Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

Florida International University, Miami, FL

EML 4905 Senior Design Project

HVAC Design for Green Building

Miami Green

Final Report
Submitted By:
James Klein
Alejandro Franyie
November 28, 2007
FACULTY ADVISOR

x__________________________
Dr. Yong X. Tao
This report is written in partial fulfillment of the requirements in EML 4905. The contents
represent the opinion of the authors and not the Department of Mechanical and Materials
Engineering.

The Green Machine

The Green Machine is comprised of students from Florida International Universitys Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. The Green Machine is a committed multi-disciplinary
team working together to achieve a final goal. Each team member shall work together in a
balanced and dedicated effort to attain the best design possible.
Name / Signature

PID #

Title

Alejandro Franyie

1305674

Team Leader / Designer / Draftsman

1304926

LEED Specialist/ Designer/ Draftsman

x______________________________

James Klein

x______________________________

Ethical Design Statement

The Green Machine has thoroughly studied the NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers and
fully understands the conduct that is expected from an engineer. Furthermore, every member of
the Green Machine vows to be ethical in every aspect of his work and will strive for the highest
ethical behavior. Every member of the Green Machine understands that his ethical behavior is
not only a reflection of himself and the team, but also a reflection of the engineering profession
as a whole.

Environmental Impact Statement

The Green Machine holds human safety and the environment at the paramount of
consideration during design and construction. Each member vows to not deliberately make any
decisions which may negatively influence the life of a human being. Human safety and comfort
will be held in the highest regard.
The main goal of the Miami Green project is to reduce the environmental impact
caused by high-rise buildings. The Green Machine vows to eliminate the use or production of
toxic materials and harmful emissions. The Green Machine will strive to make its design as
energy efficient as possible thereby reducing the emission of harmful greenhouse gases.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Miami Green Overview
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Goal Statement
Scope
Miami Green
Intended Clients
Design Organization
Challenges and Constraints

Chapter 2 Load Calculations

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.

Concept Overview
Heating Load
Cooling Load
Miami Green Break-Down and Parameters
Results and Sizes

Chapter 3 Energy Analysis

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.

Concept Overview
Energy Baseline and Optimization
EQuest and Results

Chapter 4 Life Cycle Cost Analysis

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.

Concept Overview
Input Parameters
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Ownership and Initial Cost
System Specification and Details

Chapter 5 LEED Certification

5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.

Overview
Energy and Atmosphere (EA)
Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ)
Conclusion

References

Appendix
Appendix A Cooling and Heating Loads
Appendix B Energy Modeling
Appendix C Economic Analysis
Appendix D Equipment Specification
Appendix E Mechanical Drawings
Appendix F Design Organization

Chapter 1 Miami Green Overview

1.1 Goal Statement
The goal of this project is to select and design a preliminary HVAC system for a highrise Green Building that is both economical and energy efficiency. Green building is the
practice of making sustainable buildings that minimize negative impact on the environment and
the inhabitants of the building. For a mechanical engineer this means maximizing energy
efficiency, minimizing refrigerant impact on the environment and improving indoor air quality.
This project will primarily focus on maximizing the energy efficiency of the building but will
also deal with other green concepts such as refrigerant management, increased ventilation, and
indoor pollutant control.

1.2 Scope
Miami Green is in the preliminary design and development stage where the owner is still
gathering cost and feasibility estimates before pursuing construction. Drawings have been
provided to the mechanical engineers, Green Machine, by the architect to begin schematic
drawings of the HVAC systems design.
The Green Machine has been contracted to calculate heating/cooling loads and perform a
study of different HVAC systems that can be used in Miami Green. The study will include:
energy performance analysis, life cycle cost analysis and schematic drawings of the
recommended system. Also, the mechanical engineer will provide recommended constructions
to be used in the buildings envelope.
Since architectural drawings are still in the design stage and interior space layouts have not
been designed, the scope of the mechanical engineer is to treat Miami Green as a shell building.
Shell building means that the exterior and dividing walls of the building will be treated as
permanent but the space contained is to be designed later. This means that ductwork and space
design will be done as soon as the architect completes interior layouts. Therefore, Green
Machine will only provide a schematic design of the system and not detailed interior layouts.
Also, Green Machine has been contracted to make Miami Green a green building. Green
Machine shall design Miami Green using principles provided by the USGBC (United States
Green Building Council.) This will ensure that Miami Green becomes a certified green building
and will comply with the USGBCs LEED rating method. The LEED rating method is the topic
of chapter 5.

1.3 Miami Green

Miami Green (Fig. 1.1) is a 13 story, high-rise office/retail building located in Miami,
FL. The first floor contains a double height lobby, retail/office space and equipment rooms. The
second floor contains two offices and a veranda overlooking the lobby. Floors 3-13 are typical
floors that will only be used as office/retail space. The interior layouts of these floors have not
yet been designed by the architect but future plans are to provide different office layout for
future tenants. Potential future layouts will be discussed in the next chapter. Figure 1.2 shows
the shell layout of the typical floors.

Figure 1.1 Artists rendering of Miami Green

Figure 1.2 Typical Floor Layout

There is a central elevator bank located on every floor the opens to public corridors. The
corridors serve at the main entrance to all of the offices. On each extreme of the corridor there is
a stairwell that serves as a secondary link between floors and the primary means of emergency
egress. On the other side of the corridor is a garage that runs from the ground floor to the roof.

1.4 Intended Clients

The client for Miami Green is the developer that is constructing the building. The
developer has hired Green Machine to provide an economic analysis and schematic plans of the
recommended HVAC. The developer has also hired a structural, electrical, plumbing and civil
engineer, as well as an architect and construction contractor.
The developer is building Miami Green to sell the individual retail spaces upon
completion. This developer is seeking a profit. Therefore, it is upon Green Machine to provide
an economic design to maximize the owner/developers profits.
Also, we must consider the future occupants of the building as clients. We do not work
directly for these people, but we do have a responsibility to them. Our design must keep them
safe and comfortable even if it makes the design more expensive and less desirable for the
developer.

1.5 Design Organization

Three different HVAC systems will be analyzed to compare energy efficiency, cost, and
green-ability. Some primary assumptions that will be made are:

100% outside air in the corridors

Increased outside air supply to other spaces

Changes shall be made to improve envelope

High efficiency equipment shall used

Pursuing LEED certification

Comply with energy codes (ASHRAE 90.1 and Florida Mechanical Code Ch. 13)

Interior spaces will be designed later

Allow flexibility for future interior design

Software shall be used to compute heating/cooling loads, energy performance, and life
cycle cost. The programs used will be discussed in the respective sections of the calculations
mentioned above. Also, AutoCAD shall be used to provide the schematic drawings of the
building with the recommended system.
Appendix F contains a function analysis diagram, a drawing tree, a failure modes and
effects analysis (FMEA) and a project timeline.

10

1.6 Challenges and Constraints

In a project such as this, the greatest challenges are unforeseeable. Conflicts with the
architectural layout are inevitable. The main challenge that will arise is where to put all the
equipment necessary to achieve the desired objectives. Often times extra mechanical rooms must
be added to the architectural design to house equipment. Our goal will be to find solutions to
these problems to minimize the change to architectural design and maintain an aesthetic working
and shopping environment for the buildings inhabitants.
The other main challenge of this design is the maximization of energy efficiency. There
are many different techniques and strategies to achieve an energy efficient design, the challenge
will be to find the route that yields the highest efficiency at the most reasonable cost.
Another main challenge of this building is to provide an economical and environmentally
safe design. Economical and environmental are opposites of each other. The more economical
the design the less environmentally safe it is and vice versa. We must find a balance between the
two satisfy both the client and the environment. Also, the design must comply with Florida
Building Code before it can be approved for construction.
The design will be constrained by the following:

Must comply with Florida Building Code and good engineering practice

Must achieve a certain indoor design temperature (74F winter and 78F summer)
o This will correspond to approximately 1 ton cooling capacity per 300 square feet

Must have high indoor air quality (approximately 30% fresh air)

Must be economical and environmentally safe

o Pass LEED standard for green building

Must minimize change to the architectural design

o Reduce need for extra mechanical rooms and chases

Maximum energy efficiency

o Overall cooling efficiency of over 14 EER

11

Chapter 2 Load Analysis

2.1 Concept Overview
The heating/cooling load is the first major step in designing an HVAC system. All of the
buildings parameters are taken into account to create a minimum measure of the amount of
heating/cooling capacity needed in the building. Building parameters include things such as
floor area, wall/window area, wall construction, orientation and many other key factors. Since
this building is located in Miami, the heating load will be small in comparison to the buildings
cooling load.
This chapter describes the methods used to calculate the heating and cooling loads of a
typical zone. For the Miami Green project, each floor was split up into different zones and
cooling/heating loads were performed using specialized software. Each zone was analyzed and
the cooling/heating loads were calculated using Hourly Analysis Program (HAP). This software
is a well known and widely used tool created by Carrier, an HVAC equipment manufacturer.
The following sections provide the theoretical basis for how this program functions.

