The Plant Kingdom

Members of the plant kingdom are called Plantae. Plant

kingdom mainly comprises of eukaryotic organisms which
can produce their own food by the process of
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis: This is the process by which plants use
energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide
into sugar and release oxygen into the atmosphere.
Plant kingdom is classified based on some criteria. Features
forming the basis of classification are elucidated.
Plants having distinct parts like stem, roots and leaves.
Plant parts have tissues to transport food and water.
Plants bearing enclosed seeds or naked seeds.
Classification of plant kingdom
Eichler classified the plant kingdom into two sub-kingdoms Cryptogamae and Phanerogamae.
Cryptogamae: This sub-kingdom includes plants with
hidden reproductive organs and plants do not bear flowers
or seeds. Cryptogams are further divided into three groups:
Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta.
Thallophyta are the simplest of plants that do not have a
well-differentiated body design. e.g. Algae do not have
leaves, stems or roots.
Bryophyta are often called amphibians of the plant

kingdom as they require both aquatic and terrestrial

conditions for the completion of their life cycle. e.g. Moss or
Funaria belongs to the group Bryophyta.
Pteridophyta include fern plants which possess the
plant body differentiated into stem, leaves and roots. They
also possess naked embryos in the form of spores
underneath the leaf.
Phanerogamae: This sub-kingdom includes plants that
develop seeds and have well-formed stem, leaves and roots.
Phanerogams are further classified into Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms.
Gymnosperms were the first plants to have a seed habit.
These are the plants which possess naked seeds. e.g. Pinus,
cycas and other coniferous trees are gymnosperms.
Angiosperms are highly evolved plants with flowers,
fruits and seeds. They are also called as flowering plants.
These plants possess seeds enclosed inside the fruit. The
seed germinates develops into a new plant. Angiosperms
are divided into two groups, namely, monocots and dicots
based on the number of cotyledons that they have.
Differences between monocots and dicots plants: These
include the variation in seed, root and in leaves.
Monocots are the plants whose seed possesses single
cotyledon while dicots are the plants which possess seeds
with two cotyledons. Cotyledons are also called as seed
leaves. Cotyledons supply food to the growing embryos,
when the seeds germinate.
The leaves in monocot plants exhibit parallel venation
while that of dicot plants include reticulate venation.
In monocots, the primary root perishes quite early and

gets replaced by a cluster of adventitious roots, while in

dicots, the primary root becomes the most prominent root
of the plant. This is called as the tap root, from which
several lateral roots branch out.
PLANT KINGDOM
The Kingdom Plantae includes plants which are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic and
producers. The cell walls possess mainly cellulose. The plant body may be thalloid or
differentiated into
root, stem and leaves. They may be non vascular or vascular. They have two stages in their life
cycle- a
haploid, sexually reproducing gametophytic generation and a diploid, asexually
reproducing
sporophytic generation. The two generations alternate. This is called alternation of
generations.
3.1. ALGAE
Algae are mostly aquatic, autotrophic organisms. Their body is unicellular (Chlamydomonas),
Colonial (Volvox) or filamentous (Spirogyra) or thalloid (Sargassum). They reproduce by
vegetative
(fragmentation), asexual (spore formation) and sexual methods. Sexual reproduction involves
fusion of
similar gametes (isogamy) eg:-Spirogyra or fusion between gametes of dissimilar in size
(anisogamy)
eg:- some species of Chlamydomonas or one large non-motile female gamete and a small motile
male
gamete (oogamy). eg:-Fucus, Volvox.
The algae are divided into three classes based on their main pigmentsChlorophyceae(Green
algae)
contain chlorophyll. e.g.Chlamydomonas, Volvox,Ulothrix,Spirogyra; Phaeophyceae (Brown
algae)
contain fucoxanthin e.g. Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus,Sargassum, Laminaria; Rhodophyceae
(Red algae)
contain phycoerythrin e.g. Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium

Fig. 3.1. Algae: a) Chlamydomonas, b) Spirogyra, c) Laminaria ,d)

Fucus, e) Porphyra, f) Polysiphonia.

3.2. BRYOPHYTES
The bryophytes include liverwort, hornwort and mosses. They are called
amphibians of the
Plant Kingdom because they live in soil but require water for sexual
reproduction. They grow in
moist shady places. The dominant phase in the life cycle is haploid gametophyte.
It may be a flattened
thallus or differentiated into stem-like, root-like and leaf-like structures. The rootlike structures are called
rhizoids. The gametophyte bears sex organs called antheridia (male) and
archegonia (female) which
produce gametes called antherozoids and eggs respectively. The antherozoid fuses
with the egg to
produce zygote. The zygote produces a multicellular sporophyte. The sporophyte
is dependent on the
gametophyte. The sporophyte reproduces asexually by producing spores. Meiosis
takes place during spore
formation , hence they are haploid. The spores germinate to produce the
gametophyte.
The bryophytes are divided into three classes Hepaticopsida (Liverworts) e.g.
Riccia,
Marchantia; Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts) e.g. Anthoceros, Notothylas,;
Bryopsida (Mosses) e.g.

Funaria, Sphagnum, Polytrichum.

Fig. 3.2. Bryophytes: (a)Riccia ,(b) Marchantia, (c)Funaria.

3.3. PTERODOPHYTES
They are the first land plants which possess vascular tissues i.e. xylem and
phloem. The plant
body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Majority
of the pteridophytes
produce only one kind of spores in sporangia and the plants are called
homosporous (e.g.:- Nephrolepis,
Lycopodium). Some produce two kinds of spores- megaspores (large) and
microspores(small) .Such
plants are called heterosporous(e.g.:- Selaginella, Salvinia). The spore germinates
to produce freeliving,
photosynthetic, haploid gametophyte called prothallus. The sex organsantheridia and
archegonia are produced on the prothallus. Fertilization results in the formation of
zygote which
develops into sporophyte.

The pteridophytes are divided into four classes- Psilopsida (Whisk ferns) e.g.: Psilotum,
Lycopsida (Club mosses) e.g.:- Lycopodium, Selaginella, Sphenopsida (Horse
tails) e.g.:-Equisetum and
Pteropsida (Ferns) e.g.:- Nephrolepis, Pteris, Adiantum, Dryopteris.

Fig.3.3. Pteridophytes: (a) Selaginella, (b) Equisetum, (c) Nephrolepis.

