Professional Documents
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physics
FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
a strategic approach
THIRD EDITION
randall d. knight
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pickup PSE3e
Photo from page 2, snowboarder jump.
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QuickCheck 1.1
Car A
Car B
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QuickCheck 1.1
Car A
Car B
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QuickCheck 1.2
Three motion diagrams are shown. Which is a dust
particle settling to the floor at constant speed, which
is a ball dropped from the roof of a building, and
which is a descending rocket slowing to make a soft
landing on Mars?
A. (a) is dust, (b) is ball, (c) is rocket.
B. (a) is ball, (b) is dust, (c) is rocket.
C. (a) is rocket, (b) is dust, (c) is ball.
D. (a) is rocket, (b) is ball, (c) is dust.
E. (a) is ball, (b) is rocket, (c) is dust.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 1-29
QuickCheck 1.2
Three motion diagrams are shown. Which is a dust
particle settling to the floor at constant speed, which
is a ball dropped from the roof of a building, and
which is a descending rocket slowing to make a soft
landing on Mars?
A. (a) is dust, (b) is ball, (c) is rocket.
B. (a) is ball, (b) is dust, (c) is rocket.
C. (a) is rocket, (b) is dust, (c) is ball.
D. (a) is rocket, (b) is ball, (c) is dust.
E. (a) is ball, (b) is rocket, (c) is dust.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Position as a Vector
Another way to locate the ball is to draw an arrow from the
origin to the point representing the ball.
You can then specify the length and direction of the arrow.
This arrow is called the position
vector of the object.
The position vector is
an alternative form of
specifying position.
It does not tell us
anything different than
the coordinates (x, y).
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Definition of Displacement
The displacement
of an object as it moves from
an initial position to a final position is
The definition of
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QuickCheck 1.3
Given vectors
and
, what is
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QuickCheck 1.3
Given vectors
and
, what is
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QuickCheck 1.4
Given vectors
and
, what is
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QuickCheck 1.4
Given vectors
and
, what is
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Time Interval
Its useful to consider a
change in time.
An object may move from an
initial position at time ti to a
final position at time tf.
A stopwatch is used to measure a time
interval.
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Acceleration
Sometimes an objects velocity is constant as it moves.
More often, an objects velocity changes as it moves.
Acceleration describes a change in velocity.
Consider an object whose velocity changes from to
during the time interval t.
The quantity
is the change in velocity.
The rate of change of velocity is called the average
acceleration:
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QuickCheck 1.5
A particle has velocity as it accelerates from 1 to 2.
What is its velocity vector as it moves away from
point 2 on its way to point 3?
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QuickCheck 1.5
A particle has velocity as it accelerates from 1 to 2.
What is its velocity vector as it moves away from
point 2 on its way to point 3?
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QuickCheck 1.6
A cyclist riding at 20 mph sees a stop sign and actually comes to a
complete stop in 4 s. He then, in 6 s, returns to a speed of 15 mph.
Which is his motion diagram?
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QuickCheck 1.6
A cyclist riding at 20 mph sees a stop sign and actually comes to a
complete stop in 4 s. He then, in 6 s, returns to a speed of 15 mph.
Which is his motion diagram?
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QuickCheck 1.7
A ball is tossed straight up in the air. At its very
highest point, the balls acceleration vector
A. Points up.
B. Is zero.
C. Points down.
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QuickCheck 1.7
A ball is tossed straight up in
the air. At its very highest
point, the balls acceleration
vector
A. Points up.
B. Is zero.
C. Points down.
In fact, the acceleration vector
points down as the ball rises, at the
highest point, and as it falls.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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QuickCheck 1.8
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QuickCheck 1.8
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QuickCheck 1.9
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QuickCheck 1.9
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Position-versus-Time Graphs
Below is a motion diagram, made at 1 frame per minute,
of a student walking to school.
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QuickCheck 1.10
This is a graph of an object
moving along a straight line.
The most likely interpretation is:
A. A person walking down a
steep mountain.
B. A car that drives and stops
and drives and stops.
C. An elevator descending.
D. A rock that falls, bounces,
and falls some more.
E. A ball that is hit, caught,
and thrown to someone else.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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QuickCheck 1.10
This is a graph of an object
moving along a straight line.
The most likely interpretation is:
A. A person walking down a
steep mountain.
Vertical motion
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Units
Science is based on experimental measurements,
and measurements require units.
The system of units in science is called le Systme
Internationale dunits or SI units.
The SI unit of time is the
second, abbreviated s.
1 s is defined as the time
required for 9,192,631,770
oscillations of the radio wave
An atomic clock at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology is the primary
absorbed by a cesium-133 atom.
standard of time.
The SI unit of length is the meter, abbreviated m.
1 m is defined as the distance traveled by light in a
vacuum during 1/299,292,458 of a second.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Units
The SI unit of mass is the
kilogram, abbreviated kg.
1 kg is defined as the mass of
the international standard
kilogram, a polished platinumiridium cylinder stored in Paris.
Many lengths, times, and
masses are either much less or
much greater than the
standards of 1 m, 1 s, and 1 kg.
We use prefixes to denote
various powers of 10, which
make it easier to talk about
quantities.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Unit Conversions
It is important to be able to
convert back and forth between
SI units and other units.
One effective method is
to write the conversion
factor as a ratio equal to one.
Because multiplying by 1 does
not change a value, these ratios
are easily used for unit conversions.
For example, to convert the length 2.00 feet to
meters, use the ratio:
So that:
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Assessment
When problem solving, it is important to decide whether or
not your final answer makes sense.
For example, if you are working a
problem about automobile speeds
and reach an answer of
35 m/s, is this a realistic speed?
The table shows some approximate
conversion factors that can be used
to assess answers.
Using 1 m/s 2 mph, you find that 35 m/s is roughly 20 mph,
a reasonable speed for a car.
If you reached an answer of 350 m/s, this would correspond
to an unreasonable 700 mph, indicating that perhaps you
made a calculation error.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Significant Figures
Its important in science and engineering to state clearly what
you know about a situationno less, and no more.
For example, if you report a length as 6.2 m, you imply that the
actual value is between 6.15 m and 6.25 m and has been
rounded to 6.2.
The number 6.2 has two significant figures.
More precise measurement could give more significant figures.
The appropriate number of significant figures is determined
by the data provided.
Calculations follow the weakest link rule: The input value
with the smallest number of significant figures determines
the number of significant figures to use in reporting the
output value.
2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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~105 m
~1000 m
~1 m
~0.01 m
~104 m
Small car
~1000 kg
Large human
~100 kg
Science textbook
~1 kg
Apple
~0.1 kg
Raisin
~103 kg
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QuickCheck 1.11
Rank in order, from the most to the least, the number of
significant figures in the following numbers. For example, if
b has more than c, c has the same number as a, and a has
more than d, you would give your answer as b > c = a > d.
a. 8200
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
b. 0.0052
c. 0.430
d. 4.321 1010
d>c>b=a
a=b=d>c
b=d>c>a
d>c>a>b
a=d>c>b
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QuickCheck 1.11
Rank in order, from the most to the least, the number of
significant figures in the following numbers. For example, if
b has more than c, c has the same number as a, and a has
more than d, you would give your answer as b > c = a > d.
a. 8200
2? Ambiguous
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
b. 0.0052
2
c. 0.430
3
d. 4.321 1010
4
d>c>b=a
a=b=d>c
b=d>c>a
d>c>a>b
a=d>c>b
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General Strategy
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General Strategy
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Important Concepts
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Important Concepts
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