2.2 Heating Load

In cold weather there are small variations in the outdoor temperature. This allows the
heat loss to be analyzed as steady state. The heating load consists of two kinds of heat losses that
a zone could experience, the heat transmitted through the walls, ceiling, floor, glass, and other
surfaces, and the heat required to warm outdoor air entering the space. To compute the heating
load the indoor and outdoor design conditions must be defined. The outdoor design condition is
defined by the location of the structure being analyzed. The indoor design condition is defined
by the temperature and humidity that define the comfort level of the occupants.

12

The heat losses transferred through the walls, ceilings, roof, window glass, floors and doors is all
sensible heat transfer, referred to as transmission heat loss, and computed using the equation
below. In order to calculate this heat loss, the heat transfer coefficient of the material that make
up the envelope of the structure must also be defined.
q = UA(t i t o )

Where:
U = overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/hr-ft2-F)
A = the net area for the given component for which U was calculated

(t

t o ) = the temperature difference on the two sides of the surface being analyzed.

Infiltrating air entering a building must be conditioned to satisfy the indoor design conditions.
The mass flow rate and the specific heat of the air must be determined to calculate the amount of
sensible heat required to condition the infiltrating air. The sensible heat required to heat the
outside air can be calculated with the following equation.
q s = mo c p (t i t o )

Where:
mo = the mass flow rate of the infiltrating air, lbm/hr
c p = the specific heat of the air, btu/(lbm-F)

(t

t o ) = the temperature difference between the infiltrating air and the indoor air.

The enthalpy and the humidity ratio of the infiltrating air affect the humidity of the indoor
conditioned air. The latent heat required to humidify the air is given by the equation below.
q l = mo i fg (Wi Wo )
i fg =the latent heat of vaporization at the indoor conditions, Btu/lbmv

(Wi Wo ) = the difference in design humidity ratio, lbmv/lbma

13

2.3 Cooling Load

Solar radiation has important effects of both heat gain and the heat loss of a building. A
strong transient effect is created because solar radiation varies significantly with time. Thermal
radiation energy falls on the envelope of the structure and is subjected to absorption, reflection
and transmission through transparent bodies. Heat that is absorbed by the surfaces is stored,
causing an appreciable difference between the heat gain of a structure and the heat removed by
the cooling equipment.
In order to size the cooling equipment the heat gain must be computed for the following.

Solar radiation through fenestrations

Heat conduction through boundaries with convection and radiation from the inner
surfaces into the space.

Sensible heat convection and radiation from internal objects.

Ventilation and infiltration air

Latent heat gains generated within the space.

The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient method can be used to calculate the heat gain from solar
radiation through fenestrations. A coefficient defined by the glazing of windows is multiplied by
the total irradiation of the sun.
q i = Gi (SHGC )

Where:
Gi = incident irradiance

(SHGC) = solar heat gain coefficient

To calculate the remaining heat gains, heat balance on each surface that makes up the envelope
of the zone must be analyzed. Every surface of a zone should be analyzed considering energy
balance. Heat is absorbed by the wall from radiation of the sun, radiation of objects near the
14

structure, and convection caused by the outside air. The heat balance on an exterior surface can
be calculated considering the equation below.
q ' ' conduction ,ext = q ' ' solarheat ,ext + q ' ' convection ,ext + q ' ' radiation ,ext

Where:
q ' ' conduction ,ext = conduction hear flux through the wall, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' solarheat ,ext = absorbed solar heat flux, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' convection ,ext = convection heat flux from the outside air, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' radiation ,ext = thermal radiation heat flux form other external objects, Btu/(hr-ft2)

The heat absorbed by the envelope of the structure is conducted through the material to
the interior surface. Heat is transferred through convection to the inside conditioned air. Heat is
also radiated to and from inside object to the interior surface. The heat balance on the interior
surface can be calculated considering the equation below.
q ' ' conduction ,int = q ' ' solarheat ,int + q ' ' convection ,int + q ' ' radiation ,int

Where:
q ' ' conduction ,ext = conduction hear flux through the wall, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' solarheat ,ext = absorbed radiation from other objects, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' convection ,ext = convection heat flux to the air, Btu/(hr-ft2)
q ' ' radiation ,ext = thermal radiation heat flux to other objects, Btu/(hr-ft2)

Considering that the air inside the building has no thermal storage, the sum of all the heat
transfers is equal to zero. The heat gained/lost by the heating and cooling system must be equal
to the amount of heat gained/lost by convection from the wall, infiltrating air and the heat

15

transferred to the conditioned air from the people lights and equipment inside. Finally the heat
balance of the zone air may be represented by the equations below.
Aq ' ' convection ,int + q inf iltration + q system + q radiation ,int + q int ernal ,conv = 0

Where:
A= area of internal surface
q inf iltration = heat gain due to infiltration, BTU/hr
q ' ' system = heat gain to do heating/cooling system, BTU/hr
q ' ' int ernal ,conv = convective portion of internal heat gains

The mathematical analysis of the heat balance on the envelope of the structure of a large
building is too tedious to calculate without the aid of computer software. The specifications of
the Miami Green building were determined by using the Carrier software to calculate the heating
and cooling loads. Using the results of the calculations the equipment can be selected.

2.4 Miami Green Break-Down and Design Parameters

As mentioned in the previous section, software shall be used to perform the cooling loads
for Miami Green. The software to be used is called Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) by Carrier.
This software is widely used and respected as the industry standard for accurately calculating a
spaces heating and cooling load.
Even though software will be used to perform the load calculations, the designer must
prepare accurate data to input into the program. This data includes internal loads, material
constructs used and building geometry, which will be organized in a space breakdown table.

16

Figure 2.1 and figure 2.2 show floor plan layouts of two typical floors in Miami Green. The
units are called Penthouse, unit C1 and Unit C2.

Figure 2.2 Layout Penthouse

Figure 2.2 Layout C

General
Some key elements in performing a cooling/heating load are general parameters that
have to do with the basic geometry of building. Things such as floor area, ceiling height, and
building weight are all crucial to a buildings required cooling and heating. Table 2.1 shows a
breakdown of the different zones and areas to be calculated. Table 2.2 shows the wall/window
area breakdown of the typical floor. The material and the thermal characteristics of the walls and
windows will be specified later.

17

Table 2.1 Area Breakdown

Zone

Description

Area (Sq. Ft.)

Ceiling Height
(Ft.)

8,355

7,715
2,827
4,888
640

9
9
9
9

Entire Conditioned
Area
Large Layout
Half Layout
Half Layout
Hallway

Typical Floor
Penthouse
C1
C2
Corridor

Table 2.2 - Wall and Window (Area and Exposure)

Construct
Glass

Wall
Corridor Wall
Partition

Direction Length (ft)

N
E
S
E
S
W
-

24.5
122.25
123
21.75
19
41
122
103
103

Area
220.5
1100.25
1107
195.75
171
369
1098
927
927

U
value
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24

The building weight is assumed to be medium density (70 lb/ft2). This is a standard
assumption for a building made of lightweight concrete and steel. The building weight affects
the thermal retention characteristics of the building and describe how easily cooled/heated a
building is.
Internals
Internal loads deal with heat generated within the buildings envelope. Internal loads are
things such as lighting, electrical equipment, and people. The heat produced by these elements
do not cross the buildings walls and is generated within the cooled space. The following are
some assumptions that have been made for this project:
18

Internal Lighting 1.2 W/sf

Electrical Equipment 0.75 W/sf

Occupancy 60 persons per level

Persons Activity Level Office Work

o Sensible Load 245 BTU/ hr
o Latent Load 205 BTU/ hr

Walls/Partitions
For most spaces, the wall construction is one of the highest transmitters of heat. Since the
exterior of Miami Green is mostly glass, the walls are primary partitions used between the
conditioned corridor and the non-conditioned garage. To calculate the cooling load a typical wall
construction will be used. A typical exterior/partition used in this application is 8 lightweight
concrete, stucco finish and interior gypsum board with air gap. A wall with this
construction has a U-value of 0.24

BTU
. This U-value has been inserted into table 2.2.
h ft 2 F

In chapter 3 the overall U-value of the wall will be improved by adding insulation. The
reason the overall U-value is not being considered in the cooling load is because it does not
affect the overall system to be used. It does change the sensible heat load and that is something
that will have to be recalculated before the tenant spaces are built.
Windows/Doors
Windows and doors are also called fenestrations. Since Miami Green is a high rise
building, the only exterior doors to be considered are on the ground floor (lobby entrance).
These doors are made of frameless glass and are considered more as glass than as doors.
Therefore, all the fenestrations in this project will be considered as glass.