3.4. GYMNOSPERMS

They are called naked seeded plants since the seed is not
covered by fruit wall. The plant body is
a sporophyte. They gymnosperms are heterosporous. The
gametophytes are dependent on sporophytes.
The male gametophyte produces two male gametes and female
gametophyte bears archegonia. The male
gametophyte produces pollen tube to carry the male gametes
towards archegonia. After fertilization the
megasporangium develops into seed.
The gymnosperms are divided into three classes- Cycadopsida
(e.g.:- Cycas), Coniferopsida
(e.g.:- Pinus, Cedrus, Sequoia) and Gnetopsida (e.g.:- Gnetum,
Ephedra, Ginkgo)

Fig. 3.4. Gymnosperms: (a) Cycas, (b) Pinus, (c) Gnetum, (d) Ginkgo

3.5. ANGIOSPERMS
These plants are called flowering plants which bear flowers and
produce fruit enclosing the
seeds. The plant body is a sporophyte which differentiated into
underground root system and aerial shoot
system. The flowers have male parts (stamens) and female parts
(carpels).The anthers of the stamens
produce pollen grains. The ovary of the carpel encloses ovules. A highly
reduced haploid female
gametophyte called embryo sac develops inside the ovule. The pollen
grain germinates to produce the
male gametophyte (pollen tube) containing two male gametes which are
released into the embryo sac. The
two male gametes fuse with two female gametes inside the embryo sac.
This is called double
fertilization. After fertilization the ovary develops into fruit and the
ovules develops into seeds.
Angiosperms are divided into two classes-Dicotyledonae (eg:- Mustard,
Bengal
gram etc) and Monocotyledonae (eg:- Grasses, Coconut etc)

SUMMARY
Plant Kingdom includes Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Algae are mostly aquatic, simple , photosynthetic, thalloid forms. They
are classified into Chlorophyceae,
Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae. They reproduce vegetatively by
fragmentation, asexually by spore
formation and sexually by isogamy, anisogammy or oogamy.
Bryophytes are amphibians of plant kingdom. Dominant phase of their
life cycle is a haploid
gametophyte which is simple thallus or having root-like, stem-like, leaflike structures. They are attached
to the substratum by rhizoids. The gametophyte bears sex organsantheridia (male) and archegonia
(female) which produce antherozoids and eggs respectively. The male
and female gametes fuse to
produce a diploid zygote which develops into the sporophyte. The
sporophyte produces haploid spores
which germinate to form gametophytes.
Pteridophytes possess well differentiated sporophyte with root, stem and
leaves. The sporophyte
bears sporangia which produce spores. The spores germinate form an
independent gametophyte. The
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12
gametophyte bears male and female sex organs. The male and female
gametes fuse to produce a zygote
which produces sporophyte.
Gymnosperms are naked seeded plants. The plant body is a sporophyte.
The spores are of two
types- megaspores and microspores. Megaspores produce female
gametophyte and microspores produce
male gametophyte. After fertilization the ovule develop into seed.
Angiosperms are flowering plants bearing flowers having male parts
(stamens) and female parts

(carpels). The anther of the stamen produces haploid pollen grains. In

the ovary of the carpel, ovules are
present. The female gametophyte (embryo sac) develops within the
ovule. The pollen grain produces a
pollen tube which releases two male gametes. It fuses with two female
gametes. Thus there is double
fertilization and triple fusion. It is the unique feature of angiosperms.
EXERCISE
1. Name the classes of algae based on the main pigment.
2. Mention the types of sexual reproduction in algae?
3. Name the sex organs of bryophytes.
4. Why the bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom?
5. Which are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues?
6. Name the gametophyte of ferns.
7. Why gymnosperms are called naked-seeded plants?
8. Match the following:
a. Sargassum 1. Gymnosperm
b.Pteris 2. Bryophyte
c.Cycas 3. Brown alga
d.Marchantia 4. Pteridophyte
9. Name the female gametophyte of angiosperms.
10. Name the two classes of angiosperms.
11. In which group of plants double fertilization takes place?
13
Exercises Answers
1. Classes Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and
Rhodophyceae.
2. Isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy.
3. Antheridia (male) and archegonia (female) are the sex
organs of bryophytes.
4. Bryophytes require water to complete their sexual
reproduction. So they are
called amphibians of the plant kingdom

5. Pteridophytes
6. Prothallus
7. In gymnosperms, the seeds are not covered by fruit
walls. So they are called
naked-seeded plants
8. a 1, b -4, c -1, d 2
9. Embryo sac
10. Class Dicotyledonae and Class Monocotyledonae
Angiosperms (flowering plants)

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

(NCERT Solutions, Q & A ...)

Q1(CBSE 2011): What do you mean by bio diversity?
Answer: Bio-diversity means the existence of a wide variety of species or other taxa of plants, animals
and micro-organisms in a natural habitat within a specific environment.
Q2(NCERT): Why do we classify organisms?

or
Q(CBSE 2011): Why is there a need for classification and systematic naming of living organisms?

Answer: Classification helps us understand biodiversity better way. Biodiversity have direct and indirect
economic benefits to humans as well as to our ecosystem. Systematic study of such biodiversity is
essential to better understand the inter-relationships in our ecosystems. Following are the needs to
classify them:
1. Plants and animals have valuable genetic variation information. It will help us understand the
ways evolution take place.
2. Humans often benefits from plants and animals in different ways. Systematic study will help
exploring other potential benefits.
3. Certain species warn us of imbalances in our ecosystem. e.g. white-rumped vultures became
almost extinct because of use of drug brufen (diclofenac) in domestic animals. When vultures ate
these dead animals, it led to their kidney failures. Systematic study of the organisms would help
in restoring the balance in their ecosystems.
4. Plants and animals have been the inspiration for technology and engineering design. e.g.
SONARS and RADARS work on the same acoustics principles as used by bats. Classification will
help us revealing such more inspirations.
5. It is estimated that the Earth has almost 8.8 million animal, plant, and fungi species, but weve
only discovered less than a one fourth of this. Classification gives a system for identification of
known and unknown organisms.
Q3(NCERT): What are the advantages of classification?
Answer: Following are the advantages of classification:
1. Classification helps us identify the living organisms easily.
2. It makes study of such a wide variety of bio-life in systematic manner.
3. It help us learning different plants and animals, similarities and dissimilarities among them.
4. Enables us understand how complex organisms evolve over the time.
5. Classification help us understand the inter-relationships among different groups.
6. It forms the basis of other branches of bio-sciences like bio-geography, environmental biology,
ecology etc.
7. It also provides a systematic way to identify known and unknown organisms.
8. Classification systems are adapted internationally. This aids communication between scientists.

Q4: Define Taxonomy.

Answer: The branch of science that classify living organisms among different categories or groups is
called taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species and organising them into
systems of classification.

Q5: Who is known as father of taxonomy?

