.066 632
0.064 473
0.062 445
0.060 535
0.058 734
0.057 031
0.055 420
0.053 893
0.052 443
0.051 065
0.049 753
0.048 503
0.047 311
0.046 171
0.045 082
0.044 039
0.043 040
0.042 082
0.041 162
0.040 278
0.039 428
0.038 610
0.037 823
0.037 064
0.036 332
0.035 626
0.034 943
0.034 284
0.033 647
0.033 030
0.032 433
0.031 855
0.031 295
0.030 752
0.030 225
0.029 713
0.029 217
0.028 734
0.028 265
0.027 809
0.027 366
0.026 934
0.026 514
0.026 105
0.025 707
0.025 318
0.024 939
0.024 570
0.024 210
0.023 858
0.023 515
0.023 179
0.022 852
0.022 532
0.022 219
0.021 913
0.021 614
0.021 322
0.021 035
0.020 755
0.020 481
0.020 212
0.019 691
0.019 191
0.018 710
0.018 247
0.017 801
0.017 372
0.016 958
0.016 558
0.016 171
0.015 798
0.015 437
0.015 087
0.014 748
0.014 420
0.014 101
Specific enthalpy
Temperature
kPa
2 400
2 500
2 600
2 700
2 800
2 900
3 000
3 100
3 200
3 300
3 400
3 500
3 600
3 700
3 800
3 900
4 000
4 100
4 200
4 300
4 400
4 500
4 600
4 700
4 800
4 900
5 000
5 100
5 200
5 300
5 400
5 500
5 600
5 700
5 800
5 900
6 000
6 100
6 200
6 300
6 400
6 500
6 600
6 700
6 800
6 900
7 000
7 100
7 200
7 300
7 400
7 500
7 600
7 700
7 800
7 900
8 000
8 100
8 200
8 300
8 400
8 500
8 600
8 700
8 800
8 900
9 000
9 200
9 400
9 600
9 800
10 000
10 200
10 400
10 600
10 800
11 000
11 200
11 400
11 600
11 800
12 000
224.017
226.112
228.145
230.121
232.044
233.916
235.741
237.521
239.259
240.957
242.617
244.241
245.831
247.389
248.915
250.411
251.879
253.320
254.735
256.126
257.492
258.835
260.156
261.455
262.735
263.994
265.234
266.456
267.660
268.847
270.017
271.171
272.309
273.432
274.541
275.635
276.716
277.783
278.836
279.878
280.907
281.923
282.928
283.922
284.905
285.877
286.838
287.789
288.730
289.661
290.582
291.494
292.397
293.292
294.177
295.054
295.922
296.782
297.635
298.479
299.316
300.145
300.967
301.781
302.589
303.389
304.183
305.751
307.293
308.810
310.303
311.772
313.220
314.646
316.051
317.436
318.801
320.147
321.475
322.785
324.077
325.353
Water (hf)
kJ /kg
962.13
971.87
981.36
990.60
999.62
1 008.44
1 017.06
1 025.49
1 033.74
1 041.83
1 049.77
1 057.55
1 065.20
1 072.71
1 080.09
1 087.35
1 094.50
1 101.53
1 108.46
1 115.28
1 122.01
1 128.64
1 135.19
1 141.64
1 148.02
1 154.31
1 160.53
1 166.68
1 172.75
1 178.75
1 184.69
1 190.56
1 196.37
1 202.12
1 207.82
1 213.45
1 219.04
1 224.56
1 230.04
1 235.47
1 240.85
1 246.19
1 251.48
1 256.72
1 261.93
1 267.09
1 272.21
1 277.29
1 282.34
1 287.34
1 292.31
1 297.25
1 302.15
1 307.02
1 311.86
1 316.67
1 321.45
1 326.19
1 330.91
1 335.60
1 340.26
1 344.90
1 349.51
1 354.09
1 358.65
1 363.19
1 367.70
1 376.66
1 385.53
1 394.32
1 403.04
1 411.68
1 420.25
1 428.76
1 437.20
1 445.59
1 453.92
1 462.20
1 470.43
1 478.61
1 486.76
1 494.86
Steam Tables
TI-GCM-01 CM Issue 4
TI-GCM-03
CM Issue 4

ISO 9001
Conversion Tables
The following conversion tables will provide a conversion between SI, metric, USA and Imperial systems. All the tables use a multiplying factor:
Table 1 Length
From To
millimetre
centimetre
metre
kilometre
inch
foot
yard
mile
millimetre
1
10
1000
25.4
304.8
914.4
centimetre
0.1
1
100
2.54
30.48
91.44
metre
0.001
0.01
1
1000
0.3048
0.9144
1609.344
kilometre
0.001
1
0.000914
1.609344
inch
0.03937
0.393701
39.3701
1
12
36
foot
0.032808
3.28084
3280.84
0.083333
1
3
5280
yard
1.09361
1093.61
0.027778
0.33333
1
1760
in2
0.155
1550
1
144
1296
ft2
0.001076
10.7639
0.006944
1
9
43560
yd2
0.0001196
1.19599
0.000772
0.111111
1
4840
acre
0.0002471
247.105
0.000023
0.0002066
1
640
mile
0.621371
0.000568
1
Table 2 Area
From To
cm2
m2
km2
in2
ft2
yd2
acre
mile2
cm2
1
10000
6.4516
929.03
8361.27
m2
0.0001
1
1000000
0.000645
0.092903
0.836127
4046.86
km2
0.000001
1
0.004047
2.589987
mile2
0.386102
0.001562
1
Table 3 Mass
From To
kg
tonne
lb
UK cwt
UK ton
US cwt
US ton
kg
1
1000
0.453592
50.8023
1016.05
45.3592
907.185
tonne
0.001
1
0.000454
0.050802
1.01605
0.045359
0.907185
lb
2.20462
2204.62
1
112
2240
100
2000
UK cwt
0.019684
19.6841
0.008929
1
20
0.892857
17.8517
UK ton
0.000984
0.984207
0.000446
0.05
1
0.044643
0.892857
US cwt
0.022046
22.0462
0.01
1.12
22.4
1
20
US ton
0.001102
1.10231
0.0005
0.056
1.12
0.05
1
Table 4 Volume and capacity

From To cm3
cm3
1
m3
litre (dm3 )
1000
in3
16.3871
ft3
28316.8
yd3
764555
UK pint
568.261
UK gall
4546.09
US pint
473.176
US gall
3785.41
m3
litre (dm3 )
0.001
1
1000
0.001
1
0.016387
0.028317
28.3168
0.764555
764.555
0.0005683 0.568261
0.0045461
4.54609
0.0004732 0.473176
0.0037854 3.785411
in3
ft3
yd3
0.061024 0.0000353
61023.7
35.3147
1.30795
61.0237 0.035315 0.001308
1
0.0005787 0.0000214
1728
1
0.037037
46656
27
1
34.6774 0.020068 0.000743
277.42
0.160544 0.005946
28.875
0.01671 0.000619
231
0.133681 0.004951
UK pint
0.001760
1759.75
1.75975
0.028837
49.8307
1345.429
1
8
0.832674
6.661392
UK gall
0.00022
219.969
0.219969
0.003605
6.22883
168.1784
0.125
1
0.104084
0.832674
US pint
0.002113
2113.38
2.11338
0.034632
59.8442
1615.793
1.20095
9.6076
1
8
US gall
0.000264
264.172
0.264172
0.004329
7.48052
201.974
0.150119
1.20095
0.125
1
Table 5 Pressure
From To
atmos
mm Hg
m bar
bar
pascal
in H2O
in Hg
psi
atmos
1
0.0013158
0.0009869
0.9869
0.0000099
0.0024583
0.033421
0.068046
mm Hg
760
1
0.750062
750.062
0.007501
1.86832
25.4
51.7149
m bar
1013.25
1.33322
1
1000
0.01
2.49089
33.8639
68.9476
bar
1.0132
0.001333
0.001
1
0.00001
0.002491
0.0338639
0.068948
pascal
101325
133.322
100
100000
1
249.089
3386.39
6894.76
in H2O
406.781
0.53524
0.401463
401.463
0.004015
1
13.5951
27.6799
in Hg
29.9213
0.03937
0.02953
29.53
0.0002953
0.073556
1
2.03602
psi
14.6959
0.019337
0.014504
14.504
0.000145
0.036127
0.491154
1
Note: 1 pascal = 1 N/m2