19

The most important window factors to consider when performing a cooling load are
window area, overall U-value, and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC). These factors determine
how much heat enters a space by means of radiation due to U and solar radiation due to SHGC.
For this application the SHGC is not used directly. It is used by means of a shading coefficient
(SC). The SHGC and SC is a measure of how much radiation is transmitted, absorbed and
reflected by the glass.
For the purposes of the cooling load we will use an overall U-value of 0.52

BTU
and
h ft 2 F

a shading coefficient of 0.78. This corresponds to high impact glass with a tint. In the next
chapter the specification of the glass to be used in Miami Green will be done in much more
detail.
Roof
For most applications, the heat gain through the roof is a significant factor. In Miami
Green this is not as important because only the top floor roof is exposed to the outside. All other
typical levels will not be affected by heat gain through the roof because they are located directly
below a conditioned space. There is zero heat transfer across a surface when the temperature on
both sides is equal.
According to energy codes, the minimum insulation value for a roof in this application is
R-15. Therefore, the cooling load will be performed so that the roof construction has an overall
U-value of 0.063

BTU
. The conversion between resistance value (R) and heat transfer
h ft 2 F

coefficient (U) is the following:

U=

1
R

20

Infiltration
Infiltration is the introduction of unconditioned air into a conditioned space or
conditioning system. It is important to take infiltration into account because it is heat added or
removed from the system in the form of convection. Miami Green will be a pressurized building
meaning that all infiltration will be controlled in the form of fresh air supply to the spaces. So
measuring the infiltration into the spaces is a matter of calculating the amount of fresh air that
the design will supply to the spaces.
Fresh air is also called outside air (O/A). Outside air requirements are set forth by
ASHRAE Standard 62. For a building of this type, the O/A is calculated by measuring the
expected occupancy for this type of space and multiplying that quantity by 20 CFM/person of air
supply. The expected occupancy for office space is 7 persons per 1,000 ft2. Table 2.3 shows the
outside air calculations for Miami Green.

Space
Penthouse
C1
C2

Area
(S.F.)
7,715
2,827
4,888

Table 2.3 - O/A Calculations

Occupancy Requirement Min. Air
(Persons) (CFM/person)
(CFM)
54
20
1,080
20
20
396
34
20
684

Provided
(CFM)
1,404
500
884

The above table shows minimum O/A required by code and also shows the air that is going to be
provided in Miami Green. The reason the project is going to be provided with more fresh air is
to improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) and achieve LEED credit points. LEED credit points will
be discussed in chapter 5. Also, it should be noticed that O/A was not calculated for the
corridors. This is because the corridors will be provided with air conditioning units that will
supply 100% outside air. Doing this will greatly improve the IAQ, pressurize the building, and
serve as smoke control in the event of a fire.

21

2.5 Results and Sizes

The above parameters were inputted into the Hourly Analysis Program (HAP). HAP then
simulates the building/space parameters according to the weather data from Miami, Florida. The
results of this simulation are detailed summaries of the heat gain and loss to the spaces during
different times of the year. The summaries provide total, sensible and latent cooling as well as
recommended air flow rates and other crucial sizing data. Below, Table 2.3 contains key sizing
information and each space has a suggested equipment layout. As expected, the heating load for
these spaces is relatively low. It is common practice in Miami to provided heating by using
electric strip heaters inside of the air handling units. Therefore, all units in Miami Green will use
electric strip heating.
Table 2.3- Cooling Load and Equipment Data
Sensible
Total Load
Equipment Size & Quantity To
Load
(BTU/h)
Be Used
(BTU/h)

Space

Total
Load
(Tons)

Penthouse

18.4

221000

179,500

(1) 12.5 Ton & (1) 7.5 Ton Unit

C1
C2
Corridor
A types

7.2
11.3
28.5
18.4

86100
135700
342,000
221000

73500
109400
280,800
83200

(1) 7.5 Ton Unit

(1) 12.5 Ton Unit
(2) 15 Ton 100% O/A RTU
(5) 5 Ton Units

Appendix A, Cooling Loads, contains all the detailed calculations and summaries
calculated by HAP. As can be seen, the cooling load of the penthouse is equal to the sum of the
C units. Also, the last row of the table shows the proposed (5) A units shown in figure 2.3,
which also equal a total of 20 tons.

22

Figure 2.3 Layout A

As a result of the cooling load calculations and equipment sizing, the following is the
cooling equipment breakdown for all of Miami Green.

1st Floor / Lobby

o 22.5 Total Tons of Cooling

(3) 7.5 Ton Units

2nd Floor
o 22.5 Total Tons of Cooling

(3) 7.5 Ton Units

23

11 Typical Floors
o (3) Layout Penthouse

20 Total Tons of Cooling

(1) 12.5 Ton Unit

(1) 7.5 Ton Unit

o (4) Layout C

20 Total Tons of Cooling

(1) 12.5 Ton Unit

(1) 7.5 Ton Unit

o (4) Layout A

20 Total Tons of Cooling

(5) 4 Ton Units

Corridor
o (2) 15 Ton 100% O/A Roof-Top Units

The system type for these units mentioned above has yet to be determined. The choice of which
system to use will be a result of the next two chapters. From Chapter 2, the size and quantity of
the units that will be used have been determined.

24

Chapter 3 Energy Modeling

3.1 Concept Overview
The energy modeling portion of this project is the most crucial and design intensive. One
of the most important aspects of building green is energy conservation and sustainability. Our
goal is to save as much energy as possible. Some of the factors that contribute to a buildings
energy usage are HVAC, lighting, water heating, electrical equipment, and miscellaneous loads.
In South Florida, one of the primary contributors to energy usage is the HVAC system.
Therefore it is critical that the HVAC system is as energy efficient as possible. Computer energy
modeling is the most useful tool for determining HVAC systems energy efficiency. There are
many computer programs designed to this, but for this project eQuest shall be used.
There are three basic cooling systems that will be modeled in this project to determine
which is the most energy efficient and cost effective. The three systems are DX (Air Cooled)
split units, DX Water Cooled system, and chilled water system. For a building this size, it is not
known which system will be the most energy efficient until an energy model is created. Besides
potential energy efficiency, each system has pros and cons in their applications to this building.
Another primary factor in choosing the system to be used is the economical factors of initial cost
and life cycle cost. For all systems, heating will be done by electrical resistance heaters located
within air handler units, because in South Florida, heating loads are relatively small and do not
justify a centralized boiler system.
A direct expansion (DX) split air conditioning system uses a pressurized refrigerant and
expansion valve to create cooling effect at in a cooling coil. It is called a split system because
the four main components of a cooling cycle are divided between the air handler unit (AHU) and
the condensing unit (CU). The AHU contains the expansion valve and the evaporator (cooling)
coil, while the CU contains the compressor and the condenser coil. A DX split system is air25

cooled, meaning the refrigerant is cooled being blown by the condenser coil. A DX split,
air-cooled system is schematically represented in figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 DX Split System

There are many advantages to a DX system. They are available in extremely high EER (Energy
Efficiency Ratio) ratings, meaning much lower energy costs for an individual tenant. DX
systems are easily installed, maintained, and there is less potential for major malfunctions. The
primary disadvantages to high SEER DX systems are extremely high initial cost and quantity of
refrigerant used. Another goal of building green is to minimize refrigerant impact on the
ozone layer. Even though current refrigerants, such as R-410a, are much more earth-friendly,
they have an impact on ozone depletion.
A DX Package system (also commonly called condenser water system) has several
packaged water-cooled equipments that use a centralized cooling tower to provide condenser
water. A condenser system is similar to a DX split system in that they both use refrigerant to
cool air. The two systems differ in that the condenser water system uses packaged units where
all four major components are located together. It uses piped water to cool the refrigerant at the

26

condenser section. The water is then taken to a cooling tower which transfers heat to the
environment. A DX package, water-cooled system is schematically represented in figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 DX Package System

A chilled water system is very different from the previous two systems discussed. The
primary difference is that the cooling coil uses chilled water to directly cool the air as it passes
through to the space. A chilled water system uses a central chiller to chill the water using the
same principles as DX but on a larger scale. Chillers come in a variety of options including aircooled (fan and condenser coil) and water-cooled (cooling tower). In this project a water-cooled
chiller will be under consideration because it has the potential of yielding a higher energy
savings. A chilled water, water-cooled is schematically represented in figure 3.3.