Answer: Carl Linnaeus

Q6(NCERT): Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in lifeforms around you.
Answer: The present bio-diversity is the outcome of millions years of evolution. We find various kinds of
range of variations among bio-life such as:
1. Variation in terms of size: Microorganisms are very small of size of micrometers to 100m high
large redwood trees and blue whales (30 meters in length).
2. Variations in terms of age: Some organisms like mosquitoes do not live more than two days while
animals like tortoise and elephants live upto 100 years.
3. Variations in terms of nutrition: Some animals are herbivores, others are carnivores or omnivores.
4. Variations in colours: Worms are colourless, on the other hands flowers, butterflies, different types
of birds are full of colours.

Q7: What is the primary reason for such a huge diversity we find in animals and plants?
Answer: Biological or organic evolution

Q8(NCERT): Which do you think is a more basic characteristic for classifying organisms?
(a) the place where they live.
(b) the kind of cells they are made of. Why?
Answer: Option (b) the kind of cells they are made of, is the more basic characteristic for classifying
organisms. It is for the following reasons:
1. Classifying organisms based on habitat is misleading. Apart form common habitat, there is no
other common features among them. e.g. Lion and Rabbit both live on land but they differ from
each other a lot. Further sub-classification is not possible.

2. Cells are the functional and structural unit of life. Primarily we can differentiate organisms are
unicellular and multicellular. Further sub-classification or logical sequence is possible based on
cell types, its complexity etc.
Q9(NCERT): What is the primary characteristic on which the first division of organisms is made?
Answer: Cell design is the basic characteristic of first division of organisms. It divides organisms primarily
as prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Q10: Define Taxon.
Answer: Taxon is a unit of classification of organisms which can be recognized to a definite category at
any level of classification, e.g., fishes, birds, insects, etc.
Q11(NCERT): On what bases are plants and animals put into different categories?
Answer: Following bases are used to differentiate plants and animals:

Cell Design: Plants have cell wall while animal cells do not.

Nutrition: Plants make their own food (photosynthesis, autotrophic) while animals do not
(hetrotrophic).

Body design: e.g.Plants can't move while animals can.

Q12: Who wrote the book The Origin of Species?

Answer: Charles Darwin - 1859 - He gave the idea of evolution.
Q13: Which region of the earth is called the region of megadiversity?
Answer: The warm and humid tropical regions of the earth, between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of
Capricorn, are rich in diversity of plant and animal life. This is called the region of megadiversity.
Q14: Name five countries that lie in the region of megadiversity.
Answer: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Zaire, Madagascar, Australia, China, India, Indonesia
and Malaysia.
Q15: Define evolution.
Answer: Evolution is a complex process by which the characteristics of living organisms change over
generations to generations and the traits are passed from one generation to the next. One of the main
reason for diversity in bio-life is attributed to evolution.

Q16: Based on evolution, primarily how organisms are categorized?

Answer: Based on evolution, organisms are divided into two groups:

Primitive or lower organisms and

Advanced or higher organisms.

Q17(NCERT): Which organisms are called primitive and how are they different from the so-called
advanced organisms?
Answer:

Primitive Organisms
1. Simple body organisation.
2. Ancient body changes haven't changed
much

Advanced Organisms
1. Complex body organization.
2. Recent body design.

3. Considered at first ladder on

3. Considered at successive ladders on

evolutionary scale.

evolutionary scale.

Q18(NCERT): Will advanced organisms be the same as complex organisms? Why?

Answer: Yes. Because of complex body designs, we can consider advanced programs as complex
organisms. Additionally, complexity in design of advanced organisms increases over evolutionary time.
Q19: Name the book written by Carolus Linnaeus on classification of organisms.
Answer: Systema Naturae
Q20: In how many kingdoms Carolus Linnaeus diving living beings?
Answer: Two kingdoms i.e. Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)
Q21: Name the levels of classification proposed by Linnaeus. What happens to similarities among
organisms as we go from top to bottom level?
Answer: Classification systems as proposed by Linnaeus use a hierarchical system in which organisms
are placed into groups, at different levels, according to the features they share. These groups or levels
are(from top to bottom):
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
Species is the lowest level in which group, we find highest level of similarities and All members of a
species are capable of interbreeding.

 How to memorize classification levels?

King Phil-nnaeus Classed Ordinary Families as Generous and Special

Kingdom Phylum Class Order
Family
Genus
Species
Q22(NCERT): In the hierarchy of classification, which grouping will have the smallest number of
organisms with a maximum of characteristics in common and which will have the largest number
of organisms?
Answer: Taxon Species has the smallest number of organisms with maximum number of characteristics in
common. While taxon Kingdom will have the largest number of organisms with maximum of differences
among its members.
Q23: Name the scientist who created the third kingdom for all microscopic unicellular organisms.
What did he call it?
Answer: After Linnaeus proposed two kingdoms, German biologist, Ernst Haeckel proposed third kingdom
for all microscopic unicellular organisms and called it Protists.
Q24: Who identified the Fungi as a separate multicellular eucaryotic kingdom and introduced five
kingdoms? Name the five kingdoms.
Answer: R. H. Whittaker proposed five kingdoms and identified Fungi as a separate multicellular
eucaryotic kingdom. The five kingdoms are:

Monera: prokaryotic bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria

Protista: unicellular protozoans like fungi, diatoms and algae

Fungi: includes multi-nucleate fungi (yeast, mushroom)

Plantae: multicellular eukaryotes includes green plants and advanced algae

Animalia: multicellular animals

Q25(NCERT): Explain the basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms.
Answer: The basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms is:

Cell Structure: It has two major cellular structural divisions within living things i.e. prokaryotes
and eukaryotes.

Number of Cells: It divides into unicellular and multicellular.

Mode and source of nutrition: Organisms are divided based on mode of nutrition i.e. autotrophic
and heterotrophic.

Phylogenetic Relationship and Body Organization: Based on body organization and evolution
organisms are divided into simple and complex organisms.

Five Kingdoms Classification

Q26(NCERT): What is the criterion for classification of organisms as belonging to kingdom Monera
or Protista?
Answer: Organisms which do not have well defined cell structure (prokaryotic cells) are grouped under
Kingdom Monera. Organisms which are unicellular and eukaryotes are placed under Kingdom Protista.
Q27(NCERT): In which kingdom will you place an organism which is singlecelled, eukaryotic and
photosynthetic?
Answer: Kingdom Protista.
Q28: In which kingdom you will place an organism which is multicellular, eukaryotic, non-green
heterotroph or saprophytic, lacks chlorophyll and has absorptive mode of nutrition?
Answer: Kingdom Fungi
Q29: In which kingdom, you will place an organism which is multicellular, eukaryotic,
heterotroph, lacks chlorophyll and has ingestive mode of nutrition.
Answer: Kingdom Animalia.