Local regulations may restrict the use of this product to below the conditions quoted.
In the interests of development and improvement of the product, we reserve the right to change the specification without notice.
Copyright 2005
Table 6 Volume rate of flow

From To L /sec
(dm3 /sec)
L /s
(dm3 /sec)
1
L /h
0.000278
m3 /s
1000
m3 /h
0.277778
cfm
0.471947
ft3 /h
0.007866
UK gall /m 0.075768
UK gall /h
0.001263
US gall /m
0.06309
US gall /h
0.001052
m3 /s
L /h
m3 /h
3600
0.001
3.6
1
0.001
3600000
1
3600
1000
0.000278
1
1699.017 0.000472 1.699017
28.3168
0.028317
272.766 0.0000758 0.272766
4.54609
0.004546
227.125 0.0000631 0.227125
3.785411
0.003785
cfm
ft3 /h
UK gall /m
2.118882
0.000588
2118.88
0.588578
1
0.016667
0.160544
0.002676
0.133681
0.002228
127.133
0.035315
127133
35.3147
60
1
9.63262
0.160544
8.020832
0.133681
13.19814
0.003666
13198.1
3.66615
6.228833
0.103814
1
0.016667
0.832674
0.013878
UK gall /h US gall /m
US gall /h
791.8884
0.219969
791889
219.969
373.73
6.228833
60
1
49.96045
0.832674
951.019
0.264172
951019
264.1718
448.831
7.480517
72.057
1.20095
60
1
15.85032
0.004403
15850.3
4.402863
7.480517
0.124675
1.20095
0.020016
1
0.016667
Table 7 Power
From To
Btu /h
W
Kcal /h
KW
Btu /h
1
3.41214
3.96832
3412.14
W
0.293071
1
1.163
1000
Kcal /h
0.251996
0.859845
1
859.845
KW
0.000293
0.001
0.001163
1
Table 8 Energy
From To
Btu
Therm
J
kJ
Cal
Btu
1
100000
0.00094
0.9478
0.0039683
Therm
0.00001
1
0.000009478
0.0039683 x 10-5
J
1055.06
1
1000
4.1868
kJ
1.055
105 500
0.001
1
Cal
251.996
25 199 600
.2388
238.85
1
Table 9 Specific heat

From To
Btu /lb F
J /kg C
Btu /lb F
1
0.00023
J /kg C
4186.8
1
Table 10 Heat flowrate

From To
Btu /ft2h
W /m2
Kcal /m2h
Btu /ft2h
1
0.3169
0.368
W /m2
3.154
1
1.163
Kcal /m2h
2.712
0.859
1
Table 11 Thermal conductance

From To
Btu /ft2 h F
W /m2 C
Kcal /m2 h C
Btu /ft2 h F
1
0.176110
0.204816
W /m2 C
5.67826
1
1.163
Kcal /m2 h C
4.88243
0.859845
1
Table 12 Heat per unit mass

From To
Btu /lb
kJ /kg
Btu /lb
1
0.4299
kJ /kg
2.326
1
ft /min
1
60
196.850
ft /s
0.016666
1
3.28084
Table 13 Linear velocity

From To
ft /min
ft /s
m /s
Temperature conversion
m /s
0.00508
0.3048
1
Fluid power users are sometimes confused by Nm. This is not

Newton-metres but refers to meters ANR, i.e. a volume of air
measured against the standard or normal atmosphere reference.
The equivalent imperial term is S.C.F. (Standard Cubic Feet).
Can be achieved by using the following formula:

F = (C x 1.8) + 32
C = (F - 32) 1.8
Additional information
Atmosphere - (standard reference)
A.N.R. (Atmosphre Normale de Rfrence) ISO R558.
This is the agreed atmosphere to control specification values and
test results, as given in ISO R554.
Pneumatic fluid power uses 1013 mbar, 20C, 65% RH (ISO R554).
Compressor and pneumatic tool industries prefer 1000 mbar, 20C,
65% RH (ISO 2787).
Aerospace, Petroleum and British Gas Industries prefer 1013 mbar,
15C, Dry (ISO 2533 and ISO 5024).
Litre
The symbol l is being superceded by L to avoid confusion with 1
(one).
1 L = 1 dm.
bar
1 bar = 100 kPa = 100 kN/m.
kg /cm
This unit is still used in some areas. The conversions are as follows:
1 kg /cm = 0.980 665 bar = 0.967 841 atmos = 14.223 3 psi
Converesion Tables
TI-F01-27
ST Issue 4

ISO 9001
Steam Trap
International Standards
With so many steam trap manufacturers displaying a wide range of product information in many different formats it is easy to see why
many purchasers and specifiers find the selection of steam traps confusing. Many customers are also under pressure to comply with
local and Governmental legislation for their steam systems such as Pressurised Systems Regulations, The Factories Act, Health and
Safety Executive and the European Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC.
Misleading product information such as inaccurate condensate capacities are just one of the problems encountered. To make capacity figures
appear higher than they really are many manufacturers supply capacities for cold water and claim they are hot water capacities. In practice hot
water capacities are typically 60 - 70% lower than cold water capacities
Products need to be clearly identified so that in the event of any problems the correct supplier can be contacted. It is hard to believe that in
todays quality conscious world there are many manufacturers who only mark their products with the pipe size and direction of flow - no
manufacturers identification at all.
The only safe and professional way to ensure that high quality, system safety and reliability is maintained is to install only products of proven
and guaranteed quality.
The following National /International standards apply to steam traps and are intended to ensure that any purchaser / specifier has the full
knowledge and confidence that the equipment used meets known legislation. The vast majority of steam trap manufacturers do not conform to
these International Standards.
Spirax Sarco are always at the forefront of steam trapping developments and together with the British Standards Institute have been very active
over the years, in their efforts to establish official standards for steam traps. In recent years certain British Standards have been modified to
comply with both European (EN) standards and International (ISO) standards. A brief description of each is given below.
Glossary of technical terms for automatic steam traps
ISO 6552 : 1980 (BS 6023 : 1981)
This standard establishes precise definitions for all technical terms and expressions used to describe steam traps under operating conditions.
Only by specifying these operating conditions can a customer be confident that the steam trap will safely operate within their system.
PN
Nominal pressure
PMA
Maximum allowable pressure (bar)
PMO
Maximum operating pressure (bar)
PO
POB
PMOB
DP
DPMX
DPMN
PT
PTMX
Operating pressure
Operating backpressure
Maximum operating backpressure (bar)
Operating differential pressure (bar)
Maximum differential pressure (bar)
Minimum differential pressure (bar)
Test pressure (bar)
Maximum test pressure (bar)
TMA
Maximum allowable temperature (oC)
TMO
TO
Maximum operating temperature (oC)

Operating temperature (oC)
Permissible working pressure which is dependant on materials, design and working

temperatures /pressures.
That the shell of the trap can withstand at a given temperature.
Which is given by the manufacturer.
Sometimes restricted by the pressure limitations of internal mechanisms.
Measured at the trap inlet (bar)
Measured at the outlet of the trap (bar)
Maximum permissible pressure at the trap outlet allowing correct operation.
Difference between operating pressure and operating backpressure (bar)
Maximum difference between operating pressure and operating backpressure.
Minimum difference between operating pressure and operating backpressure.
Pressure applied to the steam trap under test.
Maximum cold hydraulic test pressure the trap can withstand, with internals fitted.
Maximum temperature to which the shell of the trap can be raised permanently, at a
given pressure.
Maximum temperature for which the operation of the trap is guaranteed.
Temperature measured at the inlet of the trap being tested.
Marking of automatic steam traps
EN 26553 : 1991 ISO 6553 : 1980
Establishes certain minimum basic requirements for the marking and identification of steam traps. To conform to this standard all traps should
be marked with the following :Manufacturers name and/or trade mark
Maximum allowable pressure (PMA)
Maximum allowable temperature (TMA)
Indication of the flow direction
Optional markings to include:Nominal pressure (PN)
Maximum operating pressure (PMO) or maximum differential pressure (DPMX)
Shell material designation
Nominal size (DN)
Maximum test pressure (PTMX)
If steam traps do not have this information clearly marked on them many insurance companies may not validate or insure the
steam system.
In the interests of development and improvement of the product, we reserve the right to change the specification.
Copyright 2005
Face-to-face dimensions for flanged automatic

steam traps
EN 26554 : 1991 ISO 6554 : 1980
This standard specifies face-to-face dimensions for steam traps in the size range DN15 to DN50, for pressures up to PN40. It is mainly used in
European influenced markets. There are 6 series of dimensions with the most commonly used being Series 1.
The following face-to-face dimensions are specified for Series 1 steam traps:
Series 1 DN15
DN20
DN25
DN32
DN40
DN50
150 mm
150 mm
160 mm
230 mm
230 mm
230 mm
Note: There is currently no ASTM / ANSI equivalent for steam traps.