27

Figure 3.3 Chilled Water Water-Cooled

3.2 Energy Baseline and Optimization
Measuring the energy efficiency of a building is done by comparing the proposed
building to a baseline model. The method for creating a baseline model is set forth by ASHRAE
Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. The
baseline building must use the same building geometry and fundamental zoning definitions. The
baseline building must be modeled using the minimum performance requirement set forth by
90.1. Table 3.1 is a summary of the energy efficiency requirements.
Table 3.1 Minimum Requirements from ASHRAE 90.1
Type

Requirement Climate Zone 1

Walls
Roof
Windows
Lighting
Air Conditioners

Mass Wall Above Grade No insulation required

Insulation entirely above deck R-15
Maximum U-1.22
Maximum of 1.2 W/SF for office space
10.3 EER

28

The baseline building shall be modeled using these minimum requirements to determine
the maximum allowable energy usage for the building. The proposed building will differ from
the baseline by improving mechanical equipment performance, envelope specifications
(insulation, glazing, glass thickness, etc.), and lighting efficiency. By improving these
parameters, the overall building performance improves thereby creating an overall reduction in
energy usage.
Since different HVAC systems will be modeled, the first step shall be to improve the
buildings envelope and lighting characteristics. Improving the buildings envelope and lighting is
a basic step in improving the buildings overall energy performance. These changes to the
building will be constant regardless of the HVAC system chosen.
Envelope
Improving a buildings envelope is a broad statement. For Miami Green the most
important factor is improving the envelope is to improve window performance since the faade
of the building is over 80% glass. This is where the major reduction in energy usage shall occur.
By decreasing the overall U value (heat transfer coefficient) and increasing the shading
coefficient, the heat that enters the condition space by conduction and radiation is reduced. The
reduction in the heat that enters the space is reflected by lowering the amount of electricity
needed to cool the space.
For a high rise building the use of impact resistant glass is mandated by the state of
Florida. Therefore 0.5 impact resistant glass shall be used. This glass not only serves for safety,
but it also drastically reduces heat gain and noise pollution. It has also been specified that the
glass shall be covered in a blue-green tint to further reduce the heat that enters due to radiation.
Also, a second low-e glazing with a 0.5 inch air gap shall be added to reduce the amount of heat

29

that enters due to thermal conduction. Figure 3.4 shows a dimensioned cross-section of the glass
to be used.

Figure 3.4 Window Section

This specified glass drastically reduces the amount of heat that enters the space. This will
give the proposed Miami Green design a large advantage over the baseline model. The U-Value
of the glass construction specified is 0.42

BTU
and the shading coefficient is equal to 0.605.
h ft 2 F

The second most important step in improving the building envelope is to decrease the
overall U value of the exterior walls and partitions. The difference between an exterior wall and
a partition wall is that an exterior wall is exposed to solar radiation while a partition is not. An
exterior wall experiences the combined effects of solar radiation and conduction. A partition
wall only experiences heat conduction. Regardless of the type of wall, the overall U value is
extremely important.

30

Figure 3.5 illustrates the wall section specified for Miami Green. As can be seen, R-20
insulation has been added greatly reduces the baseline U value. The total U-value of the wall
shown in the figure is 0.04

BTU
.
h ft 2 F

Figure 3.5 Window Section

Lighting
Improving lighting efficiency is the easiest way to go green. Everyone can change
regular incandescent light bulbs to more energy efficient Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL)
lights. In the scope of Miami Green, all interior and some exterior lights will be fluorescent
lights. Fluorescent lights are more efficient because they produce more Lumens per Watt.
Simply stated, they output more light with less power.
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 allows a maximum of 1.2 W/S.F. for office lighting. Due to
multiple reasons, Miami Green will use approximately 0.9 W/S.F. One of these reasons is the
widespread use of fluorescent lighting instead of incandescent lights. But since ASHRAE has
already assumed the primary use of fluorescents, the energy use reduction is not substantial.

31

The primary reason for the reduction in lighting wattage is as follows. Since Miami
Green is for office/retail usage, its primary use shall be during the day. And since Miami Green
is over 80% glass, the need for interior lighting during the day is greatly reduced. Therefore, the
amount of glass on the building decreases the efficiency of the HVAC system but also reduces
the amount of interior lighting required.
Another way Miami Green is reducing energy is by using smart lighting systems. For
example, bathrooms and closets will be equipped with motion sensors to activate only when
occupied. Basically, reducing the amount of time non-essential lighting is on. Interior smart
lighting will also shut down lighting when the building occupancy is sensed to be low. These
times shall correspond to night time and holidays.
HVAC
The three HVAC systems being used considered in Miami Green were explained in the
previous overview section. The energy efficiency of these three systems differs with different
application. There is no system which is generally more efficient. Within each system there are
varying efficiencies available with a certain cost associated with them. For instance, the
minimum efficiency required for a DX air-cooled system over 65,000 BTU/h cooling capacity is
9.5 EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio). Systems of this type are available with EER values up to 15
but are also much more expensive. The EER of equipment is calculated by the following
formula:
EER =

Cooling Capacity (BTU/h)

Input Power(KW)

Packaged DX water-cooled systems are also rated by the value of the EER. Package watercooled systems are more efficient by also require a cooling tower and water pumps. Generally,

32

for larger scale projects, the water-cooled systems are preferable because they save space and
can sometimes be more efficient. Therefore, the choice is between the two is not clear.
A chilled water system is sometimes more desirable because all refrigeration is localized
to the chiller. In this system the chiller is primarily responsible for energy usage. In Miami
Green the chiller necessary will need to have approximately 300 tons cooling capacity. Chiller
efficiency is measured in COP (Coefficient of Performance). For a 300 ton centrifugal watercooled chiller the minimum efficiency required is 5 COP. The conversion from tons of
refrigeration to BTU/H and the formula for COP are shown below. Chiller efficiencies are
available up to 6.5 COP but with significant cost associated with them. Also, chilled water
systems are only feasible in larger scale applications.
1 Ton Refrigeration = 12,000 BTU/H
COP =

Cooling Capacity(BTU/H)
Input Power(BTU/H)

Since the choice between systems is vague, it is up to the energy modeling and life cycle
cost analysis to determine the system to be used. The life cycle cost analysis is a study of the
economics involved in an HVAC system. Parameters such as initial cost, service life,
maintenance costs and energy costs by a role in the life cycle cost analysis. Often times,
ownership and future plans play a significant role in the choice of the HVAC system to be used.
The importance of the life cycle cost analysis and ownership will be discussed in the next
chapter.

3.3 EQuest and Results

As mentioned at the start of this chapter, eQuest shall be used to measure and analyze the
buildings overall energy usage. EQuest is software based on another energy analysis program

33

called DOE-2. This software began development in the 1970s with collaborative efforts by
ASHRAE, NASA, the US Postal Service, and energy industry leaders. It was created to answer a
growing concern in the industry, that society as a whole was not leading a sustainable lifestyle.
DOE-2/eQuest is the most widely used and respected software in field of energy
modeling. The results of an energy model cannot be assumed to be 100% accurate but do serve
as a basis of comparison to determine that one alternative is more energy efficient than another.
This will be the usefulness of eQuest in Miami Green. This software will serve as a benchmark
to gauge how energy efficient the proposed building has become in comparison to a baseline
building. The measure of improvement will be shown as a percent reduction in the baseline
energy usage. Below is the formula used to find the percent reduction,
% Reduction =

Baseline Usage - Proposed Usage

100%
Baseline Usage

where the energy usage is measured in kWh.

As previously mentioned, the baseline building is modeled using all the minimum
requirements of Table 3.1. The results of this model shall be the basis of comparison for all other
proposed building designs. Below, Figure 3.6 is a summary of the gross energy usage broken
down into different classifications and months of the year

34

Figure 3.6 Baseline Electric Consumption of Miami Green

As seen in Figure 3.4, the total annual electric consumption of the baseline model is
2,820 MWh. This means that Miami Green will use 2,820 Megawatt-hours of electricity
annually if it is build to minimum standards. Our primary goal is reduce this gross energy usage
as much as possible while maintaining a safe, comfortable environment at a reasonable cost.
Now we will make improvements to the shell/envelope, lighting, and HVAC system. In
order to present the results of our comparisons in an organized fashion, Table 3.2 will show
designations and nomenclature used for different test runs with different specifications.