Three domain classification

Q30: What is the contribution of Carl Woese (1977) in classification of living beings?
Answer: He divided the Monera kingdom into Archaebacteria (or Archaea) and Eubacteria (or Bacteria).
He also regrouped the five kingdoms into three domains i.e. Bacteria, Archaea and Eucaryotes.
Q31: Name the organisms which are outside the classification.
Answer: Viruses and Prions.
Q32: According to the five-kingdom system, which kingdom contains organisms whose structure
is composed of prokaryotic cells?
Answer: Kingdom Monera.
Q33(CBSE 2011): Blue green algae are classified with bacteria and placed in kingdom Monera.
Answer: Blue green algae or Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria but they are placed under
kingdom Monera because:

they are unicellular.

they show prokaryotic morphological structure i.e. not well defined nucleus

Q34(CBSE 2011): (a) What are saprophytes?

(b) Name the kingdom to which they belong.
(c) What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?or
Q(CBSE 2011): How do the saprophytes get their food? Give two examples of a saprophyte.
Answer: (a) Saprophytes are the organisms which use use decaying organic material as food. Examples
are: Rhizopus, yeast, mushrooms, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Agaricus.
(b) They belong to kingdom Fungi.
(c) They have cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin.

Lichens

Q35: What is Symbiotic? Give example of organisms which exhibit this relationship.
Answer: Some fungal species live in mutually dependent relationship with blue green algae. Such

relationships are called symbiotic. These symbiobic life forms are called lichens. In lichens, the fungal
component is called the mycobiont and the algal component is known as the phycobiont.
Q36: Classify the following organisms into their respective kingdoms as per Whittaker's fivekingdom system.
humans, mushroom, herbs, amoeba, E.coli, euglena, mold, birds, insects, bushes, paramecium, trees,
dogs, streptococcus.
Answer:
Kingdom Monera: E.coli, streptococcus (bacteria)
Kingdom Protista: amoeba, euglena, paramecium
Kingdom Fungi: mushroom, mold,
Kingdom Plantae: herbs, bushes, trees
Kingdom Animalia: humans, birds, insects, dogs
Q37(NCERT): What are the major divisions in the Plantae? What is the basis for these divisions?
Answer: Major division in kingdom Plantae are:
o

Thallophyta

Bryophyta

Pteridophyta

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

The division is based on the following features:

The first level of classification among plants depends on whether plant body is well differentiated or
not.
The next level of classification is based on whether the differentiated body has special vascular tissues
(xylem and phloem) for the transport of water and other substances.
Further classification is based on the ability to bear seeds and
Further it is classified whether the seeds are naked or enclosed within fruits.

Classification of Plants

Spirogyra

Q38: Give examples of Thallophyta plants.

Answer: Algae : Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora and Chara
Q39: Why are Thallophytes called non-embryonic plants?
Answer: Thallophytes have simple body (thallus) and their gametes are unicellular. After fertilization the
zygote does not form embryo. Therefore these plants are called anon-embryonic plants.
Q40: Which division among plants has the simplest organisms?
Answer: Thallophyta division.
Q41: What is a thallus?

Answer: Thallophyte has a simple plant body. The Plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and
leaves and is called thallus.
Q42(CBSE): Why bryophytes are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
Answer: Bryophytes are known as 'amphibians of the plant kingdom' because these plants can live in soil
but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.Usually they are found in humid and damp areas.

Red Moss

Q43: List important characteristics (at least three) of bryophytes.

Answer: Characteristics of bryophytes:
1. Plant body is differentiated to form stem and leaf like structures.
2. These are considered first true plants.
3. These are called amphibians of the plants since they live in soil and water both.
4. There is no specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of
the plant body to another (no vascular system).
5. An embryo is formed upon fertilization. Water is necessary for fertilization.

Moss in dense forest

Q44: Give examples of bryophytes.

Answer: Funaria (moss) and Marchantia (liverwort)

Marchantia (liverwort)

Q45: What are the uses of bryophytes?

Answer: Bryophytes have good water holding capacity, therefore these are used in horticulture. They are
used in medicines, construction material, smoke filters etc.
Q46: How are Pteridophytes' bodies organised?
Answer: The plant body a Pteridophyte is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has a simple
vasuclar system for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to
another.

Marsilea (Pteridophyte)

Q47(CBSE 2011): How do thallophytes and pteridophytes differ from each other? Write two
differences.
Answer:

Num.
1.

Thallophytes
Plant body is not well differentiated.
No vascular system present for

2.

Pteridophytes
Plant body is differentiated into root,
stems and leaves.
Simpler vascular system present for

conduction of water and food substances. conduction of water and substances.

3.

Mostly aquatic (algae)

Mostly land plants

4.

Spirogyra, Chara etc.

Ferns, Marsilea etc.

Q48: Name the plants that are called "First vascular land plants".
Answer: Pteridophytes.
Q49: On what basis plants are divided into two sub-kingdoms?
Answer: Whether the reproductive organs are conspicuous (clearly visible) or not, based on this plants
are divided into two sub-kingdoms i.e.

Cryptogamae: Non flowering or seedless plants. Includes Thallophytes, bryophytes and

pteridophytes.

Phanerogamae: Flowering plants. Includes Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Q50(NCERT): How are pteridophytes different from the phanerogams?

Answer:

Num.
1.

2.

Pteridophytes
Have inconspicuous reproductive
organs.
Produce naked embryos called
spores.

3.

Simple Vascular System

4.

Examples: Marsilea, Adiantum etc.

Phanerograms
Well differentiated reproductive parts.

Produce seeds.
Highly differentiated vascular system
Examples: Pine, Cycas, Deodar, Sunflower,
Maize etc.

Deodar (Gymnosperm)

Q51: How Phanerograms are divided further chiefly?

Answer: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Q52: What are naked-seeded plants are called?
Answer: Gymnosperms.
Q53: Give two examples of Gymnosperms.
Answer: Pines and Deaodar.
Q54) Define Cryptograms.
Answer:
1. Cryptograms are plants with hidden (inconspicuous) reproductive organs.
2. The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes collectively called cryptograms.
3. External flowers or seeds are absent and they have naked embryos called spores.
Q55(NCERT): How do gymnosperms and angiosperms differ from each other?
Answer:

Num.
1.

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Naked seed i.e. seeds not enclosed within

Seeds are enclosed with fruit walls

fruit.

(coltyledons).

Num.

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Flowers are represented as unisexual cones

Microspores are anthers while

which produce spores.

megaspores are ovules.

3.

Ovules not located in ovary

Ovules present inside ovary.

4.

Examples: Pines, Cycas, Deodar etc.

2.

Examples: Sunflower, Maize, Wheat,

Pea, bean etc.