Face-to-face
Classification of automatic steam traps
EN 26704 : 1991 ISO 6704 : 1982
Specification details the various types of operating principle for steam traps including mechanical, thermostatic and thermodynamic types.
Many manufacturers claim that a trap operates in a different manner than it actually does. This is not only confusing but may also lead to
operational problems. An example is where a bimetal trap (classed as a thermostatic trap) is incorrectly claimed to be a thermodynamic
trap. This implies that it discharges condensate at steam temperature when in fact it may cause subcooling by up to 40oC below steam
saturation temperature. This type of trap must not be confused with a true thermodynamic steam trap with a disc.
Determination of steam loss of

automatic steam traps
EN 27841 : 1991 ISO 7841 : 1988
This specifies two alternative test methods to determine the steam loss of automatic steam traps. One of these was developed as a result of the
work that Spirax Sarco undertook with the National Engineering Laboratory in the UK. Steam trap buyers can now make comparisons of true
steam trap losses through various types of steam traps with the assurance that the figures published are accurate and all tests are conducted in
accordance with this standard. Spriax Sarco are able to undertake these tests if required. Any manufacturers test figures that are not obtained
within the parameters of this standard must be treated with caution.
It is important to understand that under normal conditions steam traps do not waste steam. Wastage can only occur if there is no load (not
practical even in a superheated system) or if the internals have been damaged. The following table shows the results of extensive testing to
determine steam wastage from all trap types at a pressure of 5 bar g. It can be clearly seen that radiation losses from the trap surface are much
greater than losses through the trap orifice!
Energy requirements of various steam traps - expressed in kg /h of steam at 5 bar
No-load
Traps
Reasonable load
Through trap
From trap
Total
Through trap
From trap
Total
BPT/SM
0.5
0.50
1.00
0.50
0.50
FT
0.0
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.40
IB
0.5
1.20
1.70
1.20
1.20
TD
0.5
0.25
0.75
0.25
0.25
The purpose of the above table is not to establish the fact that one type of trap is marginally more efficient than another. It is simply to show that
steam traps require only a minimal amount of energy. Losses only become significant when traps are defective.
The important thing therefore is to combine selection, checking and maintenance to achieve reliability. Properly done, costs and
steam wastage will be minimised.
Determination of discharge capacity

of automatic steam traps
EN 27842 : 1991 ISO 7842 : 1988
Like EN 27841and ISO 7841, this specifies two alternative test methods for use by manufacturers in order to determine discharge capacity for
steam traps. A manufacturers compliance with this standard will put an end to difficulties experienced in the past over trap selection. The
customer will no longer have to ask whether the capacity curves produced for any particular manufacturer of steam trap are based upon cold
water or hot water condensate tests. All steam traps manufactured in the UK and France by Spirax Sarco have capacity tests conducted in
accordance with this standard. By comparison some manufacturers will include the capacity of internal air vents in the overall capacity of their
float traps - the air vent is only open when condensate has subcooled.
Production and performance characteristic tests

for automatic steam traps
EN 26948 : 1991 ISO 6948 : 1981
This standard specifies tests which are used to ensure that the steam trap functions correctly and that the performance is acceptable for the
design. The tests include product inspection, hydrostatic and operational checks. Testing of capacities and the identification of any steam
losses are also discussed.
Other standards are also used in the design and manufacture of Spirax Sarco steam traps. These include :TRB 801 Nr45, DIN 3548, DIN 2501, DIN 3840, AD 2000-Merkblatt, EN 287, EN 288, EN 289, EN 12569, BS 5500, ASME VIII, ASME IX
and TV.
Steam Trap International Standards
TI-F01-27
ST Issue 4
TI-GCM-02
CM Issue 6

ISO 9001
Pressure / Temperature Limits
Note:
This line will illustrate
the minimum operating
temperature.
100
260
200
100
0
Pressure bar g
260
200
d
100
0
10
15
Pressure bar g
20
200
Steam
saturation
curve
100
0
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
260
100
0
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
25
c - Is a prohibited area and the product

must not be used in this region and
will be worded:
The product must not be used in
this region.
260
232
200
Steam
saturation
curve
100
25
e - Sometimes end connections or internal

components may restrict the operating
envelope of the product below the
standard rating. Care must therefore
be taken in selecting appropriate end
connections. In this case the product
should not be used in area 'e' and will
be worded:
The product should not be used
in this region because...(the actual
reason will depend on the
product being described).
200
25
260
25
d - The steam saturation curve is added

(where relevant) to enable users to
easily find the specific operating points,
e.g. 10 bar g saturated steam @ 185C,
10 bar g steam with 20C superheat
or 10 bar g /250C steam.
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
b - Is the maximum allowable pressure

(PMA) which can be tolerated within
the shell of the product at a given
temperature. It is a function of the
PN rating and body design/ material.
Temperature C
Temperature C
a - Is the maximum allowable temperature

(TMA) the shell of the product can be
raised to permanently, at a given
pressure.
Temperature C
Temperature C
260
200
Temperature C
Temperature C
Technical Information sheets (TI's) for products in pressurised systems contain a 'Pressure / temperature limits' diagram. This diagram indicates
the envelope of the product(s) at the full range of pressures and temperatures. The construction of the 'Pressure / temperature limits' diagram is
shown below. Note: A table 'Definition of technical terms' and a typical example (no specific product) is displayed overleaf.
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
25
f - If a product should not be used above a

certain temperature, or an ancillary
product is required to operate above a
certain limit then it will be tinted and
worded appropriately. e.g.:
High temperature bolting required
for use in this region (the actual
Temperature C
An example of a finished diagram:

260
200 A
100
0
Steam
saturation
curve
0
The product must not be used in this region.
2.
A high temperature spacer is required for use in this region.
3.
The product should not be used in this region or beyond its operating range
as damage to the internals may occur.
4
C
1.
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
3
25
4.
A-C
Flanged end connections EN 1092 PN16.
5.
A-B
Flanged end connections EN 1092 PN25 and ANSI B 16.5 Class 300.
Warning:
Care must also be taken concerning Differential pressure limits and these are tabulated in addition to the 'Product / temperature limits' diagram.
Copyright 2005
Definition of technical terms

PN
Nominal pressure
Permissible working pressure which is dependant on materials, design and working

temperatures /pressures.
PMA
Maximum allowable pressure (bar)
That the shell of the product can withstand at a given temperature.
PMO
Maximum operating pressure (bar)
Which is given by the manufacturer.

Sometimes restricted by the pressure limitations of internal mechanisms.
PO
Operating pressure (bar)
Measured at the product inlet.
POB
Operating backpressure
Measured at the outlet of the product.
PMOB
Maximum operating backpressure (bar)
Maximum permissible pressure at the trap outlet allowing correct operation.
DPMX
Maximum differential pressure (bar)
Maximum difference between operating pressure and operating backpressure.
DPMN
Minimum differential pressure (bar)
Minimum difference between operating pressure and operating backpressure.
TMA
Maximum allowable temperature ( C)
Maximum temperature to which the shell of the product can be raised permanently, at
a given pressure.
TMO
Maximum operating temperature (oC)
Maximum temperature for which the operation of the product is guaranteed.
TO
Operating temperature ( C)
Temperature measured at the inlet of the product being tested.