35

Table 3.2-Nomenclature and Designations Used

Designation

Detailed Description

DXS

DX Split System Air-Cooled

DXWC

DX Packaged System Water-Cooled

CHW

Chilled Water System Water Cooled

Shell Only

Improvements made to Shell and Lighting only (Min. HVAC efficiency

EER *

Improvements made to Shell, Lighting, and HVAC efficiency

COP *

Improvements made to Shell, Lighting, and Chiller efficiency

Baseline

Building Baseline Model Created according to ASHRAE 90.1

Table 3.3 shows the energy model results for different scenarios. The first model shown
in table is the baseline model shown in detail in figure 3.6. The energy usage of the baseline
model is the basis for measuring the % reduction as previously discussed. The last column
shows the percent reduction of all the different models. Appendix B Energy Analysis contains
the complete summary of all the models created and their respective breakdowns and electric
consumptions.
Table 3.3 - Energy Model Results

Model Name

Energy
Usage
(kWh x 000)

Description

%
Improvement

Baseline

2,820

Model According to ASHRAE 90.1

n/a

DXS Shell
DXS EER 12
DXWC Shell
DXWC 14 EER
CHW Shell
CHW 6 COP

2,328
2,164
2,289
2,107
2,277
2,088

Shell/LTG Improvement Only

Shell and HVAC (12 eer)
Shell/LTG Improvement Only
Shell and HVAC (14 eer)
Shell/LTG Improvement Only
Shell and Chiller (6 COP)

17.45%
23.26%
18.83%
25.28%
19.26%
25.96%

36

For each different system (DXS, DXWC, and CHW) two models were made. First, the shell
only run, which only improves the building envelope and lighting efficiency while maintaining
the minimum HVAC equipment efficiency allowable by code. The second run makes
improvements upon the HVAC system efficiency.
The data shown in table 3.3 shows that with specifications made the chilled water
system (CHW) is the most energy efficient followed by the DX packaged system and then the
DX split system. Using minimum and maximum efficiency equipment the DX split system is the
least efficient when compared respectably to the other system types. The two other systems are
very close in energy efficiency and the difference is almost negligible.
Also, it should be noted that the greatest improvement in energy efficiency was done by
improving the envelope/shell (walls and windows) and lighting efficiency. This upgrade
accounted for approximated 18% reduction. Improving the HVAC efficiency alone accounted
for only an additional 6% reduction. Therefore, the primary energy savings is made by
improving the structures thermal properties. Improving equipment efficiencies is a good step but
not as drastic a change.
The choice of which system to use is still not complete. The energy efficiency of the
systems has been measured and a distinction has been made between them. We cannot simply
choose the most efficient system. Other factors such as ownership type, useful life and initial
cost must be accounted for. All of these factors will be weighted and balanced and the system
type will be chosen in the next chapter.

37

Chapter 4 Cost Analysis and System Selection

4.1 Overview
A cost analysis is one of the most important factors to consider when selecting the
cooling system to be used in a building. For Miami Green, the type of ownership combined with
the initial cost of the building will most likely be the settling factor of which system shall be
chosen. This will be the topic of a later section in this chapter.
Factors to be considered when performing a life cycle cost analysis are things such as
initial cost, life of equipment, operating costs and present worth. Initial cost includes things such
as equipment costs and installation costs. Operating costs include things such as annual
maintenance costs and energy usage.
For the purposes of this project a program called Engineering Economic Analysis by
Carrier will used to perform the life cycle cost analysis. The three different systems under
consideration will be compared by initial cost, annual operation cost and present worth over a
period of time.

4.2 Input Parameters

The life cycle cost of Miami Green will be analyzed over a period 31 years to ensure that
all of the three alternatives must be replaced at least once. A standard assumption of 6%
minimum attractive rate of return will be assumed. Also, the three systems will be analyzed
completely independent of each other. The following is a break-down of the three systems and
the costs associated with them.
Table 4.1 contains the initial cost of the DX Split system for Miami Green. Note that the
unit cost includes air-handler unit (AHU), condenser unit (CU) and installation of all associated
ductwork and equipment. The estimated life of a system of this type is approximately 10 years.
38

At the end of the expected life there are replacement costs. This system must be replaced two
times in a span of 31 years.
Table 4.1 - DXS Cost
Equipment
(AHU and
CU)
12.5 T. Unit
7.5 T. Unit
4 T Unit

Installed
Cost/Unit
($)

Quantity

29,000
7
17,400
13
11,600
20
Total Initial Cost =

Cost ($)
203,000
226,200
232,000
661,200

Life
(years)
10
10
10

The annual costs for DXS include maintenance and energy costs. The annual
maintenance cost for this system can be estimated at $200/AHU for filter, fan and coil
maintenance and $200/CU for refrigerant and compressor maintenance. Since there are 40 AHU
and CU in this proposed design, the average annual maintenance cost for this system is
$16,000/year.
The annual energy usage of this system is the topic of the previous chapter. Using the
results from the last chapter, the local energy costs are applied to find that this system will have
an energy cost of approximately $152,000/year.
Table 4.2 contains the initial cost of the DX package system for Miami Green. Note that
the unit cost includes equipment costs, ductwork, piping and installation. The estimated life of
packaged units (PU) and pumps is approximately 15 years. The estimated life of a cooling tower
is 20 years. Therefore, this system must be replaced once in a span of 31 years. This replacement
cost along with inflation must be taken into account.

39

Equipment (PU)
12.5 T. Unit
7.5 T. Unit
4 T. Unit
Cooling Tower
Pumps

Table 4.2 - DXWC Cost

Installed
Cost/Unit Quantity
($)
30,900
7
18,500
13
12,400
20
38,500
1
4,200
2
Total Initial Cost =

Cost ($)
216,300
240,500
248,000
38,500
8,400
751,700

Life
(years)
15
15
15
20
15

The annual maintenance costs of this system are similar to that of the DXS system. An
average of $400/PU equals to a total of $16,000 per year. Cooling tower maintenance and water
treatment must also be considered for this system. These costs can be estimated at $5,000 per
year. Therefore, the total maintenance cost of the DXWC system is $21,000 per year. Using the
energy usage results from the last chapter, the annual energy cost of this system can be estimated
at $142,000 per year.
Table 4.3 contains the initial cost and life of the chilled water system for Miami Green.
Note that the unit cost includes equipment costs, ductwork, piping and installation. The
estimated life of fan coil units (FCU) and pumps is approximately 15 years. The estimated life of
a cooling tower and chiller is 20 years. Therefore, this system must be replaced once in a span of
31 years. This replacement cost along with inflation must be taken into account.

Equipment
(FCU)
12.5 T. Unit
7.5 T. Unit
4 T. Unit
Cooling Tower
Chiller
Pumps

Table 4.3 - CHW Cost

Installed
Cost/Unit Quantity
($)
26,500
7
18,000
13
11,000
20
38,500
1
205,500
1
4,200
4
Total Initial Cost =
40

Cost ($)
185,500
234,000
220,000
38,500
205,500
16,800
900,300

Life
(years)
20
20
20
20
20
15

The annual maintenance costs of this system much lower than the previous two since
there is one centralized compressor. An average of $200/FCU equals to a total of $8,000 per
year. Cooling tower, Chiller maintenance and water treatment must also be considered for this
system. These costs can be estimated at $6,000 per year. Therefore, the total maintenance cost of
the DXWC system is $14,000 per year. Using the energy usage results from the last chapter, the
annual energy cost of this system can be estimated at $141,000 per year.

4.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis

All of the above parameters were input to the Engineering Economic Analysis software.
The results are summarized below. For the complete results and report see Appendix C
Economic Analysis.