Q56: How Angiosperms are divided further?

Answer: Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the
seed.

Monocotyledonous or monocots: These are the plants with seeds having a single cotyledon, e.g.
maize, wheat, rice, etc.

Dicotyledonous or dicots: These are plants with seeds having two cotyledons, e.g. pea, gram,
bean, etc.

Q57(CBSE 2011): Write the diffenences between monocots and dicots.

Answer:

Monocots

Dicots

Cotyledons

One Cotyledon

Two Cotyledons

Veins in leaves

Usually Parallel

Generally netlike

Flower Parts

In general multiple
of three

In fours or five

Monocots

Dicots

Arrangement of primary
vascularbundles

Scattered

In a ring

in stem

Q58: What are the general characteristics found in all animals?

Answer: General characteristics found in all animals are:
1. All animals are multi-cellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic.
2. All animals exhibit locomotion.
3. Most of the animals have sense organs and nervous system.
4. Nutrition is generally ingestive.
5. Reproduction is generally sexual.

The Animal Kingdom

Animals are the multicellular eukaryotic organisms which belong to the kingdom Animalia.
Criteria for classification
Animals are classified on the basis of different features.
Cellular or tissue level of body organization
Body symmetry

 Type of body cavity called as coelom

Presence or absence of segmentation
Presence or absence of a backbone.
Classification of animal kingdom
Classification of the kingdom Animalia includes Invertebrata and Vertebrata.
Invertebrata: It includes group of animals that do not possess a vertebral column. Invertebrata is classified
into different phyla such as Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda,
Mollusca and Echinodermata.
Porifera are multicellular organisms exhibiting minimal level of tissue organization. They lack nervous
system. Porifera get their name from two words, pori, meaning holes, and fera, meaning bearing.
Porifera includes Sycon, Spongilla and Euplectella. e.g. Sponges.
Coelenterates are radially symmetrical organisms which live in marine habitat except for hydra. Some
are solitude and some are colonial. Coelenterates get their name from two Greek words - koilos, meaning
hollow, and enteron, meaning intestine. e.g. Corals, Hydra.
Platyhelminthes are either free living or parasitic. They are triploblastic animals. Platyhelminthes get
their name from two Greek words - platy, meaning flat, and helminthes, meaning worms. e.g. Planaria.
Nematoda are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic parasitic worms. Nematoda get their name from two
Greek words - nema, which means thread, and ode, which means like. Nematodes can be free living or
parasitic. e.g. Ascaris.
Annelida are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, schizocoelomates with segmented body. Annelida get
their name from the Latin word anellus, which means "little ring". Annelids are characterised by the
presence of a circulatory system. e.g. Earthworm
Arthropoda are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals with true coelom. Arthropoda means joint
legs. This phylum gets its name from the Greek words arthron, meaning joint, and podos, meaning foot.
e.g. Insects. These insects breathe through their tracheae. Their circulatory system is open, so blood does
not flow through blood vessels.
Molluscs are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic gastropods with reduced coelom. Mollusca is derived
from a Latin word, which means thin-shelled and soft. Locomotion in molluscs is by means of a muscular
foot. Water molluscs breathe through their gills, while land molluscs have lungs and their circulatory system
is open.
Echinodermata are triploblastic animals with true coelomic cavity. Echinodermata are spiny skinned
organisms which get their name from the Greek words echinos, meaning protective spines, and derma,
meaning skin. Skeletons of echinoderms are hard calcium carbonates. They exhibit radial symmetry.
Protochordata: These are the organisms belonging to the phylum Chordata, and are primitive chordates.
Protochordates possess a notochord during their early stage of development. The notochord is a long rodlike support that runs all along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the
gut. e.g.Balanoglossus,

Vertebrata: These are the most advanced group of animals with true
vertebral column and strong endoskeleton. Vertebrates are grouped into
different classes based on bilateral symmetry, notochord, dorsal nerve cord,
paired gill pouches, triploblastic, and coelomate. These classes are Pisces,

Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

Pisces includes all fish. These are aquatic cold blooded organisms with a
spindle-shaped body covered by scales. Fish breathe through their
gills. Skeleton may be cartilaginous or bony in nature. Fish comprise twochambered heart and reproduce by laying eggs.
Amphibians are cold-blooded animals. Amphibians can live both on land
and in water. They are the first vertebrates to have four limbs, each with five
digits and are called tetrapods. Respiration is by skin and lungs. They possess
a three-chambered heart. Amphibians reproduce by laying eggs.
Reptilia are cold-blooded animals. They have four limbs with five fingers
or toes each, and hence, are called pentadactyle tetrapods. Respiration is
through lungs. Hearts are three-chambered except for crocodiles. Reptiles
also reproduce by laying eggs.
Aves are warm-blooded animals. Birds bear three clawless digits. Their
hind limbs are strong and are developed for walking. Bones are hollow. Body
is covered by feathers. Respiration is through lungs. They have fourchambered heart. They lay eggs which hatch into chicks.
Mammals are warm-blooded animals. Their skin is covered by hair, sweat
glands and oil glands that regulate body temperature, thereby allowing them
to live in diverse habitats. Breathing is through lungs. Four-chambered heart
is present. Mammals give birth to young ones through different modes.
Mammals like platypus lay eggs. Kangaroos give birth to under-developed
young ones that are carried in their mothers abdominal pouch. Humans,
elephants and lions produce live offspring. Mammals have milk-producing
glands called as mammary glands to nourish their young ones.

ANIMAL KINGDOM
Animal Kingdom is characterized by multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. The cells lack cell
walls. They ingest and digest food (holozoic), hence they are heterotrophic. Higher forms show elaborate

sensory and neuromotor systems. Majority of them are motile. Reproduction is mostly sexual and
embryological development is present in them. About 1.2 million species of animals are described till
now. The classification helps to assign a systematic position to newly described species.
4.1 BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Though different animals differ in their form and structure, there are some fundamental
similarities in them such as arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, diploblastic or
triploblastic nature of the body wall, segmentation, presence or absence of notochord etc. These features
form the basis for the classification of animals. Some of them are described here.
4.1.1 Levels of organization: The patterns of organization of cells vary in animals in spite of their
multicellular nature. The patterns of cellular organization seen in animals are:a) Cellular level of organization In these animals, the cells of the body form loose aggregates
e.g.:- Sponges.
b) Tissue level of organization- In these animals, cells of the animal carrying out the same function
are arranged in tissues e.g.:- Coelenterates.
c) Organ system level of organization- In these animals, tissue are grouped together to form
organs, each specialized for a particular function e.g.:- members of Platyhelminthes and other higher
phyla.
4.1.2. Body symmetry: The arrangement of body parts around a central point or line determines
symmetry. Some animals are asymmetrical which cannot be divided into two equal halves along any
plane passing through the centre e.g.:- sponges. Some exhibit radial symmetry where the animal can be
divided into two equal halves along any plane passing through the central axis e.g.:- Coelenterates,
Ctenophores and Echinoderms. Still other animals exhibit bilateral symmetry where the body can be
divided into identical left and right halves along only one plane e.g.:- Annelids, Arthropods, Chordates