This is a cold hydraulic test applied to the body only, with no internals fitted.
Note: If, when the internals are fitted, the test pressure should be less, this figure should
be clarified to the end user (see Typical pressure /temperature limits diagram below)
Designed for a maximum cold hydraulic

test pressure of __ bar g
Typical 'Pressure / temperature limits' diagram:
Temperature C
Pressure / temperature limits

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-10
Steam
saturation
curve
C
0
15
10
Pressure bar g
B
20
25

The product should not be used in this region or beyond its
operating range as damage to the internals may occur.
A - B Flanged PN25.
A - C Flanged ANSI 150.
Note:
For hygienic /sanitary clamp ends the maximum pressure /

temperature may be restricted by the gasket or sanitary
clamp used. Please consult Spirax Sarco.
Body design conditions

PMA Maximum allowable pressure
TMA Maximum allowable temperature
Minimum allowable temperature
PMO
Maximum operating pressure

for saturated steam service
PN25
25 bar g @ 50C
300C @ 17 bar g
-196C
PN25
19 bar g
ANSI 150
13.5 bar g
TMO Maximum operating temperature
222C @ 19 bar g
Minimum operating temperature
-10C
Note: For lower operating temperatures consult Spirax Sarco.
XYZ14-14.5
4.5 bar
Maximum differential
DPMX
XYZ14-10
10 bar
pressure
XYZ14-14
14 bar
Designed for a maximum cold hydraulic test pressure of 37.5 bar g
Note: With internals fitted, test pressure must not exceed 25 bar g
TI-GCM-02
CM Issue 6
TI-S24-41
CH Issue 2

for Control Valves
ISO 9001
Note: This line will illustrate

temperature not the minimum
design temperature.
100
0
260
b
200
100
0
Pressure bar g
Temperature C
Temperature C
260
200
d
100
10
15
Pressure bar g
20
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
25
b - Is the maximum design pressure

that the combined body and end
connections of the product can
withstand at a given temperature. It is
a function of the PN rating and body
design / material.
a - Is the maximum design temperature

the body of the product can be
raised to permanently, at a given
pressure.
Temperature C
200
260
200
25

(where relevant) to enable users to
easily find the specific operating points,
e.g. 10 bar g saturated steam @ 185C,
10 bar g steam with 20C superheat
or 10 bar g /250C steam.
Steam
saturation
curve
100
0
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
e
25
e - Sometimes end connections or internal

components may restrict the operating
envelope of the product below the
standard rating. Care must therefore
be taken in selecting appropriate end
connections. In this case the product
should not be used in area 'e' and will
be worded:
The product should not be used
in this region because...(the actual
260
200
100
0
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
25

will be worded:
this region.
Temperature C
260
Temperature C
Temperature C
Control valve Technical Information sheets (TI's) for products in pressurised systems contain a 'Pressure / temperature limits' diagram. This
diagram indicates the envelope of the product(s) at the full range of pressures and temperatures. The construction of the 'Pressure / temperature
limits' diagram is shown below. Note: A table 'Definition of technical terms used for control valves' and a typical example (no specific product) is
displayed overleaf.
260
232
200
Steam
saturation
curve
100
0
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
25
f - If a product should not be used above a

certain temperature, or an ancillary
product is required to operate above a
certain limit then it will be tinted and
worded appropriately. e.g.:
High temperature bolting required
for use in this region (the actual
Temperature C
An example of a finished diagram:

A
260
200
100
0
Steam
saturation
curve
0
1.
2.
High temperature bolting is required for use in this region.
3.
The product should not be used in this region or beyond its operating range
as damage to the internals may occur.
4. A - C
Flanged end connections EN 1092 PN16.
5. A - B
Flanged end connections EN 1092 PN25 or ANSI B 16.5 Class 300.
3
4
C
10
15
20
Pressure bar g
5
B
25
Copyright 2005
Definition of technical terms used for control valves

Body
This is a combination of the product body and end connections and is the term used to describe
the pressure containing envelope of the product.
Nominal pressure (PN)
The PN is the nominal working pressure / temperature (which is dependant on materials, design
and working temperatures / pressures) that can be tolerated by the body of the product.
Maximum design pressure
This is the maximum allowable pressure that the body of the product can withstand at a
given temperature.
Maximum operating pressure
This is provided by the manufacturer when it is less than the maximum design pressure. For
example the maximum design pressure may be reduced to the pressure limitation of the lowest
rated option chosen.
Maximum differential pressure
This is dependant upon the chosen actuator up to the maximum design pressure of the product.
Maximum design temperature
This is the maximum allowable temperature to which the body of the product can be raised
permanently, at a given pressure.
Maximum operating temperature
This is the maximum temperature for correct operation of the product. This is determined by the
lowest rated option chosen.
Minimum design temperature
This is the minimum documented temperature the body of the product can withstand.
This is the minimum temperature for correct operation of the product.
Designed for a maximum

cold hydraulic test pressure
of __ bar g or psi g
This is a cold hydraulic test applied to the body as supplied.

Note: When Spirax Sarco have tested the product in an alternative form than that supplied,
a lower pressure will be given (see Typical pressure / temperature limits diagram below).
Typical 'Pressure / temperature limits' diagram:
Temperature C

350
300
250
200
Steam
saturation
curve
100
0
-10
10
15
Pressure bar g
20
C
25

High temperature packing is required for use in this region.
High temperature bolting and packing is required for use in
this region.
A-B-C Flanged PN25.
A-D-E Flanged PN16.
Note: As standard the XYZ series two port control valves are supplied
with PTFE stem seal and metal-to-metal seats.
Maximum design pressure
Maximum design temperature
Minimum design temperature
PN25
25 bar g @ 120C
350C @ 17.5 bar g
-20C
250C @ 22 bar g
As standard
With high
temperature
300C @ 20 bar g
Maximum
packing
operating
With high
temperature
temperature
350C @ 18 bar g
bolting and
packing
-10C
Note: For lower operating temperatures consult Spirax Sarco.
Maximum differential pressure
See relevant actuator TI
Designed for a maximum cold hydraulic test pressure of 37.5 bar g
Note: As supplied the test pressure must not exceed 25 bar g
Pressure / Temperature Limits for Control Valves
TI-S24-41
CH Issue 2
TI-S13-50
CH Issue 2
Pressure /Temperature Limits

for Safety Valves
ISO 9001
260
Typical 'Pressure / temperature limits' diagram

and table for a safety valve:
200
Note:
This line will illustrate
temperature.
100

Please contact: Spirax Sarco, when so required, for relevant details
regarding the maximum allowable limits that the shell can withstand.
Pressure bar g
Temperature C
a - Is the maximum allowable temperature

to which the shell of the product can
be permanently raised, at a pressure
of 0 bar g.
260
200
100
0
Temperature C
260
200
100
10
15
20
25
Pressure bar g
will be worded:
0
Temperature C

this region.
260
200
100
0
300
A
250
200
150
100
50
0
-90
0
Steam
saturation
curve
C
5
15
10
Pressure bar g
B
20
25
10
15
20
25
Pressure bar g
b - Is the maximum pressure which can be
tolerated within the safety valve inlet
tract. It is a function of the PN rating
and and the body design /material.
Temperature C
Temperature C
Safety valve Technical Information sheets (TI's) contain a 'Pressure / temperature limits' diagram. This diagram indicates the envelope of the
product(s) at the full range of pressures and temperatures. Note: The construction of this diagram and a typical example (no specific product)
is displayed below:
10
15
Pressure bar g
20
A - B Flanged PN25.
A - C Flanged ANSI 150.
Note: For hygienic /sanitary clamp ends the maximum pressure /
temperature may be restricted by the gasket or sanitary
clamp used. Please consult Spirax Sarco.
PN25
DN15 - DN32 18 bar g
Maximum
Set pressure range
DN40 - DN50 14 bar g
Minimum
0.3 bar g
Minimum
-90C
Metal seat
Maximum
+300C
Minimum
-30C
Nitrile seat
Maximum
+120C
Temperature
Minimum
-50C
EPDM seat
Maximum
+150C
Minimum
-20C
Viton seat
Maximum
+200C
Steam
5%
Overpressure
Gas, liquid
10%
Performance data Blowdown limits
Steam, gas, liquid 10%
0.71
Derated coefficient of Steam, gas
discharge values
Liquid
0.52
Designed for a maximum inlet cold hydraulic test pressure of 37.5 bar g
Note: If a test gag is fitted, test pressure must not exceed 25 bar g
25

when relevant to enable users to
easily find the specific operating
points, e.g. 10 bar g saturated steam
@ 185C, 10 bar g steam with 20C
superheat or 10 bar g /250C steam.
Copyright 2004
AI-GAB-03
AB Issue 2
The Cost of Steam - metric