Initial Cost
o DXS
- $661,200 (winner)
o DXWC - $751,700
o CHW - $900,300

Total Present Worth

o DXS
- $3,619,000
o DXWC - $3,347,000
o CHW - $3,205,000 (winner)

Annual Operating Costs

o DXS
- $168,000
o DXWC - $163,000
o CHW - $155,000 (winner)
The above data shows that the DX split system (DXS) has the lowest initial cost and the

chilled water system (CHW) has the lowest total present worth and annual operating costs. It
should be noted that the DX packaged water-cooled system is in second place in all three
categories. Also, DXS is the worst in total present worth and annual operating costs. Using this
data, the next section will determine which system shall be used.
41

4.4 Ownership and Initial Cost

There are essentially two types of builders. The first type of builder is a person or
company that is constructing a building for their own use with intentions of inhabiting and
maintaining the building themselves. This is often the case when a large corporation is planning
on building a headquarters/office or when a university desires to build an additional campus or
building. Also, this kind of developing is found on a large scale in governmental agencies and
institutions. Essentially, building X is being built by company Y for the use of company
Y. The goal of this group is to maintain operating and life cycle costs to a minimum,
regardless of the initial cost of construction. Therefore, for this type of owner, the total present
worth of the HVAC system is of primary concern. This type of owner would most definitely
choose a chilled water system in this situation.
The second type of builder is a private developer that is seeking a profit from selling a
building that he/she has built. For example, Developer A is constructing building B to later
sell the building and make a profit. This is exactly the case for Miami Green.
Miami Green is being built by a developing company to later lease or sell the spaces to
outside buyers. The main goal of the developer is to maintain the construction cost (initial cost)
to a minimum and maximize the potential profits when the building is sold. Maintenance, energy
and replacement costs are seldom the concern of these types of developers. Therefore, usually
the HVAC system with the lowest initial cost is the one installed.
In this case the system with the lowest initial cost is the DX split system and would
usually be the system installed in this type of application since the lowest initial cost tends to
mean the highest profit for a developer. But this is not the case for Miami Green. Miami Green
will use a DX packaged water cooled system because it is more green. Meaning, for only

42

$90,000 more in construction, the DX packaged (DXWC) system will achieve 2 more LEED
credit points that the DX split system does not. The DXWC system will obtain an extra point for
energy efficiency (since it is 2% more efficient than DXS) and an extra point for Enhanced
Refrigerant Management that DXS does not get. The basis for LEED points will be further
discussed in the next chapter.
Therefore, even though the DXWC system costs more, the marketability of the label
Green Building is out weights the difference in initial costs. The reason the chilled water
system was ruled out is because it does not achieve and extra points over DXWC and costs
$150,000 more.

4.5 System Specification and Details

Now that the system has been chosen, the next task is to make equipment specifications
and create schematic drawing of the system with certain key details. Please note that this section
only summarizes the schematic plans for Miami Green. For complete equipment specifications
and schematic plans, please see Appendix D and Appendix E.
Condenser water lines will be run from the cooling tower on the roof down the building
to the ground floor. Condenser water supply (CWS) and return (CWR) will be supplied piped
across the entire layout of every level. A packaged unit can be inserted anywhere within the
level- and tap-in to the condenser water lines. This allows flexibility in layout options for each
floor. All packaged units are manufactured by Trane, a well-known and respected cooling
equipment manufacturer. As mentioned in a previous chapter, all heating will be done by electric
strip heaters inside the packaged equipment. For complete equipment specifications please see
drawings and specifications. A condenser water isometric has been provided to schematically
show the piping and equipment locations.

43

Two (2) 100% outside-air roof-top units located supply the corridors on Miami Green via
shafts throughout the building. Outdoor fresh air is supplied to the packaged units within the
spaces from the roof via a shaft located in the center of the building.
The garage of Miami Green is open to the outside and naturally ventilated. Recirculation
fans guarantee that there are no stagnation points and CO/CO2 levels remain below critical.
Exhaust fans are provided in all bathrooms and equipment rooms. For exact location of all fans
please see drawings.
The drawings provided in Appendix E are only schematic and are not intended as
construction documents. The goal of this project is to provide schematic drawings of the
recommended HVAC system to the owner for his/her approval. The drawings provided are for
the shell layout only. Once approved, the exact interior layouts must be chosen.
NOTE: The drawings provided in Appendix E are scaled to fit inside of this report. A
full sized set of drawings were provided along with the report on the date of completion.

44

Chapter 5 LEED certification

5.1 Overview
A Green Building is the measure of how sustainable a building is constructed. This is
done by optimizing the design and construction of the building and minimizing the operations
and maintenance. The United States Green Building Council (USGC) is the US government
organization that developed the Green Building rating system through the LEED committee,
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. The LEED committee provides the standards
and performance criteria for certifying a sustainable design. The Green Building standards
help improve the quality of buildings their impact on the environment, and promote
environmental leadership in the building industry. Though a point system, LEED addresses six
development and construction processes when rating a building as Green. These areas include
sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, indoor
environmental quality and innovation and design process. Each of the six categories has certain
prerequisites that are required and must be achieve to be considered for LEED certification.
LEED awards points for accomplishing certain criteria in each of the six categories. A minimum
of 26 points is needed for the building to be recognized as a Green Building.
The six sections addressed by the LEED certification focuses on different development
processes of the construction of the building. The HVAC system is only a portion of the
development processes that LEED focuses on for certification. The design of the HVAC system
of the Miami Green buildings will concentrate on the Energy and Atmosphere and the Indoor
environmental quality sections. In this chapter, the criteria for these sections and the methods
used to achieve the points will be described.

45

5.2 Energy and Atmosphere (EA)

The Energy and Atmosphere prerequisites that are required from the HVAC design are
the Minimum Energy Performance and Fundamental Refrigerant Management. The
Minimum Energy Performance (EA Prerequisite 2) standard creates an energy baseline for a
construction depending on the building usage set by ASHRAE standard 90.1. This standard
focuses on establishing a minimum level of energy efficiency for the proposed building and
systems. The Fundamental Refrigerant Management (EA Prerequisite 2) standard aims towards
reducing ozone depletion. The use of CFC, Chlorofluorocarbon based refrigerants is prohibited
for new constructions. This is done to phase out refrigerants such as R-22 that once was
commonly used in HVAC systems and is responsible for ozone depletion due to its release of
CFC into the atmosphere. The HVAC system of the Miami Green Building will be designed to
use refrigerant R-410a which is not CFC-based.
The main focus on the Miami Green HVAC design project is to maximize energy
efficiency. In the Energy and Atmosphere section of the LEED certification, credit 1 awards
points dependant upon the percentage of energy usage reduced. This credit focuses on achieving
increasing levels of energy performance above the standard and reducing economic impacts
associated with excessive energy use. The design of the Miami Green HVAC system will
improve the minimum energy usage set by ASHRAE standard 90.1 by 25.28% to collect 5
points from this section. This improvement of energy usage was the focus of Chapter 3.
Summing the total energy cost of the Miami Green building, E-quest calculated and energy that
the usage of 2,820,000 kWh was needed. By using more efficient lighting and insulating glaze
on the windows and better insulation on the envelope the energy usage was decreased. Also a
more efficient HVAC system of 14 EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) was used. The baseline
energy usage defined by ASHRAE standards were reduced to approximately 2,107,100 kWh.
46

The forth credit in the Energy and Atmosphere section deals with Enhanced Refrigerant
Management (EA Credit 4). Miami Green achieves this credit by using packaged units designed
to use refrigerant R-410a. Using this refrigerant drastically reduces ozone depletion. Also, using
packaged units reduces the quantity of the refrigerant used, further reducing the environmental
impact. The combined effect of these two factors gives Miami Green a point for EA credit 4.

5.3 Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ)

The next section that the Miami Green Building HVAC system design will focus on is
the Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ). The prerequisite that is required is to provide a
Minimum Indoor Air Quality (EQ Prerequisite 1). This prerequisite is mandated to contribute
to the comfort and well being of the occupants of the building. ASHRAE standard 62.1 set
minimum requirements of ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. Mechanical ventilation
systems installed during core and shell construction will be capable of meeting projected
ventilation levels based on tenant requirements.
The first credit in this section (EQ Credit 1) deals with Outdoor Air Delivery
Monitoring. To achieve this credit Miami Green will have a mechanical room with computers
equipped to monitor many sensors that are associated with the HVAC system. Naturally
ventilated areas in the Miami green project such as the Garage will have CO2 and CO sensors to
monitor the concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Fans will be used to
circulate and ventilate outdoor air into these areas. The sensors will alert the operators in the
Mechanical room if an excess of harmful gasses is present were cautions will be addressed.
Mechanical ventilation systems will be placed properly throughout the structure. These
ventilation systems will provide direct air flow do meet at least the minimum ventilation
requirements. The ventilation systems will have sensors to monitor the airflow through the

47

system. The sensors will also alert the mechanical room if the minimum requirement is not met.
If this were to occur, proper cautions will be addressed. This ventilation monitoring system
receives a point for Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring. The Ventilating systems for the Miami
Green project will be set to provide airflow of 30 percent over the minimum required by
ASHRAE section 62.1. The increased airflow will provide the occupants with better quality air
and achieves a LEED point for increased ventilation (EQ Credit 2).
When the construction of a building is complete the quality of the air initially in the
building is poor due to the processes of the construction of the building. An Indoor Air Quality
Management Plan is made to control the air quality during construction and preoccupancy
periods. This plan is used to take action in following air quality standards and protect absorption
materials from moisture damage. Once the Miami Green Building is constructed, a flush process
will be performed. This process includes flushing the building with 100% outside air for 10 days
and replacing all filtration systems prior to occupancy. This flush process achieves one point
towards the LEED certification (EQ Credit 3).
Finally the air filters used in the packaged units will be of a minimum efficiency rating
value of 13. These air filters will be applied to both the return air and the outside air which is
delivered as supply air. Using these filters achieves another point towards the LEED certification
(EQ Credit 5).