.
Fig. 4.1. (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry.
4.1.3 Body wall: The body wall of the animal may be arranged in two or three embryonic layers.
Accordingly the animals are called diploblastic (having outer ectoderm and inner endoderm and
undifferentiated mesoglea in between them) animals. e.g.:- Coelenterates, and triploblastic (having outer
ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm) animals. e.g.:- Platyhelminthes to Chordates.
(a) (b)

14
Fig. 4.2. Body layers (a) Diploblastic (b) Triploblastic.
4.1.4. Coelom: The presence or absence of a cavity called coelom in between body wall and gut is
important for classification. The animals are of three types based on the presence or absence of coeloma)
Acoelomates- In these animals body cavity is absent. e.g. Platyhelminthes
b) Pseudocoelomates- In these animals the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm e.g. Aschelminthes
c) Eucoelomates- In these animals true coelom lined by mesoderm is present. e.g. Annelids to Chordates

Fig. 4.3. Diagrammatic sectional view of (a) Eucoelomate (b) Pseudocoelomate (c) Aceolomate.
4.1.5. Segmentation: It is also called metamerism. The body is externally and internally divided into
repeated, linear series of body units called metameres or somites, e.g.:- Earthworms.
4.1.6. Notochord: Notochord is a supporting rod-like structure derived from mesoderm. It may be present
in embryonic or adult stages. The animals which possess notochord are called chordates. e.g. Chordata.
The animals in which notochord is absent are called non chordates, e.g.:- Porifera to Hemichordata.
4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
An outline of classification of animals is given below:
Kingdom Animalia
Cellular level of organization (Phylum Porifera) Tissue/organ/organ system level of organization
Radial symmetry, Diploblastic (Phylum Coelenterata,
Phylum Ctenophora)
Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic
Eucoelomata (Phylum Annelida, Phylum

Arthropoda, Phylum Mollusca, Phylum

Echinodermata, Phylum Hemichordata,
Phylum Chordata)
Acoelomata (Phylum Platyhelminthes) Pseudocolomata (Phylum Aschelminthes)

15
Different Phyla of Non-chordates and their examples
1.Phylum- Porifera:- Dermal ostia and canal system are present. E.g. Sycon(Scypha), Euspongia
(Bath sponge), Spongilla(Fresh water sponge)

Fig. 4.4. Porifera: (a) Sycon (b) Euspongia (c) Spongilla

2.Phylum- Coelenterata or Cnidaria:- They possess cells called cnidoblasts for defence and food
capture.E.g. Hydra, Obelia ,Physalia (Portugese man of war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Meandrina (Brain

coral)
Fig. 4.5. Coelenterata: (a) Aurelia, (b) Adamsia.
Phylum- Ctenophora :- They possess external rows of comb plates for locomotion.

E.g.Pleurobranchia, Ctenophora
Fig. 4.7. Ctenophora: Pteurobrachia
4. Phylum- Platyhelminthes :- They have flat body. Solenocytes( flame cells ) are present for excretion.
E.g. Planaria, Fasciola (Liver fluke),Taenia (Tape worm)

4.8. Platyhelminthes: (a) Tape worm, (b) Liver fluke

5. Phylum- Aschelminthes :- They are cylindrical, elongated and worm-shaped. E.g. Ascaris (Round

worm), Wuchereria (Filarial worm),Ancylostoma (Hook worm)

16

Male Female
Fig. 4.9. Aschelminthes: Roundworm
6. Phylum- Annelida :- Their body exhibits true segmentation(metamerism) E.g. Pheretima

(Earthworm), Nereis (Rag worm) ,Hirudinaria (Leech)

4.10. Annelida: (a) Nereis, (b) Hirudinaria.
7. Phylum- Arthropoda :- They have paired, jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton. E.g.
Penaeus (Prawn), Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silk moth),Laccifer (Lac insect), Mosquitoes (Anopheles ,
Culex,Aedes), Palamnaeus (Scorpion),Arnea (Spider), Limulus (King crab)

Fig. 4.11. Arthropoda: (a) Locust, (b) Prawn, (c) Spider.

8. Phylum- Mollusca :- They are soft-bodied animals which generally possess calcareous shell as
exoskeleton. E.g. Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster),Dentalium ( Tusk shell), Chaetopleuara
(Chiton),Lamellidens (Fresh water mussel), Aplysia (Sea hare),Octopus (Devil fish),Sepia (Cuttle fish),

Loligo (Squid).
Fig. 4.12. Mollusca: (a) Pila, (b) Octopus.
17
9. Phylum-Echinodermata :- They are spiny-skinned animals having radial symmetry in adult stage.
They possess water vascular system. E.g. Asterias (Star fish),Ophiura (Brittle star), Echinus (Sea urchin),
Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), Antedon (Sea lily).

Fig. 4.13. Echinodermata: (a) Asterias, (b) Ophiura.

10. Phylum- Hemichordata :- They are worm-like animals with proboscis, collar and trunk.
Respiration by many paired gills. Excretion is through proboscis gland. E.g. Balanoglossus,

Saccoglossus
Fig. 4.14. Balanoglossus.
4.2.1. Phylum: Chordata
Phylum Chordata includes animals characterized by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve
cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
Fig. 4.15. Diagrammatic representation of Chordata characteristics.
18
Phylum Chordata is divided as follows:
Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are called protochordates and are all marine organisms.
1. Subphylum Urochordata: In the members of this subphylum, the adult are sedentary (attached) forms

without notochord. Their larvae have notochord in the tail region.