The cost of steam is usually expressed in terms of the cost to raise 1000kg. The calculation itself is relatively straight forward and this AIS
simplies the task by the use of a forced path calculation sheet. A blank format is available overleaf.
Example: Boiler operating pressure - 10 bar g, feedwater temperatures 80C. Fuel used is heavy oil at 0.14/litre and boiler efciency is 80%.
10 bar g
Steam pressure
80
Feedwater temperature
Mathematical operation
Units
Heat input required (see table 1)
Total Heat Input
Caloric value of fuel (see table 2)
Net fuel needed
Boiler efciency
Actual fuel needed
2445000
kJ
.....................
42500
kJ/kg coal or oil

kJ/Therm gas
57.53
kg coal or oil
Therm gas
.....................
85% x 1.18
80% x 1.25
75% x 1.34
70% x 1.43
1.25
.....................
1000
......................
......................
.....................
kg/tonne
Mathematical
operation
tonne
/tonne
/1000
kg steam
GAS
S.G
Heavy 9.7
Medium 9.5
Light 9.35
Mathematical
operation
.............
0.97
.....................
74.1
.....................
0.14
.....................
/litre
10.38
.....................
/1000
kg steam
Heat input in Kilojoules (kJ) required to raise one kilogram (kg)

of steam.
litre
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2665 2623 2581 2539 2497 2455 2413 2371 2329 2287 2245
2715 2673 2631 2589 2548 2506 2464 2421 2381 2338 2295
2722 2680 2638 2596 2555 2513 2471 2428 2388 2345 2302
2727 2685 2643 2601 2560 2518 2476 2433 2393 2350 2307
10
2740 2697 2655 2613 2573 2531 2489 2445 2406 2363 2319
12
2746 2704 2662 2620 2578 2536 2494 2452 2410 2368 2326
15
2752 2710 2668 2626 2584 2542 2500 2458 2416 2374 2332
17
2755 2713 2671 2629 2587 2545 2503 2461 2419 2377 2335
20
2759 2717 2675 2633 2591 2549 2507 2465 2423 2381 2339
25
2762 2720 2678 2636 2594 2552 2510 2468 2426 2384 2342
.............
/1000
kg steam
Caloric value of various fuels (approximate values)
100 110
/therm
Table 2
Feedwater Temperature C
10
kg coal or oil
Therm gas
71.9
.....................
Table 1
Boiler
Pressure
bar g
kg
OIL
Mathematical
operation
1000
.....................
COAL
kJ/kg
.....................
2445
.....................
COAL
TYPE
CALORIFIC VALUE (kJ/kg)
ANTHRACITE
32,500
GOOD BITUMINOUS COAL
30,000
GOOD AVERAGE
INDUSTRIAL COAL
28,000
POOR AVERAGE
INDUSTRIAL COAL
GRADE
RED. 1
SECS
cSt
OIL
GAS
21,000
VISCOSITY
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
CALORIFIC
VALUE (kJ/kg)
GAS OIL
35
0.835
45,600
LIGHT
50
210
0.935
43,500
MEDIUM
230
950
0.95
43,000
HEAVY
900
3500
0.97
42,500
105,500 kJ/Therm
In the interests of development and improvement of the product, we reserve the right to change the specication.
Copyright 1999
Steam pressure
bar g
Units
1000
x
Total Heat Input
Net fuel needed
Boiler efciency
Actual fuel needed
85% x 1.18
80% x 1.25
75% x 1.34
70% x 1.43
1000
......................
......................
.....................
.....................
kg coal or oil
Therm gas
.....................
Mathematical
operation
kg/tonne
Mathematical
operation
tonne
.....................
.....................
.....................
/litre
.....................
/1000
kg steam
/tonne
/1000
kg steam
.............
x
litre
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2665 2623 2581 2539 2497 2455 2413 2371 2329 2287 2245
2715 2673 2631 2589 2548 2506 2464 2421 2381 2338 2295
2722 2680 2638 2596 2555 2513 2471 2428 2388 2345 2302
2727 2685 2643 2601 2560 2518 2476 2433 2393 2350 2307
10
2740 2697 2655 2613 2573 2531 2489 2445 2406 2363 2319
12
2746 2704 2662 2620 2578 2536 2494 2452 2410 2368 2326
2752 2710 2668 2626 2584 2542 2500 2458 2416 2374 2332
17
2755 2713 2671 2629 2587 2545 2503 2461 2419 2377 2335
20
2759 2717 2675 2633 2591 2549 2507 2465 2423 2381 2339
25
2762 2720 2678 2636 2594 2552 2510 2468 2426 2384 2342
.............
/1000
kg steam
COAL
TYPE
CALORIFIC VALUE (kJ/kg)
ANTHRACITE
32,500
30,000
GOOD AVERAGE
INDUSTRIAL COAL
28,000
POOR AVERAGE
INDUSTRIAL COAL
21,000
100 110
/therm
Table 2
Feedwater Temperature C
10
kg coal or oil
Therm gas
GAS
S.G
Heavy 9.7
Medium 9.5
Light 9.35
Heat input in Kilojoules (kJ) required to raise one kilogram (kg)

of steam.
15
kJ/kg coal or oil

kJ/Therm gas
.....................
Table 1
Boiler
Pressure
bar g
.....................
OIL
Mathematical
operation
kJ
.....................
COAL
kg
.....................
kJ/kg
.....................
GRADE
VISCOSITY
cSt
OIL
RED. 1
SECS
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
CALORIFIC
VALUE (kJ/kg)
GAS OIL
35
0.835
45,600
LIGHT
50
210
0.935
43,500
MEDIUM
230
950
0.95
43,000
HEAVY
900
3500
0.97
42,500
GAS
The Cost of Steam - metric
105,500 kJ/Therm
AI-GAB-03 AB Issue 2
AI-GAB-04
AB Issue 2
The Cost of Steam - imperial

The cost of steam is usually expressed in terms of the cost to raise 1000lbs. The calculation itself is relatively straight forward and this AIS
simplies the task by the use of a forced path calculation sheet. A blank format is available overleaf.
Example: Boiler operating pressure - 150 psi g, feedwater temperatures 180F. Fuel used is heavy oil at 0.64/gallon and boiler efciency is 80%.
150 psi g
Steam pressure
180 F
Units
x
Total Heat Input
Net fuel needed
Boiler efciency
Actual fuel needed
85% x 1.18
80% x 1.25
75% x 1.34
70% x 1.43
Btu
.....................
18300
Btu/lb coal or oil