5.4 Conclusion
These HVAC designs outlined above conclude that a total of 10 points will be achieved
towards the LEED certification that is associated with the HVAC design. Also another point can
be awarded for having the occupants of the building complete a survey after six months of the
building occupancy. This survey will ask for a detailed description of the occupants view of the
thermal comfort of the building. Depending on how the occupants feel, provisions will be taken
48

to maximize the occupants thermal comfort. The 11 points accumulated is almost half of the
points necessary to certify the buildings as Green. The remainder of the points can be achieved
through architectural and construction processes. Criteria focusing Sustainable sites, Water
Efficiency, and Material and Resources are sections which the architects design and contractors
equipment can achieve the remaining points necessary for LEED certification.

Table 5.1 - LEED Credit Summary

Section

Energy and Atmosphere

Indoor Environmental
Quality

Criteria

Points

Minimum Energy
Performance
Fundamental Refrigerant
Management
Optimize Energy
Performance
Enhance Refrigerant
Management
Minimum IAQ Performance
Outdoor Air Delivery
Monitoring
Increased Ventilation
Construction IAQ
Management Plan
Indoor Chemical and
Pollutant Source Control
Thermal Comfort
Verification

49

Requirements

PreReq
PreReq
5

Reduce building energy cost by

24.5%

1
PreReq

Use Zero CFC-based refrigerants

1
1

Measure outdoor airflow

increase ventilation by 30%

perform Building "flush out"

Use MERV13 filters

Create occupant thermal comfort
survey

References
ACEC, 1982, Consulting Engineering Practice Manual, McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York City, NY.
ASHRAE, 2001 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, 2000 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Systems and Equipment, American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, 1999 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications, American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, 1998 ASHRAE Handbook Refrigeration, American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, Standard 90.1 Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings,
2004, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta, Ga.
ASHRAE, Standard 62 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 2001, ASHRAE Inc.,
Atlanta, Ga.
Florida Mechanical Building Code 2004, Florida Building Department, Tallahassee, FL.
Gladstone, J., 1981, Air Conditioning Testing/Adjusting/Balancing, A Field Practice Manual,
2nd Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York City, NY.
Haines, R. W. and Wilson, C. L., 1994, HVAC Systems Design Handbook, 2nd Ed McGraw-Hill,
Inc. New York City, NY.
Incropera, F. P., Dewitt, D. P., Bergman, T. L. and Lavine, A. S., 2007, Fundamentals of Heat
and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
McQuistion, F. C., Parker, J. D., and Spitler, J.D., 2005, Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning, Analysis and Design 6th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
Moran, M. J. and Shapiro, H. N., 2004, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
NFPA, 2000, Life Safety Code Handbook, NFPA 101 8th Edition, National Fire Protection
Association, Quincy, Massachusetts.
NFPA, 2005, Florida Fire Prevention Code, 2004 Edition, National Fire Protection Association,
Quincy, Massachusetts.

50

Rowe, W. H. III, 1988, HVAC Design, Criteria, Options, Selections, R. S. Means Company,
Inc., Kingston, MA.
SMACNA, 1995, HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Metal and Flexible, 2nd Ed. Sheet Metal
and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Inc., Chantilly, Va.

51

Appendix A
Cooling and Heating Loads

52

Appendix B
Energy Modeling

Project/Run: Miami Green - Baseline Design

Run Date/Time: 11/15/07 @ 10:33

Electric Consumption (kWh)

(x000)
300

200

100

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment

Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans

Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating

Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling

Electric Consumption (kWh x000)

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.

Jan
51.7
1.4
21.9
0.0
10.6

Feb
53.6
0.0
20.5
0.0
8.5

Mar
61.3
23.8
0.0
9.4

Apr
72.1
22.4
9.1

May
83.0
22.6
7.6

Jun
90.7
23.1
7.4

Jul
95.2
22.4
7.6

Aug
97.8
23.3
10.6

Sep
87.2
22.2
10.3

Oct
83.2
22.6
10.6

Nov
67.1
21.2
10.3

Dec
55.4
23.0
0.0
10.6

Total
898.4
1.4
269.0
0.0
112.9

61.9

56.4

64.9

62.2

64.4

62.2

62.4

66.9

57.6

64.4

59.2

60.3

742.8

Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

66.5

60.3

69.7

66.6

69.5

66.6

66.7

72.4

60.9

69.5

63.5

64.0

796.2

214.0

199.3

229.1

232.5

247.0

250.0

254.3

271.1

238.3

250.3

221.3

213.3

2,820.6

Gas Consumption (Btu)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

eQUEST 3.60.5200

Monthly Energy Consumption by Enduse

Page 1

Project/Run: Miami Green DXS - Shell Only

Run Date/Time: 11/21/07 @ 14:51

Electric Consumption (kWh)

(x000)
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment

Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans

Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating

Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling

Electric Consumption (kWh x000)

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.

Jan
48.2
1.2
13.6
0.0
7.1

Feb
51.0
0.0
12.7
0.0
5.7

Mar
57.6
14.8
0.0
6.3

Apr
67.0
13.9
6.1

May
77.2
14.0
5.1

Jun
83.7
14.4
4.9

Jul
87.8
13.9
5.1

Aug
90.5
14.5
7.1

Sep
80.3
13.8
6.9

Oct
77.4
14.0
7.1

Nov
62.7
13.1
6.9

Dec
52.4
14.3
0.0
7.1

Total
835.8
1.2
167.0
0.0
75.2

55.7

50.7

58.4

56.0

58.0

56.0

56.1

60.2

51.9

58.0

53.3

54.3

668.7

Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

48.5

44.0

50.8

48.6

50.6

48.6

48.6

52.8

44.4

50.6

46.3

46.6

580.4

174.3

164.1

187.9

191.5

204.9

207.5

211.6

225.0

197.2

207.1

182.3

174.7

2,328.3

Gas Consumption (Btu)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

eQUEST 3.60.5200

Monthly Energy Consumption by Enduse

Page 1

Project/Run: Miami Green DXS - EER 12

Run Date/Time: 11/21/07 @ 15:01

Electric Consumption (kWh)

(x000)
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment

Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans

Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating

Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling

Electric Consumption (kWh x000)

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.

Jan
38.7
1.2
13.6
0.0
7.1

Feb
40.9
0.0
12.7
0.0
5.7

Mar
46.3
14.8
0.0
6.3

Apr
53.8
13.9
6.1

May
62.0
14.0
5.1

Jun
67.2
14.4
4.9

Jul
70.6
13.9
5.1

Aug
72.7
14.5
7.1

Sep
64.5
13.8
6.9

Oct
62.2
14.0
7.1

Nov
50.4
13.1
6.9

Dec
42.1
14.3
0.0
7.1

Total
671.4
1.2
167.0
0.0
75.2

55.7

50.7

58.4

56.0

58.0

56.0

56.1

60.2

51.9

58.0

53.3

54.3

668.7

Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

48.5

44.0

50.8

48.6

50.6

48.6

48.6

52.8

44.4

50.6

46.3

46.6

580.4

164.8

154.1

176.6

178.3

189.7

191.0

194.3

207.3

181.5

191.9

170.0

164.4

2,164.0

Gas Consumption (Btu)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

eQUEST 3.60.5200

Monthly Energy Consumption by Enduse

Page 1

Project/Run: Miami Green DXWC - Shell Only

Run Date/Time: 11/21/07 @ 14:38

Electric Consumption (kWh)

(x000)
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment

Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans

Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating

Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling

Electric Consumption (kWh x000)

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.