Eg:-

Ascidia, Doliolum.
2. Subphylum Cephalochordata: In the members of this subphylum notochord extends from the head to
tail region, eg:- Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet).
Fig. 4.16. Urochordata: (a) Asidia, Cephalochordata:(b) Branchiostoma.
3. Subphylum Vertebrata: It is composed of members which possess notochord only in the embryonic
stages. In adults it is replaced by Vertebral column. Along with basic chordate characters, they have
ventral heart with 2, 3 or 4 chambers, kidneys for excretion and paired appendages which may be fins or
limbs.
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum
Urochordata or Tunicata (Notochord in larval tail) Cephalochordata (Notochord
extends from head to tail)
Vertebrata (Notochord is replaced
by vertebral column in adult)
Division
Agnatha (jaw absent)
Class
Gnathostomata (jaws present)
Super class
Cyclostomata Pisces (bear fins) Tetrapoda (bear limbs)
Class Class
1. Chondrichthyes
2. Osteichthyes
1. Amphibia
2. Reptilia
3. Aves
4. Mammalia
Vertebrata (Notochord is replaced
by vertebral column)

19
Different Classes of Subphylum Vertebrata
1. Class - Cyclostomata :-They have suctorial and circular mouth without jaws. Paired fins and scales are

absent.
E.g. Petromyzon(Lamprey), Myxine (Hag fish).
Fig. 4.17.Cyclostomata: Petromyzon
2. Class - Chondrichthyes :- They are marine fishes with cartilaginous endoskeleton. The exoskeleton

has placoid scales. E.g. Scoliodon (Shark), Pristis (Saw fish),Trygon (Sting ray), Narcine (Electric ray).

Fig.4.18. Chondrichthyes: (a) Scoliodon, (b) Pristis

3. Class - Osteichthyes: - They are marine or freshwater fishes with bony endoskeleton. The exoskeleton
has cycloid or ctenoid scales. E.g. Sardinella (Sardine), Scomber (Mackerel),Exocoetus (Flying fish),
Hippocampus (Sea horse), Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Catla),Anabas (Climbing perch).

Fig. 4.19. Osteichthyes : (a) Hippocampus (b) Labeo

4. Class - Amphibia :- They are the vertebrates adapted to land and water. They do not possess
exoskeleton. E.g. Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Bufo (Toad), Salamandra (Salamander),Ichthyophis

(Limbless amphibian).
Fig. 4.20. Amphibia: (a) Rana, (b) Salamandra.
20
5. Class - Reptilia :- They are the creeping or crawling vertebrates having dry, cornified skin without
skin glands. The exoskeleton has horny scales or scutes. E.g. Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden
lizard), Hemidactylus( Wall lizard),Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise),Naja (Cobra), Bangarus

(Krait),Vipera (Viper).
Fig. 4.21. Reptilia: (a) Chameleon, (b) Naja
6. Class - Aves: - They are animals with wings and are adapted for flight. They have feathers as
exoskeleton and their jaws are modified into beaks. E.g.Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Pavo
(Peacock), Psittacula (Parrot),Neophron (Vulture),Struthio (Ostrich),Aptenodytes (Penguin).

Fig. 4.22. Aves: (a) Struthio, (b) Pavo.

7. Class - Mammalia :-They possess breast glands (mammary glands) and majority of them are
viviparous.They have hair as exoskeleton. E.g. Ornithorhynchus (Platypus), Macropus (Kangaroo),
Pteropus ( Flying fox),Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey),Homo sapiens (Human), Rattus
(Rat),Elephas (Elephant), Canis (Dog), Equus (Horse), Felis (Cat).

Fig.4.23. Mammalia: (a) Platypus, (b) Macropus, (c) Macaca.

21
SUMMARY
Classification of animal Kingdom is based on some fundamental features like symmetry,
levels of organization, coelom, segmentation, notochord etc. Besides these each phylum or class has many
distinctive and specific features.Poriferans have cellular level of organization and have ostia.
Coelenterates bear cnidoblasts . Ctenophores are marine and have comb plates. Platyhelminthes have flat
body. Aschelminthes are pseudocoelomates with cylindrical body. Annelids are metamerically segmented
with true coelom. Arthropods are the group of animals with jointed appendages and chitinous
exoskeleton. Mollusca have soft body covered by calcareous shell. Echinoderms have spiny skin and
water vascular system. Chordates possess a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal
gill slits. Some are protochordates and others are vertebrates. Some vertebrates do not possess jaws
(Agnantha) while majority possess jaws(Gnathostomata). Agnatha is represented by class Cyclostomata
which are primitive. Gnathostomata has two superclasses- Pisces and Tetrapoda.Superclass Pisces
includes fishes bearing fins and includes Classes Chondrichthyes and Class Osteichthyes. Class
Chondrichthyes are marine fishes with cartilagenous endoskeleton. Class Osteichthyes are fresh water or
marine fishes with bony endoskeleton.
Super class Tetrapoda includes animal with 2 pairs of limbs. Tetrapoda includes Classes- Amphibia,
Reptilia, Aves and mammalia. Amphibians are adapted to live both on land and in water. Reptiles are
characterized by dry and cornified skin. Aves are flying animals with feathers, beaks and wings.
Mammals have features like skin covered with hair, presence of mammary glands and viviparity.
EXERCISE
1. Name the fundamental features which are considered in the classification of animals?
2. What is the function of comb plates?

3. Mention the functions of the following:

a) Flame cells b) cnidoblasts
4. Name the phylum in which the members possess pseudocoelom.
5. The members of which phylum show the followinga)
Water vascular system b) chitinous exoskeleton
6. Which chordates do not possess vertebral column in adults?
7. Name a chordate which has a mouth without jaws.
8. Dry, cornified skin is the feature in the members of class ----.
9. In which group of animals beaks are present?
10. Members of ---- class are generally viviparous.
22
Exercises Answers
1. Levels of organization, body symmetry, body wall, coelom, segmentation,
Notochord etc.
2. Locomotion
3. (a) Excretion. (b) Defence and food capture
4. Aschelminthes
5. (a) Echinodermata (b) Arthropoda
6. Urochordata
7. Petromyzon or Myxine
8. Class : Reptilia
9. Class : Aves
10. Class : Mammalia

Kindom Animalia is divided into nine phyla

Q59: In how many Phyla, the animal kingdom is divided into?

Answer: Kindom Animalia is divided into nine phyla i.e.
1. Porifera (sponges)
2. Coelentrata (jellyfishes, corals...)
3. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
4. Nematoda (round worms)
5. Annelida (earthworms)
6. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crabs etc.)
7. Mollusca (snails, oysters etc.)
8. Echinodermata (starfishes, sea urchins etc.)
9. Chordata (animals with backbone)

Q60(CBSE 2011): Name the phylum to which the following are included.
(i) Spider
(ii) Cockroach
(iii) Prawn
(iv) Housefly
Answer: Arthopada
Q61(CBSE 2011): Write two important characteristics of sponges (Phylum: Porifera)

Sponges
credits:wikicommons

Answer: Important characteristics of sponges are:

1. simplest multi-cellular animals.
2. most of them are marine except spongilla which is fresh water.
3. non-motile and attached to support
4. organisms with holes or pores, all over the body with canal systems.
5. canal system of the body helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and
oxygen.
6. animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton.
7. body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues.

Spongilla (freshwater)
credits:wikicommons

Q62: What is osculum?