Btu/Therm gas
57.3
lb coal or oil
Therm gas
1.25
.....................
2240
lb/ton
Mathematical
operation
ton
......................
......................
.....................
/1000
lb steam
S.G
Heavy 9.7
Medium 9.5
Light 9.35
Mathematical
operation
9.7
.....................
/ton
GAS
7.38
.....................
0.64
.....................
/gallon
4.72
.....................
/1000
lb steam
gallon
70
1146 1126
80
1116
100
1096
120
140
1076 1056
160
180
1036 1016
200
996
/therm
.............
/1000
lb steam
212 250
984
.............
Table 2
Feedwater Temperature F
50
lb coal or oil
Therm gas
71.9
.....................
Heat input in British Thermal Units (Btu) required to raise

one pound (lb) of steam.
15
1049000
.....................
Table 1
Boiler
Pressure
psi g
lb
OIL
Mathematical
operation
1000
.....................
COAL
Btu/lb
.....................
1049
.....................
946
80
1169 1149
1139
1119
1099 1079
1059 1039 1019
1007
969
90
1171 1151
1141
1121
1101 1081
1061 1041 1021
1009
971
100
1172 1152
1142
1122
1102 1082
1062 1042 1022
1010
972
150
1179 1159
1149
1129
1109 1089
1069 1049 1029
1017
979
170
1180 1160
1150
1130
1110 1090
1070 1050 1030
1018
980
200
1182 1162
1152
1132
1112 1092
1072 1052 1032
1020
982
250
1185 1165
1155
1135
1115 1095
1075 1055 1035
1023
985
300
1186 1166
1156
1136
1116 1096
1076 1056 1036
1024
986
350
1187 1167
1157
1137
1117 1097
1077 1057 1037
1025
987
COAL
TYPE
CALORIFIC VALUE (Btu/lb)
ANTHRACITE
14,000
13,000
GOOD AVERAGE
INDUSTRIAL COAL
12,000
POOR AVERAGE
INDUSTRIAL COAL
GRADE
RED. 1
SECS
cSt
OIL
GAS
9,000
VISCOSITY
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
CALORIFIC
VALUE (Btu/kg)
GAS OIL
35
0.835
19,600
LIGHT
50
210
0.935
18,700
MEDIUM
230
950
0.95
18,500
HEAVY
900
3500
0.97
18,300
100,000 Btu/Therm
Copyright 1999
Steam pressure
psi g
Units
1000
x
Total Heat Input
Net fuel needed
Boiler efciency
Actual fuel needed
85% x 1.18
80% x 1.25
75% x 1.34
70% x 1.43
2240
lb coal or oil
Therm gas
.....................
......................
.....................
Mathematical
operation
Mathematical
operation
ton
.....................
.....................
.....................
/gallon
.....................
/1000
lb steam
/ton
/1000
lb steam
gallon
70
80
100
1146 1126
1116
1096
120
140
1076 1056
160
.............
/therm
.............
/1000
lb steam
Table 2
Feedwater Temperature F
50
lb coal or oil
Therm gas
GAS
S.G
Heavy 9.7
Medium 9.5
Light 9.35
Heat input in British Thermal Units (Btu) required to raise

one pound (lb) of steam.
15
.....................
.....................
Table 1
Boiler
Pressure
psi g
Btu/lb coal or oil

Btu/Therm gas
lb/ton
......................
.....................
OIL
Mathematical
operation
Btu
.....................
COAL
lb
.....................
Btu/lb
.....................
180
200
212 250
1036 1016
996
984
946
80
1169 1149
1139
1119
1099 1079
1059 1039 1019
1007
969
90
1171 1151
1141
1121
1101 1081
1061 1041 1021
1009
971
100
1172 1152
1142
1122
1102 1082
1062 1042 1022
1010
972
150
1179 1159
1149
1129
1109 1089
1069 1049 1029
1017
979
170
1180 1160
1150
1130
1110 1090
1070 1050 1030
1018
980
200
1182 1162
1152
1132
1112 1092
1072 1052 1032
1020
982
250
1185 1165
1155
1135
1115 1095
1075 1055 1035
1023
985
300
1186 1166
1156
1136
1116 1096
1076 1056 1036
1024
986
350
1187 1167
1157
1137
1117 1097
1077 1057 1037
1025
987
COAL
TYPE
CALORIFIC VALUE (Btu/lb)
ANTHRACITE
14,000
13,000
GOOD AVERAGE
INDUSTRIAL COAL
12,000
POOR AVERAGE
INDUSTRIAL COAL
9,000
GRADE
VISCOSITY
cSt
OIL
RED. 1
SECS
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
CALORIFIC
VALUE (Btu/kg)
GAS OIL
35
0.835
19,600
LIGHT
50
210
0.935
18,700
MEDIUM
230
950
0.95
18,500
HEAVY
900
3500
0.97
18,300
GAS
The Cost of Steam - imperial
100,000 Btu/Therm
AI-GAB-03 AB Issue 2
TI-GCM-08
CM Issue 1
If this formula is used when P2 is below the value which gives critical
ow, then the term within the bracket (0.42 - ) becomes less than
zero. It is then taken as zero, and the function within the square root
sign becomes 1.
How to use the chart
Example 3:
How to find the pressure drop across a valve with a known Kv.
Steam demand of heat exchanger
= 3 000 kg / h
Steam pressure upstream of valve
= 10 bar g = 11 bar a
Kv of valve to be used
= 40
Using the selection chart opposite:
Draw horizontal lines from 11 bar a, and from 3 000 kg/h to meet
Kv = 40 line. Draw a vertical line upwards from the intersection to
meet the 11 bar a horizontal. Read the pressure drop at this crossing
point, i.e. P = 1 bar (approximately).
= 12 Kv P1 1 - 5.67 (0.42 - )
Example 2:
How to nd the Kv value for a non-critical ow application.
= 230 kg / h.
= 5 bar g = 6 bar a
Steam pressure required in exchanger = 4 bar g = 5 bar a
Draw horizontal lines from 230 kg/h, and from 6 bar a to pressure
drop of (6 - 5 = 1 bar). Drop a vertical line from the intersection to
meet the 230 kg/h horizontal, and read the Kv at this crossing point,
i.e. Kv = 4.
With a smaller pressure drop, the ow is reduced until it becomes

zero, at zero pressure drop. Many formulas are in current use to
predict the relationship between owrate and the pressure drop ratio
under these conditions. One empirical formula which gives results
very close indeed to the British Standard method, but simplies the
calculation, is:-
Example 1:
How to nd Kv value for a critical ow application.
= 800 kg / h
= 8 bar g = 9 bar a
Steam pressure required in exchanger = 3 bar g = 4 bar a
Draw a horizontal line from 800 kg / h
Draw a horizontal line from 9 bar a to the critical pressure drop
line, which is reached before a pressure drop line for (9 - 4 = 5 bar)
and drop a vertical line from the intersection to meet the 800 kg / h
horizontal.
Read the Kv at this crossing point, i.e. Kv = 7.5
Refer to the Kv values given on the appropriate Technical Information
Sheet for each valve type.
SA (self-acting), EL (electric /electronic) and PN (pneumatic) valves
may be selected using their maximum Kv values.
= C x Kv P1 and in the units shown, C = 12 (Constant).

= 12 Kv P1
Thus:
The chart overleaf shows that with a given upstream pressure P1 and
with a pressure drop across the valve more than is needed to give
critical ow conditions, or > 0.42, the steam owrate is directly
proportional to the Kv of the valve. Conversely, with a given Kv, the
owrate is directly proportional to the upstream pressure P1.
So for critical ow, we have:-
Note: To convert gauge pressure to absolute pressure, add 1,

i.e. 10 bar g = 11 bar a.
The chart below is for displaying Examples 1, 2 and 3 only, a

complete sizing chart is shown overleaf.
For Water Sizing Chart see TI-GCM-09
= Mass ow in kg / h
= Upstream pressure in bar a
= Downstream pressure in bar a
= Valve ow coefcient.
P1 - P2
= Pressure drop ratio =
P1
P1
P2
Kv
Let:
Saturated Steam
Sizing Chart
ISO 9001
Copyright 2006
Saturated steam sizing chart
This sizing chart is empirical and should not be used for critical applications
Saturated Steam Sizing Chart
TI-GCM-09
CM Issue 1
Water
Valve Sizing Chart
ISO 9001
Note:
= Kv P1,
= Water ow (m3 / h),
P1 = Pressure drop across the valve (bar),
Kv = Flow coefcient (m3 / h bar).
This chart assumes no cavitation after the control valve.
How to use the chart
P1
Note: the chart below is used for the following example only. A
complete chart is shown overleaf.
Example:
The heat exchanger has a MTHW demand of
= 10 m3 / h
The full-load pressure drop P1