Jan
41.8
4.8
1.5
3.3
8.8
7.1

Feb
44.5
4.4
0.1
3.1
9.4
5.7

Mar
49.7
5.4
3.6
11.3
6.3

Apr
56.3
6.3
3.4
10.7
6.1

May
66.3
7.7
3.4
10.8
5.1

Jun
70.9
8.3
3.5
11.0
4.9

Jul
75.1
8.1
3.4
10.7
5.1

Aug
77.1
8.4
3.5
11.1
7.1

Sep
68.9
8.0
3.3
10.6
6.9

Oct
67.1
7.7
3.4
10.8
7.1

Nov
53.8
6.5
3.2
10.1
6.9

Dec
45.5
4.2
3.5
10.9
7.1

Total
717.0
79.8
1.6
40.5
126.2
75.2

55.7

50.7

58.4

56.0

58.0

56.0

56.1

60.2

51.9

58.0

53.3

54.3

668.7

Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

48.5

44.0

50.8

48.6

50.6

48.6

48.6

52.8

44.4

50.6

46.3

46.6

580.4

171.5

162.0

185.5

187.3

201.8

203.2

207.1

220.2

194.0

204.7

180.1

172.1

2,289.5

Gas Consumption (Btu)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

eQUEST 3.60.5200

Monthly Energy Consumption by Enduse

Page 1

Project/Run: Miami Green DXWC - EER 14

Run Date/Time: 11/21/07 @ 14:53

Electric Consumption (kWh)

(x000)
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment

Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans

Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating

Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling

Electric Consumption (kWh x000)

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.

Jan
31.7
4.6
1.5
3.3
8.5
7.1

Feb
33.8
4.2
0.1
3.1
9.0
5.7

Mar
37.7
5.2
3.6
10.8
6.3

Apr
42.8
6.0
3.4
10.2
6.1

May
50.3
7.3
3.4
10.3
5.1

Jun
53.8
7.9
3.5
10.6
4.9

Jul
57.0
7.7
3.4
10.2
5.1

Aug
58.5
8.0
3.5
10.7
7.1

Sep
52.3
7.6
3.3
10.2
6.9

Oct
51.0
7.3
3.4
10.3
7.1

Nov
40.9
6.2
3.2
9.7
6.9

Dec
34.6
4.0
3.5
10.5
7.1

Total
544.5
76.0
1.6
40.5
121.0
75.2

55.7

50.7

58.4

56.0

58.0

56.0

56.1

60.2

51.9

58.0

53.3

54.3

668.7

Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

48.5

44.0

50.8

48.6

50.6

48.6

48.6

52.8

44.4

50.6

46.3

46.6

580.4

160.9

150.6

172.8

173.0

185.0

185.3

188.2

200.8

176.6

187.7

166.4

160.5

2,107.9

Gas Consumption (Btu)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

eQUEST 3.60.5200

Monthly Energy Consumption by Enduse

Page 1

Project/Run: Miami Green CHW - Shell Only

Run Date/Time: 11/21/07 @ 14:45

Electric Consumption (kWh)

(x000)
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment

Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans

Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating

Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling

Electric Consumption (kWh x000)

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.

Jan
48.0
1.5
1.4
6.8
10.1
7.1

Feb
48.1
1.5
0.0
6.3
9.8
5.7

Mar
55.4
1.8
7.4
11.4
6.3

Apr
57.4
2.3
6.9
11.3
6.1

May
61.8
3.5
7.0
11.6
5.1

Jun
64.2
4.1
7.2
11.9
4.9

Jul
64.3
4.7
6.9
11.6
5.1

Aug
66.5
4.6
7.2
12.0
7.1

Sep
62.4
4.1
6.9
11.4
6.9

Oct
62.5
3.4
7.0
11.6
7.1

Nov
55.4
2.3
6.6
10.8
6.9

Dec
52.4
1.4
7.1
10.9
7.1

Total
698.3
35.3
1.4
83.3
134.3
75.2

55.7

50.7

58.4

56.0

58.0

56.0

56.1

60.2

51.9

58.0

53.3

54.3

668.7

Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

48.5

44.0

50.8

48.6

50.6

48.6

48.6

52.8

44.4

50.6

46.3

46.6

580.4

179.1

166.1

191.5

188.6

197.6

196.8

197.3

210.5

188.0

200.2

181.4

179.9

2,277.1

Gas Consumption (Btu)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

eQUEST 3.60.5200

Monthly Energy Consumption by Enduse

Page 1

Project/Run: Miami Green CHW - Chiller 6 COP

Run Date/Time: 11/21/07 @ 14:47

Electric Consumption (kWh)

(x000)
200

150

100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Area Lighting
Task Lighting
Misc. Equipment

Exterior Usage
Pumps & Aux.
Ventilation Fans

Water Heating
Ht Pump Supp.
Space Heating

Refrigeration
Heat Rejection
Space Cooling

Electric Consumption (kWh x000)

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.

Jan
35.3
1.5
1.4
6.8
9.7
7.1

Feb
35.4
1.5
0.0
6.3
9.4
5.7

Mar
40.7
1.7
7.4
11.0
6.3

Apr
42.4
2.2
6.9
10.9
6.1

May
45.8
3.4
7.0
11.1
5.1

Jun
47.6
3.9
7.2
11.4
4.9

Jul
47.7
4.5
6.9
11.1
5.1

Aug
49.4
4.4
7.2
11.6
7.1

Sep
46.3
3.9
6.9
11.0
6.9

Oct
46.3
3.2
7.0
11.2
7.1

Nov
40.9
2.1
6.6
10.3
6.9

Dec
38.5
1.3
7.1
10.5
7.1

Total
516.2
33.7
1.4
83.3
129.2
75.2

55.7

50.7

58.4

56.0

58.0

56.0

56.1

60.2

51.9

58.0

53.3

54.3

668.7

Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

48.5

44.0

50.8

48.6

50.6

48.6

48.6

52.8

44.4

50.6

46.3

46.6

580.4

165.9

153.0

176.3

173.0

181.0

179.6

180.1

192.7

171.2

183.4

166.4

165.5

2,088.2

Gas Consumption (Btu)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total

Space Cool
Heat Reject.
Refrigeration
Space Heat
HP Supp.
Hot Water
Vent. Fans
Pumps & Aux.
Ext. Usage
Misc. Equip.
Task Lights
Area Lights
Total

eQUEST 3.60.5200

Monthly Energy Consumption by Enduse

Page 1

Appendix C
Economic Analysis

Appendix D
Equipment Specification

Appendix E
Mechanical Drawings
Note: Full size set provided separately

Appendix F
Design Organization

Project Timeline
Category
EML
4551Design
Org.

SubCategory

Progress
Report #1
Progress
Report #2
Presentation
#1
Progress
Report #3
Presentation
#2
Final Report

Senior
Project
Design

Progress
Report #1
Progress
Report #2
Progress
Report #3
Final Demo

HVAC
Design
For
Miami
Green

Research
Code
Resrictions
Cooling
Loads
Ventilation
Design
Equipment
Selection
Drafting
Preliminary
Review
Re-Design
Code
Compliance
Final Design

Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

Item
#

Component
Description

AC

Failure Mode

Effects

Safeguard

Actions

Complete Malfunction

Uncomfortable

Select More
Reliable
Equipment

Select Proper
Warranty Info

Not Enough Cooling

Uncomfortable

Better Design

Over Design

Humidity

Uncomfortable

Better Design and

Equipment

Accurate Design

Refrigerant Leak

Environmental
Impact;
Uncomfortable

Environmentally
Safe Refrigerant

Proper Equipment
Selection.

Check Regularly

Select Proper
Warranty Info

Better Design

Over Design

Doors are hard to

open

Better Design

Accurate Design

Loss of Cooling;
Loss of Efficiency

Check
Construction

Contractor
Guarantee

Insure Air Quality

Buy Correct Ducts

Redundancy

Over Design

Complete Malfunction
2

Stair
Pressurization
Fans

Insufficient Pressure
Over Pressurization
Duct Leak

Ducts

Improper Insulation
Unsmooth Finish
CO Sensor Failure

Sensors

Unsafe in event
of a fire

Mold and
Bacteria Growth;
Heath
Unsafe Garage
Conditions

Thermostat Failure

Uncomfortable

Fire Damper Failure

Unsafe in event
of a fire

Select More
Reliable
Equipment
Select More
Reliable
Equipment

Select Proper
Warranty Info
Contractor
Guarantee

Artistic Rendering of Miami Green in Future Location