Answer: The body of sponge is porous and the pores are called ostia. Single large opening or pore is
called the osculum.
Q63: Do sponges have nervous system?
Answer: No
Q64: Give examples of Porifera or Sponges.
Answer: Euplectelia, Sycon, Spongilla

Sea Anemones
credits:wikcommons

Q65: Identify the phylum having following characteristics: multi-cellular, radially symmetrical,
aquatic, hollow gut.
Answer: Phylum Coelenterata

Q66(CBSE 2011): What are four main features of phylum coelenterata?

Answer: Main features of phylum coelenterata:

1. Aquatic habitat (marine + freshwater)
2. radially symmetrical
3. Show more body design differentiation.
4. Sac-like body cavity (coelenteron) with a single opening to the outside for ingestion and egestion.
5. First of multicellular animals which possess tissue level organisation with a distinct division of
labour.
6. Body wall made up of two layers (diploblastic), of which outer is called ectoderm and inner is
endoderm. Between these two layers found jelly like substance mesoglea.
7. Surrounding the mouth tentacles are found, that helps in locomotion and to catch the prey.
8. Some of the species live in colonies (corals), while others have a solitary life-span (Hydra).

Q67: 'Animals belong to phylum coelenterata are diploblastic.' What do you mean by the term
diploblastic?
Answer: Diploblastic means animals having two germ layers. Body walls of animals of phylum
coelenterata are made up of two layers, of which outer is called ectoderm and inner is endoderm.
Between these two layers found jelly like substance mesoglea.
Q68(CBSE 2011): Label A to H in the given diagram of hydra.

Answer:
A. Tentacles
B. Mouth
C. Stinging cells
D. Epidermis
E. Mesoglea
F. Endoderm
G. Body Cavity
H. Foot

Q69: Which animal phylum is commonly called as flatworms?

Answer: Platyhelminthes (Platy = flat, helminth = worms)

Q70: Which animal phylum is considered to be first triploblastic animals?

Answer: Platyhelminthes. Animals of this phylum are the first simplest triploblastic animals. They have
three layers i.e. endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

Fresh water Planaria

credits:wikicommons

Q71: Write important features about Phylum Platihelminthes.

Answer:

1. Mostly parasitic
2. First simplest triploblastic animals i.e. having three layers of body cells.
3. Bilaterally symmetrical
4. No true internal body cavity or coelom
5. Body is dorsoventrally flattened
6. Examples: Planaria, Liverfluke, Tapeworm

Q72(NCERT): How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals?

Answer:

Num.

Poriferan Animals

Coelentrate Animals

1.

Cellular level organization.

Tissue level organization.

2.

Mostly marine and non-motile.

Aquatic either soliary life or colonial life.

3.

Examples: Spongilla, Euplectelia etc. Examples: Hydra, sea anemones, corals etc.

Q73: Which phylum is commonly called roundworms or pinworms?

Answer: Nematoda or Aschelminthes

Q74: Give examples of animals belong to Nematoda.

Answer: Ascaris (intestinal roundworm), Wuchereria (filarial worm), Enterobium (pinworm).

Q75: Name a parasitic disease caused by members of Nematoda.

Answer: Elephantiasis caused by filarial worms (Wuchereri).

Leech

credits:wiki commons

Q76: Name the first animals (phylum) that have true body cavity.
Answer: Annelida

Q77: Leeches and Earthworms belong to which phylum?

Answer: Annelida

Q78(CBSE 2011): Differentiate between Annelida and Nematode.

Answer:

Num.
1.

2.

Nematoda
Tissues but no real organs.
Body Cavity is not true coelom
(pseudocoelom)

Annelida
True organs packaged in body
structure.
True body Cavity

3.

Body is cylindrical

Body is segmented.

4.

e.g. Ascaris, Wucharia

e.g. Leeches, Earthworms, Nereis

Q79: Name the largest group (phylum) of animals.

Answer: Arthropoda (animals with jointed legs). It includes nearly 9 million species.

Arthropoda largest Phylum

(credits: wikimedia)

Q80: Give examples of Arthropod animals.

Answer: Prawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs etc.

Q81(CBSE 2011): What is the most striking feature of phylum Arthropoda?

Answer: Species of phylum Arthopoda have jointed legs and a pair of compound eye on the head.

Q82: How is body of Arthropods segmented?

Answer: Arthropods have segmented and bilaterally symmetrical body which is divided into three regions:

head

thorax

abdomen

Q83: What is the type of circulatory system present in Arthropods?

Answer: There is an open circulatory system. The blood does not flow in well defined blood vessels. The
coelomic cavity is blood-filled called "haemocoel".

Q84(NCERT): How do annelid animals differ from arthropods?

Answer:

Num.

Annelids

Arthropods
Blood filled body cavity called

1.

True body cavity called coelem

2.

Lateral appendages for locomotion.

Jointed legs for locomotion

3.

Closed circulatory system

Open circulatory System.

4.

Body is soft, there is no hard skeleton

Hard Exoskeleton made up of chitin

Body is segmented both externally and

e.g. Body is externally divided but not

5.
6.

internally (septa)
e.g. Leech, earthworms etc.

haemocoel.

internally by septa.
e.g. Insects, spiders, prawns etc.

Q85: Give examples of animals that belong to Phylum Mollusca.

Answer: Chiton, Octopus, Pila, Unio

Q86: What kind of circulatory system is found in animals from Mollusca phylum?
Answer: Open circulatory system

Octopus

credits:wikipedia

Q87: How is locomotion brought in animals belonging to Mollusca phylum?

Answer: Animals of Mollusca are soft bodied and locomotion is brought about by muscular foot.

Q88: Name the phylum to which Start fish and Sea urchin belong to?
Answer: Phylum Echinodermata

Q89(CBSE 2011): Name the phylum to which this organism belongs. Write any two characteristic
feature of the phylum.

Answer: The organism is octopus which belongs to phylum Mollusca.

Characteristic features of Mollusca are:
1. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion.
2. The coelomic cavity is reduced
3. There is a foot that is used for moving around.

Q90: What is a notochord? What does it do?

Answer: The notochord is a long rod-like support structure (chord=string) which runs along the back of the
animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut. It provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of
movement.

Q91: Give examples of organisms which belong to Phylum Protochordata.

Answer: Balanoglossus,Herdmania and Amphioxus

Q92: List three important characteristics of Phylum Protochordata.

Answer: Important characteristics of Phylum Protochordata are:

Marine animals, triploblastic and have coelem.

Notochord is present at some stages of life.

Bilaterally symmetrical.

Q93: Why are Bats and whales classified as mammals?

Answer: Because bats and whales have four chambered heart.