= 50 kPa *
* Established from 'Valve authority' (see below).
P2
Go to the selection chart below:

- Draw a horizontal line from 10 m3 / h
- Run a vertical line from 50 kPa until it crosses 10 m3 / h line.
- Kv is given at this crossing point i.e. Kv 14
Refer to the Kv values given on the appropiate Technical Information
Sheet for each valve type.
Valve authority - Two-port valve
SA (self-acting), EL (electronic) and PN (pneumatic) controls should

be sized on maximum Kv value.
Example
P1
P2
Example
Valve authority - Three-port mixing valve
P1
Valve authority
The ratio of pressure drop across the valve when fully open to that
across the complete circuit is termed the 'Valve authority' (N) and
is expressed as:
P1
N =
P1 + P2
Where: N = Valve authority
P1 = Pressure drop across the fully open valve
P2 = Pressure drop across the remainder of the circuit
The diagrams opposite illustrate P1 and P2 more fully.
Valve authority is a means of selecting a valve size on a water
system with due regard to economic viability and good control.
When selecting a valve size, the valve authority should be between
0.2 and 0.5 (and preferably 0.5). This will ensure that each small
valve movement will inuence some authority over the ow whilst
not excessively increasing pumping power costs.
Valve authority will always relate to the circuit which has a varying
owrate.
P2
Valve authority - Three-port diverting valve
In the interests of development and improvement of the product, we reserve the right to change the specication without notice.
Copyright 2006
Water Valve Sizing Chart
TI-GCM-11
CM Issue 1
Condensate
Pipe Sizing
ISO 9001
Condensate pipe sizing
Condensate pipes operate in 4 basic ways:
100 000
1. Drain lines to traps.

2. Discharge lines from traps.
3. Common discharge lines.
4. Pumped lines.
80
65
Example 3
10 000
Condensate owrate kg/h
Scenario: Drain 500 kg/h from process to

trap.
How to size: Enter the top chart at 500 kg/h
and draw a line horizontally across to the
pipe size.
Result: If the selection sits between two
sizes, choose the smaller size (15 mm).
50
5 000
40
2 000
32
25
1 000
Example 1
500
15
10
200
100
Example 2 - Discharge lines

from traps:
20
Condensate pipe size mm
Example 1 - Drain lines to

traps:
200
150
100
20 000
The condensate pipe sizing chart can be

used to size all of the above types, and is
suitable for lines up to 100 m long.
50
Scenario: Discharge 200 kg/h from 15 bar g

to 0.5 bar g.
How to size: Enter the bottom of the chart
at 15 bar g and draw a line to the 0.5 bar
condensate pressure line. Draw a line
vertically upwards to meet the 200 kg/h line
on the upper half of the chart.
Result: If the line is rising choose the larger
size (32 mm), if the line falls choose the lower
size (25 mm).
20
10
Example 2
200
180
160
140
120
100
50
Steam system pressure bar g
Steam temperature C
250
Example 4
20
15
10
5
2
1
0.5
0
40
30
20
10
5
2
1
0.5
0
Condensate system pressure bar g
Scenario: Pump 2 000 kg/h from the pump

to the hotwell tank. If it is an electrical
pump use the pump discharge rate, not
the collection rate. For pressure powered
pumps and APTs use 4 x the collection
rate. For this example we will use an APT
which has the following discharge rate =
4 x 2 000 kg/h = 8 000 kg/h.
How to size: Enter the upper half of the chart
at 8 000 kg/h and draw a line horizontally
to the pipe size.
Result: If the line is less than 100 m use
the lower size, if it is longer than 100 m,
use the larger size.

400 350
300
250
50 000
Types 2 and 3 will usually contain flash steam

whilst types 1 and 4 will not.
Example 3 - Pumped lines:
500
Example 4 - Discharge lines

from thermostatic traps:
S c e n a r i o : Co nde n s ate at 120C i s

discharging to atmosphere (300 kg/h at
120C).
How to size: Using the temperature scale,
enter the lowest half of the chart at 120C
and draw a line horizontally to the atmospheric
condensate pressure line (0 bar g). Proceed
by drawing a line vertically upwards to meet
the 300 kg/h line on the upper half of the
chart.
Result: If the line is falling, choose the lower
size; if the line is rising, choose the larger
size.
Copyright 2007

500
400
350
300
250
200
100 000
150
50 000
100
80
20 000
65
10 000
50
40
32
2 000
25
1 000
20
500
15
Condensate owrate kg/h
5 000
10
200
100
50
20
10
250
50
180
160
140
120
Steam system pressure bar g
Steam temperature C
200
20
20
10
10
5
1
0.5
0.5
100
Condensate system pressure bar g
40
30
Condensate Pipe Sizing
TI-GCM-10
CM Issue 2
Flow of Water
in Heavy Steel Pipes
ISO 9001
Flowrate
Pipe size
Pa / m
mbar / m
10.0
0.100
12.5
0.125
15.0
0.150
17.5
0.175
20.0
0.200
22.5
0.225
25.0
0.250
27.5
0.275
30.0
0.300
32.5
0.325
35.0
0.350
37.5
0.375
40.0
0.400
42.5
0.425
45.0
0.450
47.5
0.475
50.0
0.500
52.5
0.525
55.0
0.550
57.5
0.575
60.0
0.600
62.5
0.625
65.0
0.650
67.5
0.675
70.0
0.700
72.5
0.725
75.0
0.750
77.5
0.775
80.0
0.800
82.5
0.825
85.0
0.850
87.5
0.875
90.0
0.900
92.5
0.925
95.0
0.950
97.5
0.975
100.0
1.000
120.0
1.200
140.0
1.400
160.0
1.600
180.0
1.800
200.0
2.000
220.0
2.200
240.0
2.400
260.0
2.600
280.0
2.800
300.0
3.000
15 mm
20 mm
<0.15 m / s
50
119
58
133
65
151
68
162
76
176
79
187
83
198
90
209
94
220
97
230
101
241
104
248
112
259
115
266
119
277
122
284
126
292
130
299
130
306
133
317
137
324
140
331
144
338
148
346
151
353
151
356
155
364
158
371
162
378
166
385
166
389
169
396
173
403
176
407
176
414
180
421
184
425
202
472
220
511
234
547
252
583
266
619
281
652
288
680
306
713
317
742
331
767
25 mm
32 mm
223
252
277
302
328
349
371
389
410
428
446
464
479
497
511
526
540
558
572
583
598
612
626
637
652
662
677
688
698
709
724
734
745
756
767
778
788
871
943
1 015
1 080
1 141
1 202
1 256
1 310
1 364
1 415
490
554
616
670
720
770
814
857
900
940
979
1 015
1 051
1 087
1 123
1 156
1 188
1 220
1 249
1 282
1 310
1 339
1 368
1 397
1 422
1 451
1 476
1 505
1 530
1 555
1 580
1 606
1 627
1 652
1 678
1 699
1 724
1 897
2 059
2 210
2 354
2 488
2 617
2 740
2 855
2 970
3 078
kg / h
40 mm
50 mm
0.15 m / s
756
1 447
853
1 634
943
1 807
1 026
1 966
1 105
2 113
1 177
2 254
1 249
2 387
1 314
2 513
1 379
2 632
1 440
2 747
1 498
2 858
1 555
2 966
1 609
3 071
1 663
3 175
1 717
3 272
1 768
3 370
1 814
3 463
1 865
3 553
1 912
3 636
1 958
3 744
2 002
3 816
2 048
3 888
2 092
3 996
2 131
4 068
2 174
4 140
2 218
4 212
2 257
4 284
2 297
4 356
2 336
4 464
2 372
4 536
2 412
4 608
2 448
4 680
2 488
4 716
2 524
4 788
2 560
4 860
2 596
4 932
2 632
5 004
2 898
5 508
3 143
5 976
3 373
6 408
3 589
6 804
3 780
7 200
3 996
7 560
4 176
7 920
4 356
8 244
4 536
8 568
4 680
8 892
65 mm
80 mm
2 966
3 348
3 708
4 032
4 320
4 608
4 860
5 112
5 364
5 616
5 832
6 048
6 264
6 480
6 660
6 876
7 056
7 236
7 416
7 596
7 776
7 920
8 100
8 280
8 424
8 568
8 748
8 892
9 036
9 180
9 324
9 468
9 612
9 756
9 900
10 044
10 152
11 196
12 132
12 996
13 824
14 580
15 336
16 056
16 740
17 388
18 000
4 644
5 220
5 760
6 264
6 732
7 164
7 596
7 992
8 352
8 712
9 072
9 396
9 720
10 044
10 368
10 656
10 944
11 232
11 520
11 808
12 060
12 312
12 600
12 852
13 068
13 320
13 572
13 788
14 040
14 256
14 472
14 724
14 940
15 156
15 372
15 552
15 768
17 352
18 792
20 160
21 420
22 644
23 760
24 876
25 920
26 928
27 900
100 mm
0.3 m / s
9 432
10 656
11 736
12 744
13 680
14 580
15 408
16 200
16 956
17 712
18 432
19 116
19 764
20 412
21 024
21 636
22 212
22 788
23 364
23 904
24 444
24 984
25 488
25 992
26 496
27 000
27 468
27 972
28 440
28 872
29 340
29 772
30 240
30 672
31 104
31 500
31 932
35 100
38 160
40 680
43 200
45 720
47 880
50 400
52 200
54 360
56 160
0.5 m / s
1.0 m / s
1.5 m / s
Copyright 2007
Flowrate
Pipe size
Pa / m mbar / m
15 mm
0.5 m / s
20 mm
25 mm
32 mm
40 mm
1.0 m / s
kg / h
50 mm
65 mm
1.5 m / s
80 mm
100 mm
2.0 m / s
320
3.2
342
796
1465
3182
4860
9180
18612
28836
58320
340
3.4
353
821
1512
3287
5004
9504
19224
29772
60120
360
3.6
364
846
1559
3388
5148
9756
19800
30636
61920
380
3.8
374
871
1602
3492
5292
10044
20340
31500
63720
400
4.0
385
893
1645
3578
5436
10332
20880
32364
65160
420
4.2
396
918
1688
3672
5580
10584
21420
33192
66960
440
4.4
407
940
1732
3744
5724
10836
21924
33984
68400
460
4.6
414
961
1771
3852
5868
11088
22464
34776
70200
480
4.8
425
983
1811
3924
5976
11340
22932
35532
71640
500
5.0
432
1004
1850
4032
6084
11592
23436
36360
73080
520
5.2
443
1026
1886
4104
6228
11808
23904
37080
74520
540
5.4
450
1048
1926
4176
6372
12060
24372
37800
75960
560
5.6
461
1066
1962
4212
6480
12276
24840
38520
77400
580
5.8
468
1087
1998
4356
6588
12492
25272
39240
78840
600
6.0
479
1105
2034
4428
6732
12708
25740
39960
80280
620
6.2
486
1123
2070
4500
6840
12924
26172
40680
81720
640
6.4
493
1145
2102
4572
6948
13140
26604
41040
83160
660
6.6
500
1163
2138
4644
7056
13356
27000
41760
84240
680
6.8
511
1181
2171
4716
7164
13572
27432
42480
85680
700
7.0
518
1199
2203
4788
7272
13788
27828
43200
86760
720
7.2
526
1217
2236
4860
7380
13968
28260
43920
88200
740
7.4
533
1235
2268
4932
7488
14184
28656
44280
89280
760
7.6
540
1249
2300
5004
7560
14364
29052
44640
90360
780
7.8
547
1267
2333
5076
7704
14544
29412
45360
91800
800
8.0
554
1285
2362
5112
7812
14760
29808
46080
92880
820
8.2
562
1303
2394
5184
7884
14940
30204
46440
94320
840
8.4
569
1318
2423
5256
7992
15120
30564
47160
95400
860
8.6
576
1336
2452
5328
8100
15300
30924
47880
96480
880
8.8
583
1350
2480
5400
8172
15480
31284
48600
97560
900
9.0
590
1364
2513
5436
8280
15660
31680
48960
98640
920
9.2
598
1382
2542
5508
8388
15840
32004
49680
99720
940
9.4
605
1397
2567
5580
8460
16020
32364
50040
100800
960
9.6
612
1411
2596
5616
8568
16200
32724
50760
101880
980
9.8
619
1429
2624
5688
8640
16380
33084
51120
102960
1000
10.0
623
1444
2653
5760
8748
16524
33408
51840
104040
1100
11.0
655
1516
2786
6048
9180
17352
35064
54360
109440
1200
12.0
688
1588
2912
6300
9612
18144
36720
56880
114120
1300
13.0
716
1652
3038
6588
10008
18900
38160
59040
118960
1400
14.0
745
1717
3154
6840
10404
19656
39600
61200
123534
1500
15.0
770
1782
3269
7128
10764
20340
41040
63360
127950
1600
16.0
799
1840
3380
7308
11124
21024
42480
65520
132224
1700
17.0
824
1901
3485
7560
11484
21672
43920
67680
136369
1800
18.0
850
1955
3589
7776
11808
22375
45000
69748
140395
1900
19.0
871
2012
3708
7992
12132
23005
46440
71698
144313
2000
20.0
896
2066
3780
8208
12456
23620
47520
73598
148132
Flow of Water in Heavy Steel Pipes
3.0 m / s

Steam Tables 1993

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Steam Tables 1993

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TI-GCM-01

Cert. No. LRQ 0963008

Cert. No. LRQ 0963008

Table 4 Volume and capacity

Note: 1 pascal = 1 N/m2

Table 6 Volume rate of flow

Table 9 Specific heat

Table 10 Heat flowrate

Table 11 Thermal conductance

Table 12 Heat per unit mass

Table 13 Linear velocity

Fluid power users are sometimes confused by Nm. This is not

Can be achieved by using the following formula:

Cert. No. LRQ 0963008

Glossary of technical terms for automatic steam traps

ISO 6552 : 1980 (BS 6023 : 1981)

Maximum allowable pressure (bar)

Maximum operating pressure (bar)

Maximum allowable temperature (oC)

Maximum operating temperature (oC)

Permissible working pressure which is dependant on materials, design and working

Marking of automatic steam traps

EN 26553 : 1991 ISO 6553 : 1980

Face-to-face dimensions for flanged automatic

EN 26554 : 1991 ISO 6554 : 1980

Note: There is currently no ASTM / ANSI equivalent for steam traps.

Classification of automatic steam traps

EN 26704 : 1991 ISO 6704 : 1982

Determination of steam loss of

EN 27841 : 1991 ISO 7841 : 1988

Determination of discharge capacity

EN 27842 : 1991 ISO 7842 : 1988

Production and performance characteristic tests

EN 26948 : 1991 ISO 6948 : 1981

Steam Trap International Standards

Cert. No. LRQ 0963008

Pressure / Temperature Limits

c - Is a prohibited area and the product

e - Sometimes end connections or internal

d - The steam saturation curve is added

b - Is the maximum allowable pressure

a - Is the maximum allowable temperature

f - If a product should not be used above a

An example of a finished diagram:

The product must not be used in this region.

A high temperature spacer is required for use in this region.

Flanged end connections EN 1092 PN16.

Definition of technical terms

Permissible working pressure which is dependant on materials, design and working

Maximum allowable pressure (bar)

That the shell of the product can withstand at a given temperature.

Maximum operating pressure (bar)

Which is given by the manufacturer.

Operating pressure (bar)

Measured at the product inlet.

Measured at the outlet of the product.

Maximum operating backpressure (bar)

Maximum permissible pressure at the trap outlet allowing correct operation.

Maximum differential pressure (bar)

Maximum difference between operating pressure and operating backpressure.

Minimum differential pressure (bar)

Minimum difference between operating pressure and operating backpressure.

Maximum allowable temperature ( C)

Maximum operating temperature (oC)